Thit b s dng in: Qut v Qut cao p

QUT V QUT CAO P

1. GII THIU ...................................................................................................1
U

2. CC LOI QUT V QUT CAO P ......................................................6 3. NH GI QUT V QUT CAO P....................................................11 4. CC GII PHP S DNG NNG LNG HIU QU ....................14 5. DANH SCH SNG LC GII PHP.....................................................19 6. CC BNG TNH ........................................................................................20 7. TI LIU THAM KHO............................................................................23

1. GII THIU
Phn ny ni v cc c im chnh ca qut v qut cao p 1.1 Qut v qut cao p l g? Hu ht cc dy chuyn sn xut s dng qut v qut cao p thng gi v cho cc quy trnh cng nghip cn s dng dng kh. H thng qut rt cn thit gi quy trnh sn xut hot ng. H thng qut bao gm mt qut, mt ng c in, mt h thng iu khin, ng ng, thit b kim sot lu lng, v thit b iu ha khng kh (b lc, dn lm mt, b trao i nhit, vv). Hnh 1 minh ho mt h thng qut. C quan Nng lng ca M c tnh, 15% in trong ngnh cng nghip sn xut ca M c s dng cho ng c. Tng t nh vy, trong ngnh thng mi, in s dng cho ng c qut chim mt phn ln trong chi ph nng lng cho iu ho khng gian vn phng. (US DOE, 1989). Qut, qut cao p v my nn khc nhau phng php s dng chuyn dch khng kh, v p sut h thng. T chc Hip hi cc k s c kh ca M (ASME) s dung nhng t s ring, l t s ca p sut y trn p sut ht, nh ngha qut, qut cao p v my nn (xem bng 1). Bng 1: S khc bit gia qut, qut cao p v my nn (Ganasean) Thit b T s ring Tng p sut(mmWg) Qut Ln ti 1,11 1136 Qut cao p 1,11 ti 1,20 1136 2066 My nn hn 1,20 -

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Thit b s dng in: Qut v Qut cao p

Hnh 1: Cc thit b trong h thng qut in hnh (US DOE, 1989)

1.2 Cc thut ng v nh ngha quan trng

Trc khi i vo phn cc loi qut v qut cao p, cn ni r v cc thut ng v nh ngha quan trng. 1 1.2.1 Cc c tnh ca h thng Thut ng tr lc ca h thng c s dng khi ni ti p sut tnh. Tr lc ca h thng l tng mc tn tht p sut tnh trong h thng. Tr lc ca h thng l hm s ca cc thnh phn gm ng ng, ng gom, ct v st p thit b, v d nh b lc bi ti hoc xiclon. Tr lc ca h thng t l bc hai vi lu lng kh qua h thng. Vi mt lu lng kh cho trc, qut trong h thng c cc ng ng hp v cc ct bn knh nh s phi lm vic vi ti nng hn vt qua c tr lc ln hn ca h thng so vi h thng qut c cc ng ln hn v c s lng ti thiu cc ct bn knh ln. Nhng ng di hp vi nhiu on gp khc, xon s tn nhiu nng lng hn ht kh qua ng. Kt qu l, vi mt tc qut cho trc, qut trong h thng ny s ht c t kh hn so vi qut trong h thng ngn v khng c cc ct. V vy, tr lc ca h thng tng ng k khi lu lng kh qua h thng tng, t l bc hai vi lu lng kh. Ngc li, tr lc gim khi lu lng gim. V vy, xc nh lu lng qut to ra, cn phi bit c cc c tnh v tr lc ca h thng. Vi cc h thng c, c th o c tr lc ca h thng. nhng h thng c thit k nhng cha lp t, cn tnh tr lc ca h thng. in hnh, th v tr lc ca h thng (xem hnh 2) c to ra vi cc mc lu lng khc nhau trn trc X v vi tr lc tng ng trn trc Y.
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Tr hnh 2, Phn 1.2 c ly ton b t Ti liu Hng dn S dng nng lng hiu qu (2004), Chng 5, trang 93112, vi s cho php ca Cc S dng nng lng hiu qu, chnh ph n . 2

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Thit b s dng in: Qut v Qut cao p

