Caesar II Tutorial

May 2002
Dear CAESAR II User,

Enclosed please find Version 4.40 of the CAESAR II Pipe Stress Analysis program. This package
includes a CD-Rom and associated documentation.
This version of CAESAR II incorporates a number of new features and technical capabilities, some of
which are listed in the table below (for a complete list of changes, refer to Chapter 1 of the Users Guide).
Piping codes: revised B31.3, B31.4, B31.5, B31.8, ASME NC, ASME ND; added B31.11.
An alpha-numeric node label option has been added to the piping input module
Expanded Static Load case options: (1) added load components H, CS, HP, and WW (hanger loads,
cold spring, hydro pressure, and weight filled with water, respectively), (2) added HYDRO stress type,
(3) added option to set snubber and hanger status on a load case basis, (4) provided ability to scale
friction factor on a load case basis.
Added automatic generation of a hydrotest load case (WW+HP, HYD stress type, and spring hangers
locked), triggered by the presence of a non-zero HP.
A large number of updates have been made to the 3D input graphics, as well as partial
implementation in the static output processor (including the Element Viewer).
Updated the spring hanger design algorithm to provide the option to iterate the Operating for Hanger
Travel load case to include the stiffness of the selected hanger.
Added new configuration options for ambient temperature, default friction coefficient, liberal stress
allowable, stress stiffening, and Bourdon settings, as well as how to handle B16.9 welding tee and
sweepolet SIFs in B31.3.
Two new spring hanger tables have been added: Pipe Supports USA and Quality Pipe Supports.
Included piping and structural files now support long file names, may be located in any directory path,
and the number of included structural files has been expanded from 10 to 20.
The CD-ROM has an Auto-Run feature that should start the installation driver as soon as the CD tray is
closed. This installation driver includes a number of options, in addition to the installation of Version 4.40.
The installation of Version 4.40 will create a group on the startup menu for subsequent access.
Additionally a desktop shortcut icon to C2.EXE will be placed on the desktop. Please refer to Chapter 2
of the Users Manual for additional details.
Please be aware that Version 4.40 is not downward compatible with any previous version of the software.
Input files from older versions are upward compatible as always.
Version 4.40 (like all previous versions) of CAESAR II has been tested according to the QA standards
established at COADE. Jobs created on earlier versions are compatible with Version 4.40 and should
yield the same results as earlier versions (except as noted in the Technical Changes on the next page).
Regards,

CAESAR II Development Staff
CAESAR II Version 4.40 Changes

Revised piping codes: B31.3, B31.4, B31.5, B31.8, ASME NC, ASME ND
Added the B31.11 piping code.
Added an alpha-numeric node label option to the piping input module
Expanded Static Load case options: (1) added load components H, CS, HP, and WW (hanger
loads, cold spring, hydro pressure, and weight filled with water, respectively), (2) added HYDRO
stress type, (3) added option to set snubber and hanger status on a load case basis, (4) provided
ability to scale friction factor on a load case basis.
Added automatic generation of a hydrotest load case (WW+HP, HYD stress type, and spring
hangers locked), triggered by the presence of a non-zero HP.
Added a large number of updates to the 3D input graphics, as well as partial implementation in
the static output processor (including the Element Viewer).
Updated the spring hanger design algorithm to provide the option to iterate the Operating for
Hanger Travel load case to include the stiffness of the selected hanger.
Added new configuration options for ambient temperature, default friction coefficient (if non-zero,
automatically gets applied to new translational restraints), liberal stress allowable, stress
stiffening, and Bourdon settings, as well as how to handle B16.9 welding tee and sweepolet SIFs
in B31.3.
Added two new spring manufacturers tables Pipe Supports USA and Quality Pipe Supports.
Added the ability to define the flexibility factor on bends.
Included piping and structural files now support long file names, may be located in any directory
path, and the number of included structural files has been expanded from 10 to 20.
Results of the Hanger Design Cases are now optionally viewable in the Static Output Processor
(set status to KEEP in the Load Case Options).
Added the ability to filter static Restraint reports by CNODE status.
Added a new warning report to the static output.
Added a dirty flag has been added to the piping input preprocessor and the configuration
modules. Attempting to exit these processors without saving changes produces a warning
message.
Differences between material data in the input file and that in the material database (including
missing user materials) are now detected, offering the user the opportunity to use the original
data.
Reviewed/updated the minimum wall computation for all piping codes for straight pipe.
Added a field for specifying Marine Growth Density to the Wind/Wave dialog.
Updated API-661 to 4
th
Edition.
Added the ability to save static load case data without running the job.
CAESAR II VERSION 4.40 - TECHNICAL CHANGES
The following list details changes to CAESAR II for Version 4.40, which may affect the numeric results.
In the flange module, a change has been made in where P
eq
is applied. Previously, P
eq
was used
everywhere the pressure term was included in an equation. As of Version 4.40, P
eq
is only applied to
the computation of H. The design pressure is applied to the computation of HT and HD.
The A01 (2001) addendum to B31.3 exchanged the equations (between the figure and the notes) used
to compute the "flexibility characteristic" for welding tees and welded-in contour inserts (sweepolets).
This change will cause the SIFs for these fittings to change accordingly. CAESAR II defaults to the
updated equation in the figure, which is more conservative. Users can control this choice with a new
configuration option.
In the ambient field of the Special Execution Options tab, a temperature value entered as zero is now
assumed to be zero, instead of ambient.
The Bergen and Fronek spring hanger data files have been updated to comply with new hardware
supplied by these vendors. Existing jobs using these hanger databases may yield slightly different
results
Cold Spring and Spring Hanger loads are no longer components of concentrated force vector #1 (F1),
as they were in previous versions. These loads are now represented by CS and H in the load case
definitions.
The static load case editor no longer recommends load cases with F1. This is because spring
hanger preloads and cold spring have now been separated from this basic load component. It is up to
the user to include F1, if present, in the appropriate load cases.
For B31.3 and NAVY505 piping codes, the software has been changed so that allowable stresses are
no longer divided by the joint efficiency. (This should not present many problems, since division by the
joint efficiency has not been required for the B31.3 code since 1980.) This change was necessary in
order to properly perform the minimum wall thickness calculation.
The minimum wall thickness computation has been reviewed for each piping code supported by
CAESAR II. Adjustments have been made where appropriate (B31.3, B31.4, B31.8, BS806,
CODETI).
Mill tolerance is now considered in Stoomwezen jobs and B31.8 Ch VIII jobs. (In the case of B31.8 Ch
VIII, mill tolerance only affects the combined stress calculation.)
Allowable stresses are now given for BS-7159 and UKOOA for the Sustained and Occasional load
cases. These are identical to the Operating allowables.
Spring Hanger Algorithm Update: The spring hanger design algorithm has been improved to repeat
(iterate) the free thermal design load case in the event poor hanger locations result in zero load
hangers. The improved algorithm also accounts for frictional effects in the iteration scheme.
For analyses using the B31.8 piping code, an additional (OPE) load case is recommended as the
absolute sum of the Expansion and Sustained load cases. This additional load case better reflects the
intent of section 833.4 of the code.
A change was made as to how local forces are computed in combination cases. Prior to 4.40, global
forces were rotated to obtain local forces. Now, in combination cases, local forces in combination
cases are combined directly. This change may affect combination methods of Scalar, SRSS, and
ABS.
CAESAR II, VERSION 4.40 Copyright(c) COADE/Engineering Physics Software, Inc., 1984-2002, all rights reserved.
(LAST REVISED 5/2002)
This page is intentionally left blank.
CAESAR II - Users Guide
1
Table of Contents
Preface P-1
CAESAR II LICENSE AGREEMENT P-2
ACCEPTANCE OF TERMS OF AGREEMENT BY THE USER P-2
LICENSE GRANT P-2
TERM P-2
LIMITED WARRANTY P-3
ENTIRE AGREEMENT P-3
LIMITATIONS OF REMEDIES P-3
GENERAL P-4
DISCLAIMER - CAESAR II P-4
HOOPS License Grant P-5
Introduction 1-1
What is CAESAR II? 1-2
What are the applications of CAESAR II? 1-2
What distinguishes CAESAR II from other commercial pipe stress packages? 1-3
About the CAESAR II Documentation 1-4
Program Support/User Assistance 1-5
Software Revision Procedures 1-6
How Are Builds Identified? 1-6
Can Builds Be Applied to Any Version? 1-6
How Are Builds Announced? 1-7
How Are Builds Obtained? 1-7
What is Contained in a Specific Build? 1-7
How Are Builds Installed? 1-7
How Can Builds Be Detected/Checked? 1-7
How Do You Archive and Reinstall an Old, Patched Version? 1-8
Updates and License Types 1-9
Full Run 1-9
Lease 1-9
Limited Run 1-9
Summary of the Latest Program Improvements 1-10
CAESAR II Technical Changes 1-11
Installation U2-1
Overview U2-2
System and Hardware Requirements U2-3
Installation Menu Options U2-4
CAESAR II Version 4.40 U2-4
Installation Process U2-4
Checking the Installation U2-12
2
Configuration U2-12
Browse CD ROM U2-15
ODBC Drivers U2-15
Product Demos U2-16
Internet Explorer U2-16
ESL Drivers U2-17
Contact Information U2-18
Product Information U2-19
Exit U2-19
ESL Installation on a Network U2-20
Novell File Server ESL Installation U2-20
Novell Workstation ESL Installation U2-20
Windows server Installation U2-20
Notes on Network ESLs U2-21
Re-Enabling the AutoRun Feature U2-22
Quick Start and Basic Operation U3-1
CAESAR II Quick Start U3-2
Starting CAESAR II U3-2
Basic Operation U3-5
Piping Input Generation U3-5
Error Checking the Model U3-10
Building the Load Cases U3-11
Executing Static Analysis U3-13
Static Output Review U3-14
Main Menu U4-1
The CAESAR II Main Menu U4-2
File Menu U4-3
Input Menu U4-5
Analysis Menu U4-6
Output Menu U4-7
Tools Menu U4-8
Diagnostics Menu U4-9
ESL Menu U4-10
Help Menu U4-11
Piping Input U5-1
Spreadsheet Overview U5-2
Undo/Redo U5-2
Customize Toolbar U5-3
Data Fields U5-3
Node Numbers U5-3
3
Element Lengths U5-4
Element Direction Cosines U5-4
Pipe Section Properties U5-5
Operating Conditions: Temperatures and Pressures U5-5
Special Element Information U5-6
Boundary Conditions U5-7
Loading Conditions U5-7
Piping Material U5-8
Material Elastic Properties U5-8
Densities U5-8
Auxiliary Data Area U5-9
Bend Data U5-9
Rigid Weight U5-10
Expansion Joint U5-10
Restraints U5-11
Displacements U5-12
Forces U5-13
Uniform Loads U5-13
Wind/Wave U5-14
Allowable Stresses U5-15
Stress Intensification Factors/Tees U5-18
Flexible Nozzles U5-19
Hangers U5-20
Node Names U5-21
Offsets U5-21
Menu Commands U5-22
File Menu U5-22
Edit Menu U5-24
Model Menu U5-27
Kaux Menu U5-32
Plot U5-36
Alternative 3-D Graphics U5-39
Error Checking, Static Load Cases, and Analysis U6-1
Error Checking U6-2
Fatal Error Dialog U6-3
Warning Dialog U6-4
Note Dialog U6-5
Available Commands U6-5
Building Static Load Cases U6-7
Providing Wind Data U6-9
Specifying Hydrodynamic Parameters U6-11
Execution of Static Analysis U6-12
Notes on CAESAR II Load Cases U6-16
Definition of a Load Case U6-16
Load Case Options Tab U6-21
4
User Control of Produced Results Data U6-22
Output Status U6-22
Output Type U6-22
Snubbers Active? U6-23
Hanger Design U6-23
Friction Multiplier U6-23
User-Controlled Combination Methods U6-24
Algebraic U6-24
Scalar U6-24
SRSS U6-24
ABS U6-25
Max U6-25
Min U6-25
SignMax U6-25
SignMin U6-25
Recommended Load Cases U6-26
Recommended Load Cases for Hanger Selection U6-26
Static Output Processor U7-1
Entry Into the Static Output Processor U7-2
Report Options U7-6
Displacements U7-6
Restraints U7-6
Restraint Summary U7-7
Global Element Forces U7-7
Local Element Forces U7-8
Stresses U7-9
Sorted Stresses U7-10
Code Compliance Report U7-11
U7-11
Cumulative Usage Report U7-12
U7-12
Load Case Report U7-13
Notes on Printing or Saving Reports to a File U7-14
Notes on Plotting Static Results U7-16
SHOWing Results on the Plot U7-17
Main Show Menu U7-17
Displacement Sub Menu: U7-17
Restraints Sub Menu: U7-18
Forces/Moments Sub Menu: U7-18
Stress Sub Menu: U7-20
Notes on Animation of Static Results U7-21
5
Dynamic Input and Analysis U8-1
Dynamic Capabilities in CAESAR II U8-2
Model Modifications for Dynamic Analysis U8-3
Major Steps in Dynamics Input U8-5
Overview of the Dynamic Analysis Input Processor U8-6
Entering the Dynamic Analysis Input Menu U8-6
Input Overview Based on Analysis Category U8-9
Modal U8-9
Specifying the Loads U8-9
Snubbers U8-10
Control Parameters U8-10
Advanced Parameters Show Screen U8-10
Harmonic U8-11
Modifying Mass and Stiffness Model U8-13
Earthquake (Spectrum) U8-14
Spectrum Load Cases U8-16
Static/Dynamic Combinations U8-18
Advanced Parameters U8-19
Relief Loads (Spectrum) U8-20
Relief Load Synthesis U8-20
Pulse Table/DLF Spectrum Generation U8-21
Spectrum Definitions U8-23
Force Sets U8-24
Spectrum/Load Cases U8-25
Advanced U8-27
Water Hammer/Slug Flow (Spectrum) U8-28
Specifying the Load U8-28
Pulse Table/DLF Spectrum Generation U8-28
Spectrum Definitions U8-28
Force Sets U8-28
Spectrum Load Cases U8-28
Time History U8-29
Specifying The Load U8-29
Time History Profile Definitions U8-29
Force Sets U8-30
Time History Load Cases U8-31
6
Modifying Mass and Stiffness Models U8-31
Advanced U8-32
Error Handling and Analyzing the Job U8-33
Performing the Analysis U8-33
Modes U8-33
Harmonic U8-34
Selection of Phase Angles U8-34
Spectrum U8-35
Time History U8-35
Dynamic Output Processing U9-1
Entry into the Processor U9-2
Report Types U9-5
Displacements U9-5
Restraints U9-5
Local Forces U9-6
Global Forces U9-7
Stresses U9-7
Forces/Stresses U9-8
Cumulative Usage U9-8
Mass Participation Factors U9-9
Natural Frequencies U9-10
Modes Mass Normalized U9-10
Modes Unity Normalized U9-10
Included Mass Data U9-11
Input Listing U9-12
Mass Model U9-12
Boundary Conditions U9-12
Notes on Printing or Saving Reports to a File U9-13
Animation of Dynamic Results U9-14
CASE U9-18
PRINT MOTION U9-18
Structural Steel Modeling U1b-1
Overview of Structural Capability in CAESAR II U10-2
Sample Input U10-9
Structural Steel Example #1 U10-9
7
Buried Pipe Modeling U11-1
CAESAR II Underground Pipe Modeler U11-2
Using the Underground Pipe Modeler U11-3
Notes on the Soil Model U11-10
Recommended Procedures U11-13
Buried Pipe Example U11-14

Equipment and Component Compliance U12-1
Equipment and Component Evaluation U12-2
Intersection Stress Intensification Factors U12-3
Bend Stress Intensification Factors U12-5
Pressure Stiffening U12-6
Flanges Attached to Bend Ends U12-6
Bends with Trunnions U12-7
Stress Concentrations and Intensifications U12-7
WRC 107 (Vessel Stresses) U12-8
WRC 107 Stress Summations U12-14
WRC Bulletin 297 U12-16
Flange Leakage/Stress Calculations U12-19
Note on bolt tightening stress U12-23
Using the CAESAR II Flange Modeler U12-24
Leak Pressure Ratio U12-24
Effective Gasket Modulus U12-24
Flange Rating U12-24
Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines, B31G U12-28
Expansion Joint Rating U12-33
Structural Steel Checks - AISC U12-40
Global Parameters U12-40
Structural Code U12-41
Allowable Stress Increase Factor U12-41
Stress Reduction Factors Cmy and Cmz U12-42
Youngs Modulus U12-42
Material Yield Strength U12-42
Bending Coefficient U12-42
Form Factor Qa U12-42
Allow Sidesway U12-42
Resize Members Whose Unity Check Value Is . . . U12-43
Minimum Desired Unity Check U12-43
Maximum Desired Unity Check U12-43
Local Member Data U12-44
Member Start Node U12-44
Member End Node U12-44
8
Member Type U12-44
In- And Out-Of-Plane Fixity Coefficients Ky And Kz U12-46
Unsupported Axial Length U12-46
Unsupported Length (In-Plane Bending) U12-46
Unsupported Length (Out-Of-Plane Bending) U12-46
Double Angle Spacing U12-46
Youngs Modulus U12-46
Material Yield Strength U12-46
Axial Member Force U12-46
In-Plane Bending Moment U12-47
Out-of-Plane Bending Moment U12-47
In-Plane Small Bending Moment U12-47
In-Plane Large Bending Moment U12-47
Out-of-Plane Small Bending Moment U12-47
Out-of-Plane Large Bending Moment U12-47
AISC Output Reports U12-47
Differences Between the 1977 and 1989 AISC Codes U12-49
NEMA SM23 (Steam Turbines) U12-50
NEMA Turbine Example U12-51
API 610 (Centrifugal Pumps) U12-57
Vertical In-Line Pumps U12-63
API 617 (Centrifugal Compressors) U12-64
API 661 (Air Cooled Heat Exchangers) U12-66
Heat Exchange Institute Standard For Closed Feedwater Heaters U12-71
API 560 (Fired Heaters for General Refinery Services) U12-73
Preface
Contents
Acceptance of Terms of
Agreement by the User - - 2
License Grant - - - - - - - - - - - 2
Term- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2
Limited Warranty - - - - - - - - 3
Entire Agreement - - - - - - - - 3
Limitations of Remedies- - - - 3
General - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4
Disclaimer - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4
HOOPS License Grant - - - - - 5
The Preface provides important
legal information for CAESAR II
users.
CAESAR II LICENSE AGREEMENT CAESAR II - Users Guide
2 Preface
CAESAR II LICENSE AGREEMENT
Licensor: COADE/Engineering Physics Software, Inc., 12777 Jones Rd., Ste. 480, Hous-
ton, Texas 77070
ACCEPTANCE OF TERMS OF AGREEMENT BY THE USER
YOU SHOULD CAREFULLY READ THE FOLLOWING TERMS AND CONDITIONS
BEFORE USING THIS PACKAGE. USING THIS PACKAGE INDICATES YOUR
ACCEPTANCE OF THESE TERMS AND CONDITIONS.
The enclosed proprietary encoded materials, hereinafter referred to as the Licensed Pro-
gram(s), are the property of COADE and are provided to you under the terms and condi-
tions of this License Agreement. You assume responsibility for the selection of the
appropriate Licensed Program(s) to achieve the intended results, and for the installation,
use and results obtained from the selected Licensed Program(s).
LICENSE GRANT
In return for the payment of the license fee associated with the acquisition of the Licensed
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with regard to the Licensed Programs(s):
a. Use of the License Program(s) on one machine. Under no circumstance is the
License Program to be executed without a COADE External Software Lock
(ESL).
b. To transfer the Licensed Program(s) and license it to a third party if the third party
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TERM
This License Agreement is effective upon acceptance and use of the Licensed Program(s)
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automatically in the event you fail to comply with any term or condition of this License
CAESAR II - Users Guide CAESAR II LICENSE AGREEMENT
Preface 3
Agreement. You hereby agree upon such termination to destroy the Licensed Program(s)
together with all copies, modifications, and merged portions thereof in any form.
LIMITED WARRANTY
The Licensed Program(s), i.e. the tangible proprietary software, is provided AS IS
WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, AND
EXPLICITLY EXCLUDING ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABIL-
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Some jurisdictions do not allow the exclusion of limited warranties, and, in those jurisdic-
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ENTIRE AGREEMENT
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LIMITATIONS OF REMEDIES
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INCLUDING ANY LOST PROFITS, LOST SAVINGS, AND OTHER INCIDENTAL
CAESAR II - Users Guide CAESAR II LICENSE AGREEMENT
Preface 4
OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO
USE THE LICENSED PROGRAM(S) EVEN IF COADE OR AN AUTHORIZED
COADE DEALER HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAM-
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SOME JURISDICTIONS DO NOT PERMIT LIMITATION OR EXCLUSION OF LIA-
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PRODUCTS PROVIDED BY COADE PURSUANT TO THIS LICENSE AGREE-
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GENERAL
You may not sublicense, assign, or transfer your rights under this License Agreement or
the Licensed Program(s) except as expressly provided in this License Agreement. Any
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The initial license fee includes 1 year of support, maintenance and enhancements to the
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Questions concerning this License Agreement, and all notices required herein, shall be
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Texas, 77070, or by telephone, 281-890-4566.
DISCLAIMER - CAESAR II
Copyright(c) COADE/Engineering Physics Software, Inc., 2002, all rights reserved.
This proprietary software is the property of COADE/Engineering Physics Software, Inc.
and is provided to the user pursuant to a COADE/Engineering Physics Software, Inc. pro-
gram license agreement containing restrictions on its use. It may not be copied or distrib-
uted in any form or medium, disclosed to third parties, or used in any manner except as
expressly permitted by the COADE/Engineering Physics Software, Inc. program license
agreement.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED AS IS WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. COADE/ENGINEERING PHYSICS SOFT-
WARE, INC. SHALL NOT HAVE ANY LIABILITY TO THE USER IN EXCESS OF
THE TOTAL AMOUNT PAID TO COADE UNDER THE COADE/ENGINEERING
PHYSICS SOFTWARE, INC. LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR THIS SOFTWARE. IN
NO EVENT WILL COADE/ENGINEERING PHYSICS SOFTWARE, INC. BE LIABLE
TO THE USER FOR ANY LOST PROFITS OR OTHER INCIDENTAL OR CONSE-
QUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE
SOFTWARE EVEN IF COADE/ENGINEERING PHYSICS, INC. HAS BEEN
ADVISED AS TO THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. IT IS THE USERS
RESPONSIBILITY TO VERIFY THE RESULTS OF THE PROGRAM.
CAESAR II - Users Guide HOOPS License Grant
Preface 5
HOOPS
License Grant
COADE grants to CAESAR II Users a non-exclusive license to use the Software Appli-
cation under the terms stated in this Agreement.
CAESAR II Users agree not to alter, reverse engineer, or disassemble the Software Appli-
cation. CAESAR II Users will not copy the Software except: (i) as necessary to install the
Software Application onto a computer(s)... or (ii) to create an archival copy. CAESAR II
Users agree that any such copies of the Software Application shall contain the same pro-
prietary notices which appear on and in the Software Application.
Title to and ownership of the intellectual property rights associated with the Software
Application and any copies remain with COADE and its suppliers.
CAESAR II Users are hereby notified that Tech Soft America, L.L. C 1301 Marina Vil-
lage Parkway, Suite 300, Alameda, CA 94501 ("Tech Soft America") is a third-party ben-
eficiary to this Agreement to the extent that this Agreement contains provisions which
relate to CAESAR II Users use of the Software Application. Such provisions are made
expressly for the benefit of Tech Soft America and are enforceable by Tech Soft America
in addition to COADE.
In no event shall COADE or its suppliers be liable in any way for indirect, special, or con-
sequential damages of any nature, including without limitation, lost business profits, or
liability or injury to third persons, whether foreseeable or not, regardless of whether
COADE or its suppliers have been advised of the possibility of such damages.
HOOPS License Grant CAESAR II - Users Guide
6 Preface
Chapter 1:
Introduction
Contents
What is CAESAR II? - - - - - - - 2
What are the Applications
of CAESAR II? - - - - - - - - - 2
What Distinguishes
CAESAR II from other
Pipe Stress Packages? - - - - 3
About CAESAR II
Documentation - - - - - - - - 4
Program SupportJ
User Assistance - - - - - - - - 5
Software Revision Features - - 6
Updates and License Types - - 9
Summary of the Latest Program
Improvements - - - - - - - - - 10
This chapter provides general
information about CAESAR II, the
organization of this manual, and
important information regarding
user assistance.
What is CAESAR II? CAESAR II - Users Guide
1-2 Introduction
What is CAESAR II?
CAESAR II is a PC-based pipe stress analysis software program developed, marketed
and sold by COADE Engineering Software. This software package is an engineering tool
used in the mechanical design and analysis of piping systems. The CAESAR II user cre-
ates a model of the piping system using simple beam elements and defines the loading
conditions imposed on the system. With this input, CAESAR II produces results in the
form of displacements, loads, and stresses throughout the system. Additionally,
CAESAR II compares these results to limits specified by recognized codes and standards.
The popularity of CAESAR II is a reflection of COADEs expertise in programming and
engineering, as well as COADEs dedication to service and quality.
What are the applications of CAESAR II?
CAESAR II is most often used for the mechanical design of new piping systems. Hot pip-
ing systems present a unique problem to the mechanical engineerthese irregular struc-
tures experience great thermal strain that must be absorbed by the piping, supports, and
attached equipment. These structures must be stiff enough to support their own weight
and also flexible enough to accept thermal growth. These loads, displacements, and
stresses can be estimated through analysis of the piping model in CAESAR II. To aid in
this design by analysis, CAESAR II incorporates many of the limitations placed on these
systems and their attached equipment. These limits are typically specified by engineering
bodies (such as the ASME B31 committees, ASME Section VIII, and the Welding
Research Council) or by manufacturers of piping-related equipment (API, NEMA, or
EJMA).
CAESAR II is not limited to thermal analysis of piping systems. CAESAR II also has the
capability of modelling and analyzing the full range of static and dynamic loads which
may be imposed on the system. Therefore, CAESAR II is not only a tool for new design
but it is also valuable in troubleshooting or redesigning existing systems. Here, one can
determine the cause of failure or evaluate the severity of unanticipated operating condi-
tions such as fluid/piping interaction or mechanical vibration caused by rotating equip-
ment.
CAESAR II - Users Guide What distinguishes CAESAR II from other commercial
Introduction 1-3
What distinguishes CAESAR II from other commercial pipe stress
packages?
COADE treats CAESAR II more as a service than a product. Our staff of experienced
pipe stress engineers are involved in day-to-day software development, program support,
and training. This approach has produced a program which most closely fits todays
requirements of the pipe stress industry. Data entry is simple and straight forward through
annotated input screens and/or spreadsheets. CAESAR II provides the widest range of
modelling and analysis capabilities without becoming too complicated for simple system
analysis. Users may tailor their CAESAR II installation through default setting and cus-
tomized data bases. Comprehensive input graphics confirms the model construction
before the analysis is made. The programs interactive output processor presents results on
the monitor for quick review or sends complete reports to a file or printer. CAESAR II is
an up-to-date package that not only utilizes standard analysis guidelines but also provides
the latest recognized opinions for these analyses.
CAESAR II also offers seamless interaction with COADEs CADWorx/PIPE, an
AutoCAD based design and drafting system for creating orthographic, isometric and 3D
piping drawings. The 2-way-link automatically generates stress analysis models of piping
layouts, or creates spectacular stress isometrics in minutes from CAESAR II models.
CAESAR II is a field-proven engineering analysis program. It is a widely recognized
product with a large customer base and an excellent support and development record.
COADE is a strong and stable company where service is a major commitment.
About the CAESAR II Documentation CAESAR II - Users Guide
1-4 Introduction
About the CAESAR II Documentation
To address the shear volume of information available on CAESAR II and present it in a
concise and useful manner to the analyst the program documentation is presented in three
separate manuals:
1. The Users Guide describes the basic operation and flow of the many routines found
in CAESAR II. This document provides necessary installation information, gives an
overview of the program capabilities, and introduces model creation, analysis, and
output review. It is intended as a general road map for the program. This general doc-
ument is the first source of information.
2. The Technical Reference Manual explains, in detail, the function of, input for, and
output from each module of the program. This manual also explains much of the the-
ory behind CAESAR II calculations. The Technical Reference Manual should be
referred to whenever the user needs more information than is provided by the Users
Guide.
3. The Application Guide provides examples of how to use CAESAR II. These exam-
ples illustrate methods of modeling individual piping components as well as complete
piping systems. Here one can find tutorials on system modeling and analysis. The
Application Guide is a reference providing quick how to information on specific
subjects.
In addition to these three manuals, a Quick Reference Guide is included with the soft-
ware package. The Quick Reference Guide provides the user with commonly referenced
information in a lightweight, easy-to-carry notebook.
CAESAR II - Users Guide Program Support/User Assistance
Introduction 1-5
Program Support/User Assistance
COADEs staff understands that CAESAR II is not only a complex analysis tool but also,
at times, an elaborate processone that may not be obvious to the casual user. While our
documentation is intended to address the questions raised regarding piping analysis, sys-
tem modeling, and results interpretation, not all the answers can be quickly found in these
volumes.
COADE understands the engineers need to produce efficient, economical, and expedi-
tious designs. To that end, COADE has a staff of helpful professionals ready to address
any CAESAR II issues raised by all users. CAESAR II support is available by telephone,
fax, the Internet, bulletin board service, and by mail; literally hundreds of support calls are
answered every week. COADE provides this service at no additional charge to the user. It
is expected, however, that questions focus on the current version of the program.
Formal training in CAESAR II and pipe stress analysis is also available from COADE.
COADE conducts regular training classes in Houston and provides in-house and open
attendance courses around the world. These courses focus on the expertise available at
COADEmodeling, analysis, and design.
COADE Technical Support
Phone: 281-890-4566 E-mail: techsupport@COADE.com
Fax: 281-890-3301 WEB: www.COADE.com
Software Revision Procedures CAESAR II - Users Guide
1-6 Introduction
Software Revision Procedures
COADE software products are not static; they are changed continually to reflect engineer-
ing code addenda, operational enhancements, user requests, operating system modifica-
tions, and corrections. New versions are planned and targeted for a specific release date.
However, there may be corrections necessary to the currently shipping version, before
the next version can be released. When this occurs, a corrections to the currently ship-
ping version is made. This correction is referred to as a Build.
Changes and corrections are accumulated until an error producing incorrect results is
found. When this occurs, the build is finalized, announced, and posted to the BBS and
WEB sites. Some COADE users have expressed concern over tracking, archiving, and dis-
tributing the various builds generated between major releases. In order to alleviate this
problem for our users, all maintenance Builds for new releases contain all previous builds.
In other words, Build Y contains Build X. This increases the download size and time
required to obtain the Build, but only one build is required at any given time.
How Are Builds Identified?
When posted on the WEB or BBS, Builds are identified with the program identifier and
the date the Build was generated.
Builds have a naming convention, as follows. The first character(s) of the file name repre-
sent the COADE program being updated:
These identifying characters are then followed by six digits representing the date of the
Build. The next character is a single letter representing the ESL version (the ESL is the
External Software Lock used by the programs). The character U or F represents an unlim-
ited or full-run version, L is an execution limited version, D is a dealer version. The fol-
lowing examples illustrate this naming convention.
Be sure to obtain the correct ESL version of a particular Build. If the Build does not match
your ESL, and you install it, the software will not function. You will receive error mes-
sages that the ESL cannot be found, or you have an improper version.
Can Builds Be Applied to Any Version?
No! As new versions are released, additional input items become necessary and must be
stored in the program data files. In addition, file formats change, databases grow, and so
on. A Build is intended for one specific version of the software. Using a Build on a differ-
ent version (without specific advice from COADE personnel) is a sure way to cripple the
software.
C2 for CAESAR II TK for TANK
CC for CODECALC P for CADWorx/PIPE
PV for PV Elite F for CADWorx/P&ID
Build Name Correlation
C20008001F.EXE CAESAR II, Build of Aug. 1, 2000, full run users
C2000801L.EXE CAESAR II, Build of Aug. 1, 2000, limited-run users
P971117D.EXE CADWorx/PIPE Build of Nov. 17, 1997, dealers
CAESAR II - Users Guide Software Revision Procedures
Introduction 1-7
How Are Builds Announced?
When a Build becomes available, the NEWS file maintained on the BBS and WEB sites is
updated. All entries in this news file are dated for ease of reference. Users should check
one of these news files at least once a month to ensure they stay current with the software.
Corrections and Builds are also published in the COADE newsletter, Mechanical Engi-
neering News.
If users register with an E-mail address, they will be notified via E-mail of all new Builds.
How Are Builds Obtained?
Builds are posted to both the COADE Bulletin Board System (BBS) and COADEs Inter-
net WEB site (http://www.coade.com). The Builds are arranged in subdirectories by pro-
gram. Each file contained in the directory includes a description defining what it contains,
its size, and the date it was created.
Decide which Build file you need and simply download it.
What is Contained in a Specific Build?
Each patch file contains a file named BUILD.TXT. This is a plain ASCII text file that can
be viewed with any text editor or simply printed to the system printer. This text file con-
tains a description of all corrections and enhancements made, which are contained in the
current patch. When necessary, additional usage instructions may be found in this file.
How Are Builds Installed?
Builds distributed for Windows applications use a Windows installation procedure. The
EXE is a self-extracting archive, which extracts to a number of sub-directories, each con-
taining sufficient files to fit on a 1.44 diskette. This first diskette (directory) contains a
standard SETUP.EXE program to actually install the Build. This procedure ensures that
necessary files are registered with the system and that the Uninstall utility can perform
its task.
How Can Builds Be Detected/Checked?
When a Build is ready to be released, the Main Menu module is revised to reflect the Build
level. This allows the user to see, on the Main Program Menu, which Build is in use. To
see which program modules have been modified, you can run a COADE utility program
from within the program directory.
From the Utility/Tools menu, select the option for COADE EXE Scanner. This option
scans each of the EXE modules in the program directory and lists its size, memory
requirements, and Build Level. A sample display from this utility is shown in the table
below.
By reviewing the following table, users can determine which modules have been patched
and to what level.
Software Revision Procedures CAESAR II - Users Guide
1-8 Introduction
How Do You Archive and Reinstall an Old, Patched Version?
When a new version of the software is released, what should be done with the old, existing
version? The distribution disks sent from COADE should obviously be saved. Addition-
ally, any Builds obtained should also be archived with the original diskettes. This will
allow full usage of this version at some later time, if it becomes necessary.
To reinstall an older version of the software, the distribution diskettes from COADE
should be installed first. Then, the last Build should be installed. Each Build includes the
modifications made in all prior Builds.
CAESAR II - Users Guide Updates and License Types
Introduction 1-9
Updates and License Types
CAESAR II update sets are identified by their version number. The current release of
CAESAR II is Version 4.0. COADE schedules and distributes these updates approxi-
mately every nine months, depending on their scope and necessity. The type of
CAESAR II license determines whether or not a user receives these updates. There are
three types of CAESAR II licenses:
Full Run
Provides unlimited access to CAESAR II and one year of updates, maintenance, and sup-
port. Updates, maintenance, and support are available on an annual basis after the first
year.
Lease
Provides unlimited access to CAESAR II with updates, maintenance, and support pro-
vided as long as the lease is in effect.
Limited Run
Provides 50 static or dynamic analyses of piping system models over an unlimited period
of time, but does not include program updates. The user is upgraded (if necessary) when-
ever a new set of 50 runs is purchased.
COADE only ships the current version of CAESAR II, no matter which type of license.
Updates are automatically delivered to all full run users who purchase updates, mainte-
nance, and support, and all lease users.
Summary of the Latest Program Improvements CAESAR II - Users Guide
1-10 Introduction
Summary of the Latest Program Improvements
CAESAR II Version 4.40 contains some major new features as listed in the table below.
CAESAR II Version 4.40 Features
Revised piping codes: B31.3, B31.4, B31.5, B31.8, ASME NC, ASME ND
Added the B31.11 piping code.
Added an alpha-numeric node label option to the piping input module
Expanded Static Load case options: (1) added load components H, CS, HP, and WW (hanger
loads, cold spring, hydro pressure, and weight filled with water, respectively), (2) added
HYDRO stress type, (3) added option to set snubber and hanger status on a load case basis, (4)
provided ability to scale friction factor on a load case basis.
Added automatic generation of a hydrotest load case (WW+HP, HYD stress type, and spring
hangers locked), triggered by the presence of a non-zero HP.
Updated the 3D input graphics, as well as partial implementation in the static output processor
(including the "Element Viewer").
Updated the spring hanger design algorithm to provide the option to iterate the "Operating for
Hanger Travel" load case to include the stiffness of the selected hanger.
Added new configuration options for ambient temperature, default friction coefficient (if non-
zero, automatically gets applied to new translational restraints), liberal stress allowable, stress
stiffening, and Bourdon settings, as well as how to handle B16.9 welding tee and sweepolet SIFs
in B31.3.
Added two new spring manufacturers tables Pipe Supports USA and Quality Pipe Supports.
Added the ability to define the flexibility factor on bends.
Included piping and structural files now support long file names, may be located in any directory
path, and the number of included structural files has been expanded from 10 to 20.
Results of the Hanger Design Cases are now optionally viewable in the Static Output Processor
(set status to "KEEP" in the Load Case Options).
Added the ability to filter static Restraint reports by CNODE status.
Added a new "warning report" to the static output.
Added a "dirty flag" to the piping input preprocessor and the configuration modules. Attempt-
ing to exit these processors without saving changes produces a warning message.
Added the ability to detect the differences between material data in the input file and that in the
material database (including missing "user materials"). This feature offers the user the opportu-
nity to use the original data.
Reviewed/updated the "minimum wall" computation for all piping codes for straight pipe.
Added a field for specifying "Marine Growth Density" to the Wind/Wave dialog.
Updated API-661 to 4th Edition.
Added the ability to save static load case data without running the job.
CAESAR II - Users Guide Summary of the Latest Program Improvements
Introduction 1-11
CAESAR II Technical Changes
The following list details changes to CAESARII for Version 4.40, which may affect the
numeric results.
In the "flange module", a change has been made in where Peq is applied. Previously,
Peq was used everywhere the pressure term was included in an equation. As of Ver-
sion 4.40, Peq is only applied to the computation of "H". The design pressure is
applied to the computation of "HT" and "HD".
The A01 (2001) addendum to B31.3 exchanged the equations (between the figure and
the notes) used to compute the "flexibility characteristic" for welding tees and welded-
in contour inserts (sweepolets). This change will cause the SIFs for these fittings to
change accordingly. CAESAR II defaults to the updated equation in the figure,
which is more conservative. Users can control this choice with a new configuration
option.
In the ambient field of the "Special Execution Options" tab, a temperature value
entered as zero is now assumed to be zero, instead of ambient.
The "Bergen" and "Fronek" spring hanger data files have been updated to comply with
new hardware supplied by these vendors. Existing jobs using these hanger databases
may yield slightly different results
Cold Spring and Spring Hanger loads are no longer components of "concentrated
force vector #1 (F1), as they were in previous versions. These loads are now repre-
sented by "CS" and "H" in the load case definitions.
The static load case editor no longer recommends load cases with "F1". This is
because spring hanger preloads and cold spring have now been separated from this
basic load component. It is up to the user to include F1, if present, in the appropriate
load cases.
For B31.3 and NAVY505 piping codes, the software has been changed so that allow-
able stresses are no longer divided by the joint efficiency. (This should not present
many problems, since division by the joint efficiency has not been required for the
B31.3 code since 1980.) This change was necessary in order to properly perform the
minimum wall thickness calculation.
The minimum wall thickness computation has been reviewed for each piping code
supported by CAESAR II. Adjustments have been made where appropriate (B31.3,
B31.4, B31.8, BS806, CODETI).
Mill tolerance is now considered in Stoomwezen jobs and B31.8 Ch VIII jobs. (In the
case of B31.8 Ch VIII, mill tolerance only affects the combined stress calculation.)
Allowable stresses are now given for BS-7159 and UKOOA for the Sustained and
Occasional load cases. These are identical to the Operating allowables.
Spring Hanger Algorithm Update: The spring hanger design algorithm has been
improved to repeat (iterate) the "free thermal" design load case in the event poor
hanger locations result in "zero load hangers". The improved algorithm also accounts
for frictional effects in the iteration scheme.
Summary of the Latest Program Improvements CAESAR II - Users Guide
1-12 Introduction
For analyses using the B31.8 piping code, an additional (OPE) load case is recom-
mended as the absolute sum of the Expansion and Sustained load cases. This addi-
tional load case better reflects the intent of section 833.4 of the code.
A change was made as to how local forces are computed in combination cases. Prior
to 4.40, global forces were rotated to obtain local forces. Now, in combination cases,
local forces in combination cases are combined directly. This change may affect com-
bination methods of Scalar, SRSS, and ABS.
Chapter 2:
Installation
This chapter lists system and hard-
ware requirements and guides the
user through the installation pro-
cess.
Contents
Overview- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2
System and Hardware
Requirements- - - - - - - - - - 3
Installation Menu Options - - - 4
ESL Installation on a Network- 20
Notes on Network ESLs - - - - - 21
Re-Enabling the AutoRun
Feature - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 22
Overview CAESAR II - Users Guide
2-2 Installation
Overview
The CAESAR II installation commences as soon as you insert the CD-ROM into the
drive and shut the drawer. The installation program allows total or partial installations,
diagnostic checks of the installation, multi-language support, and ease of updating. This
chapter will explain the process of running the CAESAR II setup application.
The typical setup for most computers allows the auto-run feature to access the CD and
initiate the installation program. (If the auto-run feature has been disabled, Windows
Explorer should be used to scan the CD and invoke the SETUP.EXE program. The last
section of this chapter details the steps necessary to re-enable the auto-run feature.)
Once the installation program is initialized, a menu of context-sensitive options is dis-
played on the screen.