Hnh 2. th h thng ca Qut v Tc ng ca Tr lc ca h thng (US DOE, 1989) 1.2.2 Cc c tnh k thut ca qut Cc c tnh k thut ca qut c minh ho bng cc ng c tnh ca qut. ng tnh ca qut l ng cong lm vic ca qut di tp hp iu kin nht nh. ng c tnh ca qut l biu din bng th ca mt s thng s ph thuc ln nhau. Thng thng, th ny c xy dng da trn mt tp hp iu kin bao gm: lu lng ca qut, p sut tnh ca h thng, tc qut, cng sut cn thit chy qut vi nhng iu kin a ra. Mt s ng c tnh qut c th bao gm c mt ng cong hiu sut ngi thit k h thng bit c ti im no trn ng c tnh, qut s hot ng theo nhng iu kin chn. (xem hnh 3). Trong s rt nhiu ng cong cho trong hnh 3, ng p sut tnh theo lu lng ng vai tr rt quan trng. Giao im gia ng c tnh ca h thng v ng c tnh p sut tnh quyt nh im lm vic. Khi tr lc ca h thng thay i, im lm vic cng thay i. Khi im lm vic c c nh, c th xc nh cng sut yu cu bng cch tm trn ng thng song song vi trc tung i qua im lm vic ti giao im vi ng c tnh cng sut (BHP). ng nm ngang qua giao im vi ng cng sut s dn ti cng sut yu cu trn trc tung bn phi. Trn nhng ng c tnh v cng th hin hiu sut qut.

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Thit b s dng in: Qut v Qut cao p

Hnh 3. th hiu sut qut (BEE India, 2004) 1.2.3 Cc c tnh ca h thng v th qut Vi bt c h thng qut no, tr lc vi dng kh (p sut) s tng khi lu lng kh tng. Nh ni trn, tr lc t l vi bc hai ca lu lng. C th xc nh c p sut h thng cn nhng mc lu lng khc nhau v c th v ng c tnh hiu sut ca h thng (gi l SC) (xem hnh 4). ng th ca h thng c th c v trong phn th ca qut ch ra im A l im hot ng trn thc t ca qut, ti hai ng cong (N1 and SC1) giao nhau. im hot ng ny c lu lng kh Q1 vi p sut P1. Mt qut hot ng hiu sut do nh cung cp a ra cho mt tc qut c th. ( th hiu sut ca qut cho thy ng c tnh hiu sut ng vi cc seri qut). tc qut N1, qut s hot ng dc theo ng cong hiu sut N1 cho trong hnh 4. im hot ng trn thc t ca qut trn ng cong ny ph thuc vo tr lc ca h thng; ti im A hot ng ca qut l lu lng (Q1) v p sut (P1). C hai phng php gim lu lng kh t Q1 xung Q2: Phng php th nht l gii hn lu lng kh bng cch ng mt phn van tit lu ca h thng. Cch ny s to ra ng th hiu sut ca h thng mi (SC2) ti p sut yu s ln hn i vi bt c lu lng no. Qut s hot ng im "B" to ra lu lng cn thp hn Q2 vi p sut cao hn, P2.

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Thit b s dng in: Qut v Qut cao p Phng php th hai gim lu lng l gim tc t N1 xung N2, gi van m hon ton. Qut s hot ng ti im "C" to ra lu lng Q2 tng t, nhng p sut thp hn, P3. V vy, gim tc qut l phng php hiu qu hn gim lu lng v yu cu cng sut thp hn v tiu th t nng lng hn.

Hnh 4. th hiu sut qut (BEE India, 2004)

1.2.4 Cc nh lut v qut Qut hot ng theo mt tp hp cc nh lut c th on trc lin quan n tc , cng sut v p sut. Mi thay i v tc (vng/pht) ca qut s thay i c th on c v thay i p sut y v cng sut yu cu qut hot ng vi tc mi. Hnh 5 minh ho iu ny.

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Thit b s dng in: Qut v Qut cao p

Hnh 5. Tc , p sut v cng sut ca qut (BEE India, 2004) 2. CC LOI QUT V QUT CAO P Phn ny tm tt v cc loi qut v qut cao p.

2.1 Cc loi qut

C hai loi qut. Qut ly tm s dng mt bnh cng tc quay dch chuyn dng kh theo phng tip tuyn vi bnh cng tc. Qut hng trc dch chuyn dng kh dc theo trc qut. 2.1.1 Qut ly tm Qut ly tm (Hnh 6) tng tc ca mt dng kh bng bnh cng tc. Tc tng lin tc ti khi n cui cnh dn v chuyn thnh p sut. Nhng qut loi ny c th to ra p sut cao, ph hp vi cc iu kin hot ng khc nghit, nh h thng lm vic nhit cao, m hoc dng kh bn,vv Qut ly tm c phn loi da trn hnh dng cnh qut, c tm tt trong bng 2. Bng 2. c tnh ca cc loi qut ly tm khc nhau (theo US DOE, 1989)
Loi qut v cnh qut Qut ly tm vi cnh bng to trn (Hnh 7) u im Thch hp vi p sut tnh cao (ln ti 1400 mmWC) v nhit cao Thit k n gin, ph hp vi cc thit b ng dng chuyn dng. C th hot ng lu lng thp m khng b rung ng ln bn cao Hiu sut t 75% C khong h bnh cng tc - v qut ln, thch hp vi nhng dng kh c ln ht rn (bi, mu g, v mu kim loi) C th dch chuyn lu lng kh ln vi p sut thp Kch thc tng i nh n thp (do tc chm) v ph hp vi cc thit b ng dng iu ho khng kh, gia nhit, thng gi Nhc im Ch thch hp vi tc lu lng thp-trung bnh

Qut cnh cong nghing v pha trc, vi cc cnh qut cong hng v pha trc (Hnh 8)

Qut dc v pha

C th hot ng vi p sut tnh thay i

Ch ph hp vi cc thit b ng dng dch v lm sch m khng p sut cao v iu kin khc nghit Kh iu chnh chnh xc nng sut qut Cn la chn k phn dn ng trnh trng hp qu ti ng c v ng c tnh cng sut tng nhanh theo lu lng. Hiu sut nng lng tng i thp (55-65%) Khng ph hp vi dng kh
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Thit b s dng in: Qut v Qut cao p

Loi qut v cnh qut sau, vi cc cnh nghing v pha sau hng vi hng quay: cnh bng, cnh cong, v cnh nng (Hnh 9) u im (v khng lm ng c qu ti) Ph hp khi h thng hot ng lu lng kh cao v khng n nh Thch hp vi ng dng thng gi cng bc Qut cnh bng vng chc hn Qut cnh cong hiu qu hn (hn 85%) Qut cnh nng mng l hiu qu nht Nhc im bn (v hnh dng qut gy tch t bi trn cnh) Qut cnh nng km n nh hn do lc nng to bi mi cnh c th chnh lch Qut cnh nng mng chng mn

H nh 7. Qu t ly t m cnh to trn (Canadian Blower) Hnh 6. Qut ly tm (FanAir Company)

Hnh 8. Qut cnh cong nghing v pha

trc (Canadian Blower)

Hnh 9. Qut nghing v pha sau

(Canadian Blower)

2.1.2 Qut hng trc Qut hng trc (Hnh 10) dch chuyn dng kh dc theo trc quay ca qut. Loi qut ny c th so snh vi cnh qut ca my bay: Cnh qut to ra lc nng kh ng y dng khng kh. Qut loi ny ph bin trong cng nghip v chng r v gn nh. Cc loi qut hng trc chnh (qut y, qut hng trc dng ng v qut hng trc dng cnh gt) c tm tt trong bng 3. Bng 3. c tnh ca cc loi qut hng trc khc nhau (theo US DOE, 1989)
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Thit b s dng in: Qut v Qut cao p

Loi qut v cnh qut Qut y (Hnh 11) u im Qut hng trc dng ng, mt qut y c t trong xy lanh (Hnh 12) To ra tc lu lng cao hn p sut thp Khng lp vi cc ng ng di (v to ra p sut thp) R tin nh cu to n gin t hiu sut ti a, vi p sut y gn bng p sut kh quyn, v thng c s dng cho cc ng dng thng gi trn mi nh, xng C th to ra dng ngc chiu, rt thch hp vi cc ng dng thng gi p sut cao hn v hiu sut cao hn qut y Thch hp vi p sut trung bnh, cc thit b ng dng tc dng cao, v.d cc lp t HVAC C th nhanh chng tng ln ti tc nh mc (nh khi lng quay thp) v to ra lu lng ngc chiu, ph hp vi rt nhiu thit b ng dng thng gi To p sut vt qua c nhng tn tht ng ng v hiu qu khng gian, thch hp vi nhng thit b ng dng x kh Thch hp vi p sut trung bnh - cao(ln ti 500 mm ct nc), nh qut cp liu l hi C th nhanh chng tng ln ti tc nh mc (nh khi lng quay thp) v to ra lu lng ngcchiu, ph hp vi rt nhiu thit b ng dng thng gi Thch hp ni trc tip vi trc ca ng c S dng nng lng hiu qu nht (ln ti 85% nu c trang b vi qut cnh nng v khong h nh) Nhc im Hiu qu s dng nng lng tng i thp Kh n

Tng i t Ting n trung bnh Hiu qu s dng nng lng tng i thp (65%) Tng i t so vi qut y

qut hng trc dng cnh gt (Hnh 13)

Hnh 10. Qut hng trc (NISCO)

Hnh 11. Qut y (FanAir Company)

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Thit b s dng in: Qut v Qut cao p

Hnh 12. Qut hng trc dng ng (NISCO)

Hnh 13. Qut hng trc dng cnh gt (NISCO)