For users upgrading to a new version of CAESAR II, the installation program can be
instructed to place the new files in the same directory where the current version resides.
The new version files will overwrite the old version files where appropriate.
CAESAR II can be run from anywhere on the system hard disk. Keep the job files in one
or more data or project directories separate from the CAESAR II installation directory.
CAESAR II - Users Guide System and Hardware Requirements
Installation 2-3
System and Hardware Requirements
The specific system resources necessary to run CAESAR II are listed below:
Intel Pentium processor (or equivalent)
Microsoft Windows (95, NT 4.0 or higher) Operating System
128 Mbytes RAM (recommended)
150 Mbytes of disk space
CD-ROM Drive
Note CAESAR II is designed for 800 x 600 resolution (using small fonts) or 1024 x
768 resolution (using large fonts).
Installation Menu Options CAESAR II - Users Guide
2-4 Installation
Installation Menu Options
Each of the Installation Menu options is discussed in detail in the following subsections.
CAESAR II Version 4.40
Selecting the CAESAR II Version 4.40 option begins the installation of the CAESAR II
program. The installation procedure presents the user with a series of dialog boxes that
request information or selections from the user.
The installation dialogs contain from two to three buttons at the bottom. These buttons are
[Cancel]terminates the installation of the software and return control to the main
installation menu
[Next] moves forward to the next dialog, and occasionally
[Back]moves backward to the previous dialog
Installation Process
As the installation begins, a dialog opens to suggest that all running applications be termi-
nated. It is best if nothing else is running while the installation program runs. Most unsuc-
cessful installation attempts can be attributed to other software running at the same time as
the installation.
Clicking on the [Next] button of the Welcome dialog produces a dialog prompting for
the CD Serial Number.
CAESAR II - Users Guide Installation Menu Options
Installation 2-5
The serial number can be found on the back of the jewel case. Note that the software can-
not be installed without this serial number. Once the proper serial number has been speci-
fied, the installation program reports the acceptance of the serial number and the type of
installation about to take place.
Following the users acknowledgement of this dialog, the installation program prompts the
user for the destination directory. This directory is the location to which the software will
be installed. The dialog presented allows the user to navigate to different drives, either
local or network, and to select directories. If the desired directory does not exist, it may be
typed in manually in the edit box provided at the top of the dialog. By default, the installa-
tion program assumes a destination directory the same as an existing version of the soft-
ware.
2-6 Installation
Once the destination directory has been set, the next dialog prompts for the type of instal-
lation. In almost all cases, the top button, for a full installation, should be selected. A full
installation ensures the complete package is installed from the CD to the destination direc-
tory, and any ancillary procedures are executed following the installation.
Installation 2-7
Note Notice in the dialog shown above that the [Next] button cannot be activated until
an installation type is selected. Several of the dialogs work in this manner, to
ensure all necessary information is obtained prior to the start of the actual file
transfer.
Once this dialog is complete, the Language dialog is presented. This dialog allows the user
to select from various languages, which then dictate the exact language resource files that
will be installed.
2-8 Installation
After the desired language has been selected, the installation program prompts for the
name of a program folder to organize the software components. This folder will (usually)
be located on the Start\Programs menu of the task bar. Typically, the folder name should
be the same as the software name, for ease of use.
Installation 2-9
After the program folder has been specified, the installation prompts for the type of ESL
(External Software Lock). The ESL is the security device used to protect the software
license. Various types of ESLs are supported by the software, each requiring their own
device driver. This dialog enables the installation of the correct driver (assuming the user
makes the correct selection).
Once the ESL type has been selected, the installation program presents the user with a dia-
log summarizing all of the selections just made. This is the last dialog presented before the
actual transfer of the files takes place.
2-10 Installation
When this dialog is accepted (by clicking on the [Next] button), the actual file transfer
begins.
During the file transfer stage, the user is presented with an installation screen consisting of
three panels.
Installation 2-11
The top panel contains information on other COADE products, registration information,
and contact information. The bottom left panel is a status indicator, monitoring the
progress of the installation. The bottom right panel is also a progress indicator, and addi-
tionally lists the files as they are installed.
After all of the files have been successfully transferred, the installation program displays
an information dialog, stating which ESL drivers have been installed. Note that, in order to
run the software, the system must be rebooted so that the drivers are actually loaded. The
installation program only sets the system up to load the drivers; it cannot actually load the
drivers.
2-12 Installation
Checking the Installation
Once this dialog is accepted, the installation program runs a COADE diagnostic program,
the CRC Check program. This program verifies that the program files have been success-
fully transferred to the target directory without being corrupted. (Corruption could be
caused by bad distribution media, a virus infection, or a bad spot on the hard disk.) For a
successful installation, the status of all files should be reported as OK, and the error
count should be reported as zero.
Note If the CRC check fails, this means a file was installed incorrectly. Try again to
install the files or contact COADE for help.
Configuration
After the CRC Check program terminates, the installation program invokes the
CAESAR II Configuration Program. This program creates the primary configuration file
that resides in the program directory. It is this configuration that is used by default in all
data directories, unless a local configuration file exists.
Installation 2-13
Note It is highly recommended that users familiarize themselves with the configuration
directives. A full discussion of them can be found in the CAESAR II Technical
Reference Manual.
After the user completes the configuration phase, by clicking [Exit w/ Save], the installa-
tion program displays the Readme.Doc file that accompanies the software. This file con-
tains the programs latest information, which may have missed the formal documentation.
The file is displayed in WordPad, which is distributed as part of the Windows operating
system.
After the user closes WordPad, the installation program prompts to see if the system
should be rebooted.
2-14 Installation
Recall that some software components are not fully installed until the system is rebooted.
Although you dont have to reboot at this time, you may not be able to run the software
until you do. Rebooting will finish the installation and leave control on the desktop as
usual. Avoiding the reboot terminates the installation program and returns to the main
installation menu.
Exiting from this menu returns control to the desktop, where the program folder can be
seen.
This folder shows icons for starting the program, uninstalling the program, and reviewing
notes on the program.
Installation 2-15
Browse CD ROM
This option invokes Windows Explorer using the CD as the initial target. This results in a
typical folder view in Explorer.
Users can review the entire CD-ROM contents from this folder. This browser option is
particularly useful when it is necessary to copy information files and demos from the CD.
Notice in the figure above the reference to the file ReadMe.txt. It is always a good habit
to review this file for additional instructions, advice, or late breaking changes.
ODBC Drivers
This option is selected to install drivers for CAESAR IIs ODBC interface. For informa-
tion on using ODBC in CAESAR II, see Chapter 8 of the Technical Reference Manual.
2-16 Installation
Product Demos
This option presents another menu.
The list of options on this menu allows the review of the demos of all other COADE prod-
ucts. Depending on the demo, this could be a simple slide show, or a restricted working
demo. In the figure above, the tool-tip detail describes the first option (where the cursor is
located). The [Back] button of this menu returns control to the Main Installation Menu.
Internet Explorer
This option invokes the installation procedure for Internet Explorer (IE). The presence of
IE is required for the proper operation of the HTML Help Facility, which is the preferred
help system implementation recommended by Microsoft. Although not all COADE prod-
ucts currently implement HTML Help, most products are headed in this direction.
In addition, a browser (either IE or Netscape Communicator) is necessary to access the
World Wide Web. The Web, and corporate web sites (such as COADEs site at
www.coade.com), are an excellent source of additional information on software products,
support issues, and software updates. It has become almost critical that users be able to
access vendor web sites in order to stay current with their software tools.
Installation 2-17
ESL Drivers
This option initiates the installation of the proper drivers for the ESL (External Software
Lock). A series of dialogs is presented, similar to those presented for the installation of
CAESAR II. This installation prompts for the ESL type.
The ESL is the security protection method employed by COADE. The CAESAR II pro-
gram cannot execute unless an appropriate ESL (green or white) is attached to the PC
locally, or to another computer in the network (red ESL).
The ESL can be easily attached to the parallel port of the computer in a matter of seconds.
The printer cable should then be attached to the other side of the ESL. The essential
requirement for the successful operation of the ESL is that the port must be a Centronics
compatible DB-25 pin parallel port. This is the IBM PC standard read/write printer port.
Alternatively a USB ESL may be requested from COADE.
The ESL contains the CAESAR II licensing data, and other client-specific information.
This information includes the client company name and user ID number. Additional data
may be stored on the ESL depending on the specific program and the specific client.
This ESL driver installation installs the latest drivers, and properly addresses Windows 95,
Windows 98, and Windows NT 4.00.
2-18 Installation
Contact Information
This option displays additional information on the CD image.
This information includes all current contact information for COADE. In addition, the ref-
erence to the COADE website is an active link. Clicking on this link will invoke your pri-
mary browser and present the COADE website.
Installation 2-19
Product Information
This option lists, on the CD image, all of the contents of the CD.
Notice that there are several items on the CD for which there is no direct installation
method available from the menus. These items (Adobe Acrobat Reader, MS Word Viewer,
and the COADE product brochures) can be installed or viewed using Windows Explorer.
The Adobe Acrobat Reader is required in order to access the online documentation pro-
vided with the software.
Exit
This option terminates the installation program and returns control to the operating sys-
tem.
ESL Installation on a Network CAESAR II - Users Guide
2-20 Installation
ESL Installation on a Network
COADE software programs support two different ESLs, local ESLs and network
ESLs. Both types of ESLs are intended to be attached to the parallel ports of the applicable
computers. The local ESLs provide the maximum flexibility in using the software, since
these devices can be moved between computers (i.e., between desktops and laptops). If
your computer uses a local ESL, the remainder of this section can be skipped.
The network ESL must be attached to the parallel port of any machine on the network (this
can be a workstation or the file server). The file server is a better location for this ESL,
since it will usually be up and running. If the network ESL is attached to a workstation, the
workstation must be running and/or logged onto the network before anyone can use the
software.
In order for the network to recognize the ESL, a utility program must be loaded on the
machine controlling the ESL. The actual utility used depends on whether the ESL is on the
file server or a workstation and the type of network. The drivers for network ESL usage
can be found in the sub-directory ASSIDRV beneath the CAESAR II program directory.
The documentation files in this sub-directory contain instructions for a variety of networks
and operating systems.
Novell File Server ESL Installation
If the network ESL is to be located on a Novell file server, the driver HASPSERV.NLM is
needed. This driver should be copied onto the file server, into the top level SYSTEM
directory. Then, the system startup file (AUTOEXEC.NCF) should be modified to include
the command LOAD HASPSERV.
This modification can be accomplished with SYSCON (or equivalent) assuming Supervi-
sor rights.
Novell Workstation ESL Installation
If the network ESL is to be located on a workstation, the driver HASPSERV.EXE is
needed. This driver should be copied onto the workstation. The actual location (directory)
on the workstation is not important, as long as the program can be located for startup.
Place the command, HASPSERV, in the AUTOEXEC.BAT file of the workstation, after
the commands which load the network drivers. The workstation does not need to be
logged in. Note, however, the workstation must always be up and running for users to
access the software.
Windows server Installation
For a Windows server installation, refer to the documentation files NETHASP.TXT and
ESL_RED.TXT found in the ASSIDRV subdirectory for network specific instructions.
CAESAR II - Users Guide Notes on Network ESLs
Installation 2-21
Notes on Network ESLs
There are advantages and disadvantages in utilizing a network ESL. The prime advantage
is that many users (up to the number of licenses) have access (from a variety of computers)
to the software on a single server.
The prime disadvantage is that users cannot transfer the ESL between machines in order to
take CAESAR II home or to another remote location.
Since both a network and several local ESLs may be initialized on the same system (there
is no network-specific version of the software), it is suggested that only 70 to 80 percent of
the desired licenses be assigned to a network ESL. The remaining 20 to 30 percent of the
licenses should be assigned to local ESLs. This enables the local ESLs to be moved
between computers, to run the software at remote locations. Alternatively, if all of the
licenses are on the ESL, a user must then be logged into the network to access the soft-
ware. A few local ESLs provide much greater operating flexibility.
Note The number of licenses assigned to a network ESL is not a parameter that can be
modified remotely by COADE software.
Re-Enabling the AutoRun Feature CAESAR II - Users Guide
2-22 Installation
Re-Enabling the AutoRun Feature
Failure of the AutoRun feature is likely a result of the operators having turned off the
AutoRun feature of the operating system. To turn this capability back on (under Windows
95/98), perform the following steps:
1. Right-click on My Computer and select Properties.
2. Choose the Device Manager tab.
3. Open the CD-ROM branch, and select the entry for your CD-ROM drive.
4. Click Properties, and choose the Settings tab.
5. On this dialog, ensure that the Auto Insert Notification option is turned on
(checked).
6. Click [OK] then [OK] again.
7. Restart Windows for the changes to take effect. Your CDs should now start automati-
cally.
Under Windows NT, you must manually alter a registry setting to change this behavior.
Start the Registry Editor and navigate to HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\Current-
ControlSet\Services\CDRom. To enable AutoRun, set the value of this key to 1.
Chapter 3:
Quick Start and
Basic Operation
Contents
CAESAR II Quick Start - - - - - - 2
Basic Operation - - - - - - - - - - 5
Piping Input Generation - - - - - - 5
Error Checking the Model - - - - - - 10
Building the Load Cases- - - - - - - 11
Executing Static Analysis - - - - - - 13
Static Output Review - - - - - - - - 14
This chapter provides 1) the essen-
tial information you will need to
start the program and 2) the basic
modes of operation.
CAESAR II Quick Start CAESAR II - Users Guide
3-2 Quick Start and Basic Operation
CAESAR II Quick Start
This chapter explains the basics of CAESAR II operation, to enable users to quickly per-
form a static piping analysis. All necessary user operations are discussed; however, details
have been kept to a minimum. Each topic includes references to other sections of the
CAESAR II Users Guide for additional detailed information.
Use of the CAESAR II program assumes that the software has been installed as per the
instructions detailed in Chapter 2.
There are several steps required to perform a static analysis. The major steps (and the
chapters in which they are described) are listed below. These steps are explained briefly in
this chapter.
START CAESAR II (Chapter 4)
GENERATE INPUT (Chapter 5)
PERFORM ERROR CHECKING (Chapter 6)
BUILD LOAD CASES (Chapter 6)
EXECUTE STATIC ANALYSIS (Chapter 6)
REVIEW OUTPUT (Chapter 7)
Note A complete CAESAR II tutorial is provided in the CAESAR II Applications
Guide.
Starting CAESAR II
The CAESAR II program may be started by double-clicking the CAESAR II icon, which
should point to the program C2.EXE in the CAESAR II installation directory. (Note that
invoking any of the other executable programs in the CAESAR II installation directory
can result in unpredictable behavior.) At this point the Main Menu is loaded. It is from the
Main Menu that the user selects jobs, analysis types, invokes execution, and initiates out-
put review. The options of the Main Menu are fully described in Chapter 4 of this docu-
mentfor the purposes of this Quick Start chapter, only the File, Input, Analysis, and
Output menus are used.
Main Menu
CAESAR II - Users Guide CAESAR II Quick Start
Quick Start and Basic Operation 3-3
All CAESAR II analyses require a job name for identification purposessubsequent
input, analysis, or output review references the job name specified. The job name is
selected using the File menu, using one of three methods.
Whenever the user wishes to begin a new job, selecting File-New (or clicking the New
toolbar) invites the user to enter a job name and data directory. For the purposes of this
Quick Start example, the user should enter a name, select Piping Input, and select an
alternate directory for the file, if desired.
Note Selecting File-Open (or pressing the Open toolbar) presents the user with a dia-
log to select an existing file. Recently used files may also be selected from the
Most Recently Used Piping File of the File menu.
Selecting a job name does not open the file; as noted, it simply indicates the job on which
input modeling, analysis, output review, or other operations will be done. The user must
still select one of these operations from the menu.
New Job Name Dialog
CAESAR II Quick Start CAESAR II - Users Guide
Open Dialog
CAESAR II - Users Guide Basic Operation
Basic Operation
Once you have started the program and opened the file, you will choose the required oper-
ation.
Piping Input Generation
Once the desired job name has been specified, the user can invoke the interactive model
builder by selecting the Input-Piping entry of the Main Menu.
The input generation of the model consists of describing the piping elements, as well as
any external influences (boundary conditions or loads) acting on those elements. Each
pipe element is identified by two node numbers, and requires the specification of geomet-
ric, cross sectional, and material data. The preferred method of data entry is the piping
spreadsheet.
Piping Input Spreadsheet
Each pipe element is described on its own spreadsheet. Data which is likely to be carried
forward is automatically duplicated by the program to subsequent spreadsheets. This
means that for many elements, the user must only confirm the numbers and enter the delta-
dimensions. When necessary, point specific data can easily be entered on the appropriate
elements spreadsheet.
Basic Operation CAESAR II - Users Guide
The menus, toolbars, and accelerators offer a number of additional commands that the user
can invoke to enter auxiliary processors or use special modelers or databases. These com-
mands and general input instructions of the piping spreadsheet are discussed in detail in
Chapter 5.
To Enter the first element (element 10-20) of a simple model, do the following:
1. Enter the value 10-0 (10 ft) in the DX field.
2. Enter the value 8 (8-in. nominal) in the Diameter field. This is automatically con-
verted to actual diameter.
3. Enter the letter S (standard schedule pipe wall) in the Wt/Sch field. This is automat-
ically converted to wall thickness.
4. Enter 600 (degrees Fahrenheit) in the Temp 1 field.
5. Enter 150 (psig) in the Pressure 1 field.
6. Double-click on the Bend checkbox. This adds a long radius bend at the end of the
element, and adds intermediate nodes 18 and 19 at the near weld and mid points of the
bend respectively (node 20 physically represents the far weld point of the bend).
7. Double-click on the Restraint checkbox. This brings up a Restraint auxiliary screen.
On the first Node field, enter 10; then select ANC from the first TYPE drop list.
Bend Data
8. Select A106 B from the Material drop list. This selection fills in the material parame-
ters such as density and modulus elasticity.
9. Double-click on the Allowable stress checkbox and select the B31.3 code from the
Code drop list.
Note Allowable stresses for the given material, temperature, and code are displayed
automatically.
10. Enter 0.85SG (0.85 specific gravity) in the Fluid Density field. This value is automat-
ically converted to density.
11. To enter the second element of the model
12. Press Alt-C, or the Continue toolbar, or use the Edit-Continue menu command to get
a spreadsheet for a new element, element 20-30.
Restraint Settings
Note Node numbers are automatically generated and distributed, data is carried forward
on new spreadsheets.
13. Enter the value 10-0 (10 feet) in the DY field.
14. Double-click on the Restraint checkbox. On the first Node field, enter 30; then select
ANC from the first TYPE drop list.
The two element model (an ell-configuration anchored at each end) is now complete.
The piping preprocessor also provides interactive graphics and listing functions to facili-
tate model editing and verification. The CAESAR II piping preprocessor is designed to
make these tasks intuitive and efficient. Model verification can be performed using either
the Graphics or List utilities, although a combination of both modes is recommended.
The Graphics and List utilities are discussed in Chapter 5 of this manual. A typical
CAESAR II graphics screen can be displayed with the Plot menu command or toolbar.
CAESAR II Input Graphics Screen
Once the model is completed, the job can be analyzed by exiting the piping preprocessor
and starting error checking. This can be done using the File-Start Run menu option, the
Start Run toolbar, or the Start Run option from the Quit Menu (invoked upon closing the
input processor with the [Esc] key).
Note The options of the Quit Menu which save the user specified input data are: Start
Run, Batch Run, and Exit and Save. Exit and Forget and Return to Edit do
not save the data.
The preferred method for leaving the input preprocessor is via option Start Run. This
option saves the data file and invokes the Piping Error Checker. The Batch Run option
saves the data, invokes the error checker, and then continues with the analysis, all without
user interaction.
Error Checking the Model
The Piping Error Checker is started automatically by the input module. There are two
main functions of this error checker; first to verify the users input data, and second to
build the execution data files utilized by the remainder of the CAESAR II program.
The verification of the users input data consists of checking each individual piping ele-
ment for consistency. Errors discovered which would prevent CAESAR II from running
(such as a corrosion allowance greater than the wall thickness) are flagged as fatal errors
to the user.
Unusual items (such as a change of direction without a bend or intersection) are flagged as
warnings to the user.
Other messages, of an informational type, may show intermediate calculations or general
notes.
Piping Preprocessor Quit Menu
Each message may be accepted by pressing OK. If there is an error, the user can return to
the input module by clicking the Return to Input toolbar.
If the error check process completes without fatal errors, a center of gravity report is pre-
sented and the analysis data files can be generated and the solution phase can commence.
Upon successful completion of the error checking routines, the user is, by default, returned
to the main CAESAR II menu.
Center of Gravity Report
If fatal errors do exist, the analysis data files are not generated and the solution phase can-
not be started. The user is then, by default, returned to the piping input module for correc-
tions.
Building the Load Cases
A static analysis can be started from the Main Menu once the analysis data files have been
generated by the error checker. The first stage of a static analysis is the setup of the load
cases. For new jobs (no previous solution files available), the static analysis module rec-
ommends load cases to the user based on the load types encountered in the input file.
These recommended load cases are usually sufficient to satisfy the piping code require-
ments for the Sustained and Expansion load cases. (If the recommended load cases are
not satisfactory, the user always has the option of directly modifying them.)
The Load Case Builder is invoked by selecting the Analysis-Statics option of the Main
Menu.
Load Case Builder
Loads can be built in two waysby 1) combining the load components defined in the
input (weight, displacements, thermal cases, etc.) into load cases (basic cases), and 2)
combining load cases themselves into new load cases (combination cases).
The basic cases can be built by selecting (one or more), dragging, and dropping load com-
ponents from the Loads Defined in Input list (in the left hand column) to the Load List
on the right. Stress types (indicating which code equations should be used to calculate and
check the stresses) can be selected from the drop list on each line.
Combination cases, if present, must always follow the basic cases. They can be built by
selecting (one or more), dragging, and dropping basic load cases from earlier in the load
list to combination cases (or blank load cases) later in the load list.
Note Load cases may also be built by simply typing on any of the individual lines.
Executing Static Analysis
Once the load cases have been defined, the user begins the actual finite element solution
through the use of the File-Analyze command on the toolbar. The solution phase com-
mences with the generation of the element stiffness matrices and load vectors, and solves
for displacements, forces and moments, reactions, and stresses. This solution phase also
performs the design and selection of spring hangers, and iterative stiffness matrix modifi-
cations for nonlinear restraints. The user is kept apprised of the solution status throughout
the calculation.
Static Output Review
A review of the static analysis results is possible immediately after a static solution, or at a
later time by selecting the Output-Static option of the CAESAR II Main Menu. The
static output processor presents the user with an interactive selection menu from which
load cases and report options can be selected.
Results can be reviewed by selecting one or more load cases along with one or more
reports (selection is done by clicking, ctrl-clicking, and shift-clicking the mouse). The
results can be reviewed on the terminal, printed, or sent to a file, by using the View
Reports, MS Word, File-Save/SaveAs, or File-Print menu commands and/or toolbars.
The user can also use the View-Plot menu command or the Plot toolbar to review the ana-
lytic results in graphics mode, which can produce displaced shapes, stress distributions,
and restraint actions.
Output Graphics Screen
The actual study of the results depends on the purpose of each load case, and the reason
for the analysis. Usually the review checks that the system stresses are below their allow-
ables, restraint loads are acceptable, and displacements are not excessive. Additional post
processing (such as equipment, nozzle, and structural steel checks) may be required
depending on the model and type of analysis.
Once the review of the output is finished, the user can return to the main CAESAR II
menu by exiting the output review module.
Chapter 4:
Main Menu
Contents
The CAESAR II Main Menu - - - 2
File Menu- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3
Input Menu - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5
Analysis Menu - - - - - - - - - - - 6
Output Menu - - - - - - - - - - - - 7
Tools Menu - - - - - - - - - - - - - S
Diagnostics Menu - - - - - - - - - 9
ESL Menu- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10
Help Menu - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11
This chapter describes the drop-
down lists in the Main Menu.
The CAESAR II Main Menu CAESAR II - Users Guide
4-2 Main Menu
The CAESAR II Main Menu
CAESAR II Main Menu
CAESAR II may be started by double clicking the CAESAR II icon, or by running
C2.EXE from the CAESAR II installation directory.
Upon starting CAESAR II the Main Menu appears. It is recommended that this screen be
kept at its minimal size (as shown above). This allows access to the toolbar while freeing
most of the screen for other applications.
The Main Menu is used to direct the actions of the CAESAR II program. As elsewhere in
the CAESAR II program, commands may be accessed from menus, as well as toolbars
and/or key stroke combinations in many cases. The available menu options are briefly
described here with further detail available elsewhere in this document or in the
CAESAR II Technical Reference Guide.
CAESAR II - Users Guide File Menu
Main Menu 4-3
File Menu
The File menu may be used to do the following:
Set Default Data DirectorySet the default data (project) directory without selecting a
specific job file. Some CAESAR II options do not require that a job be selected, but
must know in which directory to work.
Note The selection of the data directory is very important since any configuration,
units, or other data files found in that directory are considered to be local to that
job.
NewStart a new piping or structural job.
When New is selected the user must designate whether this job is for a piping or structural
model. The data directory where the file is to be placed must be selected, either by enter-
ing it directly or by browsing.
File New Dialog
File Menu
File Menu CAESAR II - Users Guide
4-4 Main Menu
OpenOpen an existing piping or structural job.
When the Open option is chosen the user is prompted to select an existing job file. Files of
type Piping, Pre-version 3.24 piping, or Structural may be displayed for selection
(see below).
File Open Dialog
Clean Up (delete) FilesUse this directive to delete unwanted scratch files, listing
files, input, and output files to retain more hard disk space.
File Clean Up Dialog
Recent Files listThe four most recently used files are displayed in the file menu and
when selected they are opened just as if chosen using the File-Open command.
ExitExit CAESAR II.
CAESAR II - Users Guide Input Menu
Main Menu 4-5
Input Menu
Input Menu
Once a file is selected, the Input Menu indicates the available modules for the file type
chosen.
PipingInput a CAESAR II piping model (see Chapter 5).
UndergroundConvert existing piping model to buried pipe (see Chapter 11).
Structural SteelInput a CAESAR II structural model (see Chapter 10).
Analysis Menu CAESAR II - Users Guide
4-6 Main Menu
Analysis Menu
Analysis Menu
The Analysis Menu allows the user to select from the different calculations available.
StaticsStatic analysis of pipe and/or structure. This is available after error checking
the input file (see Chapter 6).
DynamicsDynamic analysis of pipe and/or structure. This is also available after
error checking the input file (see Chapter 8).
SIFsScratch pads used to calculate stress intensification factors at intersections and
bends.
WRC 107/297Calculate stresses in vessels due to attached piping (see Chapter 12).
FlangesPerform flange stress and leakage calculations (Chapter 12).
B31.GEstimate pipeline remaining life (Chapter 12).
Expansion Joint RatingEvaluate expansion joints using EJMA equations (Chapter
12).
AISCPerform AISC code check on structural steel elements (Chapter 12).
NEMA SM23Evaluate piping loads on steam turbine nozzles (Chapter 12).
API 610Evaluate piping loads on centrifugal pumps (Chapter 12).
API 617Evaluate piping loads on compressors (Chapter 12).
API 661Evaluate piping loads on air-cooled heat exchangers (Chapter 12).
HEI StandardEvaluate piping loads on feedwater heaters (Chapter 12).
API 560Evaluate piping loads on fired heaters (Chapter 12).
CAESAR II - Users Guide Output Menu
Main Menu 4-7
Output Menu
Output Menu
The user is presented with all available output of piping and/or structural calculations,
which may be selected for review.
StaticStatic results (see Chapter 7).
HarmonicResults of harmonic loading (see Chapter 9).
Spectrum ModalResults of natural frequency/mode shape calculations
or uniform/force spectrum loading (see Chapter 9).
Time HistoryResults of time history load simulations (see Chapter 9).
AnimationAnimated graphic simulation of any of the above results.
Tools Menu CAESAR II - Users Guide
4-8 Main Menu
Tools Menu
Tools Menu
The Tools Menu includes various CAESAR II supporting utilities that are used for
Configure/SetupCustomizes the behavior of CAESAR II, on a directory by direc-
tory basis. This enables the user to consider items such as treatment of corrosion, pres-
sure stiffening, etc. differently for each directory, due to project or client
considerations.
CalculatorBrings up an on-screen calculator.
Make Units filesCreates custom sets of units.
Material Data BaseEdits or adds to the CAESAR II material data base.
AccountingActivates or customizes job accounting or generates accounting reports.
Multi-Job AnalysisLets the user run a stream of jobs without operator intervention.
Convert UnitsConverts existing CAESAR II files to a different set of units.
External InterfacesCAESAR II offers many interfaces to and from third party soft-
ware (both CAD and analytical).
CAESAR II - Users Guide Diagnostics Menu
Main Menu 4-9
Diagnostics Menu
Diagnostics Menu
Diagnostics are provided to help trouble shoot problem installations (See above).
CRC CheckVerifies that program files are not corrupted.
Build VersionDetermines the build version of CAESAR II files.
Error ReviewReviews description of CAESAR II errors.
DLL Version CheckProvides version information on library files used by
CAESAR II.
ESL Menu CAESAR II - Users Guide
4-10 Main Menu
ESL Menu
ESL Menu
The ESL Menu gives access to utilities which interact with the External Software Lock.
Show DataDisplays data stored on the ESL.
Phone UpdateAllows runs to be added, or other ESL changes, to be made over the
phone.
Generate Fax CodesAllows runs to be added, or other ESL changes, to be made
either through Fax or E-mail (in conjunction with option below).
Enter Fax Authorization Codes(see option above).
CAESAR II - Users Guide Help Menu
Main Menu 4-11
Help Menu
Help Menu
Tip of the DayProvides tips for running CAESAR II.
On-Line DocumentationCAESAR II Displays on-line documentation in PDF for-
mat (Adobe Acrobat Reader).
Animated TutorialsDisplays a list of viewlets that answer some commonly asked
questions.
Help Menu CAESAR II - Users Guide
4-12 Main Menu
On-Line Registration For users with internet connections a form is available, which
will be sent electronically to COADE upon clicking the Send button.
About CAESAR IIDisplays copyright and other information on CAESAR II.
InformationProvides information on the best ways to contact COADE personnel for
technical support and provides internet links for COADE downloads and information..
CAESAR II - Users Guide Help Menu
Main Menu 4-13
Context-sensitive, on-screen help is available anywhere in the program by pressing ? or
[F1] while the cursor is on any input field. A help screen showing the required units and
providing a short discussion of what is expected appears.
Help Dialog
Note Throughout the CAESAR II program, context-sensitive help (including the units
requested, where applicable) is available by pressing [F1] on any field.
Help Menu CAESAR II - Users Guide
4-14 Main Menu
Chapter 5:
Piping Input
Contents
Spreadsheet Overview- - - - - - 2
Data Fields- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3
Auxiliary Data Area - - - - - - - - 9
Menu Commands - - - - - - - - - 22
Plot- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 36
Alternative 3D Graphics - - - - - 39
This chapter shows the user how
to enter the piping data.
Spreadsheet Overview CAESAR II - Users Guide
5-2 Piping Input
Spreadsheet Overview
In order to input a piping model, one must either open a new or existing piping file from
the Main Menu, and then choose Input-Piping. The CAESAR II piping input spread-
sheet then appears.
Input Spreadsheet
This spreadsheet is used to describe the piping on an element by element basis. It consists
of menu commands/toolbars which can be used to perform a number of supporting opera-
tions and data fields used to enter information about each piping element.
Undo/Redo
Any modeling steps done in the CAESAR II input module may be "undone", one at a
time, using the Undo command, activated by the button on the toolbar, the Edit-
Undo menu option, or the Ctrl-Z hot key. Likewise, any "undone" steps may be "redone"
sequentially, using the Redo command, activated by the button on the toolbar, the
Edit-Redo menu option, or the Ctrl-Y hot key. An unlimited number of steps (limited only
by amount of available memory) may be undone. Note that making any input change
while in the middle of the "undo stack" of course resets the "redo" stack.
CAESAR II - Users Guide Data Fields
Piping Input 5-3
Customize Toolbar
CAESAR II enables the user to customize Spreadsheet and 3D Graphic toolbars. You can
determine which buttons display and their locations, by right-clicking the mouse on the
toolbar, causing the following dialog to appear.
Customize Toolbar
Alternatively, users can customize the toolbar by pressing the <Shift> key, clicking a but-
ton and dragging it to the new position. CAESAR II allows users to undo any changes by
right-clicking on the toolbar, which causes the Customize Toolbar dialog to appear, and
clicking the Reset button.
Data Fields
The data fields are grouped logically into blocks of related data on the left side of the
screen. The right side of the screen offers an auxiliary area, with changing data-fields that
support items entered through check boxes (pressing [F12] alternatively displays the vari-
ous auxiliary screens). The following are the data-field blocks:
Node Numbers
Each element is identified by its end node numbers. Since each input screen represents a
piping element, the element end points - the From node and To node - must be entered.
These points are used as locations at which information may be entered or extracted. The
From node and To node are both required data.
Note CAESAR II can generate both values if the AUTO_NODE_INCREMENT direc-
tive is set to other than zero using the Tools-Configure/Setup option of the Main
Menu.
Data Fields CAESAR II - Users Guide
5-4 Piping Input
Element Lengths
Lengths of the elements are entered as delta dimensions according to the X, Y, Z rectangu-
lar coordinate system established for the piping system (note that the Y-axis represents the
vertical axis). The delta dimensions DX, DY, and DZ, are the measurements along the X,
Y, and Z axes between the From node and To node. In most cases only one of the three
cells will be used as the piping usually runs along the global axes. Where the piping ele-
ment is skewed two or three entries must be made. One or more entries must be made for
all elements except zero length expansion joints.
Note When using feet and inches for compound length and length units, valid entries in
this (and most other length fields) include formats such as: 3-6, 3 ft. -6 in, and 3-6-
3/16.
Offsets can be used to modify the stiffness of the current element by adjusting its length
and the orientation of its neutral axis in 3-D space.
Element Direction Cosines
Clicking the Ellipsis (...) button to the right of the element lengths (DX, DY, DZ) displays
the Element dialog. The Element dialog displays the total Length and Direction Cosines.
Changes made to the total element Length, or Direction Cosines may affect one or all of
the element lengths (DX, DY, DZ). Changes made to any of the element lengths (DX, DY,
DZ) will affect both the total element Length and Direction Cosines.
Piping Input 5-5
Pipe Section Properties
The elements outside diameter, wall thickness, mill tolerance (plus mill tolerance is used
for IGE/TD/12 piping code only), seam weld (IGE/TD/12 piping code only), corrosion
allowance, and insulation thickness are entered in this block. These data carry forward
from one screen to the next during the input session and need only be entered for those ele-
ments at which a change occurs. Nominal pipe sizes and schedules may be specified;
CAESAR II converts these values to actual outside diameter and wall thickness. Outside
diameter and wall thickness are required data.
Note Nominal diameters, thicknesses, and schedule numbers are a function of the pipe
size specification. ANSI, JIS, or DIN are set via the Tools-Configure/Setup
option of the Main Menu.
Operating Conditions: Temperatures and Pressures
5-6 Piping Input
Up to nine temperatures and ten pressures (one extra for the hydrostatic test pressure) can
be specified for each piping element. (The button with the ellipses dots is used to activate
a window showing extended operating conditions input). The temperatures are actual tem-
peratures (not changes from ambient). CAESAR II uses these temperatures to obtain the
thermal strain and allowable stresses for the element from the material data base. As an
alternative, the thermal strains may be specified directly (see the discussion of ALPHA
TOLERANCE in the Technical Reference Manual). Thermal strains have absolute val-
ues on the order of 0.002, and are unitless. Pressures are entered as gauge values and may
not be negative. Each temperature and each pressure entered creates a loading for use
when building load cases. Both thermal and pressure data carries forward from one ele-
ment to the next until changed. Entering a value in the Hydro Pressure field causes
CAESAR II to build a Hydro case in the set of recommended load cases.
Note CAESAR II uses an ambient temperature of 70F, unless changed using the Spe-
cial Execution Parameters Option.
Special Element Information
Special components such as bends, rigid elements, expansion joints and tees require addi-
tional information which can be defined in this block.
If the element described by the spreadsheet ends in a bend, elbow or mitered joint, the
Bend checkbox should be set by double-clicking. This entry opens up the auxiliary data
field on the right hand side of the input screen to accept additional data regarding the bend.
CAESAR II usually assigns three nodes to a bend (giving near, mid, and far node on
the bend).
Double-clicking on the Rigid checkbox (indicating an element that is much stiffer than the
connecting pipe such as a flange or valve), opens an auxiliary data field to collect the com-
ponent weight. For rigid elements, CAESAR II follows these rules:
When the rigid element weight is entered, i.e. not zero, CAESAR II computes any
extra weight due to insulation and contained fluid, and adds it to the users entered
weight value.
The weight of fluid added to a non-zero weight rigid element is equal to the same
weight that would be computed for an equivalent straight pipe. The weight of insula-
tion added is equal to the same weight that would be computed for an equivalent
straight pipe times 1.75.
If the weight of a rigid element is zero or blank, CAESAR II assumes the element is
an artificial construction element rather than an actual piping element, so no insula-
tion or fluid weight is computed for that element.
The stiffness of the rigid element is relative to the diameter (and wall & thickness)
entered. Make sure that the diameter entered on a rigid element spreadsheet is indica-
tive of the rigid stiffness that should be generated.
Piping Input 5-7
If an element is an expansion joint, double-clicking that checkbox brings up an auxiliary
screen which prompts for stiffness parameters and effective diameter. Expansion joints
may be modeled as zero-length (with all stiffnesses acting at a single point) or as finite-
length (with the stiffnesses acting over a continuous element). In the former case, all stiff-
nesses must be entered, in the latter, either the lateral or angular stiffness must be omitted.
Checking the SIF & Tees checkbox allows the user to specify any component having spe-
cial stress intensification factors (SIF). CAESAR II automatically calculates these factors
for each component.
Note Bends, rigids, and expansion joints are mutually exclusive. Refer to the valve/
flange and expansion joint data base discussions later in this chapter for quick
entry of rigid element and expansion joint data.
Boundary Conditions
The checkboxes in this block open the auxiliary data field to allow the input of items
which restrain (or impose movement on) the pipe restraints, hangers, flexible nozzles or
displacements. Though not required, it is recommended that such information be supplied
on the input screen which has that point as the From node or To node. (This will be of
benefit if the data must be located for modification). The auxiliary data fields allow speci-
fication of up to 4 restraints (devices which in some way modify the free motion of the
system), one hanger, one nozzle, or two sets of nodal displacements per element. If
needed, additional items for any node can be input on other element screens.
Loading Conditions
The checkboxes in this block allow the user to define loadings acting on the pipe. These
loads may be individual forces or moments acting at discrete points, distributed uniform
loads (which may be specified on force per unit length, or gravitational body forces), or
wind loadings (wind loadings are entered by specifying a wind shape factorthe loads
themselves are specified when building the load cases.
The uniform load and the wind shape factor check boxes will be unchecked on subsequent
input screens. This does not mean that the loads were removed from these elements,
instead, this implies that the loads do not change on subsequent screens.
Note Uniform loads may be specified in g-values by setting a parameter in the Special
Execution Options.
5-8 Piping Input
Piping Material
CAESAR II requires the specification of the pipe materials elastic modulus, Poissons
ratio, density, and (in most cases) expansion coefficient. The program provides a database
containing the parameters for many common piping materials. This information is
retrieved by picking a material from the drop list, by entering the material number, or by
typing any or all of the material name and then picking it from the match list. (The coeffi-
cient of expansion does not appear on the input screen, but it can be reviewed during error
checking.) Note that materials 18 and 19 represent cold spring properties, cut short and cut
long respectively; material 20 activates CAESAR IIs orthotropic model for use with
materials such as fiberglass reinforced plastic pipe. Material 21 permits a totally user
defined material. Using a material with a number greater than 100 permits the use of
allowable stresses from the database.
Material Elastic Properties
This block is used to enter or override the elastic modulus and Poissons ratio of the mate-
rial, if the value in the database is not correct. These values must be entered for Material
type 21 (user specified).
Note Material properties in the database may be changed permanently using the
CAESAR II material database editor.
Densities
The densities of the piping material, insulation, and fluid contents are specified in this
block. The piping material density is a required entry and is usually extracted from the
material data base. Fluid density can optionally be entered in terms of specific gravity, if
CAESAR II - Users Guide Auxiliary Data Area
Piping Input 5-9
convenient, by following the input immediately with the letters: SG, e.g. 0.85SG (there
can be no spaces between the number and the SG).
Note If an insulation thickness is specified (in the pipe section properties block) but no
insulation density is entered, CAESAR II defaults to the density of calcium sili-
cate.
Auxiliary Data Area
The Auxiliary data area is used to display or enter extended data associated with the check
box fields.
The data in this area can be displayed by single clicking the appropriate box, or by tog-
gling through the screens with the use of the [F12] key.
Note When there is no auxiliary data, an input status screen appears.
Bend Data
This auxiliary screen is used to enter information regarding bend radius, miter cuts, fitting
wall thickness, stiffness factor (K-Factor), or attached flanges.
Intermediate node points may be placed at specified angles along the bend, or at the bend
mid-point (M).
Auxiliary Data Area CAESAR II - Users Guide
5-10 Piping Input
Rigid Weight
This auxiliary screen is used to enter the weight of a rigid element. If no weight is entered
CAESAR II models the element as a weightless construction element.
Note Rigid weights are entered automatically if the Valve and Flange database is used.
Expansion Joint
This auxiliary screen is used to enter the expansion joint stiffness parameters and effective
diameter. For a non-zero length expansion joint, either the transverse or bending stiffness
must be omitted.
Note Setting the effective diameter to zero de-activates the pressure thrust load. This
method may be used (in conjunction with setting a large axial stiffness) to simu-
late the effect of axial tie-rods.
Piping Input 5-11
Restraints
This auxiliary screen is used to enter data up to four restraints per spreadsheet. Node num-
ber and restraint Type are required, all other information is optional (omitting the stiffness
entry defaults to rigid). Restraint types may be selected from the drop list or typed in.
Note Skewed restraints may be entered by entering direction cosines with the type, such
as X (0.707,0.0,0.707) for a restraint running at 45
o
in the X-Z plane.
5-12 Piping Input
Displacements
This auxiliary screen is used to enter imposed displacements at up to two nodes per
spreadsheet. Up to nine displacement vectors may be entered (load components D1
through D9). If a displacement value is entered for any vector, this direction is considered
to be fixed for any other non-specified vectors.
Note Leaving a direction blank for all nine vectors models the system as being free to
move in that direction. Specifying 0.0 implies that the system is fully restrained
in that direction.
Piping Input 5-13
Forces
This auxiliary screen is used to enter imposed forces and/or moments at up to two nodes
per spreadsheet. Up to nine force vectors may be entered (load components F1 through
F9).
Uniform Loads
This auxiliary screen is used to enter up to three uniform load vectors (load components
U1, U2 and U3). These uniform loads are applied to the entire current element, as well as
5-14 Piping Input
all subsequent elements in the model, until explicitly changed or zeroed out with a later
entry.
Wind/Wave
This auxiliary screen is used to specify whether this portion of the pipe is exposed to wind
or wave loading. (Note that the pipe may not be exposed to both.) Selecting Wind exposes
the pipe to wind loading; selecting Wave exposes the pipe to wave, current, and buoyancy
loadings; selecting Off turns off both types of loading.
This screen is also used to enter the Wind Shape Factor (when Wind is specified) and vari-
ous wave coefficients (if left blank they will be program-computed) when Wave Loading is
specified.
Entries on this auxiliary screen apply to all subsequent piping, until changed on a later
spreadsheet.
Note Specific wind and wave load cases are built using the Static Load Case Editor.
Piping Input 5-15
Allowable Stresses
This auxiliary screen is used to select the piping code (from a drop list) and to enter any
data required for the code check. Allowable stresses are automatically updated for mate-
rial, temperature and code if available in the material database.
Material Fatigue Curve data may be entered by clicking on the Fatigue Curve button.
This brings up a dialog where stress vs. cycle data (up to 8 points per curve) may be
entered for Butt Weld and Fillet Weld components.
5-16 Piping Input
Note The Fillet Weld curve can be ignored for all codes except IGE/TD/12.
The Fatigue Curve data may also be read in from a COADE-supplied or user-created file.
Access these file by clicking the Read from Files button on the Fatigue Curve Dialog.
Piping Input 5-17
5-18 Piping Input
Stress Intensification Factors/Tees
This auxiliary screen is used to enter stress intensification factors, or fitting types at up to
two nodes per spreadsheet. If components are selected from the drop list, CAESAR II
automatically calculates the SIF values as per the applicable code (unless overridden by
the user). Certain fittings and certain codes require additional data as shown. Fields are
enabled as appropriate for the selected fitting.
Piping Input 5-19
Flexible Nozzles
This auxiliary screen is used to describe flexible nozzle connections. When entered in this
way, CAESAR II automatically calculates the flexibilities and inserts them at this loca-
tion. CAESAR II calculates nozzle loads according to WRC 297, API 650 or BS 5500
criteria.
5-20 Piping Input
Hangers
This auxiliary screen is used to describe hanger installations. Hanger data may be fully