2.2 Cc loi qut cao p

Qut cao p c th t c p sut cao hn qut rt nhiu, ln n 1,20 kg/cm2. Chng cng c s dng to ra p sut m cho h thng chn khng cng nghip. Qut cao p ly tm v qut cao p th tch l hai loi qut cao p chnh, c m t di y. 2 2.2.1 Qut cao p ly tm Qut cao p ly tm trng ging nh bm ly tm hn l qut. Bnh cng tc l loi c truyn ng bng bnh rng v quay vi tc 15.000 vng/pht. qut cao p nhiu cp, khng kh c gia tc khi i qua mi bnh cng tc. qut cao p mt cp, khng kh khng quay nhiu vng v vy hiu qu cao hn. Qut cao p ly tm thng hot ng vi p sut 0,35 0,70 kg/cm2, nhng cng c th t p sut cao hn. Mt c im l lu lng kh c xu hng gim nhanh khi p sut h thng tng, y c th l nhc im nhng h thng vn ti vt liu ph thuc vo lu lng kh n nh. V vy, qut cao p ly tm thng c s dng nhiu nht cc thit b kh b tc ngn.

Phn 2.2 da trn Ti liu Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu (2004), Chng 5, trang 93-112, vi s ng ca Cc S dng nng lng hiu qu, Chnh ph n 9

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Thit b s dng in: Qut v Qut cao p Hnh 14. Qut cao p ly tm (FanAir Company) 2.2.2 Qut cao p th tch Qut cao p th tch c cc rto by khng kh v y theo thnh v qut. Nhng qut cao p ny cung cp lu lng kh khng i k c khi p sut h thng thay i. Qut cao p loi ny c bit thch hp vi nhng h thng d b tc ngn, v n c th to ra p sut (thng ln ti 1,25 kg/cm2) thi b nhng tp cht lm tc ngn. Chng quay chm hn nhiu so vi qut cao p ly tm (v.d. 3.600 vng/pht) v thng dng b truyn ai thc hin thay i tc .

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Thit b s dng in: Qut v Qut cao p 3. NH GI QUT V QUT CAO P Phn ny ni v cch nh gi hiu sut ca qut v c th c p dng vi qut cao p. 3

3.1 Hiu sut/kt qu hot ng ca qut l g?

Hiu sut ca qut l t s gia cng sut truyn cho dng kh (cng sut hu ch) v cng sut do ng c cung cp cho qut (cng sut ton phn). Cng sut ca dng kh l tch s ca p sut v lu lng, c hiu chnh t c nht qun v th nguyn. Mt thut ng khc v hiu sut thng c s dng qut l hiu sut tnh, s dng p sut tnh thay cho p sut ton phn nh gi hiu sut. Khi nh gi hiu sut ca qut, cn bit xem thut ng no v hiu sut ang c s dng. Hiu sut qut ph thuc vo loi qut v bnh cng tc. Khi lu lng tng, hiu sut tng ln n mt mc nht nh (hiu sut nh) ri gim xung khi lu lng tip tc tng thm (xem hnh 15). Hiu sut nh thay i vi cc loi qut ly tm v hng trc c cho trong bng 2.

Hnh 14. Hiu sut theo lu tc (BEE India, 2004)

Bng 4. Hiu sut ca cc loi qut khc nhau (BEE India, 2004)

Hiu sut qut thng c nh gi bng mt th cho thy cc mc p sut khc nhau do qut to ra v cng sut yu cu tng ng. Thng thng, cc nh sn xut cung cp nhng ng c tnh hiu sut ca qut. Rt cn hiu r mi quan h ny thit k, tm chn v vn hnh h thng qut v l yu t then cht trong vic la chn qut ti u.

Phn 3 da trn ti liu Hng dn S dng nng lng hiu qu (2004), Chng 5, trang 93-112, vi s cho php ca Cc S dng nng lng hiu qu, chnh ph n 11

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Thit b s dng in: Qut v Qut cao p

3.2 Phng php lun nh gi hiu sut ca qut

Trc khi tnh ton hiu sut ca qut, cn o cc thng s hot ng, bao gm vn tc dng kh, ct p, nhit dng kh trn qut v cng sut u vo ca ng c in. c c nhng s liu chnh xc, cn ch cc yu t sau: Qut v cc thnh phn lin quan ang hot ng tc nh mc. Hot ng trong cc iu kin n nh v nhit , mt , tr lc h thng, vv. Di y l mt s bc nh gi hiu sut qut Bc 1: tnh ton t trng kh Bc u tin l tnh ton t trng kh s dng phng trnh di y: T trng kh (y) = 273 x 1,293 273 + t oC Trong , t oC = Nhit ca kh ti khu vc lp qut Bc 2: o vn tc kh v tnh vn tc kh trung bnh C th o vn tc kh vi mt ng h mt u v p k, hoc thit b cm ng lu lng (cng c chnh p), hoc my o tc gi chnh xc. Hnh 15 m t cch o p sut ng bng cch s dng ng h mt u v mt p k. p sut ton phn c o nh s dng ng trong ca ng h mt u cn p sut tnh o bng ng ngoi ca ng h mt u. Ni ng trong v ng ngoi vi p k, ta o c p sut ng (l chnh p gia p sut ton phn v p sut tnh). o vn tc thp, nn s dng mt p k dc thay v p k hnh ch U. Thng tin thm v p k xem trong phn Thit b o.