completed by the user, or the hanger may be designed by CAESAR II. In this case, two
special load cases are run, the results of which are used as design parameters which are
used to select the springs from the user specified catalog.
Note CAESAR II provides catalogs for 20 different spring hanger vendors.
Piping Input 5-21
Node Names
Activating this checkbox allows the user to enter text names for the From and/or To nodes
(up to ten characters). These names display instead of the node numbers on the graphic
plots and in the reports (note some of the names may be truncated when space is not avail-
able).
Offsets
This auxiliary screen is used to specify offsets to correct modeled element length and ori-
entation to actual length and orientation. Offsets may be specified at From and/or To
nodes.
Menu Commands CAESAR II - Users Guide
5-22 Piping Input
Menu Commands
CAESAR II piping input processor provides many commands which can be run from the
menu, toolbars or accelerator keys. The menu options are:
File Menu
The File menu is used to perform actions associated with opening, closing and running the
job file.
File Menu for the Piping Input Screen
CAESAR II - Users Guide Menu Commands
Piping Input 5-23
NewCreates a new CAESAR II job. CAESAR II prompts for the
name of the new model.
OpenOpens an existing CAESAR II job. CAESAR II prompts for
the name
SaveSaves the current CAESAR II job under its current name.
Save AsSaves the current CAESAR II job under a new name.
ArchiveAllows the user to assign a password to prevent inadvert-
ent alteration of the model or to enter the password to unlock the file.
Start RunRuns the job i.e., sends the model through interactive
error checking. This is the first step of analysis, followed by the
building of the static or dynamic load cases (see Chapter 6).
Batch RunPerforms a Batch Run (error checks the model in a
non-interactive way and halts only for fatal errors uses the existing or
default static load cases, and performs the static analysis). The next
stop is the output processor.
PrintAllows the user to print out an input listing. CAESAR II
prompts the user for the data items to include.
Print PreviewProvides print preview of input listing.
Print Setup Sets up the printer for the input listing.
Recent File List Open a file from the list of most recently used jobs.
New
Open
Save
Archive
Start Run
Batch Run
Print
5-24 Piping Input
Edit Menu
Edit Menu for the Piping Input
The edit menu provides commands for cutting and pasting, navigating through the spread-
sheets, and performing a few small utilities. These commands are:
ContinueMoves the spreadsheet to the next element in the model,
adding a new element if there is no next element.
InsertInserts an element either before or after the current element.
Insert Element
Continue
Insert
Piping Input 5-25
DeleteDeletes the current element.
FindAllows the user to find an element containing one or more
named nodes (if two nodes are entered, the element must contain both
nodes).
Find Element
GlobalPrompts the user to enter global (absolute) coordinates for
the first node of any disconnected segments.
Close LoopCloses a loop by filling in the delta coordinates
between two nodes on the spreadsheet.
IncrementGives the user the opportunity to change the automatic
node increment.
DistanceCalculates the distance between the origin and a node, or
between two nodes.
ListPresents the input data in an alternative, list format. This pro-
vides the benefit of showing all of the element data in a context set-
ting. The list format also permits block operations such as Duplicate,
Delete, Copy, Renumber on the element data. For more information
on the list input format, see the Technical Reference Manual.
Delete
Find
Global
Close Loop
Increment
Distance
List
5-26 Piping Input
List Input Format
[Pg Dn], [Pg Up], Ctrl +[Home], Ctrl +[End]Allow the user to
move throughout the elements of the model.
Note Unlike the Continue command, [Pg Dn] does not create a new element once the
end of the model is reached.
Previous
Element
Piping Input 5-27
Model Menu
The Model menu contains modeling aids, as well as means for entering associated, sys-
tem-wide information.
Model Menu
BreakAllows the user to break the element into two unequal length elements or into
many equal length elements. A single node may be placed as a break point anywhere
along the element, or multiple nodes may be placed at equal intervals (the node step
interval between the From and To nodes determines the number of nodes placed).
Break Element
5-28 Piping Input
Note Restraint configurations may be automatically copied from any other node in the
system to the new nodes.
ValveAllows the user to model a valve or flange from one of the CAESAR II data-
bases. Choosing a combination of Rigid Type, End Type, and Class constructs a rigid
element with the length and weight extracted from the database.
Valve and Flange Database
Note Selecting the FLG option in the CADWORX database adds the length and
weight of two flanges (and two gaskets) onto the selected valve.
Expansion JointsActivates the Expansion Joint Modeler. This modeler automati-
cally builds a complete assembly of the selected expansion joint style, using the bel-
lows stiffnesses and rigid element weights extracted from one of the vendors
expansion joint catalogues.
Piping Input 5-29
Expansion Joints
TitleAllows the user to enter a job title up to sixty lines long.
5-30 Piping Input
Title
Hanger Design Control DataPrompts the user for system - wide hanger design cri-
teria.
Hanger Design Control Data
Piping Input 5-31
Note System-wide hanger design criteria is used for all hanger designs, unless over-
ruled at specific hanger locations.
5-32 Piping Input
Kaux Menu
The Kaux menu provides some miscellaneous items.
Kaux Menu
Review SIFs at Intersection NodesAllows the user to run what if tests on the
Stress Intensification Factors of intersections.
Review SIFs at Bend NodesAllows the user to run what if tests on the Stress
Intensification Factors of selected bends.
Special Execution ParametersAllows the user to set options affecting the analysis
of the current job. Items covered include ambient temperature, pressure stiffening, dis-
placements due to pressure (Bourdon effect), Z-axis orientation, etc.
Piping Input 5-33
Special Execution Parameters
5-34 Piping Input
Include Piping Input FilesAllows the user to include other piping models in the
current model.
Include Piping Files
The same file may be included more than once by highlighting it in the list, then changing
the rotation angle (ROTY) or nodal increment (Inc) before clicking the ADD button.
Piping Input 5-35
Include Structural Input FilesAllows the incorporation of structural models into
the piping model.
Include Structural Files
Show Informational Messages Allows the user to specify whether or not you
receive information messages when CAESAR II converts nominal diameter and
thicknesses to actual diameter and thicknesses.
Plot CAESAR II - Users Guide
5-36 Piping Input
Plot
This menu option provides two types of graphicsthe traditional
CAESAR II graphics, as well as a "sneak preview" of CAESAR IIs new
3-D graphics library. When selected, these graphics will replace
CAESAR IIs traditional graphics.
The model may be panned left, right, up, or down by using the [Home],
[End], [PgUp], or [PgDn] keys respectively.
Zooming can be accomplished by clicking the mouse and dragging a box
around the desired zoom area, or by using the + and - keys.
The model can be rotated by pressing the arrow keys.
Plot
Pan
Zoom In
Zoom Out
X-Axis
Rotation
Y-Axis
Rotation
Z-Axis
Rotation
Note Mouse-driven Panning, Zooming, and Rotating are also avail-
able by right-clicking the mouse and selecting an action from
the popup menu. Pressing [ESC] or re-selecting from the popup
menu exits the Panning, Zooming, or Rotating mode.
CAESAR II - Users Guide Plot
Piping Input 5-37
Additional commands are available for displaying, highlighting, or labeling
the plot. Some of these are
VolumeToggles between volume and centerline representation
while in line drawing mode.
RenderRenders the piping model.
Wire FrameDraws the piping model in wire frame.
Line DrawingSwitches to line drawing mode from render or wire
frame.
HighlightChanges drawing color based on element attributes.
RangeDisplays elements based on node ranges.
XView along X-axis.
YView along Y-axis.
ZView along Z-axis.
SoutheastView in Southeast isometric mode.
4View in all four modes simultaneously.
RestraintsDisplays non-anchor, non-hanger restraints.
AnchorsDisplay anchors.
HangersDisplays hangers.
ForcesLabels imposed forces.
DisplacementsLabels imposed displacements.
NozzlesDisplay flexible nozzles.
NodesLabels plot with node numbers.
LengthLabels plot with element lengths.
Length
Nodes
Nozzles
Displacements
Forces
Hangers
Anchors
Restraints
4
Southeast
Z
Y
X
Range
Highlight
Line Drawing
Wire Frame
Render
Volume
Length
Plot CAESAR II - Users Guide
5-38 Piping Input
The View Spreadsheet command allows the user to maintain both the plot
and the spreadsheet on the screen simultaneously.
The current plot may be output to the clipboard, a bitmap (.BMP) file, or a
printer through use of the Edit-Copy, File-Save As Bitmap, or File-Print com-
mands, respectively.
View
Spreadsheet
Print
Print Preview
CAESAR II - Users Guide Alternative 3-D Graphics
Piping Input 5-39
Alternative 3-D Graphics
CAESAR II also provides an alternative, preliminary 3-D graphics library
called HOOPS, with expanded functionality. The toolbar controls for this
new graphics library are discussed below.
Reset Plot: Displays the plot in its default configuration. This button
does not reset colors.
Undo: Disregards the users previous action.
Redo: Repeats the users last action.
Zoom to Window: Allows the user to zoom in to focus on a drawing
by drawing a box around a specific area.
Zoom to Extents: Allows the user to fit the entire plot in the window.
Predefined Views:
Front
Back
Top
Bottom
Left
Right
Isometric
HOOPS
Reset Plot
Zoom to
Window
Zoom to
Extents
Front View
Back View
Top View
Bottom View
Left View
Right View
Isometric
View
Undo
Redo
Alternative 3-D Graphics CAESAR II - Users Guide
5-40 Piping Input
Plot Manipulation
Orbit: Activates an interactive rotation feature when the left mouse
button is held down
Zoom: Activates a zoom in/out action when the left mouse button is
held and the mouse is moved left or right
Pan: Activates an action when the left mouse button is held and the
mouse is moved
Walk Through: Enables future "walk through" capability
Visibility Options Presents the plot in variety of modes.
Gouraud Shading
Hidden Line wire frame
Wire Frame with no hidden lines
2-Line Model similar to the "volume" plot in old graphics
Centerline
Orbit
Zoom
Pan
Gouraud
Hidden
Line
Wire
Frame
2-Line
Model
Centerline
Piping Input 5-41
Element Selection: Single element selection (clicking), the active
spreadsheet is changed to the element selected.
Select by Single Click: Clicking on elements when this option is
selected causes the input spreadsheet for the chosen element to be
displayed in the background. Additionally, a dialog box with basic
element geometry information is updated within the plot window as
shown in the following figure.
Single Element
Selection
Select by
Single Click
5-42 Piping Input
Annotate: Annotation: When the button is selected the user can add
annotations with leader lines to the graphics. This is done by left-clicking the
mouse to start the leader line, then dragging the line to the annotation point,
typing in the annotation, and then pressing the Enter button. An annotation
example is displayed in the figure below.
Annotate
Piping Input 5-43
Save as .TIF File: Saves the active .BMP in a TIF format.
Change Display Options: Allows the setting of colors, fonts
and other definable defaults.
Translucent Objects: Enables see through of elements. The
degree of translucence is set in Plot Configuration under the
Visibility tab.
Projection Mode
Perspective projection
Orthographic projection
Stretched projection
Save As .TIF
Change Display
Options
Perspective
Orthographic
Stretched
Translucent
Objects
5-44 Piping Input
Additional commands are available for displaying, highlighting, or labeling
the plot. Some of these are
4View in all four modes simultaneously.
Expansion JointsDisplays expansion joints.
RestraintsDisplays non-anchor, non-hanger restraints.
AnchorsDisplay anchors.
HangersDisplays hangers.
NozzlesDisplays flexible nozzles
DisplacementsLabels imposed displacements.
ForcesLabels imposed forces.
MaterialDisplays each element in separate colors representing the
construction material used.
CompassDisplays the compass.
NodesLabels plot with node numbers.
Nodes
Nozzles
Displacements
Forces
Hangers
Anchors
Restraints
4
Insulation
Thickness
Material
Expansion
Joints
Compass
Piping Input 5-45
Diameter Wall Thickness Highlighting: Clicking the or the
button, or using the Options/Diameter or Options/Wall Thickness
menu commands, highlights the piping model by color according to
its diameters or wall thicknesses, respectively. For more information
see the figures below
LengthLabels plot with element lengths.
RangeDisplays elements based on node ranges.
View SpreadsheetControls the display of the input sheet.
TemperatureDisplays each element temperature as a separate
color. If temperature 2-9 is used, a menu appears allowing the user to
choose which temperature range to display.
PressureDisplays each element pressure as a separate color.
ListDisplays the list simultaneously with the plot. This function is
currently unavailable from the plot window, but is available if the list
is displayed.
Pipe Diameter
Wall Thickness
Length
Range
View Spread-
sheet
Temperature
Pressure
List
5-46 Piping Input
Savings of Settings: Changes to graphic settings are restored when-
ever users exit and return to the graphics view. Alternatively, the user
may set a "standard" setup to be always restored upon entering graph-
ics. This is done through the use of the button, followed by the
User Options tab.
Chapter 6:
Error Checking,
Static Load Cases,
and Analysis
Contents
Error Checking - - - - - - - - - - - 2
Building Static Load Cases - - - 7
Providing Wind Data - - - - - - - 9
Specifying Hydrodynamic.
Parameters - - - - - - - - - - - 11
Execution of Static
Load Cases- - - - - - - - - - - - 12
Notes on CAESAR II
Load Cases- - - - - - - - - - - - 16
This chapter discusses checking,
building, executing, and analyzing
the various parameters.
Error Checking CAESAR II - Users Guide
6-2 Error Checking, Static Load Cases, and Analysis
Error Checking
Static analysis cannot be performed until the error checking portion of the piping prepro-
cessor has been successfully completed. Only after error checking is completed are the
required analysis data files created. Similarly, any subsequent changes made to the model
input is not reflected in the analysis unless error checking is rerun after those changes have
been made. CAESAR II does not allow an analysis to take place if the input has been
changed and not successfully error checked.
Error Checking can only be done from the input spreadsheet, and is initiated
by executing the Start Run or Batch Run commands from the toolbar, menu
or the Quit options menu (the Quit options menu appears upon closing the
spreadsheet).
Piping Quit Options Menu
The Start Run command exits the input processor, starts the error checking procedure,
and returns the user to the Main Menu for further action.
The Batch Run command causes the program to check the input data, analyze the system,
and present the results without any user interaction. The assumptions are that the loading
cases to be analyzed do not need to change and that the default account number (if
accounting active) is correct. These criteria are usually met after the first pass through the
analysis. Batch processing focuses the users attention on the creation of input and the
review of output by expediting the steps in between.
Once invoked, the error checker reviews the CAESAR II model and alerts the user to any
possible errors, inconsistencies, or noteworthy items. These items are presented to the user
as Errors, Warnings, or Notes.
Start Run
Batch Run
CAESAR II - Users Guide Error Checking
Error Checking, Static Load Cases, and Analysis 6-3
Fatal Error Dialog
Errors are flagged when there is a problem with the model due to which analysis cannot
continue. An example of this would be if no length is defined for a piping element. These
errors are also called fatal errors, since they are fatal to the analysis, and must be corrected
before continuing.
Warning Dialog
Warnings are flagged whenever there is a problem with a model which can be overcome
using some assumptions. An example of this would be if an elements wall thickness is
insufficient to meet the minimum wall thickness for the given pressure (hoop stress).
Warnings need not be corrected in order to get a successful analysis, but all warnings
should be reviewed carefully by the user as they are displayed.
CAESAR II - Users Guide Error Checking
Note Dialog
The third category of alert is the informational note. These messages simply inform the
user of some noteworthy fact related to the model. An example of a note may be a mes-
sage informing the user of the number of hangers to be designed by the CAESAR II pro-
gram. For notes, there is nothing for the user to correct.
Available Commands
A number of commands are available to the user during error checking:
OKIndicates that the message has been reviewed by the user, and the
error checking should continue.
CancelCancels error checking and returns to the Main Menu.
File - PrintPrints the most recent message.
File - Print AllPrints all messages.
Option - RestartRestarts the error checking process.
Option - Fatal OnlyCauses the program to display only fatal error
messages, ignoring notes and warnings.
Option - OffTurns off, or ignores subsequent occurrences of, the
most recently displayed message.
Option - ReturnReturns to the piping input processor. This is gener-
ally selected when a fatal error must be fixed.
Once error checking has been completed, the program then performs a few miscellaneous
calculations such as those for nozzle flexibilities and the center of gravity report (these
calculations may be printed out with the Miscellaneous Data reports in the Static Output
Processor).
Once the model has been successfully error-checked, the user must generate the required
files in order to continue the analysis. This is done by pressing OK with the Generate
Files option selected on the closing dialog.
OK
Cancel
File - Print
File -
Print All
Option -
Restart
Option -
Fatal Only
Option -
Off
Option -
Return
Error Checking Closing Dialog
CAESAR II - Users Guide Building Static Load Cases
Building Static Load Cases
The first step in the analysis of an error-checked piping model is the specifica-
tion of the static load cases. This is done by selection of the Analysis-Static
options from the CAESAR II Main Menu (the piping input file must have
successfully gone through error checking before this option can be chosen).
A discussion of CAESAR II load cases is included at the end of this chapter.
Please refer to it for a description of how the load cases are built.
Upon entering the static load case editor, a screen appears which lists all of the available
loads that are defined in the input, the available stress types, and the current load cases
offered for analysis. If the job is entering static analysis for the first time, CAESAR II
presents a list of recommended load cases. If the job has been run previously, the loads
shown are those saved during the last session. A typical load case editor screen is shown
below:
Load Case Editor
The user can define up to ninety-nine load cases. Load cases may be edited by clicking on
a line in the Load List area.
Only the load components listed in the upper left-hand portion of the screen may be speci-
fied in the load cases. The entries must be identical to what is shown on the screen. Avail-
Analysis -
Statics
Building Static Load Cases CAESAR II - Users Guide
able stress types are specified at the end of the load case entry in parentheses. Stress type
determines the stress calculation method and the allowable stress to use (if any).
Load Cases may be built through drag and drop actions. Dragging a load component from
the Loads Defined in Input list to a line on the load list automatically adds the load com-
ponent to the load case, if it is not already included. Highlighted basic load cases may be
dragged down to be added to algebraic combination cases (CAESAR II may prompt for
combination type). Use the Load Case Options tab to select combination methods and
other specifics pertaining to the load cases.
Note Defining a fatigue (FAT) stress type for a load case automatically displays a field
in which the number of anticipated load cycles for that load case can be entered.
All basic (non-combination) load sets must all be specified before any algebraic combina-
tions may be declared. This rule holds true for user defined and edited load cases.
The following commands are available on this screen:
Edit-InsertThis command inserts a blank load case preceding
the currently selected line in the load list. If no line is selected, the
load case is added at the end of the list. Load cases are selected by
clicking on the number to the left of the load case.
Edit-DeleteThis command deletes the currently selected load
case.
File AnalysisThis command accepts the load cases and runs
the job.
RecommendThis command allows the user to replace the cur-
rent load cases with the CAESAR II recommended load cases.
Load CyclesThis button alternatively hides or displays the
Load Cycles field in the Load Case list. Entries in these fields are
only valid / required for load cases defined with the fatigue stress
type.
Edit - Insert
Edit - Delete
File - Analysis
Recommend
Load Cycles
CAESAR II - Users Guide Providing Wind Data
Providing Wind Data
Up to four different wind load cases may be specified for any one job.
The only wind load information that is specified in the piping input is the shape factor. It is
this shape factor input that causes load cases WIN1, WIN2, WIN3, and WIN4 to be listed
as an available load to be analyzed. More wind data is required, however, before an analy-
sis can be made. When wind loads are used in the model, CAESAR II makes available the
screen to define the extra wind load data. Once defined, this input is stored and may be
changed on subsequent entries into the static analysis processor.
To specify the wind data needed for the analysis select the tab entitled Wind Load for the
appropriate wind load case. The screen shown below appears:
Wind Load Specifications
There are three different methods that can be used to generate wind loads on piping sys-
tems:
ASCE #7 Standard Edition, 1995
User entry of a pressure vs. elevation table
User entry of a velocity vs. elevation table
The appropriate method is selected by placing a value of 1.0 in one of the first three boxes.
Providing Wind Data CAESAR II - Users Guide
When defining a pressure or velocity vs. elevation table the user needs to specify only the
method and the wind direction on the preceding screen. Upon pressing the User Wind Pro-
file button, the user is prompted for the corresponding pressure or velocity table. If a uni-
form pressure or velocity is to act over the entire piping system, then only a single entry
needs to be made in the table, otherwise the user should enter the pressure or velocity pro-
file for the applicable wind loading.
Note To use the ASCE #7 wind loads, all of the fields should be filled in.
For example, as per ASCE #7, the following are typical basic wind-speed values:
California and West Coast Areas- 124.6 ft./sec. ( 85 m.p.h.)
Rocky Mountains - 132.0 ft./sec ( 90 m.p.h.)
Great Plains- 132.0 ft./sec ( 90 m.p.h.)
Non-Coastal Eastern United States- 132.0 ft./sec ( 90 m.p.h.)
Gulf Coast- 190.6 ft./sec (130 m.p.h.)
Florida-Carolinas- 190.6 ft./sec (130 m.p.h.)
Miami- 212.6 ft./sec (145 m.p.h.)
New England Coastal Areas- 176.0 ft./sec (120 m.p.h.)
CAESAR II - Users Guide Specifying Hydrodynamic Parameters
Specifying Hydrodynamic Parameters
Up to four different hydrodynamic load cases may be specified for any one job.
Several hydrodynamic coefficients are defined on the element spreadsheet. The inclusion
of hydrodynamic coefficients causes the loads WAV1, WAV2, WAV3, and WAV4 to be
available in the load case editor.
A CAESAR II hydrodynamic loading dialog is shown in the following figure.
In the load case editor, four different wave load profiles may be specified. Current data
and wave data may be specified and included together or either of them may be omitted so
as not to be considered in the analysis. CAESAR II supports three current models and six
wave models. See the CAESAR II Technical Reference Manual for a detailed discussion
of hydrodynamic analysis.
Execution of Static Analysis CAESAR II - Users Guide
Execution of Static Analysis
The static analysis performed by CAESAR II follows the regular finite element solution
routine. Element stiffnesses are combined to form a global system stiffness matrix. Each
basic load case defines a set of loads for the ends of all the elements. These elemental load
sets are combined into system load vectors. Using the relationship of force equals stiff-
ness times displacement (F=KX), the unknown system deflections and rotations can be
calculated. The knowns, however, may change during the analysis as hanger sizing, non-
linear supports, and friction all affect both the stiffness matrix and load vectors. The root
solution from this equation, the system-wide deflections and rotations, is used with the
element stiffnesses to determine the global (X,Y,Z) forces and moments at the end of each
element. These forces and moments are translated into a local coordinate system for the
element from which the code-defined stresses are calculated. Forces and moments on
anchors, restraints, and fixed displacement points are summed to balance all global forces
and moments entering the node. Algebraic combinations of the basic load cases pick up
this process where appropriate - at the displacement, force & moment, or stress level.
Once the setup for the solution is complete the calculation of the displacements and rota-
tions is repeated for each of the basic load cases. During this step, the Incore Solution sta-
tus screen appears.
CAESAR II - Users Guide Execution of Static Analysis
Incore Solution Module
This screen serves as a monitor of the static analysis. The screen is broken down into sev-
eral areas. The area on the upper left reflects the size of the job by listing the number of
equations to be solved and the bandwidth of the matrix which holds these equations. Mul-
tiplying the number of equations by the bandwidth gives a relative indication of the job
size. This area also lists the current load case being analyzed and the total number of basic
load cases to be solved. The iteration count, as well as the current case number, shows how
much work has already been completed. Load cases with nonlinear restraints may
require several solutions (iterations) before the changing assumptions about the restraint
configuration (e.g. resting or lifting off, active or inactive) are confirmed. In the lower left
screen of the big box are two bar graphs which indicate where the program is in an indi-
vidual solution. These bar graphs illustrate the speed of the solution. By checking the data
in this first box, an experienced user will have a good idea of how much longer to wait for
the results.
Execution of Static Analysis CAESAR II - Users Guide
The right side of the solution screen also provide information to the user regarding status
of nonlinear restraints and hangers in the job. For example, messages noting the number of
restraints that have yet to converge or any hangers that appear to be taking no load, are dis-
played here. Nonlinear restraint status may be stepped through on an individual basis by
using the [F2]/[F4] function keys.
Following the analysis of the system deflections and rotations, these results are post-pro-
cessed in order to calculate the local forces, moments, and stresses for the basic load cases
and all results for the algebraic combinations (e.g. DS1-DS2). These total system results
are stored in a file with the suffix _P (e.g. TUTOR._P).
Note The _A or input file, the _P or output file, and the "OTL" (Output Time Link
File) are all that is required to archive the static analysis. The remaining scratch
files may be eliminated from the system without any impact on the work com-
pleted.
During this post processing, the Status screen lists the current element for which the forces
and stresses are being calculated. Once the last elements stresses are computed, the output
processor screen is presented. It is through this menu the graphic and tabular results of the
analysis can be interactively reviewed by the user. Interactive processing of output results
is discussed in detail in Chapter 7 of this document.
CAESAR II - Users Guide Execution of Static Analysis
Static Output Screen
Notes on CAESAR II Load Cases CAESAR II - Users Guide
Notes on CAESAR II Load Cases
Definition of a Load Case
In CAESAR II terms, a load case is a group of piping system loads that are analyzed
together, i.e., that are assumed to be occurring at the same time. An example of a load case
is an operating analysis composed of the thermal, deadweight, and pressure loads together.
Another is an as-installed analysis of deadweight loads alone. A load case may also be
composed of the combinations of the results of other load cases; for example, the differ-
ence in displacements between the operating and installed cases. No matter what the con-
tents of the load case, it always produces a set of reports in the output which list restraint
loads, displacements and rotations, internal forces, moments, and stresses. Because of pip-
ing code definitions of calculation methods and/or allowable stresses, the load cases are
also tagged with a stress category. For example, the combination mentioned above might
be tagged as an EXPansion stress case.
The piping system loads which compose the basic (non-combination) load sets relate to
various input items found on the piping input screen. The table below lists the individual
load set designations, their names and the input items which make them available for anal-
ysis.
Designation Name Input items which activate this load case
W Deadweight Pipe Weight, Insulation Weight, Fluid Weight,
Rigid Weight
WNC Weight No fluid Contents Pipe Weight, Insulation Weight, Rigid Weight
WW Water Weight Pipe Weight, Insulation Weight, Water-filled
Weight, Rigid Weight (usually used for
Hydro Test)
T1 Thermal Set 1 Temperature #1
.
.
.
P1 Pressure Set 1 Pressure #1
.
.
.
HP Hydrostatic Test Pressure Hydro Pressure
D1 Displacements Set 1 Displacements (1st Vector)
D2 Displacements Set 2 Displacements (2nd Vector)
CAESAR II - Users Guide Notes on CAESAR II Load Cases
D3 Displacements Set 3 Displacements (3rd Vector)
.
.
.
D9 Displacement Set 9 Displacements (9th Vector)
F1 Force Set 1 Forces/Moments (1st Vector)
F2 Force Set 2 Forces/Moments (2nd Vector)
F3 Force Set 3 Forces/Moments (3rd Vector)
.
.
.
F9 Force Set 9 Forces/Moments (9th Vector)
WIN1 Wind Load 1 Wind Shape Factor
WAV1 Wave Load 1 Wave Load On
U1 Uniform Loads Uniform Loads (1st Vector)
U2 Uniform Loads Uniform Loads (2nd Vector)
U3 Uniform Loads Uniform Loads (3rd Vector)
CS Cold Spring Material # 18 or 19
H Hanger Initial Loads Hanger Design or Pre-specified Hangers
Note Available piping system loads are displayed on the left hand side of the Static
Load Case screen.
Basic load cases may consist of a single load such as WNC for an as-installed weight anal-
ysis, or they may include several loads added together such as W+T1+P1+D1+F1 for an
operating analysis. The stress categories: SUStained, EXPansion, OCCasional, OPErat-
ing, and FATigue are specified at the end of the load case definition. The complete defini-
tion of the two examples are: WNC (SUS) and W+T1+P1+D1+H (OPE). Each basic load
case is entered in this manner in a list for analysis.
When building basic load cases, load components (such as W, T1, D1, WIND1, etc.) may
now be preceded by scale factors such as 2.0, -0.5, etc. Likewise, when building combina-
tion cases, references to previous load cases may also be preceded by scale factors as well.
This provides the user with a number of benefits:
In the event that one loading is a multiple of the other (i.e., safe Shutdown
Earthquake being two times Operating Basis Earthquake, only one load-
ing need be entered in the piping input module; it may be used in a scaled
or unscaled form in the Load Case Editor.
In the event that a loading may be directionally reversible (i.e., wind or
earthquake) only one loading need be entered in the piping input module;
it may be used preceded by a + or a - to switch direction.
Load Rating Design Factor (LRDF) methods may be implemented by
scaling individual load components by their risk-dependent factors, for
example:
1.05W + 1.1T1+1.1D1+1.25 WIND1
Note Available stress types may be selected from the pull-down list on each line.
Results of the basic load cases may be combined using algebraic combination cases. These
algebraic combinations are always entered following the last of the basic load cases. Com-
binations of basic load cases are designated using the prefix L1, L2, etc.
Note All load cases with stress type FATigue must have their expected number of Load
Cycles specified.
An example set of loads appears below.
The following family of load cases provides a valid example of algebraic combinations.
Load Case Designation Comments
1 W+T1+P1+H+0.67CS (OPE) Hot operating; note the 0.67 scale factor
which takes credit only for 2/3 of the
cold spring
2 W1+P1+H+0.67CS(OPE) Cold operating: with cold spring
included
3 W1+P1+H(SUS) Traditional sustained case
4 WIN1(OCC) Wind case; note this will be manipu-
lated later to represent average wind
(1X), maximum wind (2X), as well
as positive and negative directions.
5 L1-L2(EXP) Traditional expansion case, cold to
hot (note reference to "L" for
"Load", rather than "DS".
6 L1-L2(FAT) Same case but now evaluated for
fatigue at 10,000 cycles.
7 L1+L4(OPE) Hot operating with average wind (in
positive direction).
8 L1-L4(OPE) Hot operating with average wind (in
negative direction).
9 L1+2L4(OPE) Hot operating with maximum wind
(in positive direction).
10 L1-2L4(OPE) Hot operating with maximum wind
(in negative direction).
11 L2+L4(OPE) Cold operating with average wind
12 L2-L4(OPE) Cold operating with average wind
13 L2+2L4(OPE) Cold operating with maximum wind
14 L2-2L4(OPE) Cold operating with maximum wind
15 L3+L4(OCC) Occasional stress case, sustained
plus average wind.
16 L3+2L4(OCC) Occasional stress case, sustained
plus maximum wind.
17 L9+L10+L11+L12(OPE) Maximum restraint load case (the
combination option should be
MAX).
Note CAESAR II permits the specification of up to ninety-nine load cases for analysis.
In the rare situation where more cases are required, the model should be copied to
a new file in order to specify the additional load cases.
Load Case Options Tab
CAESAR II offers a second tab on the Static Load Case screen - Load Case Options.
Among other features, this screen allows the user to define alternative and more meaning-
ful Load Case names, as shown in the figure below.
User Defined Names
The user-defined names appear in the Static Output Processor in the Load Case Report
(for more information, see below), and may also be used in place of the built load case
names anywhere in the Static Output Processor, by activating the appropriate option.
Note Load case names may not exceed 132 characters in length.
User Control of Produced Results Data
CAESAR II allows the user to specify whether any or all of the load case results are
retained for review in the Static Output Processor. This is done through the use of two con-
trols found on the Load Case Options tab. These are:
Output Status
This item controls the disposition of the entire results of the load case -- the available op
tions are Keep or Discard. The former would be used when the load case is producing
results that the user may wish to review; the latter option would be used for artificial cases
such as the preliminary hanger cases, or intermediate construction cases. For example, in
the load list shown in the figure, the Wind only load case could have been optionally des-
ignated as Discard, since it was built only to be used in subsequent combinations, and has
no great value as a standalone load case. Note that load cases used for hanger design (i.e.,
the weight load case and hanger travel cases designated with the stress type HGR) must be
designated as Discard. Note that for all load cases created under previous versions of
CAESAR II, all load cases except the HGR cases are converted as Keep; likewise the
default for all new cases (except for HGR load cases) is also Keep.
Output Type
This item designates the type of results that are available for the load cases which have
received a Keep status. This could be used to help minimize clutter on the output end, and
ensure that only meaningful results are retained. The available options are:
Disp/Force/Stress
This option provides displacements, restraint loads, global and local forces, and
stresses. This would be a good choice for Operating cases, when designing to those
codes which do a code check on operating stresses, because the load case would be of
interest for interference checking (displacements) and restraint loads at one operating
extreme (forces).
Disp/Stress
This option provides displacements and stresses only.
Force Stress
This option provides displacements, restraint loads, global and local forces, and
stresses. This might be a good choice for the Sustained (cold) case, because the load
case would be of interest for restraint loads at one operating extreme (forces), and
code compliance (stresses). Note that FR combination loads cases developed under
previous versions of versions of CAESAR II are converted with this Force/Stress
type.
Disp
This option provides displacements only.
Force
This option provides displacements, restraint loads, global and local forces only.
Stress
This option provides stresses only. This would be a good choice for a sustained plus
Occasional load case (with Abs combination method), since this is basically an artifi-
cial construct used for code stress checking purposes only. Note that ST combination
load cases developed under previous versions of CAESAR II are converted with this
Stress type.
Snubbers Active?
Activating this option causes the snubbers to be considered to be rigid restraints for this
particular load case. By default, OCC load cases activate this option, while other types of
load cases default to an inactive state.
Hanger Design
The three options available here are As Designed, Rigid, and Ignore, and cause
CAESAR II to (1) consider the actual spring hanger stiffnesses, (2) model the spring
hangers as rigid restraints, or (3) remove the spring hanger stiffnesses from the model,
respectively. As Designed should be used for most "real" (non-hanger design) load cases.
Rigid should be used for the Restrained Weight case and any Hydrotest Case (if the spring
hangers are pinned during it). (Note that during the Restrained Weight Case user-defined
hangers will not be made rigid.) Ignore is normally used for the Operating for Hanger
Travel Cases -- except in those cases where the user wishes to include the stiffness of the
selected spring in the Operating for Hanger Travel Case (and iterate to a solution). In that
case, the user should select As Designed for those cases as well. In that case, it is very
important that the hanger load in the cold case (in the physical system) be adjusted to
match the reported hanger Cold Load.
Friction Multiplier
This multiplier may be used to alter (or deactivate) the friction factors used in this particu-
lar load case. The friction factor (Mu) used at each restraint will be this multiplier times
the Mu factor at each restraint. Setting this value to zero deactivates friction for this load
case.
User-Controlled Combination Methods
For combination cases, CAESAR II provides the user with the ability to explicitly desig-
nate the combination method to be used. Load cases to be combined are designated as L1,
L2, etc., for Load Case 1, Load Case 2, etc., with the combination method selected from a
drop list on the Load Case Options tab. The available methods are:
Algebraic
This method combines the displacements, forces, moments, restraint loads, and pressures
of the designated load cases in an algebraic (vectorial) manner. The resultant forces,
moments, and pressures are then used (along with the SIFs and element cross-sectional
parameters) to calculate the piping stresses. Load case results are multiplied by any scale
factors (1.8, -, etc.) prior to doing the combination.
The obsolete CAESAR II combination methods DS and FR used an Algebraic combina-
tion method. Therefore, load cases built in previous versions of CAESAR II using the DS
and FR methods are converted to the Algebraic method. Also, new combination cases
automatically default to this method, unless designated by the user). In the load case list
shown in the figure, most of the combination cases are typically built with the Algebraic
method.
Note that in the load case list shown in the figure, most of the combination cases typically
are built with the Algebraic method. Note that Algebraic combinations may be built only
from basic (i.e., non-combination) load cases or other load cases built using the Algebraic
combination method.
Scalar
This method combines the displacements, forces, moments, restraint loads, and stresses of
the designated load cases in a Scalar manner (i.e., not as vectors, but retaining consider-
ation of sign). Load case results are multiplied by any scale factors prior to doing the com-
bination (for example, for a negative multiplier, stresses would be subtractive). This
method might typically be used when adding plus or minus seismic loads to an operating
case, or when doing an Occasional Stress Code check (i.e. scalar addition of the Sustained
and Occasional stresses).
The obsolete CAESAR II combination methods ST used a Scalar combination method.
Therefore, load cases built in previous versions of CAESAR II using the ST method are
converted to the Scalar method.
SRSS
the designated load cases in a Square Root of the Sum of the Squares (SRSS) manner.
Load case results are multiplied by any scale factors prior to doing the combination how-
ever, due to the squaring used by the combination method, negative values vs. positive
values will yield no difference in the result. This method is typically used when combining
seismic loads acting in orthogonal directions.
ABS
the designated load cases in an Absolute Value manner. Load case results are multiplied by
any scale factors prior to doing the combination however, due to the absolute values used
by the combination method, negative values vs. positive values will yield no difference in
the result. This method may be used when doing an Ocassional Stress code check (i.e.,
absolute summation of the Sustained and Occasional stresses).
Note The Ocassional Stress cases in the figure are built using this method.
Max
For each result value, this combination method selects the displacement, force, moment,
restraint load, and stress having the largest absolute value from the designated load cases;
so no actual combination per se, takes place. Load case results are multiplied by any scale
factors prior to doing the selection of the maxima. This method is typically used when
determining the design case (worst loads, stress, etc.) from a number of loads.
Note The maximum Restraint Load case shown in the figure uses a Max combination
method.
Min
For each result value, this combination method selects the displacement, force, moment,
restraint load, and stress having the smallest absolute value from the designated load
cases; so no actual combination per se, takes place. Load case results are multiplied by any
scale factors prior to doing the selection of the minima.
SignMax
For each result value, this combination method selects the displacements, force, moments,
restraint load, and stress having the largest actual value, considering the sign, from the
designated load cases; so no actual combination per se, takes place. Load case results are
multiplied by any scale factors prior to doing the selection of the maxima. This combina-
tion method would typically be used in conjunction with the SignMin method to find the
design range for each value (i.e., the maximum positive and maximum negative restraint
loads).
SignMin
For each result value, this combination method selects the displacements, force, moments,
restraint load, and stress having the smallest actual value, considering the sign, from the
designated load cases; so no actual combination per se, takes place. Load case results are
multiplied by any scale factors prior to doing the selection of the minima. This combina-
tion method would typically be used in conjunction with the SignMax method to find the
design range for each value (i.e., the maximum positive and maximum negative restraint
loads).
Recommended Load Cases
When the user first enters the static load case editor CAESAR II recommends, based on
the loads defined in the model, three types of load cases: Operating, Sustained, and Expan-
sion (but not occasional).
Operating load cases represent the loads acting on the pipe during hot operation, including
both primary (weight pressure, and force) loadings and secondary (displacement and ther-
mal) loadings. Operating cases are used to find hot displacements for interference check-
ing, and hot restraint and equipment loads. Generally when recommending operating load
cases, CAESAR II combines weight, pressure case #1, and hanger loads with each of the
thermal load cases (displacement set #1 with thermal set #1, displacement set #2 with ther-
mal set #2, etc....), and then with any cold spring loads.
Sustained load cases represent the primary force-driven loadings acting on the pipe, i.e.,
weight and pressure alone. This usually coincides with the cold (as-installed) load case.
Sustained load cases are used to satisfy the code sustained stress requirements, as well as
to calculate as-installed restraint and equipment loads. Sustained load cases are generally
built by combining weight with each of the pressure and force sets, and then with any
hanger loads.
Expansion load cases represent the range between the displacement extremes (usually
between the operating and sustained cases). Expansion load cases are used to meet expan-
sion stress requirements.
Most users will specify only one temperature and one pressure. Such input would simplify
the recommended cases to something like:
Case # 1 W+D1+T1+P1+H (OPE) ....OPERATING
Case # 2 W+P1+H (SUS)....SUSTAINED LOAD CASE
Case # 3 L1-L2 (EXP)....EXPANSION LOAD CASE
The user should review any load recommendations made by CAESAR II.
Note CAESAR II does not recommend any occasional load cases. Definition of these
are the responsibility of the user.
If these recommended load cases do not satisfy the analysis requirements, they may
always be deleted or modified. Conversely, the load cases may always be reset to the pro-
grams recommended set at any time.
Recommended Load Cases for Hanger Selection
If spring hangers are to be designed by the program, two additional load cases must first
be analyzed in order to obtain the data required to select a variable support. The two basic
requirements for sizing hangers are the deadweight carried by the hanger (hot load) and
the range of vertical travel to be accommodated. The first load case (traditionally called
Restrained Weight) consists of only deadweight (W). For this analysis CAESAR II
includes a rigid restraint in the vertical direction at every location where a hanger is to be
sized. The load on the restraint from this analysis is the deadweight that must be carried by
the support in the hot condition. For the second load case, the hanger is replaced with an
upward force equal to the calculated hot load, and an operating load case is run. This load
case (traditionally called Free Thermal) includes the deadweight and thermal effects, the
first pressure set (if defined), and any displacements, (W+D1+T1+P1). The vertical dis-
placements of the hanger locations, along with the previously calculated deadweights are
then passed on to the hanger selection routine. Once the hangers are sized, the added
forces are removed and replaced with the selected supports along with their pre-loads
(cold loads), designated by load component H. (Note that load component H may appear
in the load cases for hanger design if the user has predefined any springs- in this case it
would represent the pre-defined operating loads.) CAESAR II then continues with the
load case recommendations as defined above. A typical set of recommended load cases for
a single operating load case spring hanger design appears as follows:
Case # 1 W ....WEIGHT FOR HANGER LOADS
Case # 2 W+D1+T1+P1 ....OPERATING FOR HANGER TRAVEL
Case # 3 W+D1+T1+P1+H (OPE) ...OPERATING (HGRS. INCLUDED
Case # 4 W+P1+H (SUS) ....SUSTAINED LOAD CASE
Case # 5 L3-L4 (EXP) ....EXPANSION LOAD CASE
These hanger sizing load cases (#1 & #2) generally supply no information to the output
reports other than the data found in the hanger tables. Note how cases 3, 4, & 5 match the
recommended load cases for a standard analysis with one thermal and one pressure
defined. Also notice how the displacement combination numbers in case 5 have changed
to reflect the new order. If multiple temperatures and pressures existed in the input, they
too would appear in this set after the second spring hanger design load case.
Two other hanger design criteria also affect the recommended load cases. If the actual
cold loads for selected springs are to be calculated, one additional load case (WNC+H)
would appear before case #3 above. If the piping systems hanger design criteria is set so
that the proposed springs must accommodate more than one operating condition, other
load cases must additionally appear before the case #3 above. An extra hanger design
operating load case must be performed for each additional operating load case used to
design springs. Refer to the discussion of the hanger design algorithm for more informa-
tion on these options.
Chapter 7:
Static Output
Processor
Contents
Entry into the Static
Output Processor - - - - - - - 2
Report Operations- - - - - - - - - 6
Notes on Printing or Saving
Reports to a File - - - - - - - - 14
Notes on Plotting
Static Results - - - - - - - - - - 16
Notes on Animation of
Static Results - - - - - - - - - - 21
This chapter illustrates how to use
the Static Output Processor, gen-
erate reports, and plot and ani-
mate the results.
Entry Into the Static Output Processor CAESAR II - Users Guide
7-2 Static Output Processor
Entry Into the Static Output Processor
With the completion of a static analysis the CAESAR II output screen automatically
appears, allowing interactive review of the analytical results. The static results may also be
accessed anytime after the analysis has been completed through the CAESAR II Main
Menu option - OUTPUT-STATIC.
Static Output
Once the output processor is invoked, by either of the mentioned paths, the output screen
appears. The left-hand column shows the load cases that were analyzed. The center col-
umn shows the available reports associated with those load cases. The right-hand column
shows reports, such as input listings or hanger selection reports, that are not associated
with load cases.
Note The proper job must be made current through the File-Open option before select-
ing the Static-Output processor through the Main Menu.
CAESAR II - Users Guide Entry Into the Static Output Processor
Static Output Processor 7-3
Processor Screen
It is from this screen that the user orchestrates all output review activity. The user may
Interactively review 80 or 132 column terminal reports for any selected combination
of load cases and/or report types.
Print or save to file copies of 80 or 132 column reports for any combination of load
cases and/or report types.
Add Title lines to output reports.
Review results in a graphical manner.
These functions are described in this chapter. The CAESAR II output processor was
designed so that piping results could be quickly reviewed in tabular form, graphically, or
using any combination of tabular or graphical approaches.
Entry Into the Static Output Processor CAESAR II - Users Guide
A number of commands are available:
File-OpenOpens a different job for output review. The user is
prompted for the file to be opened.
File-SaveSaves the selected reports to a disk file. The user is initially
prompted for the file name. Upon closing, or exit, a Table of Contents is
added to the file.
File-PrintPrints the selected reports. Upon closing, or exiting, a Table
of Contents is printed. This is described later in the chapter.
View-ReportsDisplays the selected reports on the terminal. This per-
mits the analysis data to be reviewed interactively in text format. After
selecting the desired combination of one or more active load cases with
any combination of report options and executing the View-Reports com-
mand, each report is presented one at a time for inspection. Users may
scroll through the reports vertically and horizontally where necessary.
Specific node numbers or results can be located and highlighted with the
button. To move to the next report the user should close the current
report. When all reports have been reviewed, additional report selections
may be made.
Microsoft Word For those users with access to Microsoft Word,
CAESAR II provides the ability to send output reports directly to Word.
This permits the use of all of Words formatting features (font selection,
margin control, etc.) and printer support from the CAESAR II program.
This feature is activated through use of the button when producing a
report. Word is available as an output device to the Static and Dynamic
Output Processors. Users can append multiple reports to form a final
report, by selecting the desired reports, clicking the button, closing
Word, selecting the next report to be added, clicking the button
again, etc. A table of contents, reflecting the cumulatively produced
reports, always appears on the first page of the Word document.
AnimationAllows the user to view graphic animation of the displace-
ment solution.
InputReturns to the piping input processor.
Enter TitlesAllows the user to enter report titles for this group of
reports. CAESAR II allows the user to customize the report with a two
line title or description. This title may be assigned once for all load case
reports sent to the printer or a disk drive; or the title may be changed for
each individual report before it is moved to the output device. When
CAESAR II receives this command a dialog prompts for the titles.
File - Open
File - Save
File - Print
View -
Reports
Microsoft
Word