Hnh 16. o vn tc s dng ng h mt u (BEE India, 2004) Tnh vn tc kh trung bnh bng cch ly cc gi tr p sut ng o c qua mt ct ca ng, s dng phng trnh sau (lu : khng ly trung bnh p sut ng m ly trung bnh vn tc!):
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Thit b s dng in: Qut v Qut cao p

Trong : Cp = Hng s ng, 0,85 hoc do nh sn xut cung cp p = p sut chnh lch trung bnh o vi ng h mt u bng cch o ti mt s im trn ton b tit din ca ng. = Mt khng kh hoc kh ti iu kin kim tra Bc 3: tnh ton mc lu thng th tch Bc th ba l tnh ton mc lu thng th tch, nh sau: Tnh ng knh ng (hoc chu vi t c tnh ra ng knh). Tnh ton lu lng kh/khng kh trong ng, theo mi tng quan sau

Bc 4: o cng sut ca ng c truyn ng Cng sut ca ng c truyn ng (kW) c th c o bng thit b phn tch ti. Cng sut ny nhn vi hiu sut ng c s ra cng sut hu dng ca qut. Bc 5: Tnh hiu sut qut Hiu sut c v hiu sut tnh ca qut tnh nh sau: a). Hiu sut c:

b) Hiu sut tnh, tng t trn ngoi tr p sut ng u ra khng a vo p sut tnh ca qut.

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Thit b s dng in: Qut v Qut cao p

3.3 Nhng kh khn trong vic nh gi hiu sut ca qut v qut cao p
Trn thc t, khi nh gi hiu sut ca qut v qut cao p thng hay gp phi mt s vn sau: Khng c cc d liu v thng s ca qut: Cc thng s ca qut (xem bng tnh 1) rt cn thit i vi vic nh gi hiu sut ca ng c. Phn ln cc doanh nghip khng lu tr cc d liu ny mt cch h thng hoc khng c d liu ny. Trong trng hp , kh c th nh gi chnh xc t l phn trm ti lin quan n lu lng hoc p sut. Cc thng s ca qut phi c thu thp t nh sn xut thit b v lu tr. Kh khn trong vic o vn tc: o vn tc trn thc t l mt nhim v kh khn trong nh gi hiu sut ca qut. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, v tr ng gy kh khn cho vic o, c khi khng th xem xt ng c hai pha. Khi , p sut ng c th o gia ng v iu chnh bng cch nhn vi h s 0,9. Hiu chun (Calibration) ng h u, p k, my o tc gi v cc thit b o khng chun: Cn hiu chun tt c cc thit b o, k c dng c o cng sut trnh nh gi qut v qut cao p khng chnh xc. Khng nn thc hin nh gi bng cch p dng h s iu chnh b li vic sai s o. Bin ng ca cc thng s qu trnh trong khi kim tra: Nu c s bin ng ln cc thng s qu trnh o c trong khi o kim, kt qu nh gi hiu sut s tr nn km tin cy.

4. CC GII PHP S DNG NNG LNG HIU QU

Phn ny nu cc gii php s dng nng lng hiu qu cho qut v qut cao p.

4.1 Chn qut thch hp

Khi la chn qut cn ch n cc yu t sau (US DOE, 1989): Ting n Tc quay Cc c tnh dng kh Di nhit Bin ng trong iu kin hot ng Hn ch v khng gian v s b tr h thng Chi ph mua sm, chi ph vn hnh (quyt nh bi hiu sut v bo tr), tui th hot ng Trn nguyn tc chung, cn bit rng nng cao hiu sut ca h thng qut, cc chuyn gia thit k v cn b vn hnh phi nm r chc nng ca cc thit b trong h thng. Cch tip cn h thng i hi phi bit c s tng tc gia cc qut vi cc thit b h tr hot ng ca qut, v vi cc thit b m qut phc v. S dng tip cn h thng trong qu trnh la chn qut s gip mang li mt h thng bt n hn, hiu qu hn v ng tin cy hn. Mt vn thng gp l cc cng ty mua qut qu ln cho nhu cu s dng. Qut qu ln s khng hot ng im t hiu sut ti a (BEP) v trong mt s trng hp, cc qut ny hot ng khng n nh do im lm vic trn ng c tnh p sut-lu lng ca
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Thit b s dng in: Qut v Qut cao p qut. S dng qut qu ln gy tn thm nng lng, ting n kh cao v tng ng sut ca qut v h thng. Hu qu l, qut qu c khng ch c chi ph u t v vn hnh t hn m chng cn gy ra cc trc trc h thng. Cc gii php kh thi bao gm: thay th qut, thay th ng c, hoc s dng ng c iu khin v cp.

4.2 Gim tr lc ca h thng

Phn 1.2 ni v th tr lc ca h thng v th qut. Qut lm vic ti im m ng c tnh tr lc ca h thng ct ng c tnh qut. Tr lc ca h thng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic xc nh hiu sut v hot ng ca qut. Tr lc ca h thng cng thay i tu theo quy trnh. V d nh, vic cn bm hoc n mn trong ng lm thay i tr lc ca h thng. Trong mt s trng hp, thay i thit b, ci to ng ng cng lm chuyn dch ng k im hot ng, lm gim hiu sut (xem hnh 2). Trong trng hp , duy tr hiu sut ca qut nh trc, cn phi thay qut. V vy, cn thng xuyn kim tra tr lc ca h thng, v kim tra k hn khi c d nh ci to, v phi thc hin cc bin php duy tr hot ng hiu qu ca qut.

4.3 Hot ng gn im t hiu sut ti a

Phn trc cp rng hiu sut qut tng khi lu lng tng ti mt im nht nh ri gim khi lu lng tng thm. im t hiu sut ti a c gi l hiu sut nh hoc im t hiu sut ti a (BEP). Thng thng, im ny gn vi nng sut nh mc ca qut ng vi tc thit k nht nh v tr lc h thng. Sai lch i vi im t hiu sut ti a s lm tng tn tht v gim hiu sut.

4.4 Thng xuyn bo tr qut

duy tr mc hiu sut ca qut, cn bo tr thng xuyn. Cc hot ng bo tr bao gm (US DOE, 1989): Kim tra nh k tt c cc cu thnh ca h thng Bi trn v thay th Cng ai v thay dy ai Sa cha hoc thay ng c Lm sch qut

4.5 iu chnh lu lng kh

Thng thng, qut lp t hot ng tc khng i. Nhng trong mt s tnh hung, tc qut c th thay i, v d nh cn thm lu lng kh khi ng ng mi c b sung, hoc cn t lu lng kh hn v qut qu c. C mt s cch gim hoc iu chnh lu lng kh ca qut. Nhng cch ny c tm tt trong bng 5 km theo so snh cng sut y ti ng vi lu lng ti a (%) vi cc gii php kim sot lu lng khc nhau (hnh 17).

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Thit b s dng in: Qut v Qut cao p

Hnh 17. Mc tiu th cng sut tng ng vi cc gii php iu chnh lu lng (US DOE, 1989)

Hnh 18. Thay i kch thc puli (BEE India, 2004)

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Thit b s dng in: Qut v Qut cao p Bng 5. So snh cc phng php khc nhau iu chnh lu lng qut (theo DOE, 1989, and BEE, 2004)
Loi iu chnh lu lng Thay i puli: gim kch thc puli truyn ng/ng c u im Tc gim n nh Gim s dng nng lng (xem v d hnh 18: mi mc gim 2 inch ca puli s gip tit kim 12 kW) R tin D lp t Nhc im Qut c th hot ng vi nhng thay i tc Qut phi c dn ng bi b truyn ai ch V hoc bi ng c Cho php iu chnh nhng hn ch Gim lu lng nhng khng gim tiu th nng lng Chi ph vn hnh v bo tr cao hn Km hiu qu hn vi lu lng kh thp hn 80% lu lng ti a

Van tit lu: gim lu lng v tng p sut dng kh cp ca qut

Cnh hng dng: to ra dng xoy cng chiu quay ca qut, thu hp gc gia kh vo v cnh qut, nh vy gim ti, p sut v lu lng ca qut Qut iu chnh gc nghing cnh: chnh gc nghing gia kh vo v cnh qut bng cch nghing cc cnh qut, nh vy gim c ti ng c v lu lng kh

Nng cao hiu sut qut v gip gim c ti qut v lu lng kh cp Hiu qu v mt chi ph khi iu chnh lu lng dng kh trong khong 80-100% lu lng ti a. C th duy tr hiu sut cao ca qut trong mt di cc iu kin hot ng rng. Trnh c vn cng hng nh duy tr tc quay bnh thng C th hot ng trong iu kin t khng ti ti y ti m khng c vn g.