Animation
Input
Enter Titles
CAESAR II - Users Guide Entry Into the Static Output Processor
Report Titles
Note 28 characters of each entered title line are displayed for 80 column output reports
and 50 characters of each entered title line are displayed for 132 column output
reports.
PlotThis command allows the user to superimpose analytical results
onto a plot of the system model. This is described in more detail later in
the chapter.
132 Column ReportsThis checkbox selects the 132 column report
over the 80 column report. 132 column reports often carry more informa-
tion than the 80 column reports, but require compressed fonts or wide
paper.
Plot
Report Options CAESAR II - Users Guide
Report Options
For most load cases (except hanger design and fatigue) there are seven different report
options that can be selected for review.
Displacements
Translations and rotations for each degree of freedom are reported at each node in the
model.
Restraints
Forces and moments on each restraint in the model are reported. There is a separate report
generated for each load case selected.
CAESAR II - Users Guide Report Options
Restraint Summary
Similar to the restraint report, this option provides force and moment data for all valid
selected load cases together on one report.
Global Element Forces
Forces and moments on the piping are reported for each node in the model.
Local Element Forces
These forces and moments have been transferring into the CAESAR II local coordinate
system. Refer to the Technical Reference Manual for information on this local coordinate
system.
Stresses
SIFs and Code Stresses are reported for each node in the model. The code stresses are
compared to the Allowable stress at each node as a percentage. Note that stresses are not
computed at nodes on rigid elements.
Sorted Stresses
Bending, Torsion, and Code Stress each are sorted from highest to lowest value with cor-
responding node numbers.
Code Compliance Report
Stress checks for multiple load cases may be included in a single report using the Code
Compliance report, available from the Static Output processor. For this report, the user
selects all load cases of interest, and then highlights Code Compliance under the Report
Options. The resultant report shows the stress calculation for all load cases together, on an
element-by-element basis.
Cumulative Usage Report
The Cumulative Usage report is available only when there are one or more fatigue-type
load cases present. One Cumulative Usage report is generated, regardless of the number of
load cases selected, showing the combined impact of simulating selected fatigue loadings.
Load Case Report
The Load Case Report documents the Basic Names (as built in the Load Case Builder),
User-Defined Names, Combination Methods, Load Cycles, and Load Case Options (Out-
put Status, Output Type, Snubber Status, Hanger Stiffness Status, and Friction Multiplier)
of the static load cases. This report is available from the General computed Results col-
umn of the static Output Processor.
Notes on Printing or Saving Reports to a File CAESAR II - Users Guide
Notes on Printing or Saving Reports to a File
The tabular results brought to the screen may be sent directly to a printer in
either a 132 or 80 column format. To print a hard copy of the reports, Execute
the File-Print command. Different combinations of load cases and report
types may be chosen, each followed by the File-Print command, to create a
single report.
Typically, the set of output reports that a user might wish to print out for documentation
purposes might be:
Note Load cases used for hanger sizing produce no reports. Also, the hanger table and
hanger table with text reports are printed only once even though more than one
active load case may be highlighted.
To send reports to a file (in ASCII format) rather than the printer, the user
should execute the FILE-SAVE command. Upon initial selection, the user is
presented with a file dialog to select the name of the file. To change the file
name for a new report, the user should select FILE-SAVE AS.
Save As Dialog
Load Case Report Purpose
SUSTAINED STRESS Code compliance
EXPANSION STRESS Code compliance
OPERATING DISPLACEMENTS Interference checks
OPERATING RESTRAINTS Hot restraint, equipment loads
SUSTAINED RESTRAINTS As-installed restraint, equipment loads
Print
File Save
CAESAR II - Users Guide Notes on Printing or Saving Reports to a File
All reports that are to be saved in the output file need not be declared at one time. Subse-
quent reports sent to the file during the session are appended to the file started in the ses-
sion. (These output files are only closed and overwritten when a new output device, such
as a printer, or another file, is defined.)
Upon closing a series of reports, either to the printer or a file, a Table of Contents is
printed
Note The signs in all the CAESAR II reports show the forces and moments that act
ON something. The element force/moment report shows the forces and
moments that act ON each element to keep that element in static equilibrium.
The restraint force/moment report shows the forces and moments that act ON
each restraint.
Notes on Plotting Static Results CAESAR II - Users Guide
Notes on Plotting Static Results
The static results may be reviewed graphically by executing the plot commands with any
active load case selected.
The CAESAR II output plotting is quite comprehensive. The new user is encouraged to
liberally experiment with all output options, noting which in particular seems most appro-
priate for a given application.
Output Graphics Screen
The output graphics are very similar to input graphics. In addition, calculated results may
be displayed on the plot. While in the output plotting mode,
Displaced shapes may be shown for the final loaded condition or may be shown in
progressive steps as the system is loaded.
Displacements along any global axis can be sorted and displayed. Values are printed
one at a time from the largest to the smallest.
Symbolic or numeric forces, moments, and stresses may be superimposed on the dis-
placed shape plot.
Restraints, and their line of action, can be shown graphically or numerically on the
displayed plot.
CAESAR II - Users Guide Notes on Plotting Static Results
Hard copies of the graphics may be sent to a printer from the plot menu directly.
Maximum SIFs, and section modulus can be displayed on the plotted geometry.
Force, moment, and stress data can be sorted and displayed from the largest to the
smallest, and can be plotted symbolically as variable size arrowheads or explosion
symbols.
Any number of different load cases can be reviewed without leaving the plot mode.
The current load case to be processed is set via the Load Case drop down.
SHOWing Results on the Plot
The variety of CAESAR II output plot functions are accessed from the Show menu. This
menu is broken into submenus - these are Displacements, Restraints, Forces/Moments
and Stress. These are described below:
Main Show Menu
Output Plot Show Menu
Displacement Sub Menu:
Deflected ShapeOverlays the scaled deflected shape of the displayed geometry
onto the current plot for the currently selected load case.
GrowShows progressive displaced shapes of the geometry on the current plot, for
the currently selected load case.
ScaleLets the user specify the deflected shape plot scale factor.
Maximum Displacement XAllows the user to put the actual magnitude for X dis-
placements on the currently displayed geometry. It starts with highest for given direc-
tion, then puts 2nd, 3rd highest, etc., until the user escapes.
Maximum Displacement YAllows the user to put the actual magnitude for Y dis-
Maximum Displacement ZAllows the user to put the actual magnitude for Z dis-
Restraints Sub Menu:
RestraintsPuts restraint symbols on the displayed plot. Restraints are plotted as
arrow heads, with the direction of the arrow indicating the direction of the force
exerted by the restraint on the piping system.
HangersPuts restraint symbols on the plot indicating the action of the spring hang-
ers.
ScaleAllows the user to specify the scale at which the restraint symbols are plotted.
Forces-XPuts the magnitudes of the FX restraint loads on the plot.
Forces-YPuts the magnitudes of the FY restraint loads on the plot.
Forces-ZPuts the magnitudes of the FZ restraint loads on the plot.
Moments-XPuts the magnitude of the MX restraint loads on the plot.
Moments-YPuts the magnitude of the MY restraint loads on the plot.
Moments-ZPuts the magnitude of the MZ restraint loads on the plot.
Forces/Moments Sub Menu:
Forces-XDisplays all of the element forces acting in the X direction on the plot.
Forces-YDisplays all of the element forces acting in the Y direction on the plot.
Forces-ZDisplays all of the element forces acting in the Z direction on the plot.
Moment-XDisplays all of the element moments acting in the X direction on the
plot.
Moment-YDisplays all of the element moments acting in the Y direction on the
plot.
Moment-ZDisplays all of the element moments acting in the Z direction on the
plot.
Maximum-FXSorts all elemental forces acting in the X direction and prints them
one at a time from the highest to the lowest. Forces are displayed one at a time until
the user escapes.
Maximum-FYSorts all elemental moments acting in the Y direction and prints
them one at a time from the highest to the lowest. Forces are displayed one at a time
until the user escapes.
Maximum-FZSorts all elemental forces acting in the Z direction and prints them
one at a time from the highest to the lowest. Forces are displayed one at a time until
the user escapes.
Maximum-MXSorts all elemental moments acting in the X direction moments and
prints them one at a time from the highest to the lowest. Moments are displayed one at
a time until the user escapes.
Maximum-MYSorts all elemental moments acting in the Y direction moments and
CAESAR II - Users Guide Notes on Plotting Static Results
Maximum-MZSorts all elemental moments acting in the Z direction moments and
Symbol-FXPuts arrowhead symbols on the plot with a size relative to the magni-
tude of the X direction force acting on the element at that point. The user is given the
opportunity to alter the scaled symbol size.
Symbol-FYPuts arrowhead symbols on the plot with a size relative to the magni-
tude of the Y direction force acting on the element at that point. The user is given the
Symbol-FZPuts arrowhead symbols on the plot with a size relative to the magni-
tude of the Z direction force acting on the element at that point. The user is given the
Symbol-MXPuts arrowhead symbols on the plot with a size relative to the magni-
tude of the X direction moments acting on the element at that point. The user is given
the opportunity to alter the scaled symbol size.
Symbol-MYPuts arrowhead symbols on the plot with a size relative to the magni-
tude of the Y direction moments acting on the element at that point. The user is given
Symbol-MZPuts arrowhead symbols on the plot with a size relative to the magni-
tude of the Z direction moments acting on the element at that point. The user is given
Stress Sub Menu:
OverstressDisplays overstressed points and their magnitude. Overstressed condi-
tions are only detected for load cases where a code compliance check was done (i.e.,
where there are allowable stresses available).
MaximumDisplays stresses one at a time from the largest to the smallest values,
until the user escapes.
BendingDisplays all bending stresses on the displayed geometry.
TorsionalDisplays all the torsional stresses on the displayed geometry.
AxialDisplays all the axial stresses on the displayed geometry.
CodeDisplays all calculated code stress values on the displayed geometry.
Symbol BendingPuts explosion symbols on the plot with a size proportional to
stress at the point. The user is given the opportunity to alter the scaled symbol size.
Symbol TorsionalSame as above, for torsional stress.
Symbol AxialSame as above, for axial stress.
Symbol CodeSame as above, for code stress.
Color-BendingPlots the piping system in a range of colors, where the color corre-
sponds to the value of the bending stress (colors and corresponding stress levels are
set in the Configuration/Setup module).
Color-TorsionalPlots the piping system in a range of colors, where the color corre-
sponds to the value of the torsional stress (colors and corresponding stress levels are
Color-AxialPlots the piping system in a range of colors, where the color corre-
sponds to the value of the axial stress (colors and corresponding stress levels are set in
the Configuration/Setup module).
Color-CodePlots the piping system in a range of colors, where the color corre-
sponds to the value of the bending stress (colors and corresponding stress levels are
SIFDisplays the maximum stress intensification factor for each element on the dis-
played plot.
Section ModulusDisplays the section modulus of each element on the plot.
CAESAR II - Users Guide Notes on Animation of Static Results
Notes on Animation of Static Results
CAESAR II allows the user to view the piping system as it moves to the displaced posi-
tion of the basic load cases. To animate the static results, execute the View-Animate com-
mand. The following screen appears:
Animated Graphic Screen
The animated plot menu has several plot selections. Motion and Volume Motion are the
commands to activate the animation. Motion uses centerline representation while Volume
Motion produces volume graphics. The desired load case may be selected from the drop
down list. Animations may be sped up or slowed down or stopped using the toolbars.
Notes on Animation of Static Results CAESAR II - Users Guide
Chapter S:
Dynamic Input
and Analysis
Contents
Dynamic Capabilities
in CAESAR II - - - - - - - - - - 2
Overview of the Dynamic
Analysis Input Processor - - 6
Input Overview Based on
Analysis Category - - - - - - - 9
Harmonic- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11
Earthquake {Spectrum) - - - - - 14
Relief Loads {Spectrum)- - - - - 20
Water HammerJSlug Flow
{Spectrum) - - - - - - - - - - - 2S
Time History- - - - - - - - - - - - - 29
Error Handling and
Analyzing the Job - - - - - - - 33
This chapter examines the
Dynamic Analysis Input Processor
and its available parameters.
Dynamic Capabilities in CAESAR II CAESAR II - Users Guide
8-2 Dynamic Input and Analysis
Dynamic Capabilities in CAESAR II
The dynamic analysis capabilities found in CAESAR II include natural frequency calcu-
lations, harmonic analysis, response spectrum analysis, and time history analysis. Included
with the CAESAR II dynamic modules are processors which can generate several types
of dynamic loads. An example is the processor which converts loading with respect to
time into a force response spectrum. This ability to define different types of dynamic
effects improves the accuracy of dynamic modelling and makes these methods suitable for
a wider range of dynamic problems.
Natural frequency information can indicate the tendency of a piping system to respond to
dynamic loads. A systems modal natural frequencies typically should not be too close to
equipment operating frequencies and, as a general rule, higher natural frequencies usually
cause less trouble than low natural frequencies. CAESAR II provides both calculation of
a systems modal natural frequencies, as well as animated plots of the associated mode
shapes.
CAESAR II also provides for the analysis of dynamic loads that are cyclic in nature.
Applications of harmonic analyses include fluid pulsation in reciprocating pump lines or
vibration due to rotating equipment. These loads are modeled as concentrated forces or
displacements at one or more points in the system. To provide the proper phase relation-
ship between multiple loads a phase angle can also be associated with these forces or dis-
placements. Any number of forcing frequencies may be analyzed allowing easy analysis
of equipment start-up, and any normal operating modes. Harmonic responses represent the
maximum dynamic amplitude the piping system undergoes and have the same form as a
static analysis - node deflections and rotations, local forces and moments, restraint loads,
and stresses. For example, if the results show an X displacement at node 45 of 5.8 cm. then
the dynamic motion due to the cyclic excitation would be from +5.8 cm. to -5.8 cm. at this
point in the system. The stresses shown are one half of, or one amplitude of, the full cyclic
stress range.
The third type of dynamic analysis available in CAESAR II is the response spectrum
method. The response spectrum method allows an impulse type transient event to be char-
acterized by a response vs. frequency spectra. Each mode of vibration of the piping system
is related to one response on the spectrum. These modal responses are summed together to
produce the total system response. The stresses for these analyses, summed with the sus-
tained stresses, should be compared to the occasional stress allowables defined by the pip-
ing code. Spectral analysis can be used in a wide variety of applications. Ground motion
associated with a seismic event is supplied as displacement, velocity, or acceleration
response spectra. The assumption is that all the supports move with the defined ground
motion and the piping system catches up to the supports; it is this inertial effect which
loads the system. The shock spectra which define the ground motion may vary between
the three global directions and may even change for different groups of supports (indepen-
dent as opposed to uniform support motion). Another response spectrum application is
based on single point loading rather than a uniform inertial loading. CAESAR II makes
effective use of this technique to analyze a wide variety of impulse type transient loads.
Relief valve loads, water hammer loads, slug flow loads, and rapid valve closure type
loads all cause single impulse dynamic loads at various points in the piping system. The
response to these dynamic forces can be confidently and conservatively predicted using
the force spectrum method.
CAESAR II - Users Guide Dynamic Capabilities in CAESAR II
Dynamic Input and Analysis 8-3
The fourth type of dynamic analysis is time history analysis. This is one of the most accu-
rate methods, in that it uses numeric integration of the dynamic equation of motion to sim-
ulate the system response throughout the load duration. CAESAR IIs time history
analysis method can solve any type of dynamic loading, but due to its exact solution,
requires more resources (memory, calculation speed and time) than other methods. There-
fore, it may not pay to use this method when, for example the spectrum method offers suf-
ficient accuracy.
Model Modifications for Dynamic Analysis
The dynamic techniques employed by CAESAR II require strict linearity in the piping
and structural systems. Dynamic responses associated with nonlinear effects are not
addressed. An example of a nonlinear effect is slapping, such as when a pipe lifts off the
rack at one moment and impacts the rack the next. For the dynamic model the pipe must
be either held down or allowed to move freely. The nonlinear restraints used in the static
analysis must be set to be active or inactive for the dynamic analysis. CAESAR II allows
the user to set the nonlinear restraints to any configuration found in the static results (this
is done by specifying the number of the Static Load Case for Nonlinear Restraint Sta-
tus). Most often the user selects the operating case to set the nonlinear restraint con-
figuration. For example, if a +Y support is active in the static operating case (normally
case 1 or 3), and the operating case is used to set the status of the nonlinear supports for
dynamics, CAESAR II installs a double-acting Y support at that location for the dynamic
analysis. The pipe will not move up or down at that point regardless of the dynamic load
or tendency to move.
Dynamic Capabilities in CAESAR II CAESAR II - Users Guide
Control Parameters
A second nonlinear effect is friction. Friction effects must also be linearized for use in
dynamic analysis. By default, CAESAR II excludes the effects of friction from the
dynamic analysis. If requested, CAESAR II can approximate the friction resistance to
movement in the dynamic model by including spring stiffness normal to the restraint line
of action. For a Y restraint with friction, the friction stiffness would be added in the X and
Z directions. The stiffness of the these springs is a user-defined function of the friction
load calculated in the static analysis. CAESAR II computes the friction stiffness by multi-
plying the normal force on the restraint from the selected static case results, by the friction
coefficient, and by the user defined Stiffness Factor for Friction. For example, if the nor-
mal force on the restraint from the static analysis is 350 lb., the friction coefficient (mu) is
0.3, and the user defined Stiffness Factor for Friction is 50.0, then springs having a stiff-
ness of 350 * 0.3 * 50.0 = 5250 lb./in. are inserted into the dynamic model in the two
directions perpendicular to the friction restraints line of action. Converting friction damp-
ing into a stiffness is usually not mathematically legitimate, but can serve as a good engi-
neering approximation for dynamic friction in a wide variety of situations.
CAESAR II - Users Guide Dynamic Capabilities in CAESAR II
Major Steps in Dynamics Input
Developing dynamic input for CAESAR II comprises four basic steps:
1. Specifying the load(s)
2. Modifying the mass and stiffness model
3. Setting the parameters that control the analysis
4. Starting and error checking the analysis
Except for starting the analysis, these steps may occur in any order. Due to the amount of
data which may be specified, it is best to establish some sort of pattern in defining the
input.
There is no reason to specify dynamic loads if only natural frequencies are to be counted
or calculated. Harmonic analysis requires the input of driving frequencies and forces or
displacements to define and locate the sinusoidally varying point loads. Creating the
dynamic loads for spectra or time history analysis requires the most attention by the user.
The response spectra or time history profile must be defined, built, or selected. Force sets
must be built for force response spectra and time history analysis. Response spectra /time
history (and force sets) are combined with other data to build the load cases to be ana-
lyzed. Finally, additional load cases may be constructed by combining shock results with
static results to check code compliance on occasional stresses. CAESAR II provides sev-
eral processors to simplify many of these tasks.
For dynamic analysis, CAESAR II converts each piping element from a continuous beam
element between two nodes to a stiffness between two masses. Additional stiffness are
added at the mass (node) points to model anchors, restraints, hangers, and other supports
in the static analysis model. The masses assigned to each node are one half the sum of all
element masses framing into the node. These masses are used as translational inertias only.
Rotational moments of inertia are ignored in the dynamic mass model. (Their inclusion in
the analysis would cause a large increase in solution time without a corresponding
improvement in the general accuracy of the analysis.)
In many instances the mass and stiffness established in the static model will be used with-
out modification in the dynamic analysis. Some situations, however, can be improved by
the deletion of mass points or degrees of freedom. Usually this occurs in analyses where
the unnecessary masses are far from the area of interest in the model or where the
unnecessary degrees of freedom do not act in the direction of interest. Some piping sys-
tems have supports that are installed to suppress vibration and do not effect the static anal-
ysis. These shock absorbers or snubbers can be entered (if not entered in statics) during the
dynamic input as additional stiffness.
The major function of the control parameter list is to set the type of analysis to be per-
formed: calculation of natural frequencies and mode shapes, harmonic analysis, spectral
analysis, or time history. General settings for the analysis are also defined in the control
parameter list such as maximum frequency cutoff and mode summation methods. It is
here, too, that the static configuration for nonlinear restraints (if any) is defined, and the
friction factor for including friction in the dynamic run is entered (the default friction fac-
tor is 0.0, which implies that no friction stiffness will be used). The advanced option
allows the user to change the parameters governing the eigensolution (which does the
modal extraction). These parameters should only be altered under the rarest circum-
stances.
Overview of the Dynamic Analysis Input Processor CAESAR II - Users Guide
Overview of the Dynamic Analysis Input Processor
Entering the Dynamic Analysis Input Menu
The dynamic input module allows the user to specify the dynamic loads imposed on the
piping system.
To perform a dynamic analysis, the static model must first be created and error checked
through the CAESAR II input processor. Usually the model is also run through static
analysis before the dynamic analysis begins but this is not a requirement unless nonlinear
supports or hanger selections are included in the model. If nonlinear supports are present
the static analysis must be run and the results made available before the dynamic analysis
can be performed.
To enter the dynamics input, the proper job name must be current prior to selecting the
Analysis-Dynamics file options of the Main Menu.
Analysis-Dynamics Option
Upon entering the dynamic input processor, the following screen appears.
CAESAR II - Users Guide Overview of the Dynamic Analysis Input Processor
Dynamic Input Processor
The type of analysis is indicated in the drop down list in the upper left portion of the
screen (new jobs default to Other). Input data is organized in pages according to type. The
pages can be accessed by selecting their title tabs. After data is entered, the job can be
saved, error checked only, or analyzed, using the menu commands or toolbars.
A variety of dynamic analysis options are available and require different types of input. To
simplify the input process, the user should select the analysis from the droplist. Once
selected, the input screen changes to reflect the required inputs.
Dynamic Analysis Type Specification
Overview of the Dynamic Analysis Input Processor CAESAR II - Users Guide
Available commands during dynamic input processing are:
File-Save InputSaves the current input data.
File-Check InputChecks the input data for errors or inconsistencies.
File-Run Analysis Starts the dynamic analysis.
Edit-Add EntryAdds a new data line on the current input page (tab page).
Edit-Delete EntryDeletes the selected data lines on the current input page.
Tools-DLF Spectrum GeneratorAllows the user to generate a file con-
taining a Dynamic Load Factor vs. Frequency Spectrum from a Force vs.
Time profile.
Tools-Relief Load SynthesisProvides a utility for estimating loads, flows,
and other results for gas or liquid relief valves.
Tools-Spectrum Data PointsUsed to enter data points for user-defined
spectra.
File-Save Input
File-Check Input
File-Run Analysis
Edit-Add Entry
Edit-Delete Entry
Tools-DLF Spec-
trum Generator
Tools-Relief Load
Synthesis
Tools-Spectrum
Data Points
CAESAR II - Users Guide Input Overview Based on Analysis Category
Input Overview Based on Analysis Category
The multitude of dynamic analysis types available in CAESAR II can be somewhat intim-
idating at first. Selection of Analysis Type from the pull down list displays only those tabs
for which input is appropriate. Those items are discussed by analysis type.
Modal
Specifying the Loads
Modal analysis simply extracts natural frequencies and shapes for the systems modes of
vibration. Therefore no loadings need to be or may be specified.
Lumped Masses
On this page, the user may add or delete mass from the mass model. Extra mass which
may have been ignored as insignificant in the static model (e.g. a flange pair) can be
directly entered here. Also, weights modeled as downward acting concentrated forces
must be added here (CAESAR II does not assume that concentrated forces are system
weights, i.e., forces due to gravity acting on a mass). Masses may also be deleted from the
static mass model; this is the same as deleting degrees-of-freedom. For the most part, mass
deletion is a tool used to economize the analysis. If the system response to some dynamic
load is isolated to specific sections of the piping system, other sections of the system may
be removed from the dynamic model by removing their mass. Mass can also be deleted
selectively for any of the three global coordinate directions when deletion of directional
degrees-of-freedom is desired.
For example, if a piping system includes a structural frame which supports the weight (the
piping rests on the structure and is connected to the structure only in the Y direction),
these two systems (piping and structure) are independent of each other in the X and Z
directions, so the X and Z mass of the structure can be removed without affecting the pip-
ing models results. With the X and Z masses removed, the calculations for the piping
structural model proceed much faster.
Input Overview Based on Analysis Category CAESAR II - Users Guide
Snubbers
Snubbers
Certain supports, called snubbers, only resist dynamic loading, while allowing static dis-
placement, such as that due to thermal growth. It is on this page that snubbers can be
included in the model. Snubbers must have their stiffness explicitly entered (they do not
default to rigid, since snubbers are typically not as stiff as other types of restraints).
Note Snubbers may also be entered in the input processor rather than in the dynamic
processor.
Control Parameters
Control Parameters
These parameters describe how the analysis will be conducted. In general, this page would
be used to set the number of modes of vibration to extract by specifying a maximum num-
ber, a cutoff frequency, or both. Details on these entries are discussed in the Technical
Reference Manual.
Advanced Parameters Show Screen
These parameters rarely need to be changed by the user. For more information, see the
Technical Reference Manual.
CAESAR II - Users Guide Harmonic
Harmonic
Harmonic Loads - Excitation Frequency
Harmonic load definition is broken down into two parts: 1) definition of the excitation fre-
quency or frequencies and 2) location and magnitude of the force and/or displacement
load(s). Three input tabs are available for specifying the loads.
Any number of individual frequencies, or frequency ranges (indicated by a starting, end-
ing, and incremental frequency) may be specified, one to a line. CAESAR II performs a
separate analysis for each frequency requested.
Note The number of anticipated load cycles may be entered for each frequency range. If
the number is entered, the load cases are calculated with a fatigue stress type. Oth-
erwise, the load cases are calculated with an occasional stress type.
Harmonic loads may be specified on the Harmonic Forces or Harmonic Displacements
input tabs. These pages allow the user to enter loads (either force or displacement), direc-
tion, phase angle and node(s).
Harmonic Forces
Harmonic CAESAR II - Users Guide
Harmonic Displacements
Phasing can be important if more than one force or displacement is included. The phase
angle (entered in degrees) relates the timing of one load to another. For example, if two
harmonic loads are acting along the same line but at different nodes, the loads can be
directed towards each other (i.e. in opposite directions), which would produce no net
dynamic imbalance on the system, or the loads could be directed in the same direction (i.e.
to the right or to the left together), which would produce a net dynamic imbalance in the
system equal to the sum of the two forces. It is the phase angle which primarily determines
this relationship. The harmonic load data
1500 X 0 10
1500 X 0 105
produces an in phase, or same direction dynamic load in the system (1500 lbf. in the X
direction and zero phase at nodes 10 and 105), while
1500 X 0 10
1500 X 180 105
produces an out of phase, or opposite direction dynamic load on the system which will
tend to pull the system apart. The two most common phased loadings are those due to
rotating equipment and reciprocating pumps.
Rotating equipment may have an eccentricity, a speed, and a mass. These items must be
converted into a harmonic load that acts on the rotor at the theoretical mass centerline. The
magnitude of the harmonic load is computed from:
Fn = (mass)(speed)
2
(eccentricity),
where (speed) is the angular velocity of the shaft in cycles per second. This load is applied
along both axes perpendicular to the shaft axis and at a 90 phase shift.
In the case of a reciprocating pump, the pump introduces a pressure wave into the line at
some regular interval that is related to the valving inside the pump and the pump speed.
This pressure wave moves away from the pump at the speed of sound in the fluid. These
pressure waves will cause loads at each bend in the piping system. The load on each sub-
sequent elbow in the system starting from the first elbow will be phase shifted by an
amount that is a function of the distance between the elbows, from the first elbow to the
current elbow. It is the amount of phase shift between elbow-elbow pairs that produces the
net unbalanced dynamic load in the piping. The phase shift, in degrees from the first
elbow, is calculated from
phase = [(frequency)(length) / (speed of sound)]360
CAESAR II - Users Guide Harmonic
where frequency is the frequency of wave introduction at the pump, and length is the dis-
tance from the first elbow to the current elbow under study. The magnitude of the pressure
load at each elbow is
Harmonic Force = 0.5 (Pressure variation) (Area)
Note All specified loads are considered to act together (with phasing considerations) at
each applied frequency.
Modifying Mass and Stiffness Model
Lumped masses and snubbers are modified in the same way as described for Modal Anal-
ysis.
Control Parameters
Harmonic Control Parameters
These parameters describe how the analysis will be conducted. Undamped harmonic anal-
ysis may be done by setting damping to 0.0. Details of these fields are discussed in the
Earthquake (Spectrum) CAESAR II - Users Guide
Earthquake (Spectrum)
Earthquake loads are defined by defining one or more response spectra and applying them
in a specified direction over part or all of the piping system.
Spectrum Definitions
Response spectrum table values can be entered directly or built and stored as a file for use
by CAESAR II. Data stored in a file can be referenced by any job run on the machine. In
either case, for a response table to be used by CAESAR II it must first be defined in the
Spectrum Definitions page. There are two parts to the shock definition - 1) the statement
of the name and type of data and 2) the table of actual spectrum data points. If the spec-
trum data is to be read from a file, the second part of the shock definition is not necessary.
Spectrum Definition describes the type of data in the spectrum (period or frequency vs.
Force Multiplier/DLF, Acceleration, Velocity, or Displacement) as well as the interpola-
tion method for each axis. In order to define a spectrum, the user should add a blank line.
Note To indicate that the spectrum is to be read from a file the symbol # should
immediately proceed the spectrum name. (The name of the file is the name of the
spectrum, without the # symbol, and no extension is allowed.) Subsequent ref-
erences to that spectrum do not use the # symbol.
CAESAR II - Users Guide Earthquake (Spectrum)
If not read in from a file, the data points for a user-entered spectrum may be
entered by using the Tools - Spectrum Data Points command, selecting the
spectrum name, and entering the data.
Likewise, pressing the Read From File button will read in data from any text file set up
with two entries per range.
Data Points
CAESAR II also has several shock spectra built in. These spectra may be used as part of a
shock load case without further input.
ELCENTRO - Based on the May 18, 1940 El Centro California earthquake N-S com-
ponent, and applies to elastic systems with 5-10% damping. Values are taken from
Biggs - Introduction to Structural Dynamics.
1.60H.5 - U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Regulatory Guide 1.60 Rev. 1, Dec. 1973
Horizontal Design Response Spectra for 0.5% critically damped systems.
1.60H2 - Other AEC horizontal spectra for 2, 5, 7 and 10% critically damped systems.
1.60H5
1.60H7
1.60H10
1.60V.5 - Other AEC vertical spectra for 0.5, 2, 5, 7 and 10% critically damped sys-
tems.
1.60V2
1.60V5
Spectrum
Data Points
1.60V7
1.60V10
UBCSOIL1 - Spectra from Uniform Building Code, 1991, soil type 1
UBCSOIL2 - Spectra from Uniform Building Code, 1991 soil type 2
UBCSOIL3 - Spectra from Uniform Building Code, 1991 soil type 3
Note Use of the Reg. Guide 1.60 or UBC spectra requires the input of the ZPA (zero
period acceleration) in the Control Parameters. This is the maximum ground
acceleration at the site and is used to scale the spectrum curves. The default ZPA
is 0.5g.
Spectrum Load Cases
Spectrum Load Cases
Load cases consist of simultaneously applied spectra. Each spectrum in the shock case is
assigned a direction and factor. For earthquakes, the direction input defines the orienta-
tion of the uniform inertial loading (commonly earthquakes have 3 direction components:
X, Y, and Z). The factor is used to modify the magnitude of the shock. For example, the
seismic evaluation of a piping system might include two Spectrum/Time History Load
Cases: 1) 1.0 (100%) times of the El Centro spectrum in the X direction and 0.67 (67%)
times of the El Centro spectrum in the Y direction and 2) 1.0 in Z and 0.67 in Y.
CAESAR II also supports options for independent support motion earthquakes. Here,
parts of the system are exposed to different shocks. An example is a piping system sup-
ported both from ground and building supports. Because the building will filter the earth-
quake, supports attached to the building will not be exposed to the same shock as the
supports attached to the ground. In this case two different shock inputs are required, one
for the ground supports, and one for the building supports. To specify an independent sup-
port motion shock the node range that defines a particular group of supports must be
given. Additionally, the maximum displacement (seismic anchor movements) of the sup-
port attachment point must be specified.
The example below shows first a typical uniform support earthquake specification, and
second a typical independent support motion earthquake:
* UNIFORM SUPPORT MOTION EARTHQUAKE INPUT
ELCENTRO 1 X
ELCENTRO 1 Z
ELCENTRO .667 Y
* INDEPENDENT SUPPORT MOTION EARTHQUAKE INPUT
HGROUND 1 X 1 100 1 0.25
HGROUND 1 Z 1 100 1 0.25
VGROUND 1 Y 1 100 1 0.167
HBUILDING 1 X 101 300 1 0.36
HBUILDING 1 Z 101 300 1 0.36
VBUILDING 1 Y 101 300 1 0.24
The uniform support motion earthquake above contains only components of the El Centro
earthquake acting uniformly through all of the supports. There is a 33% reduction in the
earthquakes magnitude in the Y direction.
The independent support motion earthquake above has two different support groups: the
1-100 group, and the 101-300 group. The 1-100 group are exposed to a ground spectrum.
The 101-300 group are exposed to a building spectrum. Different horizontal and vertical
components were given for both the ground and the building spectra. The last values spec-
ified are the seismic support movements.
Stress types may be assigned to the spectrum load cases by selecting from the drop list. If
the Fatigue stress type is selected, the user should also enter the number of anticipated
load cycles.
Static/Dynamic Combinations
Each shock case produces an output report listing displacements, forces, moments, and
stresses. For stresses, however, most piping codes combine the occasional dynamic
stresses with the sustained static stresses. It is the sustained plus occasional stress sum that
is compared to the occasional allowable stress. This occasional stress combination is pro-
vided through the Static/Dynamic Combinations page. Each combination references the
static load case number and the dynamic load case number to be combined. The static load
case number identifies one of the static load cases (usually the sustained case) in the static
output. In most cases this is static load case 4 if hanger sizing is included, or load case 2 if
it is not. The numbers used to reference the dynamic cases are set by the order of the
dynamic load case input. Factors are specified with the static and dynamic case numbers
to increase or decrease the summed values. Any static/dynamic combination specified will
produce an additional dynamic output report. There can be any number of static or
dynamic loads summed together in a single load case. Each case to be added should be
placed on a separate line. Both static only and dynamic only cases can be manipulated.
There is also independent control of the combination method. SRSS (Square Root of the
Sum of the Squares) methods or ABS methods can be used. The default is the ABS
method. The input to sum 100% (1.0 times) of static case 2 with 100% (1.0 times)
dynamic case 1 appears as follows:
S2 1.0
D1 1.0
Lumped Masses and Snubbers are modified in the same way as described for Modal
Analysis.
Control Parameters
These parameters describe how the analysis is to be conducted. Particular attention should
be paid to the modal summation methodology Details are discussed in the Technical Ref-
erence Manual.
Advanced Parameters
These rarely need to be changed by the user. For more information see the Technical Ref-
erence Manual.
Relief Loads (Spectrum) CAESAR II - Users Guide
Relief Loads (Spectrum)
This method is set up to solve a relief valve loading through Force Spectrum Methodol-
ogy. In order to analyze a piping system for a relief valve loading, it is first necessary to
estimate the force-time profile for the loading. This must then be converted to a Force
Multiplier (Dynamic Load Factor) spectrum. The applied force then must be applied in
conjunction with this spectrum.
Relief Load Synthesis
Relief Load Synthesis
If the user does not know the characteristics of the relief valve load, the Tools-
Relief Load Synthesis Command provides a calculation scratch pad based
upon a model of a relief valve venting steam or liquid to atmosphere. This
utility can be used to estimate relief valve thrust loads, exit velocities, and
pressures which can in turn be used to estimate the force vs. time profile of the
applied load. Once all data is entered, pressing the Calculate Results button
performs the calculations. For more information, see the Technical Refer-
ence Manual.
Means of estimating the Force-Time profile for a relief load are shown in the Applica-
tions Guide.
Relief
Load
Synthesis
CAESAR II - Users Guide Relief Loads (Spectrum)
Pulse Table/DLF Spectrum Generation
The Tools-DLF Spectrum Generator command allows the user to convert a
known Force-Time load profile into a Dynamic Load Factor Spectrum in
order to solve a problem using spectrum methodology. The user must desig-
nate a file name to which the DLF spectrum is to be written, as well as the
maximum frequency to use, and the number of data points to generate.
Pressing the Create Table button allows the user to enter data defining the Force-Time
profile and then generate the DLF spectrum.
DLF
Spectrum
Generator
DLF Spectrum
Response spectrum table values can be entered directly or built and stored as a file for use
by CAESAR II such as those generated through the DLF Spectrum Generator. Data
stored in a file can be referenced by any job run on the machine. There are two parts to the
shock definition - 1) the statement of the name and type of data and 2) the table of actual
spectrum data points. If the spectrum data is to be read from a file, the second part of the
shock definition is not necessary, instead, the symbol # should precede the spectrum name
to indicate that the data comes from a file on the hard disk. The name of the hard disk file
is the name of the shock spectrum without the symbol and without an extension; it must be
located in the same directory as the piping job.
When using a file created by the DLF Spectrum Generator, the user must tell CAESAR II
the type of data which resides in the file. (The actual file only contains a table of data
points.) This will always be Frequency vs. Force-Multiplier data, with linear interpolation)
so a typical definition might look like
#TESTFILE FREQ FORCE LIN LIN
This line tells CAESAR II that there is a file containing spectrum table points on the hard
disk by the name of TESTFILE, the table is comprised of frequency versus force multi-
plier data, and is to be interpolated linearly.
Note The data in this file may alternatively be read in directly from the Spectrum Data
Points dialog box. In this case the "#" should be omitted from the spectrum decla-
ration.
Force Sets
Force Sets
Force spectrum analyses, such as a relief valve loading, differ from earthquake analyses in
that there is no implicit definition of the load distribution. For example, for earthquakes,
the loading is uniform over the entire structure and proportional to the pipes mass. With
relief valves (and other point loadings) the load is not uniformly distributed and is not pro-
portional to the mass. A water hammer load, for example, is proportional to the speed of
sound and the initial velocity of the fluid. Its point of application is at subsequent elbow-
elbow pairs. Force spectrum analyses require more information than the more common
earthquake simulations. This information is the load magnitude, direction, and location.
Forces are grouped into like-numbered force sets when these forces occur together, or
need to be manipulated in the analysis together. Typical force set input might appear as
-3400 Y 35 1
-1250 Y 35 2
where the -3400 and the -1250 are clearly the loads, Y is the direction, 35 is the node num-
ber, and the 1 and 2 are the respective load cases. This might indicate two different loading
levels of one particular load.
For a skewed load, the force spectrum input might appear as shown below:
-2134 Y 104 1
-2134 X 104 1
This demonstrates multiple components in a single pulse spectrum set. (In the case above
the pulse spectrum set number is 1). These forces obviously belong in the same force set,
since different components of a skewed load always occur together.
Spectrum/Load Cases
Spectrum Load Cases
Spectrum Load Cases for force spectrum analyses are set up somewhat differently than
Spectrum Load Cases for earthquake analyses. The Spectrum Load Cases for force
spectrum runs must link a Force Multiplier spectrum to a force set.
The load case definition consists of one or more lines on which a spectrum, scale factor
(usually 1.0), direction, and force set number is given.
TESTFILE 1.0 Y 1
Note The direction specified on this line does not need to be the direction of the load
(which is specified in the force set). This direction is used for labeling and desig-
nation of independent vs. dependent loadings.
More complex nuances of force spectrum load cases are discussed in the Technical Refer-
ence Manual. The complexity increases as the number of components in the load case
goes beyond 1, and as the time history phenomena being modeled deviates from true
impulse type loading.
This is discussed under Earthquake.
ysis.
Control Parameters
Control Parameters
These parameters describe how the analysis is to be conducted. Particular attention should
be paid to the modal summation methodology. Details are discussed in the Technical Ref-
erence Manual.
Advanced
These rarely need to be changed by the user. For more information, see the Technical Ref-
erence Manual.
Water Hammer/Slug Flow (Spectrum) CAESAR II - Users Guide
Water Hammer/Slug Flow (Spectrum)
Specifying the Load
This method of solving water hammer or slug problems is the force spectrum method as
used for relief valve loadings, except the relief load synthesizer is not necessary. The user
estimates a Force-Time profile, then turns it into a Force Multiplier spectrum, which is
then linked to Force sets in the load cases. Means of estimating the Force-Time profile are
shown in the Applications Guide, subsequent steps proceed as described for Relief
Loads.
This is discussed under Relief Loads.
This is done in the same way as described under Relief Loads.
Force Sets
These are set up in the same way as described under Relief Loads.
Spectrum Load Cases
Development of the load cases is identical to that discussed under Relief Loads.
Static/Dynamic combinations are set up as discussed under Earthquake.
ysis.
CAESAR II - Users Guide Time History
Time History
Time history analysis is used to solve the dynamic equation of motion for the extracted
nodes of vibration, the results of which are then summed to find the system results.
Specifying The Load
Loadings are specified in terms of Force-Time profiles and force sets. The Force-Time
profile is used to define the load timing, the force set is used to define the load direction
and location. Either the profile or the force set can be used to define the magnitude.
Time History Profile Definitions
Profile Definitions
Time history profiles are defined in a way similar to the definition of response spectra --
the profile must be given a name, data definitions (which must be Time vs. Force), and
interpolation methods. As for response spectra, the data must also be defined-either
directly or by reading in from a file (in which case the file name must be preceded by the
Time History CAESAR II - Users Guide
# symbol). The profile data may either be either be entered with actual forces, or nor-
malized to 1.0 (depending on how the force sets are defined).
One force-time profile should be defined for each load which hits the piping system (i.e.,
each independent point load). The loading case consists of one or more force profiles
which may create a staggered loading on the system.
Force Sets
Force Sets
Force sets are defined as described for Relief Loads. There should be one (or more) force
set for each load profile defined.
Note If the force-time profiles were normalized to 1.0, the maximum magnitude of the
loads should be entered here. If the profiles were entered using their actual values,
the force set values should be entered as 1.0.
CAESAR II - Users Guide Time History
Time History Load Cases
Time history load cases consist of the multiple linkages of force-time profiles to force sets,
as described to Relief Loads. Only a single load case may be defined for Time History
analyses.
Note For Time History analysis, the direction entry is used only for labeling, rather than
as an analytic input value.
This is discussed under Earthquake.
Modifying Mass and Stiffness Models
Lumped masses and snubbers are modified as described for Modal Analysis.
Control Parameters
Control Parameters
Time History CAESAR II - Users Guide
These parameters define how the analyses is to be conducted. Details are discussed in the
Advanced
These rarely need to be changed by the user. For more information see the Technical Ref-
erence Manual.
CAESAR II - Users Guide Error Handling and Analyzing the Job
Error Handling and Analyzing the Job
Executing the Check Input command from the menu or toolbar reviews the
entries on each page and notifies the user of any errors which must be fixed.
Executing the Run Analysis command from the menu or toolbar performs the
error check, and then if no errors are found, performs the analysis. In this
case, the next stop is normally the output review.
Performing the Analysis
Each of the four dynamic analysis methods - Modes, harmonic, spectrum, and Time
History - have their own procedure for producing results. All of these analyses, however,
start in the same manner. Once the dynamic input is saved and checked, CAESAR II fol-
lows an execution path similar to that found in statics. The account number is requested if
accounting is activated, the ESL is accessed (limited run ESLs are decremented), the ele-
ment and system stiffness matrices are assembled, and load vectors are created where
appropriate. For dynamics, the system mass matrix is also generated. From this point the
processing progresses according to the type of analysis selected. Each of the four types of
dynamic analyses are discussed below.
Modes
Once dynamic initialization and the basic equation assembly is completed, CAESAR II
enters the eigensolver. The eigensolver calculates the natural frequencies and modes of
vibration. Each natural frequency appears on the screen as it is calculated. The elapsed
time of the analysis is also listed with the frequency. The processor essentially searches for
the natural frequencies, starting with the lowest, and continues until the frequency cutoff is
exceeded or the mode count reaches its limit. Both the frequency cutoff and mode cutoff
are dynamic analysis control parameters. The frequencies appear to pop out in a random
fashion, perhaps three in rapid succession and then one more several seconds later. The
amount of time to calculate (or find) these frequencies is a function of the system size, the
grouping of the frequencies and the cutoff settings. Eigensolution may be cancelled at any
time, with the analysis continuing using the mode shapes selected up to that point. After
the last frequency is calculated, CAESAR II uses the Sturm Sequence Check to confirm
that no modes were skipped. If the check fails, the user may either return to the dynamic
input or continue with the spectral analysis. (Sturm Sequence Check failures are usually
satisfied if the frequency cutoff is set to a value greater than the last frequency calculated.)
Check Input
Run Analysis
Error Handling and Analyzing the Job CAESAR II - Users Guide
Eigensolver
After calculation, control is passed to the Dynamic Output Processor. Natural frequencies
and mode shapes can be reviewed in text format, or the node shapes can be displayed in
and animated fashion.
Harmonic
For each forcing frequency listed in the dynamic input, CAESAR II performs a separate
analysis. These analyses are similar to static analyses and take the same amount of time to
complete. At the completion of each solution the forcing frequency, its largest calculated
deflection, and the phase angle associated with it are listed on the screen. The root results
for each frequency, and the system deflections, are saved for further processing. Only
twenty frequencies may be carried beyond this point and into the output processor. When
all frequencies are analyzed, CAESAR II presents the frequencies on the screen and
allows the user to select those needed (in terms of frequency and phase angle) for further
analysis. This choice can be made after checking deflections at pertinent nodes for those
frequencies.
Selection of Phase Angles
Phased solutions are generated when damping is considered or when the user enters phase
angles in the dynamic input.
For all phased harmonic analyses, the user is given a choice of selecting from 18 sepa-
rate phase angle solutions, (including the cycle maxima and minima) for each excitation
frequency. Each separate phase angle solution represents a point in time during one com-
plete cycle of the systems response. The primary difference between a solution with and
without phase angles is when phase angles are entered, there is no way of knowing before-
hand just when the maximum stresses, forces, and displacements are going to occur during
CAESAR II - Users Guide Error Handling and Analyzing the Job
the cycle. For this reason, the displacements and stresses are often checked for a number
of points during the cycle for each excitation frequency. The user must select these points
interactively when the harmonic solution ends. There will be a complete displacement,
force, moment, and stress solution for each frequency/phase selected for output. Since
there are only 99 cases possible for any one harmonic output processing session, the user
with many excitation frequencies must use the interactive selection process judiciously. In
most cases the largest displacement solution will represent the largest stress solution, but
this is not always guaranteed. The user is also presented with the option of letting CAE-
SAR II select the frequency/phase pairs offering the largest displacements on a system
basis. The displaced shapes for the remaining frequencies are then processed just like
static cases with local force, moment, and stress calculations. Control then shifts to an out-
put processor identical to the static output processor. The output processor also provides
the user an animated display of the harmonic results. Users should remember that all har-
monic results are amplitudes. For example, if a harmonic stress is reported as 15200 psi,
then the stress due to the dynamic load, which will be superimposed onto any steady state
component of the stress, can be expected to vary between +15200 psi and -15200 psi. The
total stress range due to this particular dynamic loading would be 30400 psi.
Spectrum
The spectrum analysis procedure can be broken down into three tasks - 1) calculate the
systems natural frequencies, mode shapes, and mass participation factors; 2) using the
system frequencies, pull the corresponding response amplitudes from the spectrum table
and calculate the system response for each mode of vibration; 3) combine the modal
responses and directional components of the shock.
The first part of the analysis proceeds exactly as with the modal analysis.
After the natural frequencies are calculated, system displacements, forces, moments, and
stresses are calculated on the modal level and combined. Once all the results are collected,
the dynamic analysis output screen appears. The spectral results may be examined here,
and the user may also review the natural frequencies and animated mode shapes.
Time History
The modal time history analysis follows steps similar to a spectrum analysis. The modes
of vibration of the system are computed, the dynamic equation of motion is solved through
numeric integration techniques for each mode at a number of successive time steps, with
the modal results being summed, yielding system responses at each time step.
The output processor displays one load case (and optionally, one load combination) with
the maximum loads developed throughout the load application. There also are as many
snap-shot cases as requested by the user.
Error Handling and Analyzing the Job CAESAR II - Users Guide
Chapter 9:
Dynamic Output
Processing
Contents
Entry into the Processor - - - - - 2
Report Types - - - - - - - - - - - - 5
Notes on Printing or Saving
Reports to a File - - - - - - - - 13
Animation of Dynamic
Results - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 14
This chapter discusses how to use
the Dynamic Output Processor and
the types of reports that are avail-
able.
Entry into the Processor CAESAR II - Users Guide
9-2 Dynamic Output Processing
Entry into the Processor
The dynamic output processor is accessed directly following completion of the dynamic
analysis, or it may be accessed anytime subsequently from the Main Menu Output
options.
Dynamic Analysis Output
There are four types of dynamic output results to process:
Harmonic results
Frequency/Modal results from a Mode-Only solution (this solution also exists if a
spectrum solution was run).
Spectrum results, from earthquake, waterhammer, and relief valve solutions
Time History results
Harmonic results are reviewed using the static output processor, which is discussed in
Chapter 7 (special notes on reviewing harmonic results are presented later in this chapter).
The other three solution types share the same dynamic output processor. Upon entry to this
processor, a screen similar to that of the static output processor appears:
CAESAR II - Users Guide Entry into the Processor
Dynamic Output Processing 9-3
Dynamic Processor
The left-hand column shows the load cases that were analyzed. The top center column
shows the reports available for those load cases. The right-hand column shows General
Results, or reports that are not associated with load cases.
For Spectrum analyses, the load cases listed constitute all of the Spectrum load cases as
well as all of the static/dynamic combinations. For Time History analysis, the listed loads
are the results maxima case and each of the snap-shot cases for the single Time His-
tory load case and each of the static/dynamic combinations.
The user can select the reports and the loadcases to be viewed by highlighting one or more
load cases (if necessary) and simultaneously one or more reports (reports in the right-hand
column do not require that a report be highlighted). (Selection is done by clicking, ctrl-
clicking, and shift-clicking with the mouse.) These reports can then be printed, printed to
file, saved to file or displayed.
Entry into the Processor CAESAR II - Users Guide
A number of commands are available from this screen:
File-OpenOpens a different job for output review. The user is prompted for
the desired file; Modal/Spectrum results are stored in *._s files, while Time
History results are stored in *._t files.
PrintPrints the selected reports.
SaveWrites the selected reports to file, in ASCII format.
AnimateAllows the user to view animated motion. Modem and spectrum
results allow animation of the mode shapes, while time history analysis pro-
vides an animated simulation of the system response to the force-time profile.
InputReturns to the piping input processor.
TitleAllows the user to enter report titles for this group of reports.
View ReportsDisplays the selected reports on the terminal. Each report
selected is presented, one at a time, for inspection. Users may scroll through
the reports where necessary. Specific node numbers or results can be located
and highlighted with the FIND (ctrl-F) command. To move to the next report
the user should click the right-arrow button.
Microsoft Word Output For those users with access to Microsoft
Word, CAESAR II provides the ability to send output reports directly to
Word. This permits the use of all of Words formatting features (font selec-
tion, margin control, etc.) and printer support from the CAESAR II program.
This feature is activated through use of the button when producing a
report. Users can append multiple reports to form a final report, by selecting
the desired reports, clicking the button, closing Word, selecting the next
report to be added, clicking the button again, etc. A table of contents, is
displayed reflecting the cumulatively produced reports.
File-Open
File-Print
File-Save
Animate
Input
Title
View Reports
Microsoft
Word

CAESAR II - Users Guide Report Types
Report Types
There are two types of reports available from the dynamic output processor. There are
those associated with specific load cases (the Report Options shown in the center col-
umn) and those not associated with specific load cases (the General Results in the right
column).
Note For Modal analysis, there are no load cases, so the center column is blank
Reports associated with load cases are those associated with the spectral or time history
displacement solution. The Report Options are displacements, reactions, forces,
moments and stresses.
Displacements
This report gives the magnitude of the displacement for each load case. For spectral
results, due to summing methodology, all displacement values in this report are positive.
For time history analysis, the values are correctly signed.
The displacement report gives the maximum displacement that is anticipated due to the
application of the dynamic shock. For spectral analysis, note that all of the displacement
values are positive. The direction of the displacement is indeterminate, i.e. there will be a
tendency for the system to oscillate due to the potential energy stored after undergoing
some maximum dynamic movement. The displacements printed are relative to the move-
ment of the earth.
Restraints
This report gives the magnitude of the reactions for each load case. A typical entry is
shown as follows:
NODE FX
5 716
649
2X(1)
The first line for each node contains the maximum load that occurred at some time during
the dynamic event. The second line for each node contains the maximum modal contribu-
tion to the load, and the third line for each node tells which mode and loading was respon-
sible for the maximum. This form of the report permits easy identification of the culprit
modes.
The mode identification line is broken down as follows:
2 X (1)
mode load direction (load component)
Report Types CAESAR II - Users Guide
For example, at node 5 the resultant dynamic load due to the shock was 716. The largest
modal component (of the 716) was 649, due to mode 2, and produced by the first X direc-
tion component (either the first support motion set for displacement response spectrum
analysis or the first force set for force response spectrum analysis). This form of dynamic
output report allows us to know if there is a problem, and if there is, then which mode of
vibration and load component is the major contributor to the problem.
If the component shows up as a (P), then it was the pseudostatic (seismic anchor move-
ment) contribution of the loading that resulted in the major component of the response. If
the component shows up as an (M), this indicates that it was the missing mass contribu-
tion. A typical restraint report follows:
CAESAR II SUPPORT REACTIONS FILE: T133-A
(OCC) Shock Case #1 DATE: MAY 22,1989
NODE Forces(lb.) Moments(ft.lb.)
TOTALS FX FY FZ MX MY MZ
MODAL MAX FX/Mode FY/Mode FZ/Mode MX/Mode MY/Mode MZ/Mode
5 716 617 477 4099 10682 10238 Rigid Anchor
649 546 324 2614 7500 8896
2 X(1) 1 Y(1) 2 X(1) 3 Y(1) 2 X(1) 1 Y(1)
70 315 813 749 8868 13343 11436 Rigid Anchor
207 652 648 8675 11597 9805
1 Y(1) 1 Y(1) 2 X(1) 1 Y(1) 2 X(1) 1 Y(1)
Local Forces
This report gives elemental forces and moments in the element local a-b-c coordinate sys-
tem. The a-b-c coordinate system is defined as follows:
For straight pipe not connected to an intersection:
a is along the element axis (i.e. perpendicular to the pipe cross-section)
b is axY, unless a is vertical and then b is along X
c is axb.
For bends and elbows, and for each segment end:
b is normal to the plane of the bend
c is axb
For intersections, and for each segment framing into the intersection:
b is normal to the plane of the intersection
c is axb
Note x indicates the vector cross product.
Force, moment, and stress reports are similar to restraint reports in that each has the maxi-
mum response, followed by the modal maximum, followed by the modal maximum load
identifier. All force/moment reports are setup to represent the forces and moments that act
on the end of the element to keep the element in equilibrium.
Global Forces
This report contains information identical to that given above for local forces except that it
is oriented along the global X, Y, and Z axes. A typical report follows:
CAESAR II GLOBAL FORCE REPORT FILE: T133-A
(OCC) Shock Case #1 DATE: MAY 22, 1989
NODE Forces(lb.) Moments(ft.lb.)
TOTALS FX FY FZ MX MY MZ
MODE MAX FX/Mode FY/Mode FZ/Mode MX/Mode MY/Mode MZ/Mode
5 716 617 477 4099 10682 10238
649 546 324 2614 7500 8896
2 X(1) 1 Y(1) 2 X(1) 3 Y(1) 2 X(1) 1 Y(1)
10 716 617 477 4099 6771 6442
649 546 324 2614 4799 4343
2 X(1) 1 Y(1) 2 X(1) 3 Y(1) 2 X(1) 1 Y(1)
Stresses
The stress report contains axial, bending, maximum octahedral, and code stresses as well
as in-plane and out-of-plane stress intensification factors. These reports contain mode, and
modal maximum data as well. A typical report follows:
CAESAR II STRESS REPORT FILE: T133-A
(OCC)Shock Case #1 DATE: MAY 22, 1989
NODES Stress(lb./sq.in.)(lb./sq.in.)
TOTALS AXIAL BENDING TORSION MAX OCT STRESS ALLOW
MODE MAX AX/Mode BND/Mode TOR/Mode OCT/Mode SIF1 SIF0 STRESS/Mode
5 60 5937 822 2897 1.00 1.00 6161 0
54 4449 524 2139 4561
2 X(1) 1 Y(1) 3 Y(1) 1 Y(1) 1 Y(1)
10 60 3750 822 1913 1.00 1.00 4095 0
54 2587 524 1273 2667
2 X(1) 2 X(1) 3 Y(1) 2 X(1) 2 X(1)
Forces/Stresses
This report is intended to be a brief summary of the forces and code stresses for a particu-
lar load case. This report contains maximum responses only, the calculated stress, and its
allowable.
CAESAR II FORCE/STRESS REPORT FILE: T133-A
(OCC) Shock Case #1 DATE: MAY 22, 1989
Forces(lb.) Moments(ft.lb.) (lb./sq.in.)
NODE FX FY FZ MX MY MZ SIF1 SIF0 STRESS ALLOW
5 716 617 477 4099 10682 10238 1.00 1.00 6161 0
10 716 617 477 4099 6771 6442 1.00 1.00 4095 0
Cumulative Usage
This report is available only when there are one or more Fatigue Stress types present. Only
one report is generated, regardless of the number of Fatigue load cases selected. The report
shows, on an element-by-element basis, the impact of each load case on the total Fatigue
allowable, as well as the cumulative impact of all simultaneously selected load cases. If
the total Usage Factor exceeds 1.0, this implies Fatigue failure under that loading condi-
tion.
The General Results reports comprise the following and are independent of the load cases
selected. They are as follows:
Mass Participation Factors
This report gives one number for each mode and load direction for each dynamic load
case. This value provides the user with a feel for the effect the dynamic loading and the
mass had on the particular mode. Neither the absolute magnitude nor its sign has any sig-
nificance, only the relationship between values for a single load case is important.
CAESAR II MASS PARTICIPATION FILE:T133-A EXAMPLE DYNAMIC OUTPUT
DATE: MAY 22, 1989
SHOCK
PARTICIPATION SCALE Cosines
MODE FREQ FACTOR FACTOR CX CY CZ DESCRIPTION
DYNAMIC SHOCK LOAD CASE 1
1 1.7 56631 1.00 1.0 .0 .0 ELCENTRO
1 1.7 -4.71611 1.00 .0 1.0 .0 ELCENTRO
2 2.1 -2.67370 1.00 1.0 .0 .0 ELCENTRO
2 2.1 1.20175 1.00 .0 1.0 .0 ELCENTRO
3 3.1 23674 1.00 1.0 .0 .0 ELCENTRO
3 3.1 88717 1.00 .0 1.0 .0 ELCENTRO
Natural Frequencies
Calculated modal natural frequencies are reported in Hertz and radians per second; period
is reported in seconds.
CAESAR II NATURAL FREQUENCIES FILE: T133-A
DATE: MAY 22, 1989
(Hz) (Radians/Sec) (Sec)
MODE FREQUENCY FREQUENCY PERIOD
1 1.652 10.379 .605
2 2.083 13.090 .480
3 3.054 19.186 .327
Modes Mass Normalized
A mass normalization procedure is used to compute valued magnitudes for mode shapes.
A number of programs use this normalization procedure, and this report was generated to
make it easier for CAESAR II users to compare their results to other programs results.
Modes Unity Normalized
This report scales the largest displacement in the mode shape to 1.0, with all other dis-
placements and rotations scaled accordingly. This mode report is the easiest way to get a
feel for the shape of the mode.
The example shows two mode shapes from a small job. Users should note that in the first
mode the largest single component is in the Y direction (which we would expect from the
earlier participation factor report), and in the second mode the largest single component is
in the Z direction.
Note Unity normalized means that the largest displacement component in the mode is
set to 1.0 and all other displacement values are scaled accordingly.
CAESAR II MODE SHAPES FILE: T133-A
UNITY NORMALIZED DATE: MAY 22, 1989
Translations Rotations
NODE DX DY DZ RX RY RZ
MODE 1 Frequency (Hz) = 1.652
5 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
10 .0000 -.0562 .0436 .0005 -.0008 -.0010
15 .1340 -.0563 .1051 .0007 -.0016 -.0017
20 -.0521 -.1124 .1052 .0003 -.0021 -.0026
25 -.0521 -.4037 .3368 -.0005 -.0024 -.0031
30 -.0521 -.7062 .5845 -.0014 -.0025 -.0029
35 -.0521 -.9655 .8820 -.0023 -.0023 -.0022
40 .1290 -.9655 .5606 -.0029 -.0019 -.0014
45 .2314 -.9655 .2369 -.0035 -.0016 -.0007
50 .2313 -1.0000 .3842 -.0041 -.0014 -.0001
55 .2175 -.9999 -.0500 -.0045 -.0013 .0003
60 .0001 -.1608 -.0500 -.0034 -.0007 .0011
65 .0000 -.0541 -.0082 -.0017 -.0002 .0009
70 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
MODE 2 Frequency (Hz) = 2.083
5 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
10 -.0002 .0517 .0857 .0005 -.0016 .0011
15 -.1389 .0517 .1497 .0006 -.0032 .0015
20 -.4981 .0045 .1498 .0003 -.0038 .0011
25 -.4983 .1026 .5105 -.0002 -.0034 .0009
30 -.4984 .1878 .8064 -.0007 -.0025 .0008
35 -.4985 .2793 1.0000 -.0013 -.0014 .0010
40 -.6057 .2793 .8575 -.0015 .0002 .0010
45 -.6796 .2792 .7022 -.0015 .0017 .0004
50 -.6797 .2865 .4858 -.0010 .0025 -.0002
55 -.6495 .2864 .4158 -.0002 .0030 -.0004
60 -.0001 .1785 .4155 .0008 .0032 -.0012
65 .0000 .0598 .1274 .0004 .0023 -.0010
70 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
Included Mass Data
This report displays the percent of the total system mass/force included in the extracted
modes, and the percent of system mass/force included in the missing mass correction (if
any) for each of the individual shocks of each of the dynamic load cases. This value gives
an indication of the accuracy of the total system response captured by the dynamic model,
with 100% being the difficult to achieve ideal.
The first 3 items displayed by the report are the Load Case, the Shock Description, and
the direction cosines. The next item, the % Mass Included, shows the percentage of mass
active in each of the X, Y, and Z directions. Following the
% Mass Included is the % Force Active. This value is computed by taking the algebraic
sum in each of the global directions, and then applying the SRSS method to each of the
three directions. (The sums of the three directions are added vectorally.) The final column
displays the % Force Added. This value is obtained by taking the % Force Active and
subtracting from 100.
Input Listing
This report, which may be displayed or printed, lists the input for the piping model or for
the dynamic input.
Mass Model
The Mass Model shows how CAESAR II lumped masses for the dynamic runs. The mass
lumping report should show a fairly uniform distribution of masses. Large or irregular
variations in the values shown should be investigated. Usually these large values can be
reduced by breaking down exceedingly long, straight runs of pipe.
The mass lumping report shown below is very uniform in distribution and should produce
a good dynamic solution. Note that rotational terms are ignored by CAESAR II.
CAESAR II MASS MODEL FILE: T133-A
EXAMPLE DYNAMIC OUTPUT DATE: MAY 22,1989
Translational (lbm) Rotational
5 172.6228 172.6228 172.6228 .0000 .0000 .0000
10 345.2455 345.2455 345.2455 .0000 .0000 .0000
15 345.2455 345.2455 345.2455 .0000 .0000 .0000
20 345.2455 345.2455 345.2455 .0000 .0000 .0000
25 345.2455 345.2455 345.2455 .0000 .0000 .0000
30 345.2455 345.2455 345.2455 .0000 .0000 .0000
35 345.2455 345.2455 345.2455 .0000 .0000 .0000
40 345.2455 345.2455 345.2455 .0000 .0000 .0000
45 345.2455 345.2455 345.2455 .0000 .0000 .0000
50 345.2455 345.2455 345.2455 .0000 .0000 .0000
55 517.8690 517.8690 517.8690 .0000 .0000 .0000
60 517.8690 517.8690 517.8690 .0000 .0000 .0000
65 345.2455 345.2455 345.2455 .0000 .0000 .0000
70 172.6228 172.6228 172.6228 .0000 .0000 .0000
Boundary Conditions
The Active Boundary Condition Report shows the user how CAESAR II dealt with the
nonlinear restraints in the job. It shows which directional supports were included, which
gaps were assumed closed, and just how friction resistance was modeled.
CAESAR II - Users Guide Notes on Printing or Saving Reports to a File
CAESAR II DYNAMIC BOUNDARY FILE: T133-A
EXAMPLE DYNAMIC OUTPUT CONDITION REPORT DATE: MAY 22, 1989
Cosines (lb./in.)
NODE X Y Z STIFFNESS DESCRIPTION
5 1.000 1.000 1.000 .100000E+13 Rigid Anchor
70 1.000 1.000 1.000 .100000E+13 Rigid Anchor
The tabular results brought to the screen may be sent directly to a printer. To
print a hard copy of the reports, click the File-Print button.
To send reports to a file rather than the printer, the user should click the File-
Save button. Upon initial selection, the user is presented with a file dialog to
select the name of the file. To change the file name for a new report, the user
should select File-Save As.
To send reports to Microsoft Word, click the button. The reports display
in Microsoft Word where you can access Microsoft Words feature set.
All reports that are to be saved in the output file need not be declared at one
time. Subsequent reports sent to the file during the session are appended to the
file started in the session. (These output files are only closed when a new out-
put device, file or printer is defined.) Upon closing the report, a table of con-
tents is added.
File-Print
File-Save
Microsoft Word
Animation of Dynamic Results CAESAR II - Users Guide
Animation of Dynamic Results
CAESAR II allows the user to view the piping system as it moves to the basic load cases
deflected position. This animation is achieved by collecting a series of deflected shapes
each with progressively greater deflection. These stored shapes are then quickly displayed
in a loop, thereby animating the image.
To animate the static results click either of the Animation buttons or select Options-Ani-
mation and the following screen appears:
Dynamic Animation
Z
X
Y
CAESAR II - Users Guide Animation of Dynamic Results
Choose the animation output processor. The animated plot module is loaded and a plot of
the piping system is presented to the user. The load case may be selected from the Load
Case drop list. The Action Menu contains the dynamics review options. Each option is
discussed as follows:
MotionThis option causes the graphics processor to animate the cur-
rent plot. If node numbers are displayed, then they too are animated. The
animation calculations may take several seconds, depending on the com-
plexity of the plot. The screen goes blank during the calculations, but
small beeps are heard that indicate computations are proceeding. Once
the plot is moving on the screen, it may be sped up, slowed down, or
stopped using the toolbars.
Volume ModeThis option causes the graphics processor to animate a
volume drawing of the current plot geometry. These calculations take
considerably longer than the center-line Motion plots.
NodesPuts the node numbers on the plot.
Titles Toggles the animation title on and off.
Motion
Volume
Mode
Nodes
The view toolbar contains commands that can be used to change views. Each option is dis-
cussed as follows:
Reset PlotThis option resets the plot to its default orientation (isomet-
ric or centered view).
Zoom to WindowThis option controls the size of the model view by
left-clicking and dragging the mouse to draw a box on the view. When the
mouse is released the box disappears and the plot is redrawn, centered and
scaled according to the size and location of the temporary box.
Zoom to ExtentThis option changes the current view to full-size and
centers the plot window.
Front PlaneThis option sets the view looking toward the origin from
the front.
Back PlaneThis option sets the view looking toward the origin from
the back.
Top PlaneThis option sets the view looking toward the origin from the
top.
Bottom PlaneThis option sets the view looking toward the origin from
the bottom.
Left PlaneThis option sets the view looking toward the origin from the
left.
Right PlaneThis option sets the view looking toward the origin from
the right.
Set ISO ViewThis option sets the CAESAR II default isometric view.
OrbitThis option allows the user to rotate the model by clicking and
dragging the mouse within the plot view. The rotation is in the direction
of mouse movement and with some practice the user can precisely change
the view.
ZoomThis option allows the user to control the size of the view by
clicking and dragging the mouse within the plot views. The effects of
dragging the mouse are as follows:
Drag UpZoom in
Drag DownZoom out
Drag RightFine zoom out
Drag LeftFine zoom in
PanThis option allows the user to pan the model through clicking and
dragging the mouse. The model follows the mouse in direction and extent.
Note Small mouse movements increase control of the Orbit, Zoom, and Pan features.
Zoom
Orbit
Pan
Reset Plot
Zoom to
Window
Zoom to
Extent
Front Plane
Back Plane
Top Plane
Bottom
Plane
Left Plane
Right Plane
Set ISO
View
CAESAR II - Users Guide Animation of Dynamic Results
Perspective ProjectionThis option displays the view in perspective
when the Isometric View is enabled.
Orthographic ProjectionThis option displays the view orthographi-
cally when the Isometric is enabled.
Speed UpThis option increases the animation rate.
Slow DownThis option decreases the animation rate.
StopThis option freezes the animation rate.
Element Info
When activating the Element Viewer during Time History Animation, the nodal displace-
ments, forces, moments, code stress, and SIFs are provided for the element and time-step
selected. The PREVIOUS and NEXT buttons in the element viewer allow the user to
"step through" the model elements at the current time-step. The current element is high-
lighted in the animation view for precise visual element identification.
Element ViewerThis option works in conjunction with the Time His-
tory Output to display specific element information for a given time-
step.
Previous Time StepThis option works in conjunction with the Time
History Animation and the Element Viewer, to display relevant infor-
mation at the previous time step, or to back space the animation when in
"freeze" mode.
Next Time StepThis option works in conjunction with the Time His-
tory Animation and the Element Viewer, to display relevant information
at the next time step, or to advance the animation one time step when in
"freeze" mode.
Perspective
Projection
Orthographic
Projection
Slow Down
Stop
Speed Up
Next Time
Step
Element
Viewer
Previous
Time Step
CASE
The user may select the load case /mode to animate from the drop-down list. The fre-
quency or load case associated with the animation is shown in the upper part of the plot
whenever TITLE is activated.
PRINT MOTION
This option, available from the File menu, prints a display of all of the vibration positions
of the current mode. It is not available for Time History Motion.
For clarity reasons, the single line (Motion) option is preferable for printed output. The
Volume Motion option generates an output which is often too cluttered to be useful.
Chapter 10:
Structural Steel
Modeling
Contents
Overview of Structural
Capability in CAESAR II - - - 2
Sample Input - - - - - - - - - - - - 9
Structural Steel
Example #1 - - - - - - - - - - - 9
Structural Steel
Example #2 - - - - - - - - - - - 13
Structural Steel
Example #3 - - - - - - - - - - - 25
This chapter illustrates structural
steel modeling through examples.
Overview of Structural Capability in CAESAR II CAESAR II - Users Guide
10-2 Structural Steel Modeling
Overview of Structural Capability in CAESAR II
Structural Steel Frame
The CAESAR II structural element preprocessor is started from the Main Menu by first
opening an existing (or new) structural file, and then using the Input-Structural com-
mand. The following screen appears:
CAESAR II - Users Guide Overview of Structural Capability in CAESAR II
Structural Steel Modeling 10-3
Input - Structural Steel
Note Structural file names should be limited to eight characters (with no embedded
spaces) since CAESAR II currently is unable to include long file names in piping
models. The structural file must also be located in the same directory as the piping
model.
Input is interactive/batch keyword. This is a method of input most familiar to the finite
element/structural analyst and probably not so familiar to the piping engineer. Those users
not already familiar with keyword type input should pay particular attention to the
examples, and make liberal use of the help functions ([F1]).
The general input format is:
<keyword>, <par ameter #1>, <par ameter #2>, ..., <par ameter #n>
or
<keyword>, <key1=n1>, <key2 = n2>, ..., <key3 = n3>
For exampl e......
FIX 5 ALL Fi xes node 5, al l degrees of freedom
SECID = 1,W10X49Defi nes pr operti es for secti on #1.
EDIM 5 10 DY=12-0Defi ne verti cal member from 5 to 10.
Example Input
Since many structures have a considerable degree of repeatability, there are various
forms, options, and deviations of the above commands to help the user generate large
structural models quickly and easily. For the most part however, and albeit with a little
more time and effort, the above method of single element generation is well suited to most
pipers needs.
The most commonl y used keywor ds are shown as fol l ows:
EDIM............ Defi ne str uctur al el ement
FIX................ Defi ne str uctur al anchor (ALL) or restr ai nt
LOAD ........... Defi ne concentrated for ces
UNIF................Define uniform loads
SECID..............Define cross section properties
A full explanation of all keywords is included in the Technical Reference Manual.
Each of the keyword statements is built and or edited using dialog boxes.
Existing data lines may be edited by selecting the line; an appropriately-popu-
lated dialog box appears. After changing the data, the Edit-Replace menu
command replaces the current line; the Edit-Add menu command adds the
line to the end of the file. The dialog box may also be dragged-and-dropped to
any other location in the file using the mouse. Existing lines may be deleted
with the Edit-Delete menu command.
Edit-Replace
Edit-Add
Edit-Delete
New lines may be created by selecting a keyword command from the menu or from the
toolbars. After filling in the data fields, the Add toolbar adds the line to the end of file, or
the dialog may be dragged-and-dropped to any other location in the file.
All lists are printed with index numbers and many of the node and element commands
accept index numbers as well as actual node numbers. To specify an index number instead
of a node number enclose the value in parentheses, i.e. FIX (1) TO (10) ALL, fixes the
first 10 nodes in the node list. (In many cases using an index instead of a node number can
greatly facilitate pattern generation).
Certain commands set parameters that remain set for all further element generations.
DEFAULT sets the default section and material ID, ANGLE sets the default element ori-
entation, and BEAMS, BRACES, and COLUMNS set the default end connection type.
The ful l AI SC data base wi th over 900 cross-secti onal shapes i s avai l abl e on a
per-member-name basi s, addi ti onal l y the user may defi ne any arbi trary
cr oss secti onal shapes. The proper data base (ei ther AI SC77.BI N,
AI SC89.BI N, UK. BI N, AUST90.BI N, SAFRI CA.BI N, KOREAN.BI N, or
GERM91.BI N) must be sel ected usi ng the Configuration/Setup modul e
before starti ng the constr ucti on of a str uctur al model . Secti ons may be
sel ected fr om a tr ee structure, groupi ng secti ons by type.
Configuration/Setup
AISC names should be keyed in exactly as shown in the AISC handbook with the excep-
tion that fractions should be represented as decimals to four decimal places, i.e. the angle
L6X3-1/2X1/2 would be entered: L6X3.5000X0.5000.
Member end connecti on freedom i s a concept used qui te frequentl y i n struc-
tural anal ysi s that has no real paral l el i n pi pi ng work. Several of the exampl e
pr obl ems contai n fr ee end connecti on speci fi cati ons and shoul d be studi ed for
detai l s.
1. Structural models may be run alone, or may be included in piping jobs. To run a struc-
tural model alone use the following procedure: After selecting a job name, enter the
structural input processor using option Input-Structural from the Main Menu.
2.Enter the structural steel model and its loading. Use the Operations-Plot
command liberally to check the model.
3.Use File-Save to exit model building, do error checking, and build
CAESAR II execution files if there are no errors. After these steps are
complete return to the Main Menu.
4. Start CAESAR II up at the analysis level. Select the load cases to be analyzed. Do not
use CAESAR IIs recommendations unless a weight-concentrated load case is all that
is needed.
5. When the analysis level finishes, enter the standard CAESAR II output processor.
Displacements, forces, and moments will be available for each structural element.
6. Run the TOOLS-AISC unity check program to ensure that the most heavily loaded
members still satisfy the code.
To include a structural model (or models) in a piping job, use the following procedure:
1. Enter the structural steel input processor as described above.
2. Enter the structural steel model and its loading. Use the interactive plotting liberally to
check the model.
3. Use File-Save to exit model building, do error checking, and build CAESAR II exe-
cution files if there are no errors.
4.Change the current jobname to the name of the piping model filename and
enter the piping spreadsheet input processor. After the piping model has
been entered to the users satisfaction select the Kaux-Include Struc-
tural Files menu option.
5. An include-file dialog box appears. Enter the names of the structural models to be
included in this piping run. The next time the user plots, the structure is included in the
plot.
Operations-Plot
File-Save
Include
Structural Files
6. After all structural models have been properly included in the piping job, the prepro-
cessor can be exited and error checking performed.
7. Once error checking finishes without a fatal message, the entire model is ready to run.
After analysis, the structural elements are included in the piping output processor as
though they were pipe, except that stresses are not computed.
8. A stand alone AISC code check program is available to verify that forces and
moments on standard structural shapes do not exceed the various allowables as
defined by the American Institute of Steel Construction.
CAESAR II - Users Guide Sample Input
Sample Input
This section contains three structural steel examples. These examples are presented so that
the user can enter them into the computer from the listed input. This is without question
the best way to become familiar with the structural capability in CAESAR II.
Structural Steel Example #1
Determine the stiffness of the structural steel support shown below. Use the estimated
rigid support piping loads from the piping analysis to back calculate each stiffness.
A U-bolt pins the pipe to the top of the channel at node 20. The piping loads output from
the pipe stress program are:
F x = -39.0 lbs.
F y = -1975.0 lbs.
F z = 1350.0 lbs.
Select File-New from the CAESAR II Main Menu, click the Structural Input radio but-
ton and enter a job name (for example SUPP). Then enter the CAESAR II Structural
Steel processor by selecting option Input-Structural from the CAESAR II Main Menu.
This brings up the blank data entry screen, ready to define the units.
Structural Steel Example #1 CAESAR II - Users Guide
At this time the user enters the keywords and parameters that define the model input. Input
for the example is as follows:
CAESAR II - Users Guide Structural Steel Example #1
UNIT ENGLISH.FIL
MATID 1 30E6 .3 11.6E6 36000. 0.283 ;SPECIFY MATERIAL
SECID 1 W16X26 ;DEFINE CROSS SECTIONS
SECID 2 MC8X22.800
SECID 3 L6X4X0.5000
EDIM 5 10 DY=144. SECID=1 ;DEFINE ELEMENTS
EDIM 10 15 DY=72. SECID=1
EDIM 15 20 DZ=70 SECID=2
EDIM 20 25 DZ=20 SECID=2
EDIM 25 10 DZ=-90 DY=-72 SECID=3
FIX 5 ALL ;SPECIFY SUPPORTS
;TRY A PLOT HERE
LOAD 20 FX=-39 FY=-1975 FZ=1350 ;SPECIFY LOADS
Input Structural Steel - Sample
Unit
MATID
SECID
EDIM
FIX
LOAD
At any time during input the user can generate plots of the model by executing
the Operations-Plot command. Once the user is satisfied that the model has
been entered properly, the model can be checked and saved with the File-Save
command. At this time the input is checked, and if no fatal errors are found,
the CAESAR II execution files are written, and the model may be used in a
piping analysis or analyzed by itself. (For the purposes of this example the
model will be analyzed by itself.)
When error checking has completed successfully, the user is returned to the CAESAR II
Main Menu. When this is done, the Analysis-Static menu option should be chosen. From
this point, structural steel analysis is performed just like a piping analysis. Output from a
structural analysis is comprised of displacements, forces, and moments.
The desired results from the analysis of SUPP are the displacements at node 20 of:
Dx = -9.63 in.
Dy = -0.44 in.
Dz = 0.88 in.
These displacements are excessive for a support which is to be assumed rigid in another
analysis. The translational stiffness for the support can be computed as follows:
Kx = 39.0 lb. / 9.63 in. = 4.05 lb./in
Ky = 1975.0 lb. / 0.44 in. = 4488.64 lb./in.
Kz = 1350.0 lb. / 0.88 in. = 1534.09 lb./in.
Operations-
Plot
File-Save
A support must be designed to limit the loads on the waste heat boilers flue gas nozzle
connection. The maximum allowable loads on the nozzle are:
F
shear
= 500 lb. F
axial
= 1500 lb.
M
bending
= 5000 ft. lb. M
torsion
= 10000 ft. lb.
Check the piping and structure shown in the following four figures:
Piping Dimensions
Structure Nodes
Structure Dimensions
Select a job name (for example SUPP2) and enter the structural input processor as
described earlier. The structural input screen appears:
At thi s ti me the user enters the keywords and parameters (usi ng menu
opti ons and/or tool bars) that defi ne the model i nput, and adds them to the fi l e
usi ng the Edit-Add command. I nput for the exampl e i s as fol l ows:
UNIT ENGLISH.FIL
SECID 1 W24X104 ;DEFINE SECTIONS
SECID 2 W18X50
MATID 1 YM=29E6 POIS=0.3 G=11.6E6 DENS=0.283;DEFINE MATERI-
ALS
ANGLE=90 ;COLUMN ORIENTATION
EDIM 230 235 DY=10- ;VERTICAL COLUMNS
EDIM 235 220 DY=13-10
EDIM 200 205 DY=10-
EDIM 205 210 DY=13-10
EDIM 245 250 DX=8.392- DY=10- ;SLOPED COLUMNS
EDIM 260 255 DX=8.392- DY=10-
EDIM 250 220 DX=11.608- DY=13-10
EDIM 255 210 DX=11.608- DY=13-10
DEFAULT SECID=2;MAKE BEAMS DEFAULT SECTION
EDIM 235 240 DZ=-2.5-
EDIM 240 205 DZ=-2.5-
EDIM 220 215 DZ=-2.5-
EDIM 215 210 DZ= -2.5-
EDIM 250 255 DZ=-5-
;THE FINAL SET OF HORIZONTAL BEAMS ALONG THE X AXIS HAVE A
STANDARD
;STRONG AXIS ORIENTATION
ANGLE=0.0
EDIM 250 235 DX=11.608-
EDIM 255 205 DX=11.608-
;ANCHOR THE BASE NODES
FIX 245 ALL
FIX 260 ALL
FIX 230 ALL
FIX 200 ALL
At any time during input the user can generate plots of the model by executing
Operations-Plot. Once the user is satisfied that the model is correct, exiting
with File-Save command checks and saves the model. If no fatal errors are
found, then the CAESAR II execution files are written. The model may now
be used in a piping analyses or analyzed by itself. (For the purposes of this
example the model will be analyzed with a piping model.)
Unit
MATID
SECID
EDIM
FIX
LOAD
Operations-
Plot
File-Save
Main Menu. The user should change the jobname to the name of the piping input filename
(PIPE2 for this example) and enter the input for the piping system to be analyzed.
The input for this job is shown below:
CAESAR II ALL PROPERTIES LISTING (PIPE)
X DIAMETER1 PRESSURE ELASTIC MODPIPE D
FROM DELTA Y WALL THK TEMP 2 1 POISSONS R. INSUL D AUXILIARY DATA
TO Z INS. THK 3 2 CORROSION FLUID D
BEND 5. 6.417ft 30.000 850.00000 .0 .2740E+08 .2894 BEND RADIUS=45.000 FITTING THK.= .3750
10. .000 .375 .00000 .0 .289000 .0000
.000 .000 .00000 5 .00000 .0000 RSTR NODE= 5.DIR=A CN=0.
STIF=.100000E+13 GAP=.0000 MU=.00
STRT 10. .000 30.000 850.00000 .0 .2740E+08 .2894
15. -8.000ft .375 .00000 .0 .289000 .0000
.000 .000 .00000 .000000 .0000
RIGD 15. -2.500ft 30.000 850.00000 .0 .2740E+08 .2894 RIGD RIGID WEIGHT=.000
115. .000 .375 .00000 .0 .289000 .0000
.000 .000 .00000 .000000 .0000 RSTR NODE=115. DIR=X CN=215.
STIF=.100000E+13G AP=.0000 MU=.00
RSTR NODE=115. DIR=Z CN=215.
STIF=.100000E+13G AP=.0000 MU=.00
STRT 15. .000 30.000 850.00000 .0 .2740E+08 .2894
20. -13.833ft .375 .00000 .0 .289000 .0000
.000 .000 .00000 .000000 .0000
RIGD 20. -2.500ft 30.000 850.00000 .0 .2740E+08 2894 RIGDRIGID WEIGHT=.000
120. .000 .375 .00000 .0 .289000 .0000
.000 .000 .00000 .000000 .0000 RSTR NODE=120. DIR=X CN=240.
STIF=.100000E+13 GAP=.0000 MU=.00
.000 .000 .00000 .000000 .0000 RSTR NODE=120. DIR=Z CN=240.
STIF=.100000E+13 GAP=.0000 MU=.00
BEND 20. .000 30.000 850.00000 .0 .2740E+08 .2894 BEND RADIUS=45.000 FITTING
THK.=.3750
25. -8.833ft .375 .00000 .0 .289000 .0000
.000 .000 .00000 .000000 .0000
STRT 25. 10.000ft 30.000 850.00000 .0 .2740E+08.2894RSTR NODE=30.DIR=+Y CN=0.
30. .000 .375 .00000 .0 .289000 .0000 STIF=.100000E+13 GAP=.0000 MU=.00
.000 .000 .00000 .000000 .0000
STRT 30. 30.000ft 30.000 850.00000 .0 .2740E+08 .2894 RSTR NODE=35.DIR=+YCN=0.
35. .000 .375 .00000 .0 .292000 .0000 STIF=.100000E+13 GAP=.0000 MU=.00
.000 .000 .00000 .000000 .0000
BEND 35. 10.000ft 30.000 850.00000 .0 .2740E+08 .2894 BEND RADIUS= 45.00 FITTING THK.= .3750
40. .000 .375 .00000 .0 .289000 .0000
.000 .000 .00000 .000000 .0000
STRT 40. .000 30.000 850.00000 .0 .2740E+08 .2894
45. .000 .375 .00000 .0 .289000 .0000
-3.750ft .000 .00000 .000000 .0000
STRT 45. .000 36.000 850.00000 .0 .2740E+08 .2894
50. .000 .375 .00000 .0 .289000 .0000
-4.000ft .000 .00000 .000000 .0000
STRT 50. .000 36.000 850.00000 .0 .2740E+08 .2894
55. .000 .375 .00000 .0 .289000 .0000
-20.000ft .000 .00000 .000000 .0000
STRT 55. .000 36.000 850.00000 .0 .2740E+08 .2894
60. .000 .375 .00000 .0 .289000 .0000
-20.000ft .000 .00000 .000000 .0000
STRT 60. .000 36.000 850.00000 .0 .2740E+08 .2894 RSTR NODE=65. DIR=A CN=0.
65. .000 .375 .00000 .0 .289000 .0000 STIF=.100000E+13 GAP=.0000 MU=.00
-10.000ft .000 .00000 .000000 .0000
To connect the pipe to the structure, follow these procedures:
1. The user must tell CAESAR II the name of the structural steel file to include. From
the input Spreadsheet select the Kaux-Include Structural Files menu option. The
include File dialog appears.
Enter the name of the structural steel model to be included (SUPP2), by typing or
browsing for it.
2. The user should define the connectivity between pipe and structural nodes using
restraints with connecti ng nodes. For the exampl e probl em, the node 115 i n
the pi pe model shoul d be ti ed to node 215 i n the structural model i n the X
and Z di recti ons; si mi l arl y, node 120 i n the pi pe model shoul d be ti ed to
node 240 i n the structural model . These connecti ng nodes may be defi ned
fr om the pi pi ng spreadsheet on any conveni ent el ement. Auxi l i ary fi el d
i nput for these two connecti ons i s shown as fol l ows:
Restraint Auxiliary Data
3. I f the pi pe and structure do not pl ot pr operl y rel ati ve to one-another then
ei ther:
a. The connecting nodes were not defined correctly.
b. The CONNECT_GEOMETRY_THRU_CNODES directive was not set to YES
in the Configuration/Setup module.
The properly plotted pipe and structure is shown below:
Structural Steel Example #2 Plot
Once the pipe and structure are properly plotted relative to one-another, the piping input
processor can be exited and error checking performed. The error checker includes the pipe
and structure together during checking. The execution files that are written also include
the structural data. In the output the pipe and structure are also plotted together and can
only be separated via the plot RANGE command.
The loads on the anchor at 5 are grossly excessive. The structural steel frame and pipe sup-
port structure as shown are not satisfactory. Some displaced shape plots from the analysis
are shown in the next figure:
Plot Showing Displacement
In this example, displacement of the structure is small relative to the displacement of the
pipe. The pipe is thermally expanding out away from the boiler nozzle and down, away
from the boiler nozzle.
Plot Showing Displacement
Using the RANGE command the structure is plotted without the pipe. The displaced
shape of the of the structure shows that the pipe is pulling the structure in the positive X
direction at the top support and pushing the structure in the negative X direction at the bot-
tom support. These displacements will only result in higher loads on the boiler nozzle. The
vertical location of the structural supports should be studied more closely.
Perhaps vertical springs at 30 and 35 would help, along with a repositioning of the struc-
tural supports vertically, i.e. the support at 120 should be moved down so that its line of
action in the X direction more closely coincides with the center line of the pipe between 25
and 40.
Estimate the X, Y, and Z stiffness of the structure at the point 1000. (Note that, in general,
the stiffness of a three-dimensional structure, condensed down to the stiffness of a single
point, must be represented by a 66 stiffness matrix. As a first estimate, only the on-diag-
onal, translational stiffnesses are often estimated, as is being done here.)
Select a job name (for example SUPP3) and enter the structural input processor as
described earlier. The structural input screen appears.
At this time the user enters the keywords and parameters (using menu commands and/or
toolbars) that define the model input. Input for the example is shown below:
Example Input
At any time during input the user can generate plots of the model executing Operations-
Plot. Once the user is satisfied that the model has been entered properly, the model can be
checked and saved with the File-Save command. If no fatal errors are found, then the
CAESAR II execution files are written. The model may now be used in a piping analysis
or analyzed by itself. (For the purposes of this example the model will be analyzed by
itself.)
The structural input processor generates a number of lists to be used for
documentation and checking. The Operations-List command generates the
following printout for the job SUPP3.
Of particular interest in this model is the element orientation data that shows that the col-
umns strong axis was indeed rotated 90 degrees. Also the free-end-connection lists show
that the specification entered for the beams produced the desired results.
Operations-
List
ELEMENTS & PROPERTIES
Index N1 N2 IGT IMT
1 5 10 1 1 .000 144 .000 .000
2 10 15 1 1 .000 144 .000 .000
3 15 20 1 1 .000 144 .000 .000
4 25 30 1 1 .000 144 .000 .000
5 30 35 1 1 .000 144 .000 .000
6 35 40 1 1 .000 144 .000 .000
7 45 50 1 1 .000 144 .000 .000
8 50 55 1 1 .000 144 .000 .000
9 55 60 1 1 .000 144 .000 .000
10 65 70 1 1 .000 144 .000 .000
11 70 75 1 1 .000 144 .000 .000
12 75 80 1 1 .000 144 .000 .000
13 10 30 2 1 .000 .000 -168 .000
14 15 35 2 1 .000 .000 -168 .000
15 30 50 2 1 -120 .000 .000 .000
16 35 55 2 1 -120 .000 .000 .000
17 40 60 2 1 -120 .000 .000 .000
18 50 70 2 1 .000 .000 168 .000
19 55 75 2 1 .000 .000 168 .000
20 60 80 2 1 .000 .000 168 .000
21 70 10 2 1 120 .000 .000 .000
22 75 15 2 1 120 .000 .000 .000
23 80 20 2 1 120 .000 .000 .000
24 20 1000 2 1 .000 .000 -84 .000
25 40 1000 2 1 .000 .000 84 .000
NODAL FIXITIES
Index NOD FIXX FIXY FIXZ ROTX ROTY ROTZ
1 5 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.
2 25 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.
3 45 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.
4 65 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.
NODAL LOADS
Index NODE FORX FORY FORZ MOMX MOMY MOMZ
1 1000 10000. 10000. 10000. 0. 0. 0.
ELEMENT MATERIAL DATA
Index ID# E POIS G FY RH OALPHA(1,2,3)
1 1 .3000E+08 .30 .11000E+08 0.2830 .00000 .00000 .00000
ELEMENT GEOMETRY DATA
STRONG WEAK POLAR
AXIS AXIS MOMENT OF
Index ID# NAME AREA INERTIA INERTIA INERTIA HEIGHT DEPTH
1 1 W12X65 19.1 533.00 174.00 2.19 12.12 12.00
2 2 W10X22 6.5 118.00 11.40 .24 10.17 5.75
ELEMENT ORIENTATION DATA
Index N1 N2 ANGLE(deg.)
1 5 10 90.00
2 10 15 90.00
3 15 20 90.00
4 25 30 90.00
5 30 35 90.00
6 35 40 90.00
7 45 50 90.00
8 50 55 90.00
9 55 60 90.00
10 65 70 90.00
11 70 75 90.00
12 75 80 90.00
"FROM" ELEMENT END "TO" ELEMENT END --TRANSL-----
BENDING---------------TRANSL------BENDING---------
Index FROM TO AX STR WEAK TOR STR WEAK AX STR WEAK TOR STR WEAK
1 10 30 FIX FIX FIX FREE FREE FREE FIX FIX FIX FREE FREE FREE
12 20 1000 FIX FIX FIX FREE FREE FREE FIX FIX FIX FIX FIX FIX
13 40 1000 FIX FIX FIX FREE FREE FREE FIX FIX FIX FIX FIX FIX
Main Menu. The user should change the current jobname to that of the structural filename.
When this is done the Analysis-Static menu option should be selected. From this point
structural steel analysis is performed just like a piping analysis. Output from a structural
analysis is comprised of displacements, forces, and moments.
The displacement and force report for the (Force Only) load case follows. Note that the
structure is stiffer in the X direction, even though the Z dimension is greater due to the ori-
entation of the columns. The Force/Moment report is particularly interesting given that all
of the beams have pinned ends. Note that most of the beams carry no load. This is because
the transfer of the load to the beams in this model is due to rotations at the column ends,
and not translations. (Cross-braces would eliminate this problem and cause the beams to
pick up more of the load.) The 1000 end of the elements from 20-1000 and from 40-1000
carries a moment because it is not a pinned end connection. 1000 is just a point at midspan
for the application of the load.
CAESAR II DISPLACEMENT REPORT FILE:SUPP3
CASE 2 (SUS) FOR DATE:MAR 24,1993