B iu khin tc v cp (VSD): gim tc qut cho ph hp vi mc gim lu lng yu cu Cc b iu khin tc v cp c: li hp thu lc, khp ni thu lc, bnh ai v dy ai iu chnh c Cc b iu khin tc v cp in: dng in xoy, b iu khin ng c rto dy qun, v b iu khin bin tn (VFDs: thay i tc

L cch iu chnh lu lng hiu qu nht. Cho php iu chnh tc qut trong mt di lin tc Vi cc b iu khin tc v cp: iu chnh lu lng d dng v hiu qu Nng cao hiu sut ca qut trong di iu kin hot ng rng C th lp vi nhng ng c nh gn ang c. Khng c trc trc do ng bi Gim tn tht nng lng v chi ph nh gim lu lng tng ca c h thng

Ch p dng c vi mt s qut hng trc. B bm bi bn nu cc cht bn tch t trong b tc ng c kh iu khin gc nghing cnh cnh Hot ng mc ti thp trong mt thi gian di s lm gim h s cng sut v hiu sut ng c, do lm mt li th v hiu sut v c nguy c b pht h s cos thp Cc b iu khin tc v cp c kh d gp vn bm bi bn. Chi ph u t ban u l n

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Thit b s dng in: Qut v Qut cao p

Loi iu chnh lu lng quay ca qut bng cch iu chnh tn s in cung cp) Bm a cp u im Nhc im

iu chnh lu lng hiu qu Thch hp nu ch cn hai tc c nh Thit k n gin

Van tit lu a: thay i rng ca bnh cng tc vi dng kh Vn hnh qut song song: dng hai qut song song thay v dng mt chic ln

Cn chuyn t tc ny sang tc khc Chi ph u t c th l mt tr ngi Ch kh thi vi mt s thit b ng dng

Vn hnh qut ni tip: s dng nhiu qut theo cch sp xp ht-y

Hiu sut cao vi cc thay i ln v Ch p dng khi qut c th hot ng vi tr lc nhu cu ca h thng thp trong iu kin tr D tha qut gip gim kh nng lc rt thp, gn bng p phi ngng hot ng v trc trc sut kh quyn (Xem hoc bo tr ngoi d kin hnh 19) Hai qut nh hn s r hn v c hiu sut cao hn mt qut ln tng ng. C th s dng vi cc cch iu chnh lu lng khc tng mc linh hot v tin cy Khng thch hp vi h p sut ng trung bnh thp hn thng c tr lc thp Gim ting n (Xem hnh 19) Gim yu cu h tr v cu trc v in. Thch hp vi cc h thng ng di, st p gia cc thnh phn trong h thng ln, hoc tr lc ln

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Thit b s dng in: Qut v Qut cao p Hnh 19. Vn hnh qut song song v ni tip (BEE India, 2004)

5. DANH SCH SNG LC GII PHP

Phn ny nu cc gii php s dng nng lng hiu qu quan trng nht S dng ng ng trn, nhn ly kh vo Trnh phn phi lu lng km b phn vo ca qut Gim thiu vt cn b phn vo v ra ca qut Thng xuyn lm sch mng, b lc v cnh qut Gim thiu tc qut S dng dy curoa phng hoc trt thp truyn cng sut Thng xuyn kim tra cng ca dy curoa Loi b cc puli bnh rng bin i S dng b iu khin tc v cp cho nhng ti qut bin i S dng ng c hiu qu v mt nng lng cho nhng vn hnh lin tc hoc gn nh lin tc Loi b r r trong ng ng Gim thiu ch un trong ng ng Tt qut v qut cao p khi khng cn thit Gim tc qut bng cch iu chnh ng knh puli vi ng c qu c S dng cnh hng dng thay cho iu chnh bng van x Thay bnh cng tc bng nha gia c thu tinh/kim loi bng bnh cng tc FRP c hiu qu s dng nng lng cao hn vi thit k nh my bay C gng vn hnh qut gn mc hiu sut ti a (BEP) Gim tn tht truyn ti bng cch s dng cc ai phng c hiu qu s dng nng lng cao hoc ai hnh thang c g thay cho loi ai hnh thang truyn thng. Gim thiu tr lc ca h thng v st p bng cch ci to h thng ng m bo ng trc gia h thng truyn ng v b iu khin m bo cht lng in cung cp cho b iu khin ng c Thng xuyn kim tra rung d on nhng hng hc nh do , khng ng trc, mt cn bng, lng lo v tr t, vv

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Thit b s dng in: Qut v Qut cao p

6. CC BNG TNH
Phn ny bao gm cc bng tnh sau: Thng s k thut ca qut v qut cao p Tnh ton hiu sut qut v qut cao p Bng tnh #1: THNG S K THUT CA QUT V QUT CAO P STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Thng s Hnh dng Loi (Dc trc/Ly tm) Lu lng x Ct p to ra X l cht lu Mt cht lu Hm lng bi Nhit cht lu Kiu iu khin lu lng Di iu khin lu lng Cng sut vo ca qut Tc qut Hiu sut nh mc ca qut Cng sut tiu th c th ng c qut Cng sut nh mc Dng y ti Tc nh mc in p cp Hiu sut nh mc H s cng sut nh mc Tn s cp Loi Qut (u khng dn ng) Qut (u dn ng) ng c (u khng dn ng) ng c (u dn ng) Cp bi trn n v Qut/ qut cao p 1 2 3