-----Translations(in.)-----Rotations(deg.)----
5 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
10 .6225 .0013 3.8135 2.8450 .0000 -.4644
15 2.1786 .0025 13.3473 4.5520 .0000 -.7432
20 4.2024 .0038 25.7412 5.1211 .0000 -.8363
25 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
30 .6225 .0013 3.8135 2.8450 .0000 -.4644
35 2.1786 .0025 13.3473 4.5520 .0000 -.7432
40 4.2024 .0038 25.7412 5.1211 .0000 -.8363
45 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
50 .6225 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.4644
55 2.1786 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.7429
60 4.2009 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.8355
65 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
70 .6225 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.4644
75 2.1786 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.7429
80 4.2009 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.8355
1000 7.0909 .2828 25.7434 .0000 .0000 .0000
CAESAR II FORCE/STRESS REPORT FILE:SUPP3
DATA--Forces(lb.)--Moments(ft.lb.)-(lb./sq.in.)
POINT FX FY FZ MX MY MZ SIFI SIFO CODE ALLOW.

5 -2502 -5000 -5000 -180000 0 90009 .00 .00 0 0
10 2502 5000 5000 120000 0 -59979 .00 .00 0 0

10 -2491 -5000 -5000 -120000 0 59979 .00 .00 0 0
15 2491 5000 5000 60000 0 -30078 .00 .00 0 0

15 -2506 -5000 -5000 -60000 0 30078 .00 .00 0 0
20 2506 5000 5000 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0

25 -2502 -5000 -5000 -180000 0 90009 .00 .00 0 0
30 2502 5000 5000 120000 0 -59979 .00 .00 0 0
<>
30 -2491 -5000 -5000 -120000 0 59979 .00 .00 0 0
35 2491 5000 5000 60000 0 -30078 .00 .00 0 0

35 -2506 -5000 -5000 -60000 0 30078 .00 .00 0 0
40 2506 5000 5000 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0

45 -2497 0 0 0 89990 .00 .00 0 0
50 2497 0 0 0 0 -60020 .00 .00 0 0

50 -2508 0 0 0 0 60020 .00 .00 0 0
55 2508 0 0 0 0 -29921 .00 .00 0 0

55 -2493 0 0 0 0 29921 .00 .00 0 0
60 2493 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0

65 -2497 0 0 0 0 89990 .00 .00 0 0
70 2497 0 0 0 0 -60020 .00 .00 0 0

70 -2508 0 0 0 0 60020 .00 .00 0 0
75 2508 0 0 0 0 -29921 .00 .00 0 0

75 -2493 0 0 0 0 29921 .00 .00 0 0
80 2493 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0

10 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0
30 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0

15 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0
35 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0

30 -10 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0
50 10 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0

CAESAR II FORCE/STRESS REPORT FILE:SUPP3
DATA--Forces(lb.)--Moments(ft.lb.)-(lb./sq.in.)
POINT FX FY FZ MX MY MZ SIFI SIFO CODE ALLOW.

35 14 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0
55 -14 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0

40 2493 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0
60 -2493 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0

50 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0
70 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0

55 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0
75 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0

60 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0
80 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0

70 10 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0
10 -10 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0

75 -14 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0
15 14 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0

80 -2493 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0
20 2493 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0

20 -5000 -5000 -5000 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0
1000 5000 5000 5000 35000 35000 0 .00 .00 0 0

40 -5000 -5000 -5000 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0
1000 5000 5000 5000 35000 -35000 0 .00 .00 0 0
The first pass estimate of the stiffnesses are
Kx = 10000 lb. / 7.0909 in. = 1410 lb./in.
Ky = 10000 lb. / 0.2828 in. = 35360 lb./in.
Kz = 10000 lb. / 25.7434 in. = 388 lb./in.
Chapter 11:
Buried Pipe
Modeling
Contents
CAESAR II Underground
Pipe Modeler - - - - - - - - - - 2
Using the Underground
Pipe Modeler - - - - - - - - - - 3
Notes on the Soil Model - - - - - 10
Recommended Procedures- - - 13
Buried Pipe Example - - - - - - - 14
This chapter provides the organi-
zation of this manual and impor-
tant information regarding user
assistance.
CAESAR II Underground Pipe Modeler CAESAR II - Users Guide
11-2 Buried Pipe Modeling
CAESAR II Underground Pipe Modeler
The CAESAR II underground pipe modeler is designed to simplify the users input of
buried pipe data. To achieve this objective the Modeler performs the following functions
for the user:
Allows for the direct input of soil properties. The Modeler contains the equations
for buried pipe stiffnesses that are outlined in the CAESAR II Users Guide. These
equations are used to generate first the stiffnesses on a per length of pipe basis, and
then the restraints that simulate the discrete buried pipe restraint.
Automatically breaks down straight and curved lengths of pipe. CAESAR II uses a
three Zone concept to break down straight and curved sections. Those ends of pipe
identified as transverse bearing lengths are broken down into Zone 1 lengths. Zone
1 represents the smallest element lengths selected to properly distribute the lateral
forces to the soil. At distances far away from Zone 1 are Zone 3 lengths. These are
long lengths of pipe selected to transmit axial loads. Between Zone 1 and Zone 3 is
Zone 2. The lengths in Zone 2 vary linearly from the Zone 1 end to the Zone 3 end.
Node numbers for the extra lengths of pipe are automatically selected by
CAESAR II.
Allows for the direct input of users soil stiffnesses on a per length of pipe basis. Input
parameters include axial, transverse, upward, and downward stiffnesses, as well as
ultimate loads. The user can specify user-defined stiffnesses separately, or in conjunc-
tion with CAESAR IIs automatically generated soil stiffnesses.
CAESAR II - Users Guide Using the Underground Pipe Modeler
Buried Pipe Modeling 11-3
Using the Underground Pipe Modeler
The Buried Pipe Modeler is started by selecting an existing job, and then choosing menu
option Input-Underground from the CAESAR II Main Menu. The Modeler is designed
to read in a standard CAESAR II input data file that describes the basic layout of the pip-
ing system. From this basic input CAESAR II creates a second input data file that con-
tains the buried pipe model. This second input file typically contains a much larger
number of elements and restraints than the first job. The first job that serves as the pat-
tern is termed the original job. The second file that contains the element mesh refinement
and the buried pipe restraints is termed the buried job. CAESAR II defaults the buried job
by appending a B to the name of the original job.
Note The original job must already exist and serves as the pattern for the buried pipe
model building. The original job should not contain restraints, since the modeler
generates them. The buried job, if it exists, is overwritten by the successful gener-
ation of a buried pipe model. It is the buried job that is eventually run to compute
displacements and stresses.
When the Buried Pipe Modeler is initially started up, the following screen appears:
This spreadsheet is used to enter the buried element descriptions for the job. The buried
element description spreadsheet serves several functions:
Using the Underground Pipe Modeler CAESAR II - Users Guide
It allows the user to define which part of the piping system is buried.
It allows the user to define mesh spacing at specific element ends.
It allows the input of user defined soil stiffnesses
Typical buried pipe displacements are considerably different than similar above ground
displacements. Buried pipe deforms laterally in areas immediately adjacent to changes in
directions (i.e. bends and tees). In areas far removed from bends and tees the deformation
is primarily axial. The optimal size of an element (i.e. the distance between a single
FROM and a TO node) is very dependent on which of these deformation patterns is to be
modelled. Where the deformation is lateral smaller elements are needed to properly dis-
tribute the forces from the pipe to the soil. The length over which the pipe deflects later-
ally is termed the lateral bearing length and can be calculated by the equation:
L
b
=0.75() [4EI / K
tr
]
0.25
Where:
E = Pipe modulus of elasticity
I = Pipe moment of inertia
K
tr
= Transverse soil stiffness
(on a per length basis)
CAESAR II places three elements in the vicinity of a bearing span to properly model this
load distribution. The bearing span lengths in a piping system are called the Zone 1
lengths. The axial displacement lengths in a piping system are called the Zone 3 lengths,
and the intermediate lengths in a piping system are called the Zone 2 lengths. Zone 3 ele-
ment lengths (to properly transmit axial loads) are computed by 100*D
o
, where D
o
is the
outside diameter of the piping. The Zone 2 mesh is comprised of elements that are 1.5
times the length of a Zone 1 element at its Zone 1 end, and that are 50*D
o
long at the Zone
3 end. A typical piping system, and how CAESAR II views this element breakdown or
mesh distribution is illustrated below.
Zone Definitions
A critical part of the modelling of an underground piping system is the proper definition of
Zone 1 (or lateral) bearing regions. These regions primarily occur:
On either side of a change in direction
For all pipes framing into an intersection
At points where the pipe enters or leaves the soil
CAESAR II automatically puts a Zone 1 mesh gradient at each side of the pipe framing
into an elbow.
Note It is the users responsibility to tell CAESAR II where the other zone 1 areas are
in the piping system.
The Buried Element Description Spreadsheet is shown as follows:
Buried Element Description Spreadsheet
There are 13 columns in this spreadsheet. The first two columns contain the element node
numbers for each piping element included in the original system. The second three col-
umns are discussed in detail below:
Soil Model No.This column is used to define which of the elements in the model
are buried. A nonzero entry in this column implies that the associated element is bur-
ied. A 1 in this column implies that the user wishes to enter user-defined stiffnesses
(on a per length of pipe basis) at this point in the model. These stiffnesses must follow
in the columns 6 through 13. Any number greater than 1 in the SOIL MODEL NO.
column points to a CAESAR II soil restraint model generated (using the equations
outlined later under Soil Models from user entered soil data).
From/ To End Mesh TypeA check in either of these columns implies that a lateral
loading mesh should be placed at the corresponding element end. For example:
FROM TO SOI L FROM TO
NODE NODE MODEL MESH MESH
5 10 2
The element 5 to 10 is buried. CAESAR II will generate the soil stiffnesses from user-
defined soil data #2, and the node 5 end will have a fine mesh so that lateral bearing will
be properly modelled. Since CAESAR II automatically places lateral bearing meshes
adjacent to all buried elbows, the user must only be concerned with the identification of
buried tees and points of soil entry or exit. The figure below is illustrative:
Lateral Bearing Mesh Definitions
Please note the following:
The user has separated the node numbers in the original piping system by 10s or 20s
instead of the usual 5. This is so that CAESAR II can conveniently find unique node
numbers when generating extra nodes.
From/To Lateral Bearing mesh specifications are not needed for nodes 30, 110 and
130, since CAESAR II places lateral bearing meshes on each side of a bend by
default.
A lateral bearing mesh is not needed at 90 because there is no tendency for the model
to deflect in any direction NOT axial to the pipe.
The tendency for lateral deflection must be defined for each element framing into an
intersection (node 50).
Command available in this module are
File-OpenOpens a new piping file as the original job.
File-Change Buried Pipe Job NameRenames the buried job (in the
event that the user does not wish to use the CAESAR II default of B
appended to the original job name).
File PrintPrints the element description data spreadsheet.
Buried Pipe - Soil ModelsAllows the user to specify soil data for
CAESAR II to use in generating one or more soil restraint systems. This
is described in detail below.
Buried Pipe - Convert InputConverts the original job into the buried
job by meshing the existing elements and adding soil restraints. The con-
version process creates all of the necessary elements to satisfy the Zone 1,
Zone 2, and Zone 3 requirements, and places restraints on the elements in
these zones accordingly. All elbows are broken down into at least two
curved sections, and very long radius elbows are broken down into seg-
ments whose lengths are not longer than the elements in the immediately
adjacent Zone 1 pipe section. Node numbers are generated by adding 1
to the elements FROM node number. CAESAR II checks before using a
node number to make sure that it will be unique in the model. All densi-
ties on buried pipe elements are zeroed, to simulate the continuous sup-
port of the pipe weight. A conversion log is also generated, which details
the process in full.
File-Open
File Print
Buried Pipe
Soil Models
File-Open
Notes on the Soil Model CAESAR II - Users Guide
Notes on the Soil Model
The following procedures for estimating soil distributed stiffnesses and ultimate loads
should be used only when the analyst does not have better data or methods suited to the
particular site and problem. COADEs soil restraint modeling algorithm is generally based
on the ideas presented by L.C. Peng in his paper entitled Stress Analysis Methods for
Underground Pipelines, published in 1978 in Pipeline Industry.
Soil supports are modeled as bilinear springs having an initial stiffness, an ultimate load,
and a yield stiffness. The yield stiffness is typically set close to zero, i.e. once the ultimate
load on the soil is reached there is no further increase in load even though the displace-
ment may continue. The two basic ultimate loads that must be calculated to analyze buried
pipe are the axial and transverse ultimate loads. (Many researchers differentiate between
horizontal, upward, and downward transverse loads, but when the variance in predicted
soil properties and methods is considered, this differentiation is often not warranted.)
Once the axial and lateral ultimate loads are known, the stiffness in these directions can be
determined by dividing the ultimate load by the yield displacement. Researchers have
found that the yield displacement is related to both the buried depth and the pipe diameter.
The ultimate loads and stiffnesses computed are on a force per unit length of pipe basis.
The user enters soil data by executing the Buried Pipe - Soil Models Com-
mand. This option allows the user to specify the soil properties for the
CAESAR II buried pipe equations.
Note Valid soil model numbers start with 2. Soil model number 1 is reserved for user-
defined soil stiffnesses. Up to 15 different soil models may be entered for a single
job.
Upon entry, the soil modeler dialog appears:
Buried Pipe
Soil Models
CAESAR II - Users Guide Notes on the Soil Model
The soil restraint equations use these soil properties to generate restraint ultimate loads
and stiffnesses. (The THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT and the TEMPERA-
TURE CHANGE are optional. If entered they are used to compute and print the theoreti-
cal virtual anchor length.)
These equations are
Axial Ultimate Load (F
ax
)
F
ax
= [ ()(D)[ (2)(
s
)(H) + ()(
p
)(t) + ()(
f
)(D)/4 ] ]
Where:
= Fr i cti on coeffi ci ent, typi cal val ues ar e:
.4 for si l t
.5 for sand
.6 for gr avel
.6 for cl ay or S
u
/600
S
u
= Undr ai ned shear str ength
D = Pi pe di ameter
s
= Soi l densi ty
H = Bur i ed depth to the top of pi pe
p
= Pi pe densi ty
t = Pi pe nomi nal wal l thi ckness
f
= Fl ui d densi ty
Either the friction coefficient or the undrained shear strength may be left blank. Typically
for clays the friction coefficient would be left blank and would be automatically estimated
by CAESAR II as S
u
/600 psf.
Transverse Ultimate Load (F
tr
)
F
tr
= (0.5)(s)(H+D)**2 [tan(45+/2)]**2 ) Overburden Compacti on Mul -
ti pl i er
Where:
= Angl e of i nternal fri cti on
Typical values are:
27-45 for sand
26-35 for silt
0 for clay
Note If S
u
is given (i.e. have a clay-like soil), then F
tr
as calculated above is multiplied
by S
u
/250psf.
Yi el d Di spl acement (y
d
):
y
d
= Yi el d Di spl acement Factor (H+D)
Notes on the Soil Model CAESAR II - Users Guide
Axi al Sti ffness (K
ax
) on a per l ength of pi pe basi s:
K
ax
= F
ax
/y
d
Tr ansverse Sti ffness (K
tr
) on a per l ength of pi pe basi s:
K
tr
= F
tr
/y
d
Note Yield Displacement Factor defaults to 0.015.
Note that since in many cases the stiffer the soil, the more conservative the results, F
tr
is
multiplied by the Overburden Compaction Multiplier, if specified, as well. Many expe-
rienced pipeline engineers do not wish to add this "extra conservatism," and prefer to use
values that are more in line with those that have been used in the past. To do this, the
Overburden Compaction Multiplier is the parameter that is usually adjusted.
Common practice has been to reduce it (from its default of 8) to values from 5 to 7,
depending on the degree of compaction of the backfill. Backfill efficiency can be approxi-
mated by the Proctor Number, defined in most soils textbooks. (The Proctor Number is a
ratio of unit weights.) The standard practice when the Proctor Number is known, is to mul-
tiply the default value 8 by the Proctor Number. This result should then be used as the
compaction multiplier.
Once the user clicks OK, the soil data is saved in a file entitled .SOI.
CAESAR II - Users Guide Recommended Procedures
Recommended Procedures
The recommended procedure for using the buried pipe modeler is outlined below:
1. Select the original job and enter the buried pipe modeler. The original job must
already exist, and will be converted into a buried pipe model. The Original model
should only contain the basic geometry of the piping system to be buried. Any existing
restraints (in the buried portion) will be redefined by the modeler. Rename the buried
job if CAESAR IIs default name is not appropriate.
2. Enter the soil data using Buried Pipe - Soil Models.
3. Describe the sections of the piping system that are buried, and define any
required fine mesh areas using the buried element data spreadsheet.
4. Convert the original model into the buried model by the activation of
option Buried Pipe - Convert Input. This step produces a detailed
description of the conversion.
5. Exit the Buried Pipe Modeler and return to the CAESAR II Main Menu. From here
the user may perform the analysis of the buried pipe job.
A fairly comprehensive buried-pipe example problem is shown in the following section.
This example was created to test and illustrate the features of the modeler and should in
no-way be taken as a guide for recommended underground piping design.
Buried Pipe
Soil Models
Buried Pipe
Convert Input
Buried Pipe Example CAESAR II - Users Guide
Buried Pipe Example
"Bury3" Model
CAESAR II - Users Guide Buried Pipe Example
Dimensioned "Bury3" Model
The following input listing represents the unburied model shown above.
C A E S A R I I VERS 3.1 JOBNAME:BURY3 NOV 8,1990 4:41pm Page 1
PIPE DATA
________________________________________________
From 5 To 10 DZ= -8.000 ft.
PIPE
Dia= 16.000 in.Wall= .500 in.Insul= .000 in.
GENERAL
T1= 165 F P1= 600 lb./sq.in.Mat= (1)LOW CARBON STEEL
E= 27,900,000 lb./sq.in.v = .292Density= .2899 lb./cu.in.
BEND at "TO" end
Radius= 24.000 in. (LONG)Bend Angle= 45.000
RESTRAINTS
Node 5 ANC
Node 345 ANC
Node 100 ANC
Node 285 ANC
ALLOWABLE STRESSES
B31.8 (1986) Sy= 36,000 lb./sq.in.Fac= .7200
__________________________________
From 10 To 15 DY= -4.000 ft.DZ= -4.000 ft.
__________________________________
From 15 To 20 DY= -6.000 ft.DZ= -6.000 ft.
BEND at "TO" end
__________________________________
From 20 To 30 DZ= -110.000 ft.
BEND at "TO" end
Radius= 288.000 in. (user)Bend Angle= 90.000
__________________________________
From 30 To 40 DX= 80.000 ft.
__________________________________
From 40 To 45 DX= 6.000 ft.
__________________________________
From 45 To 50 DX= 2.000 ft.
RIGID Weight= 1,000.00 lb.
__________________________________
From 50 To 55 DX= 6.000 ft.
PIPE
_________________________________
From 55 To 70 DX= 40.000 ft.
_________________________________
From 70 To 100 DX= 3,000.000 ft.
SIFs & TEEs
Node 70 Unreinforced Tee
_________________________________
From 70 To 110 DZ= 380.000 ft.
BEND at "TO" end
_________________________________
From 110 To 120 DX= 14.058 ft.DZ= 14.058 ft.
BEND at "TO" end
_________________________________
From 120 To 130 DZ= 250.000 ft.
C A E S A R I I VERS 3.1JOBNAME:BURY3NOV 8,1990 4:42pmPage 2
PIPE DATA
_________________________________
From 130 To 135 DZ= 2.999 ft.
PIPE
SIFs & TEEs
Node 130 Sif(in)= 2.000Sif(out)= 2.000
Node 135 Sif(in)= 2.000Sif(out)= 2.000
_________________________________
From 135 To 140 DZ= 3.999 ft.
PIPE
Dia= 24.000 in.Wall= 1.218 in.Insul= .000 in.
SIFs & TEEs
Node 140 Unreinforced Tee
_________________________________
From 140 To 150 DX= 50.000 ft.
BEND at "TO" end
_________________________________
From 150 To 160 DX= 6.000 ft.DY= 6.000 ft.
________________________________
From 160 To 165 DX= 4.000 ft.DY= 4.000 ft.
BEND at "TO" end
________________________________
From 165 To 170 DX= 8.000 ft.
________________________________
From 170 To 175 DX= 3.000 ft.
________________________________
From 175 To 180 DX= 2.999 ft.
BEND at "TO" end
________________________________
From 180 To 185 DY= -4.000 ft.
________________________________
From 185 To 200 DY= -12.000 ft.
BEND at "TO" end
________________________________
From 200 To 205 DZ= 2.999 ft.
________________________________
From 205 To 210 DZ= 4.000 ft.
________________________________
From 210 To 215 DZ= 5.000 ft.
EXPANSION JOINT
Axial K= 3,000 lb./in.Trans K= 1,000,000,000,000 lb./in.
Tors K= 1,000,000,000,000 in.lb./deg Eff Dia= 26.000 in.
________________________________
From 215 To 230 DZ= 13.856 ft.
BEND at "TO" end
CAESAR II VERS 3.1 JOBNAME:BURY3 NOV 8,1990 4:42pm Page 3
PIPE DATA
________________________________
From 230 To 240 DX= -11.999 ft.DZ= 6.927 ft.
_________________________________
From 240 To 245 DX= -3.031 ft.DZ= 1.749 ft.
_________________________________
From 245 To 250 DX= -3.031 ft.DZ= 1.749 ft.
_________________________________
From 245 To 260 DY= 12.000 ft.
_________________________________
From 260 To 265 DY= 3.000 ft.
_________________________________
From 265 To 270 DY= 2.000 ft.
_________________________________
From 250 To 275 DX= -2.598 ft.DZ= 1.499 ft.
BEND at "TO" end
_________________________________
From 275 To 280 DY= -2.999 ft.
_________________________________
From 280 To 285 DY= -3.999 ft.
_________________________________
From 140 To 300 DX= -250.000 ft.
BEND at "TO" end
_________________________________
From 300 To 310 DZ= 48.000 ft.
BEND at "TO" end
_________________________________
From 310 To 330 DX= -50.000 ft.
BEND at "TO" end
_________________________________
From 330 To 340 DY= -2.999 ft.
_________________________________
From 340 To 345 DY= -3.999 ft.
Using the Soil modeler, the soil information is used with the "unburied" piping model to
compute soil stiffnesses and remesh the model. This process is shown in the data listing
below.
BASIC SOIL PROPERTY DATA:
SOIL MODEL NUMBER = 2
FRICTION COEFFICIENT (Optional if Su entered) .000
SOIL DENSITY (Required) (lb./cu.in.). .025
BURIED DEPTH TO TOP OF PIPE (in.) 72.000
FRICTION ANGLE (Sand=20, Clay=0)(deg)-- .000
UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH (Clay) Su.(lb./sq.in.) 3.056
OVERBURDEN COMPACTION MULTIPLIER (>1)-- 8.000
THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT xE-6 (L/L/deg F ) 6.230
TEMPERATURE CHANGE, Install-Operating(deg F) 95.000*
SOIL MODEL NUMBER = 3
FRICTION COEFFICIENT (Optional if Su entered) .000
SOIL DENSITY (Required) (lb./cu.in.) .025
BURIED DEPTH TO TOP OF PIPE .. (in.) 144.000
FRICTION ANGLE (Sand=20, Clay=0)(deg)-- .000
UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH (Clay) Su .(lb./sq.in.) 3.056
OVERBURDEN COMPACTION MULTIPLIER (>1).- 8.000
THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT xE-6 (L/L/deg F ) 6.230
TEMPERATURE CHANGE, Install-Operating (deg F ) 95.000*
*Note that 95.000 is the temperature change from installed (assumed @ 70
deg. F) to 165 deg. F.
CAESAR BURIED PIPE K = Stiffness per Pipe Length lb./in./in.
ELEMENT DESCRIPTIONS P = Ultimate Load per Pipe Length lb./in.

SOIL FROM TO USER DEFINED USER DEFINED USER DEFINED USER DEFINED
FROM TO MODEL MESH MESH (LATERAL)(AXIAL)(UPWARD)(DOWNWARD)
NODE NODE NO. TYPE TYPE Ktr/Ptr Kax/Pax Kup/Pup Kdn/Pdn
5 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15 20 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 30 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
30 40 2 0 1 0 0 0 0
40 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
45 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
50 55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
55 70 2 1 1 0 0 0 0
70 100 2 1 0 0 0 0 0
70 110 2 1 0 0 0 0 0
110 120 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
120 130 2 0 1 0 0 0 0
130 135 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
135 140 2 1 0 0 0 0 0
140 150 2 1 0 0 0 0 0
150 160 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
160 165 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
165 170 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
170 175 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
175 180 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
180 185 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
185 200 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
200 205 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
205 210 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
210 215 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
215 230 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
230 240 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
240 245 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
245 250 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
245 260 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
260 265 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
265 270 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
250 275 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
275 280 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
280 285 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
140 300 1 1 0 1202 207 390 1700
601 52 195 800
300 310 1 0 0 1202 207 390 1700
601 52 195 800
310 330 1 0 0 1202 207 390 1700
601 52 195 800
330 340 1 0 0 1202 207 390 1700
601 52 195 800
340 345 1 0 0 1202 207 390 1700
601 52 195 8000
**** ELEMENT 5. 10.

NOT BURIED...

**** ELEMENT 10. 15.

NOT BURIED...

**** ELEMENT 15. 20.
Buried Soil Model No. 2
CAESAR soil model type 1
Virtual Anchor Length (in.) = 9776.
Axial Stiffness (lb./in./in.) = 36.
Trans Stiffness (lb./in./in.) = 1033.
Yield Displacement (in.) = 1.3200
COMPUTED STIFFNESSES:
Direction Stiffness Ultimate Load
(lb./in./in.) (lb./in.)
AXIAL 36. 48.
TRANS 1033. 1363.
UP 1033. 1363.
DOWN 1033. 1363.

Lateral Bearing Length (in.) = 222.2134

ELEMENTS IN NEW MESH:
FROM TO LENGTH(in.)
15. 16. 91.8823
16. 17. 9.4248 Bend
17. 20. 9.4248 Bend

**** ELEMENT 20. 30.


AXIAL 36. 48.
TRANS 1033. 1363.
UP 1033. 1363.
DOWN 1033. 1363.

ELEMENTS IN NEW MESH
FROM TOLENGTH(in.)
20. 21. 74.0711
21. 22. 74.0711
22. 23. 74.0711
23. 24. 111.1067
24. 25. 355.4190
25. 26. 111.1067
26. 27. 74.0711
27. 28. 74.0711
28. 29. 74.0711
29. 31. 64.6271 Bend
31. 32. 64.6271 Bend
32. 33. 64.6271 Bend
33. 34. 64.6271 Bend
34. 35. 64.6271 Bend
35. 36. 64.6271 Bend
36. 30. 64.6271 Bend
**** ELEMENT 30. 40.

AXIAL 36. 48.
TRANS 1033. 1363.
UP 1033. 1363.
DOWN 1033. 1363.


ELEMENTS IN NEW MESH
FROM TOLENGTH(in.)
30. 37. 74.0711
37. 38. 74.0711
38. 39. 74.0711
39. 41. 113.7867
41. 42. 113.7867
42. 43. 74.0711
43. 44. 74.0711
44. 40. 74.0711

**** ELEMENT 40. 45.
NOT BURIED...

****ELEMENT 45. 50.

NOT BURIED...

**** ELEMENT 50. 55.
NOT BURIED

****ELEMENT 55. 70.

AXIAL 39. 51.
TRANS 1033. 1363.

UP 1033. 1363.
DOWN 1033. 1363.

FROM TO LENGTH(in.)
55. 56. 83.0418
56. 57. 83.0418
57. 58. 147.8328
58. 59. 83.0418
59. 70. 83.0418

****ELEMENT 70. 100.


AXIAL 39. 51.
TRANS 1033. 1363.
UP 1033. 1363.
DOWN 1033. 1363.

FROM TO LENGTH(in.)
70. 71. 83.0418
71. 72. 83.0418
72. 73. 83.0418
73. 74. 124.5628
74. 75. 349.7085
75. 76. 574.8542
76. 77. 800.0000
77. 78. 1600.0000
78. 79. 1600.0000
79. 80. 1600.0000
80. 81. 1600.0000
81. 82. 1600.0000
82. 83. 1600.0000
83. 84. 1600.0000
84. 85. 1600.0000
85. 86. 1600.0000
86. 87. 1600.0000
87. 88. 1600.0000
88. 89. 1600.0000
89. 90. 1600.0000
90. 91. 1600.0000
91. 92. 1600.0000
92. 93. 1600.0000
93. 94. 1600.0000
94. 95. 1600.0000
95. 96. 1600.0000
96. 97. 1600.0000
97. 100. 1901.7660
**** ELEMENT 70. 110.


AXIAL 39. 51.
TRANS 1033. 1363.
UP 1033. 1363.
DOWN 1033. 1363.


FROM TO LENGTH(in.)
70. 98. 83.0418
98. 101 83.0418
101. 102. 83.0418
102. 103. 124.5628
103. 104. 349.7085
104. 105. 574.8542
105. 106. 922.1033
106. 107. 922.1033
107. 108. 574.8542
108. 109. 349.7085
109. 111. 124.5628
111. 112. 83.0418
112. 113. 83.0418
113. 114. 83.0418
114. 115. 75.3983 Bend
115. 116. 75.3983 Bend
116. 110. 75.3983 Bend
****ELEMENT 110. 120.


AXIAL 39. 51.
TRANS 1033. 1363.
UP 1033. 1363.
DOWN 1033. 1363.

FROM TO LENGTH(in.)
110. 117. 75.3983 Bend
117. 118. 75.3983 Bend
118. 120. 75.3983 Bend
****ELEMENT 120. 130.

AXIAL 39. 51.
TRANS 1033. 1363.
UP 1033. 1363.
DOWN 1033. 1363.


FROM TO LENGTH(in.)
120. 121. 83.0418
121. 122. 83.0418
122. 123. 83.0418
123. 124. 124.5628
124. 125. 349.7085
125. 126. 574.8542
126. 127. 284.2053
127. 128. 574.8542
128. 129. 349.7085
129. 131. 124.5628
131. 132. 83.0418
132. 133. 83.0418
133. 130. 83.0418
****ELEMENT 130. 135.
COMPUTED STIFFNESSES
AXIAL 46. 64.
TRANS 1079. 1490.
UP 1079. 1490.
DOWN 1079. 1490.
****ELEMENT 135. 140.
AXIAL 58. 83.
TRANS 1126. 1622.
UP 1126. 1622.
DOWN 1126. 1622.
Lateral Bearing Length (in.)= 362.7727
****ELEMENT 140. 150.

AXIAL 58. 83.
TRANS 1126. 1622.
UP 1126. 1622.
DOWN 1126. 1622.


FROM TO LENGTH(in.)
140. 141. 120.9242
141. 142. 120.9242
142. 143. 101.3916
143. 144. 120.9242
144. 145. 120.9242
145. 146. 14.1372 Bend
146. 150. 14.1372 Bend
****ELEMENT 150. 160.

AXIAL 58. 83.
TRANS 1126. 1622.
UP 1126. 1622.
DOWN 1126. 1622.
**** ELEMENT 160. 165.
NOT BURIED...

****ELEMENT 165. 170.

NOT BURIED...

****ELEMENT 170. 175.

NOT BURIED...

****ELEMENT 175. 180.

NOT BURIED...

****ELEMENT 180. 185.

NOT BURIED...

****ELEMENT 185. 200.

Axial Stiffness(lb./in./in.) = 58.
Trans Stiffness(lb./in./in.) = 1971.

AXIAL 58. 146.
TRANS 1971. 4967.
UP 1971. 4967.
DOWN 1971. 4967.


FROM TO LENGTH(in.)
185. 186. 108.0001
186. 187. 28.2743 Bend
187. 200. 28.2743 Bend

****ELEMENT 200. 205.


AXIAL 58. 146.
TRANS 1971. 4967.
UP 1971. 4967.
DOWN 1971. 4967.


****ELEMENT 205. 210.


AXIAL 58. 146.
TRANS 1971. 4967.
UP 1971. 4967.
DOWN 1971. 4967.


****ELEMENT 210. 215.


****ELEMENT 215 230.


AXIAL 58. 146.
TRANS 1971. 4967.
UP 1971. 4967.
DOWN 1971. 4967.


FROM TO LENGTH(in.)
215. 216. 100.5310 Bend
216. 217. 100.5310 Bend
217. 230. 100.5310 Bend

****ELEMENT 230. 240.


AXIAL 58. 146.
TRANS 1971. 4967.
UP 1971. 4967.
DOWN 1971. 4967.


****ELEMENT 240. 245.


AXIAL 58. 146.
TRANS 1971. 4967.
UP 1971. 4967.
DOWN 1971. 4967.


****ELEMENT 245. 250.


AXIAL 58. 146.
TRANS 1971. 4967.
UP 1971. 4967.
DOWN 1971. 4967.


**** ELEMENT 245. 260.


AXIAL 58. 146.
TRANS 1971. 4967.
UP 1971. 4967.
DOWN 1971. 4967.


**** ELEMENT 260. 265.

NOT BURIED...

**** ELEMENT 265. 270.

NOT BURIED...

****ELEMENT 250. 275.


AXIAL 58. 146.
TRANS 1971. 4967.
UP 1971. 4967.
DOWN 1971. 4967.


FROM TOLENGTH(in.)
250. 251. 28.2743 Bend
251. 275. 28.2743 Bend

****ELEMENT 275. 280.


AXIAL 58. 146.
TRANS 1971. 4967.
UP 1971. 4967.
DOWN 1971. 4967.


****ELEMENT 280. 285.


AXIAL 58. 146.
TRANS 1971. 4967.
UP 1971. 4967.
DOWN 1971. 4967.


**** ELEMENT 140. 300.

User entered stiffness for soil model

AXIAL 207. 52.
TRANS 1202. 601.
UP 390. 195.
DOWN 1700. 800.


FROM TO LENGTH(in.)
140. 147 .118.9763
147. 148. 118.9763
148. 149. 118.9763
149. 151. 178.4644
151. 152. 518.9763
152. 153. 603.2620
153. 154. 518.9763
154. 155. 178.4644
155. 156. 118.9763
156. 157. 118.9763
157. 158. 118.9763
158. 161. 113.0974 Bend
161. 162. 113.0974 Bend
162. 163. 113.0974 Bend
163. 300. 113.0974 Bend

**** ELEMENT 300. 310.


AXIAL 207. 52.
TRANS 1202. 601.
UP 390. 195.
DOWN 1700. 800.

FROM TO LENGTH(in.)
300. 301. 113.0974 Bend
301. 302. 113.0974 Bend
302. 303. 113.0974 Bend
303. 310. 113.0974 Bend

****ELEMENT 310. 330.


AXIAL 207. 52.
TRANS 1202. 601.
UP 390. 195.
DOWN 1700. 800.


FROM TO LENGTH(in.)
310. 311. 138.0001
311. 312. 138.0001
312. 313. 28.2743 Bend
313. 330. 28.2743 Bend

****ELEMENT 330. 340.


AXIAL 207. 52.
TRANS 1202. 601.
UP 390. 195.
DOWN 1700. 800.


**** ELEMENT 340. 345.


AXIAL 207. 52.
TRANS 1202. 601.
UP 390. 195.
DOWN 1700. 800.