M3/h MmWc Kg/m3 Mg/m3 0 C % KW Vng/pht % KW/(m3/h) KW Ampe Vng/pht Vn % HZ

16

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Thit b s dng in: Qut v Qut cao p

Bng tnh 2: TNH TON HIU SUT CA QUT V QUT CAO P STT Thng s 1 2 3 4 5 Lu lng cht lu (trung bnh) (Q) (o bng ng h mt u ti b phn x ca qut) p sut ht (o u vo ca qut s dng p k kiu ng ch U) p sut y (o b phn x ca qut s dng p k kiu ng ch U) Tng p sut tnh (P) [34] Tng p sut chnh lch (dP) (o bng ng h mt u bng cch o ti mt s im trn mt cch ngang ng) Hng s ng h mt u (Cp) Din tch mt ct ngang ng (A) Nhit ca mi trng lng (o ti b phn vo ca qut bng nhit k) Mt mi trng lng (r) (ly t s liu chun v hiu chnh vi nhit hot ng/iu kin p sut) Cng sut vo ca ng c (P) (o ti c cu chuyn mch s dng tm panen hoc ng h o nng lng cm tay/b phn tch nng lng) Cng sut vo trc (P1) (P x hiu sut ng c X hiu sut truyn ti) Tn s cung cp Cng sut vo ca bm Vn tc kh/khng kh (V) [= (Cpx(2x9,81xdPxr)]/r Tc dng (Q) (= V x A) Hiu sut c hc ca qut (F) (QxP)/(102xP1) x 100 Tiu th cng sut c th (P/Q) % Ti ng c theo trng s cng sut % ti qut theo trng s lu lng % ti qut theo trng s tng p sut n v m3/s mmWC mmWC mmWC mmWC Qut/ qut cao p 1 2 3

6 7 8 9

M2 0 C kg/m3

10

kW

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

% Hz kW m/ s m3/ s % kW/(m3/ s) % % %
21

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Thit b s dng in: Qut v Qut cao p tnh

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Thit b s dng in: Qut v Qut cao p

7. TI LIU THAM KHO

Nhng ngun ti liu s dng trong chng ny: Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), Government of India. Energy Efficiency Guide Book, chapter 5, p 93-112. 2004 Canadian Blower. Industrial Fans and Blowers, www.canadianblower.com/blowers/index.html FanAir Company, product presentation. www.fanair.com/products.pdf Ganasean, Indian Institute of Technology. Fans, Pumps and Compressors Northern Industrial Supply Company (NISCO), Products Fans and Blowers, New York Blowers. www.nisco.net/nyb.html US Department of Energy (US DOE), Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, 1989. Improving Fan System Performance a sourcebook for industry www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/pdfs/fan_sourcebook.pdf Copyright:
Copyright United Nations Environment Programme (year 2006) This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission from the United Nations Environment Programme.

Bn quyn
Copyright Chng trnh mi trng lin hp quc (nm 2006) n bn ny c th ti xut bn ton b hoc mt phn v cho bt k mc ch gio dc hay phi li nhun no m khng c s cho php c bit t ngi gi bn quyn vi iu kin phi nu ngun ca n bn. NEP mong rng s nhn dc bn sao ca bt k n bn no c s dng n bn ny nh ngun thng tin. Khng s dng n bn ny bn li hay cho bt k mc ch thng mi no khc m khng c s cho php trc t Chng trnh Mi trng ca Lin hp quc

Disclaimer:
This energy equipment module was prepared as part of the project "Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction from Industry in Asia and the Pacific" (GERIAP) by the National Productivity Council, India. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually correct and properly referenced, UNEP does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication, including its translation into other languages than English. This is the translated version from the chapter in English, and does not constitute an official United Nations publication.

Khuyn co:
Mun thit b nng lng ny c thc hin l mt phn ca d n Gim Pht Thi Kh Nh Knh t Hot ng Cng Nghip Khu vc Chu v Thi Bnh Dng (GERIAP) bi y ban Nng sut Quc gia n . Mc d c gng nhiu m bo ni dung ca bo co ny l chnh xc v ph hp tham kho, UNEP khng c trch nhim v tnh chnh xc hay hon thin ca ni dung v s khng chu trch nhim v bt k mt mt hay thit hi m c th lin quan trc tip hay gin tip cho vic s dng hay da vo ni dung ca bo co ny gy ra, bao gm c bn dch sang cc th ting khc ngoi ting Anh. y l bn dch t chng bng ting Anh v khng l n bn chnh thc ca Lin hp quc.

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