Chapter 12:
Equipment and Com-
ponent Compliance
Contents
Equipment and Component
Evaluation - - - - - - - - - - - - - -2
Intersection Stress
Intensification Factors - - - - - -3
Bend Stress Intensification
Factors- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -5
WRC 107 {Vessel Stresses) - - - - -S
WRC 297 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -16
Flange LeakageJStress
Calculations - - - - - - - - - - - - -19
Remaining Strength of
Corroded Pipelines, B31G - - - -2S
Expansion Joint Rating - - - - - - - -33
Structural Steel Checks -
AISC - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -40
NEMA SM-23 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -49
API 610 {Centrifugal Pumps) - - - -56
API 617 {Air Cooled Heat
Exchangers) - - - - - - - - - - - - -63
API 661 {Air Cooled Heat
Exchangers) - - - - - - - - - - - - -65
HEI Standard for Closed
Feedwater Heaters- - - - - - - - -70
API 560 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -72
This chapter discusses WRC and
API code compliance.
Equipment and Component Evaluation CAESAR II - Users Guide
12-2 Equipment and Component Compliance
Equipment and Component Evaluation
The CAESAR II equipment and component compliance analytical modules are executed
from the CAESAR II Main Menu using the Analysis Menu. Vessels, flanges, turbines,
compressors, pumps and heat exchangers can be checked for excessive piping loads in
accordance with appropriate standards. Input is via tabbed spreadsheets, and help screens
are available for each data cell (invoked with [F1] or the ? key). Output reports can be sent
to the printer, terminal or files.
Often suction (inlet), discharge (exhaust), and extraction lines are analyzed for forces and
moments in separate runs of a pipe stress program. Once all of the loadings for a particular
piece of equipment are computed, the equipment program is executed to determine if these
loads are acceptable in accordance with the governing code. The user enters the equip-
ments basic geometry and the loads on its nozzles computed from the piping program.
The equipment analysis determines if these loads are excessive.
One convenient feature of the CAESAR II equipment programs is that nozzles on equip-
ment can be analyzed separately. Often times a user will only have suction side loads, and
often the particular dimensions of the pump are unknown, or are difficult to obtain. In
these cases, CAESAR II accepts zeros or no-entries for the unknown data and will still
generate a single-nozzle equipment check report. Therefore, while overall compliance
may not be evaluated, the user can still check the individual nozzle limits. This is a valu-
able tool to have, as in this case the user is looking more for load guidance, rather than for
some fixed or precise limit on allowables.
Analysis Menu
All of these program modules share the same interface for easy transition. The individual
modules are described following section.
CAESAR II - Users Guide Intersection Stress Intensification Factors
Equipment and Component Compliance 12-3
Intersection Stress Intensification Factors
With this module, intersection stress intensification factors (SIFs) can be computed for
any of the three-pipe type intersections available in CAESAR II:
Intersection Types
A sample input spreadsheet is shown below.
Intersection Stress Intensification Factors
Stress intensification factors are reported for a range of different configuration values.
Intersection Stress Intensification Factors CAESAR II - Users Guide

Intersection Stress Intensification Factors - Report
CAESAR II - Users Guide Bend Stress Intensification Factors
Bend Stress Intensification Factors
This module provides a scratch pad for determining stress intensification factors (SIFs) for
various bend configurations under different codes.
Bend stress intensification factors can be computed for
Pipe bends without any additional attachments.These calculations are done exactly
according to the piping code being used.
Mitered pipe bends. These calculations are done exactly according to the piping code
being used.
Pipe bends with a trunnion attachment. These calculations are taken from the paper
Stress Indices for Piping Elbows with Trunnion Attachments for Moment and Axial
Loads, by Hankinson, Budlong and Albano, in the PVP Vol. 129, 1987.
The bend stress intensification factor input spreadsheet is shown below:
Bend Stress Intensification Spreadsheet
Input here is fairly straight forward; if there is a question about a particular data entry, the
help screens should be queried. In most cases data that does not apply is left blank. For
Bend Stress Intensification Factors CAESAR II - Users Guide
example, to review the SIFs for a bend that does not have a trunnion, the three trunnion
related input fields should be left blank.
Bend Stress Intensification Factors - Trunnion
Pressure Stiffening
The pressure stiffening option in the input is provided so the user can see the effect that
pressure stiffening has on the bends flexibility factor and stress intensification factor. This
option is controlled by the user in CAESAR II via the setup file, but is most commonly
left to the default condition. The default is different for each piping code because some of
the codes mention pressure stiffening explicitly and some do not.
Pressure stiffening has its most significant effect in larger diameter bends adjacent to sen-
sitive equipment (compressors). Including pressure stiffening where it is not included by
default will draw more of the system moment to the nozzle adjacent to the bend.
Flanges Attached to Bend Ends
This is essentially the number of rigid fittings that are attached to the end of the bend pre-
venting the ovalization of the bend. It is the ovalization that provides for a large amount of
the bends flexibility.
BS-806 (The British Power Piping Code) recommends that flanges or valves (or any rigid
cross-sectional fitting) that are within two diameters of the ending weldpoint of the bend
be considered as being attached to the end of the bend for this calculation.
CAESAR II - Users Guide Bend Stress Intensification Factors
Bends with Trunnions
There are certain limits that must be satisfied before SIFs can be calculated on trunnions.
These limits come directly from the paper by Hankinson, Budlong and Albano, and they
are:
t/T 0.2 and t/T 2.0
D/T 20 and D/T 60
d/D 0.3 and d/D 0.8
Where:
t = Wall thickness of the trunnion
T = Wall thickness of the bend
d = Outside diameter of the trunnion
D = Outside diameter of the bend
Stress Concentrations and Intensifications
The stress intensification calculation for bends with trunnions is based on the relationship
between the ASME NB stress indices C
2
, K
2
, and the B31 code i factor (or stress inten-
sification factor). That relationship has long been taken to be
(m)(i) = (C
2
)(K
2
)
Where:
m = multiplier, usually either 1.7 or 2.
i = B31 stress intensification factor
C
2
= ASME NB secondary stress index
K
2
= ASME NB peak stress index
The peak stress index (K
2
) is commonly known as the stress concentration factor, and is
so-called in CAESAR II. Simply put, this factor is the ratio of the highest point stress at
an intensification (i.e. at an intersection or an elbow) and the nominal local computed
stress at the same point. Peak stresses typically only exist in a very small volume of mate-
rial, on the order of fractions of the wall thickness of the part.
Because most piping components are formed without crude notches, gross imperfections
or other anomalies, the peak stress index is kept well in control. Where a smooth transition
radius is provided which is at least t/2, where (t) is the characteristic thickness of the part,
the peak stress index is typically taken as 1.0. At unfinished welds, sockets, and where no
transition radius is provided the peak stress index approaches values of 2.0.
Note If the user enters a trunnion (where there will be a weld between the trunnion and
the elbow), and does not enter a stress concentration factor (the third input for the
trunnion), CAESAR II assumes a stress concentration factor of 2.0.
WRC 107 (Vessel Stresses) CAESAR II - Users Guide
WRC 107 (Vessel Stresses)
The Welding Research Council Bulletin 107 (WRC 107) has been used extensively since
1965 by design engineers to estimate local stresses in vessel/attachment junctions.
Note There are three editions of WRC 107 available from the program; the default is set
by the user in the Configure-Setup option.
WRC 107 Bulletin provides an analytical tool to evaluate the vessel stresses in the imme-
diate vicinity of a nozzle. This method can be used to compute the stresses at both the
inner and outer surfaces of the vessel wall, and report the stresses in the longitudinal and
circumferential axes of the vessel/nozzle intersection. The convention adopted by WRC
CAESAR II - Users Guide WRC 107 (Vessel Stresses)
107 to define the applicable orientations of the applied loads and stresses for both spheri-
cal and cylindrical vessels are shown in the figure below.
WRC Axes Orientation
It has also been a common practice to use WRC 107 to conservatively estimate vessel
shell stress state at the edge of a reinforcing pad, if any. The stress state in the vessel wall
when the nozzle has a reinforcing pad can be estimated by considering a solid plug, with
an outside diameter equal to the O.D. of the reinforcing pad, subjected to the same nozzle
loading.
T
C
2
L

A B
C

A
C
B
M
T
V
C
L V
Up p e r
Lowe r
L C
2
L
1
C
1
2

A

A
B
B
C
C
D
D
M AXIS
L
C
1
V ( or V )
V ( or V )
( or M )
( or M )
M AXIS
M AXIS
M AXIS
P AXIS
M AXIS
M AXIS
M AXIS M AXIS
P AXIS
M AXIS
SPHERICAL SHELLS
To Define WRC Axes:
1) P-axis: Along the Nozzle centerline
and positive entering the vessel.
2) M1-axis: Perpendicular to the nozzle
centerline along convenient global
axis.
3) M2-axis: Cross the P-axis into the M1
axis and the result is the M2-axis.
CYLINDRICAL SHELLS
To Define WRC Axes:
1) P-axis: Along the Nozzle centerline and
positive entering the vessel.
2) MC-axis: Along the vessel centerline and
positive to correspond with any parallel glo-
bal axis.
3) ML-axis: Cross the P-axis with the MC axis
and the result is the ML-axis.
To Define WRC Stress Points:
u-upper, means stress on outside of vessel
wall at junction.
l-lower, means stress on inside of vessel at
junction.
A-Position on vessel at junction, along neg-
ative M1 axis.
B-Position on vessel at junction, along posi-
tive M1 axis.
C-Position on vessel at junction, along posi-
tive M2 axis.
D-Position on vessel at junction, along neg-
ative M2 axis.
To Define WRC Stress Points:
u-upper, means stress on outside of vessel wall at
junction.
l-lower, means stress on inside of vessel at junc-
tion.
A-Position on vessel at junction, along negative
MC axis.
B-Position on vessel at junction, along positive
MC axis.
C-Position on vessel at junction, along positive
ML axis.
D-Position on vessel at junction, along negative
ML axis.
Note: Shear axis VC is parallel, and in the
same direction as the bending axis ML.
Shear axis VL is parallel, and in the
opposite direction as the bending axis
MC.
Note Before attempting to use WRC 107 to evaluate the stress state of any nozzle/ves-
sel junction, the user should always make sure that the geometric restrictions lim-
iting the application of WRC 107 are not exceeded. These vary according to the
attachment and vessel types. The user is referred to the WRC 107 bulletin direc-
tory for this information.
The WRC 107 method should probably not be used when the nozzle is very light or when
the parameters in the WRC 107 data curves are unreasonably exceeded. Output from the
WRC 107 program includes the figure numbers for the curves accessed, the curve
abscissa, and the values retrieved. The user is urged to check these outputs against the
actual curve in WRC 107 to get a feel for the accuracy of the stresses calculated. For
example, if parameters for a particular problem are always near or past the end of the fig-
ures curve data, then the calculated stresses may not be reliable.
The WRC 107 program can be activated by selecting Analysis - WRC 107 from the Main
Menu. The user may be prompted to enter a job name, and then the following data entry
screen appears:
Analysis - WRC 107
The input data is accumulated by the processor in six spreadsheets. The first sheet is a title
block, the second and third sheets collect the vessel and the nozzle (attachment) geometry
data, respectively. The user only needs to define two vectors specified on the geometry
data sheets. The first vector defines the direction of the centerline of the vessel. The sec-
ond vector defines the direction of the piping/nozzle orientation, with the positive direc-
tion of this vector pointing from the nozzle connection towards the vessel centerline.
Vessel Data
Nozzle Data
The nozzle loading is specified on the last three spreadsheets, according to specific load
cases, which include sustained, expansion and occasional cases. These loads are found in
the CAESAR II output restraint load summary under the corresponding load cases or may
be extracted from the static output files automatically by clicking the Get Loads From
Output File button.

Nozzle Loads (SUS)
The WRC 107 specific input coordinate system has been incorporated into the program, so
loads should be entered in global orientation.
Notice that the curves in WRC Bulletin 107 cover essentially all applications of nozzles in
vessels or piping; however, should any of the interpolation parameters, i.e. Beta, etc. fall
outside the limits of the available curves, some extrapolation of the WRC method must be
used. The current default is to use the last value in the particular WRC table. If one wishes
to control the extrapolation methodology interactively, you may do so by changing the
WRC 107 default from USE LAST CURVE VALUE to INTERACTIVE CONTROL
on the Computation Control tab page located inside the Configure-Setup module of the
Main Menu.
After entering all data, the WRC 107 analysis may be initiated through the
Analyze-WRC 107 menu option.
Any errors or warnings are reported in their own tab; double-clicking on them returns the
user to the appropriate field.
Output reports may be viewed at the terminal or printed.
Clicking the button, performs the initial WRC 107 calculation and sends the result
to MicroSoft Word. Subsequently, clicking the button performs the Section VIII,
Division 2 summation and allows the user to append those results to a MicroSoft Word
document.
WRC 107 Stress Summations
Because the stresses computed by WRC 107 are highly localized, they do not fall immedi-
ately under the B31 code rules as defined by B31.1 or B31.3. The Appendix 4-1 of ASME
Section VIII, Division 2 (Mandatory Design Based on Stress analysis) does however
provide a detailed approach for dealing with these local stresses. The analysis procedure
outlined in the aforementioned code is used in CAESAR II to perform the stress evalua-
tion. In order to evaluate the stresses through an elastic analysis, three stress combinations
(summations) must be made:
P
m
P
m
+ P
l
+ P
b
P
m
+ P
l
+ P
b
+ Q
Where P
m
is defined as the general membrane stress due to internal pressure removed from
discontinuities, and can be estimated for the vessel wall from the expression (PD) / (4t) for
the longitudinal component and (PD) / (2t) for the hoop component, where P is the design
pressure of the system. The allowable for P
m
is kS
mh
where S
mh
is the allowable stress
intensity (See CAESAR II Technical Reference Manual for definition). The value of k can
be taken from Table AD-150.1 of the code (which ranges from 1.0 for sustained loads to
1.2 for sustained plus wind loads or sustained plus earthquake loads). P
l
is the local mem-
brane stress at the junction due to the sustained piping loads, P
b
is the local bending stress
(defined as zero at the nozzle to vessel connections per Section VIII, Division 2 of ASME
Code), while Q is defined as the secondary stress, due to thermal expansion piping loads,
or the bending stress due to internal pressure thrust and sustained piping loads. The allow-
able stress intensity for the second stress combination is 1.5kS
mh
, as defined by the Figure
4-130.1 of the Code, while S
mh
is the hot stress intensity allowable at the given design
temperature. Both P
l
and Q will be calculated by the WRC 107 program. The third combi-
nation actually defines the range of the stress intensity, and its allowable is limited to
1.5(S
mc
+S
mh
). See the Technical Reference Manual for a detailed discussion.
This summation can be done automatically following the WRC 107 analysis through the
Analyze-Stress Summation option. This calculation provides a comparison of the stress
intensities to the entered allowables, along with a corresponding PASS-FAIL ruling.
The WRC 107 Analysis module can provide a graphical representation of the nozzle and
its imposed loads. This can be accessed via the button on the toolbar.
WRC 107 Analysis Module
The displayed load case (SUS, EXP, OCC) can be varied by selecting the tab for that load
case immediately before activating the graphics.
WRC Bulletin 297 CAESAR II - Users Guide
WRC Bulletin 297
Main Menu option Analysis - WRC 297 begins the Welding Research Council (WRC)
Bulletin 297 Stress Calculations program. Published in August of 1984, WRC 297
attempts to extend the existing analysis tools for the evaluation of stresses in cylinder-to-
cylinder intersections. WRC 297 differs from the widely used WRC 107 primarily in that
WRC 297 is designed for larger d/D ratios (up to 0.5), and that WRC 297 also computes
stresses in the nozzle and the vessel. (WRC 107 only computes stresses in the vessel.) The
module provides spreadsheets for the vessel data, nozzle data, and imposed loads.
Analysis - WRC 297
CAESAR II - Users Guide WRC Bulletin 297
Nozzle Screen
WRC Bulletin 297 CAESAR II - Users Guide
This module requires that nozzle loads be entered using the WRC 107 local coordinate
system (see discussion under WRC 107 in this chapter).
WRC 297 - Loads
The CAESAR II version of WRC 297 also adds the pressure component of the stress
using Lames equations, multiplied by the stress intensification factors found in ASME
Section VIII, Div. 2, Table AD-560.7. The pressure stress calculation is not a part of the
WRC 297 bulletin, but is added here as a convenience for the user.
Note CAESAR II also utilizes, through the piping input processor, the nozzle flexibil-
ity calculations described in WRC 297 via figures 59 and 60.
When provided with the necessary input, CAESAR II calculates the stress components at
the four locations on the vessel around the nozzle and also the corresponding locations on
the nozzle. Stresses are calculated on both the outer and inner surfaces (upper and lower).
These stress components are resolved into stress intensities at these 16 points around the
connection. Refer to the WRC 107 discussion for more information on the allowable lim-
its for these stresses.
CAESAR II - Users Guide Flange Leakage/Stress Calculations
Flange Leakage/Stress Calculations
The Flange Leakage/Stress Calculations are started by selecting Main Menu option Anal-
ysis-Flanges.
There have been primarily two different ways to calculate stress and one way to estimate
leakage for flanges that have received general application over the past 20 years. The
stress calculation methods are from the following sources:
ASME Section VIII
ANSI B16.5 Rating Tables
The leakage calculations were also based on the B16.5 rating table approach.
Leakage is a function of the relative stiffnesses of the flange, gasket and bolting. Using the
B16.5 estimated stress calculations to predict leakage does not consider the gasket type,
stiffness of the flange, or the stiffness of the bolting. Using B16.5 to estimate leakage
makes the tendency to leak proportional to the allowable stress in the flange, i.e. a flange
with a higher allowable will be able to resist higher moments without leakage. Leakage is
very weakly tied to allowable stress, if at all.
The CAESAR II flange leakage calculation is COADEs first attempt to improve upon
the solution of this difficult analysis problem. Equations were written to model the flexi-
bility of the annular plate that is the flange, and its ability to rotate under moment, axial
force, and pressure. The results compare favorably with three dimensional finite element
analysis of the flange junction. These correlations assume that the distance between the
inside diameter of the flange and the center of the effective gasket loading diameter is
smaller than the distance between the effective gasket loading diameter and the bolt circle
diameter, i.e. that (G-ID) < (BC-G), where, G is the effective gasket loading diameter, ID
is the inside diameter of the flange, and BC is the diameter of the bolt circle.
Several trends have been noticed as flange calculations have been made:
The thinner the flange, the greater the tendency to leak.
Larger diameter flanges have a greater tendency to leak.
Stiffer gaskets have a greater tendency to leak.
Leakage is a function of bolt tightening stress.
Input for the Flange Module is broken into four sections. The first section describes flange
geometry.
Flange Leakage/Stress Calculations CAESAR II - Users Guide
Flange Analysis
The second section contains data on the bolts and gasket.
Bolts and Gasket
The third section is used to enter material and stress-related data.
Material and Stress Data
The fourth section contains the imposed loads.
Imposed Loads
Note on bolt tightening stress
This is a critical item for leakage determination and for computing stresses in the flange.
The ASME code bases its stress calculations on a prespecified, fixed equation for the bolt
stress. The resulting value is however often not related to the actual tightening stress that
appears in the flange when the bolts are tightened. For this reason, the initial bolt stress
input field that appears in the first section of data input, Bolt Initial Tightening Stress, is
used only for the flexibility/leakage determination. The value for the bolt tightening stress
used in the ASME flange stress calculations is as defined by the ASME code:
Bolt Load = Hydrostatic End Force + Force for Leaktight Joint
If the Bolt Initial Tightening Stress field is left blank, CAESAR II uses the value
where 45,000 psi is a constant and d is the nominal diameter of the bolt (correction is
made for metric units).
This is a rule of thumb tightening stress, that will typically be applied by field personnel
tightening the bolts. This computed value is printed in the output from the flange program.
It is interesting to compare this value to the bolt stress printed in the ASME stress report
(also in the output). It is not unusual for the rule-of-thumb tightening stress to be larger
than the ASME required stress. When the ASME required stress is entered into the Bolt
Initial Tightening Stress data field, a comparison of the leakage safety factors can be
45000 d ( )
made and the sensitivity of the joint to the tightening torque can be ascertained. Users are
strongly encouraged to play with these numbers to get a feel for the relationship
between all of the factors involved.
Using the CAESAR II Flange Modeler
Only the following input parameters are required to get a leakage report. These parameters
include
Flange Inside Diameter
Flange Thickness
Bolt Circle Diameter
Number Of Bolts
Bolt Diameter
Effective Gasket Diameter
Uncompressed Gasket Thickness
Effective Gasket Width
Leak Pressure Ratio
Effective Gasket Modulus
Externally Applied Moment
Externally Applied Force
Pressure
The help screens (press [F1] or ? at the data cell) are very useful for all of the input items
and should be used liberally here when there are questions. Unique input cells are dis-
cussed as follows:
Leak Pressure Ratio
This value is taken directly from Table 2-5.1 in the ASME Section VIII code. This table is
reproduced in the help screens. This value is more commonly recognized as m, and is
termed the Gasket Factor in the ASME code. This is a very important number for leak-
age determination, as it represents the ratio of the pressure required to prevent leakage
over the line pressure.
Effective Gasket Modulus
Typical values are between 300,000 and 400,000 psi for spiral wound gaskets. The higher
the modulus the greater the tendency for the program to predict leakage. Errors on the high
side when estimating this value will lead to a more conservative design.
Flange Rating
This is an optional input, but results in some very interesting output. As mentioned above,
it has been a widely used practice in the industry to use the ANSI B16.5 and API 605 tem-
perature/pressure rating tables as a gauge for leakage. Because these rating tables are
based on allowable stresses, and were not intended for leakage prediction, the leakage pre-
dictions that resulted were a function of the allowable stress for the flange material, and
not the flexibility, i.e. modulus of elasticity of the flange. To give the user a feel for this
old practice, the minimum and maximum rating table values from ANSI and API were
stored and are used to print minimum and maximum leakage safety factors that would be
predicted from this method. Example output that the user will get upon entering the flange
rating is shown as follows:
EQUIVALENT PRESSURE MODEL -
Equivalent Pressure (lb./sq.in.) 1639.85
ANSI/API Min Equivalent Pressure Allowed 1080.00
ANSI/API Max Equivalent Pressure Allowed 1815.00
This output shows that leakage, according to this older method, occurred if a carbon steel
flange was used, and leakage did not occur if an alloy flange was used. (Of course both
flanges would have essentially the same flexibility tendency to leak.)
The following input parameters are used only for the ASME Section VIII Division 1 stress
calculations:
Flange Type
Flange Outside Diameter
Design Temperature
Small End Hub Thickness
Large End Hub Thickness
Hub Length
Flange Allowables
Bolt Allowables
Gasket Seating Stress
Optional Allowable Multipliers
Flange Face & Gasket Dimensions
The flange type can be selected from the icons on the first spreadsheet.
Material allowables may be acquired from the Section VIII, Division 1 material library
that is accessed from the pull-down list.
An input listing for a typical flange analysis is shown below:
C A E S A R I I MISCELLANEOUS REPORT ECHO
Flange Inside Diameter [B](in.) 30.560
Flange Thickness [t](in.) 4.060
Flange Rating (Optional) 300.000
Bolt Circle Diameter (in.) 38.500
Number of Bolts 32.000
Bolt Diameter (in.) 1.500
Bolt Initial Tightening Stress(lb./sq.in.)
Effective Gasket Diameter [G] (in.) 33.888
Uncompressed Gasket Thickness (in.) 0.063
Basic Gasket Width [b0] (in.) 0.375
Leak Pressure Ratio [m] 2.750
Effective Gasket Modulus(b./sq.in.) 300,000.000
Externally Applied Moment (optional)(in.lb.) 24,000.000
Externally Applied Force (optional)(lb.) 1,000.000
Pressure [P](lb./sq.in.) 400.000
The following inputs are required only if the user
wishes to perform stress calcs as per Sect VIII Div. 1
Flange Type (1-8, see ?-Help or Alt-P to plot) 1.000
Flange Outside Diameter [A](in.) 41.500
Design TemperatureF 650.000
Small End Hub Thickness [g0](in.) 1.690
Large End Hub Thickness [g1](in.) 3.440
Hub Length [h](in.) 6.620
Flange Allowable @Design Temperature(lb./sq.in.) 17,500.000
Flange Allowable @Ambient Temperature(lb./sq.in.) 17,500.000
Flange Modulus of Elasticity @Design(lb./sq.in.) 0.279E+08
Flange Modulus of Elasticity @Ambient(lb./sq.in.) 0.279E+08
Bolt Allowable @Design Temperature(lb./sq.in.) 25,000.000
Bolt Allowable @Ambient Temperature(lb./sq.in.) 25,000.000
Gasket Seating Stress [y](lb./sq.in.) 3,700.000
Flange Allowable Stress Multiplier 1.000
Bolt Allowable Stress Multiplier (VIII Div 2 4-1411.000
Disable Leakage Calculations (Y/N) N
Flange Face OD or Lapjt Cnt OD(in.)34.500
Flange Face ID or Lapjt Cnt ID(in.)33.000
Gasket Outer Diameter (in.)36.000
Gasket Inner Diameter (in.)33.000
Nubbin Width (in.)
Facing Sketch1.000
Facing Column 2.000
Disable Leakage Calculations (Y/N) N
Flange Face OD or Lapjt Cnt OD(in.) 34.500
Flange Face ID or Lapjt Cnt ID(in.) 33.000
Gasket Outer Diameter (in.) 36.000
Gasket Inner Diameter (in.) 33.000
Nubbin Width (in.)
Facing Sketch 1.000
Facing Column 2.000
Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines, B31G CAESAR II - Users Guide
Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines, B31G
The B31G criteria provides a methodology whereby corroded pipelines can be evaluated
to determine when specific pipe segments must be replaced. The original B31G document
incorporates a healthy dose of conservatism and as a result, additional work has been per-
formed to modify the original criteria. This additional work can be found in project report
PR-3805, by Battelle, Inc. The details of the original B31G criteria as well as the modified
methods are discussed in detail in this report.
CAESAR II implements these B31G computations from the Main Menu
Analysis-B31G option. The user is then presented with two spreadsheets on which the
problem specific data can be entered.
CAESAR II determines the following values according to the original B31G criteria and
four modified methods.
These values are
the hoop stress to cause failure
the maximum allowed operating pressure
the maximum allowed flaw length
The four modified methods vary in the manner in which the corroded area is estimated.
These methods are
.85dLThe corroded area is approximated as 0.85 times the maximum pit depth
times the flaw length.
ExactThe corroded area is determined numerically using the trapezoid method.
EquivalentThe corroded area is determined by multiplying the average pit depth by
the flaw length. Additionally, an equivalent flaw length (flaw length * average pit
depth / maximum pit depth) is used in the computation of the Folias factor.
EffectiveThis method also uses a numerical trapezoid summation, however, various
sub lengths of the total flaw length are used to arrive at a worst case condition. Note
that if the sub length which produces the worst case coincides with the total length, the
Exact and Effective methods yield the same result.
CAESAR II - Users Guide Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines, B31G
The input screens from the B31G processor are shown below. All input cells have associ-
ated help text for user convenience. Note that most of the data required by this processor is
acquired through actual field measurements.
Data Spreadsheet
A maximum of twenty pit measurements may be entered on the Measurements spread-
sheet.
Measurements Spreadsheet
CAESAR II - Users Guide Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines, B31G
Once the data has been entered, the Analyze menu option initiates the computations. A
typical output report is shown as follows.
C A E S A R II MISCELLANEOUS REPORT ECHO
PIPELINE REMAINING STRENGTH CALCULATIONS (B31G)
Pipe Nominal Diameter (in.) 24.000
Pipe Wall Thickness (in.). 365
Design Pressure (lb./sq.in.) 915.000
Material Yield Strength (lb./sq.in.) 41,800.000
Material Specified Min Yield Strength (lb./sq.in.) 35,000.000

Flaw Length (in.) 2.750
Measurement Increment (in.) .250

Factor of Safety (Fs) 1.000
Design Factor (F) 1.000
Measurements are (P)its or (T)hicknessesP

Measurement 1(in.) .000
Measurement 2 (in.) .136
Measurement 13 (in.)

OUTPUT:

FAILURE FAILURE MAX ALLOWED
METHODSTRESSPRESSUREDEFECT LENGTH
(lb./sq.in.) (lb./sq.in.) (in. )
1 B31G (.67dL) 31808.660 967.514 1.696
2 Modified (.85dL) 34599.210 1052.392 2.656
3 Exact Trapezoid 38883.270 1182.700 4.422
4 Equivalent Area 42660.720 1297.597 5.159
5 Effective Area 44758.970 1361.419 3.775

* NOTE, revised pressure can not exceed design pressure.
The data in the input and the resulting output are consistent with the example from the
PR-3-805 report on page B-19. For additional information or backup on these computa-
tions, an intermediate computation file is generated.
For additional information on this processor, please refer to either the B31G document or
the Battelle project report PR-3-805.
CAESAR II - Users Guide Expansion Joint Rating
Expansion Joint Rating
CAESAR II provides a computation module which computes a limit for the total dis-
placement per corrugation of an expansion joint. According to EJMA (Expansion Joint
Manufacturers Association), the maximum permitted amount of axial movement per cor-
rugation is defined as e
rated
where
e
x
+ e
y
+ e
q
< e
rated
The terms in the above equation are defined as:
e
x
= The axial displacement per corrugation resulting from imposed axial move-
ments.
e
y
= The axial displacement per corrugation resulting from imposed lateral deflec-
tions.
e
q
= The axial displacement per corrugation resulting from imposed angular rota-
tion, i.e. bending.
e
rated
= The maximum permitted amount of axial movement per corrugation. This
value should be obtained from the Expansion Joint Manufacturers catalog.
In addition, EJMA states,
Also, [as an expansion joint is rotated or deflected laterally] it should be noted that
one side of the bellows attains a larger projected area than the opposite side. Under the
action of the applied pressure, unbalanced forces are set up which tend to distort the
expansion joint further. In order to control the effects of these two factors a second
limit is established by the manufacturer upon the amount of angular rotation and/or
lateral deflection which may be imposed upon the expansion joint. This limit may be
less than the rated movement. Therefore, in the selection of an expansion joint, care
must be exercised to avoid exceeding either of these manufacturers limits.
This CAESAR II computation module is provided to assist the expansion joint user in sat-
isfying these limitations. This module computes the terms defined in the above equation
and the movement of the joint ends relative to each other. These relative movements are
reported in both the local joint coordinate system and the global coordinate system.
The expansion joint rating module can be entered by selecting Main Menu
Analysis - Expansion Joint Rating option.
The user is then presented with two input spreadsheets on which the joint geometry and
end displacements are specified.
Expansion Joint Rating CAESAR II - Users Guide
Geometry Spreadsheet
Displacements and Rotation
A report displaying both the input echo and the output calculations is shown as follows.
The units used for the coordinate and displacement values are the length units defined in
the active units file. Rotations are in units of degrees.
EJMA EXPANSION JOINT RATING
Node Number for FROM end 120.000
Node Number for TO end 125.000
Number of Convolutions 4.000
Flexible Joint Length (in.)4.447
Effective Diameter(in.)4.996

X Coordinate of from end (in.).000
Y Coordinate of from end (in.).000
Z Coordinate of from end (in.).000

EJMA EXPANSION JOINT RATING
Node Number for FROM end 120.000
Node Number for TO end 125.000
Number of Convolutions 4.000
Flexible Joint Length (in.)4.447
Effective Diameter(in.)4.996

X Coordinate of from end (in.).000
Y Coordinate of from end (in.).000
Z Coordinate of from end (in.).000

X Coordinate of to end (in.)4.447
Y Coordinate of to end (in.).000
Z Coordinate of to end (in.).000

X Displacement of from end (in.).300
Y Displacement of from end (in.).250
Z Displacement of from end (in.).000
X Rotation of from end (deg).000
Y Rotation of from end (deg)1.222
Z Rotation of from end (deg).030
X Displacement of to end (in.)-.100
Y Displacement of to end (in.).120
Z Displacement of to end (in.).000
X Rotation of to end (deg).000
Y Rotation of to end (deg)-.020
Z Rotation of to end (deg).890

OUTPUT:

AXIAL DISPLACEMENTS PER CONVOLUTION
Axial Displacement.100
Axial Displacement due to Lateral .133
Axial Displacement due to Rotation.016
Axial Displacement TOTAL.250

RELATIVE MOVEMENTS OF END i WITH RESPECT TO END j
(Local Joint Coordinate System)
Relative Axial Displacement, x.401
Relative Lateral Displacement, y.158
Relative Bending, theta (deg)1.511
Relative Torsion (deg) .019

RELATIVE MOVEMENTS OF END i WITH RESPECT TO END j
(Global Piping Coordinate System)
Relative X Displacement-.399
Relative Y Displacement-.132
Relative Z Displacement.095
Relative Rotation about X (deg).000
Relative Rotation about Y (deg)-1.242
Relative Rotation about Z (deg).860

In the previous output, the axial displacement total in the report is the total axial displace-
ment per corrugation due to axial, lateral, and rotational displacement of the expansion
joint ends. This is the value that would be compared to the rated axial displacement per
corrugation. If e
(total)
is greater than the rated axial displacement per corrugation, then there
is the possibility of premature bellows failure. Be sure that the displacement rating from
the manufacturer is on a per corrugation basis. If not then multiply the axial displacement
total by the number of corrugations and compare this value to the manufacturers allow-
able axial displacement. Note that most manufacturers allowed rating is for some set num-
ber of cycles (often 10,000). If the actual number of cycles is less, then the allowed
movement can often be greater. Similarly, if the actual number of cycles is greater than
10,000, then the allowed movement can be smaller. In special situations manufacturers
should almost always be consulted because many factors can affect allowed bellows
movement.
The y in the report is the total relative lateral displacement of one end of the bellows
with respect to the other, and theta is the total relative angular rotation of one end of the
bellows with respect to the other. (Note that CAESAR II does not include x into the
denominator for the lateral displacement calculations as outlined in EJMA.
Structural Steel Checks - AISC CAESAR II - Users Guide
Structural Steel Checks - AISC
Code compliance for structural steel shapes is performed according to the AISC (Ameri-
can Institute of Steel Construction) code. This code check uses the forces and moments at
the ends of the structural members, computes stresses, and allowables, and determines a
unity check value. If the unity check value is less than 1.0, the member is acceptable
for the given loading conditions.
CAESAR II performs the AISC unity check according to either the 1977 or the 1989 edi-
tion of the AISC code.
Note Member properties are obtained from the AISC data base and used to compute the
actual and allowable stress values for the axial and bending terms comprising the
unity check equations. The specific data base is set via CAESARS IIs - Con-
figure-Setup module. The data base must be either AISC77.BIN or
AISC89.BIN.
The CAESAR II program which performs the unity check calculations is invoked with
the Main Menu option Analyze - AISC.
Global Parameters
Upon invoking this module, the user is presented with the Global Input spreadsheet.
CAESAR II - Users Guide Structural Steel Checks - AISC
Global Input Spreadsheet
This screen is used to enter data that applies to all members being evaluated. Particular
fields are:
Structural Code
The entry in this field should be either AISC 1977 or AISC 1989 respectively. Users
should set this entry to match the data base in use.
Allowable Stress Increase Factor
The Allowable Stress Increase Factor is a multiplication factor applied to the computed
values of the axial and bending allowable stresses. Typically this value is 1.0. However, in
extreme events the AISC code permits the allowable stresses to be increased by a factor.
Normally a 1/3 increase is applied to the computed allowables, making the Allowable
Stress Increase Factor = 1.33. Examples of extreme events are earthquakes and 100 year
storms. For more details see the AISC code, section 1.5.6.
Stress Reduction Factors Cmy and Cmz
Cmy and Cmz are interaction formula coefficients for the strong and weak axis of the ele-
ments (in-plane and out-of-plane).
1. 0.85 for compression members in frames subject to joint translation (sidesway).
2. For restrained compression members in frames braced against sidesway and not sub-
ject to transverse loading between supports in the plane of bending:
0.6 - 0.4(M1/M2); but not less than 0.4
3. where (M1/M2) is the ratio of the smaller to larger moments at the ends, of that por-
tion of the member unbraced in the plane of bending under consideration.
4. For compression members in frames braced against joint translation in the plane of
loading and subject to transverse loading between supports, the value of Cmy may be
determined by rational analysis. However, in lieu of such analysis, the following val-
ues are suggested per the AISC code:
a. 0.85 for members whose ends are restrained against rotation in the plane of bend-
ing
b. 1.0 for members whose ends are unrestrained against rotation in the plane of
bending
Youngs Modulus
The slope of the linear portion of the stress-strain diagram. For structural steel this value is
usually 29,000,000 psi.
Material Yield Strength
The specified minimum yield stress of the steel being used.
Bending Coefficient
The bending coefficient Cb shall be taken as 1.0 in computing the value of Fby and Fbz
for use in Formula 1.6-1a. Cb shall also be unity when the bending moment at any point in
an unbraced length is larger than the moment at either end of the same length. Otherwise,
Cb shall be
Cb = 1.75 + 1.05(M1/M2) + 0.3(M1/M2)
2
but not more than 2.3 where (M1/M2) is the
ratio of the smaller to larger moments at the ends.
Form Factor Qa
The form factor is an allowable axial stress reduction factor equal to the effective area
divided by the actual area. (Consult the latest edition of the AISC code for the current
computation methods for the effective area.)
Allow Sidesway
The ability of a frame or structure to experience sidesway (joint translation) affects the
computation of several of the coefficients used in the unity check equations. Additionally,
for frames braced against sidesway, moments at each end of the member are required.
Normally sidesway is allowed (i.e., the box is checked).
Resize Members Whose Unity Check Value Is . . .
This check box determines whether or not the AISC program attempts to resize specific
members as a result of the unity check computations. Activating this option requires the
user to specify a desired minimum unity check and a desired maximum unity check. If the
computed unity check falls outside this range, the program resizes the member appropri-
ately. The final member size is shown in the output report.
Minimum Desired Unity Check
This is a required entry if the redesign option has been activated. This entry defines the
minimum acceptable unity check allowed. If a unity check falls below this point, the ele-
ment is resized to a smaller shape.
Maximum Desired Unity Check
This is a required entry if the redesign option has been activated. This entry defines the
maximum acceptable unity check allowed. If a unity check falls above this point, the ele-
ment is resized to a larger shape.
Local Member Data
Local Member data must be entered for each member being evaluated.
Local Member Data Spreadsheet
Particular fields are the following:
Member Start Node
The member start node is the i end of a structural element. The node number entered
should be an integer value between 1 and 32,000. This is a required entry.
Member End Node
The member end node is the j end of a structural element. The node number entered
should be an integer value between 1 and 32,000. This is a required entry.
Member Type
The member type is the AISC shape label found in the AISC manual. The shape label is
used to acquire the member geometric properties from the data base. The label entered in
this field must match exactly the label in the data base for properties to be obtained. Use
the on line help to list typical member designations.
Since many of the angle labels can be found in the single angles, the double angles (long
legs back to back), and the double angles (short legs back to back), require an angle type
to tell them apart. This cell should contain a D for double angles with equal legs, and dou-
ble angles with long legs back to back. This cell should contain a B for double angles with
short legs back to back.
In- And Out-Of-Plane Fixity Coefficients Ky And Kz
The coefficients used to compute the strong and weak axis slenderness ratios, respectively
are
Unsupported Axial Length
This length is the length used to determine the buckling strength of the member. Typically,
this is the total length of the member.
Unsupported Length (In-Plane Bending)
This length is the length of the member between braces or supports which prevent bending
about the strong axis of the member.
Unsupported Length (Out-Of-Plane Bending)
This length is the length of the member between braces or supports which prevent bending
about the weak axis of the member.
Double Angle Spacing
Double angles normally have a gap or space separating the adjacent legs. The spacing as
defined in the AISC manual must be 0.0, .375, or .75 inches.
Youngs Modulus
The slope of the linear portion of the stress-strain diagram. For structural steel this value is
usually 29,000,000 psi. This value of Youngs modulus overrides the value specified on
the global input spreadsheet.
Material Yield Strength
The specified minimum yield stress of the steel being used. This value of the material
yield strength overrides the value specified on the global input spreadsheet.
Axial Member Force
This is the force (tension or compression) which acts along the axis of the member. The
sign of the number is not significant, since a worst case load condition will be assumed,
i.e. all positive loads.
End Conditions Theoretical K Recommended Design K
fixed-fixed 0.5 0.65
fixed-pinned 0.7 0.8
fixed-sliding 1.0 1.2
pinned-pinned 1.0 1.0
fixed-free 2.0 2.1
pinned-sliding 2.0 2.0
In-Plane Bending Moment
The maximum bending moment in the member (when sidesway is permitted) which will
cause bending about the strong axis Y-Y of the member. The sign of the number is not sig-
nificant, since a worst case load condition will be assumed, i.e. all positive loads.
Out-of-Plane Bending Moment
The maximum bending moment in the member (when sidesway is permitted) which will
cause bending about the weak axis Z-Z of the member. The sign of the number is not sig-
nificant, since a worst case load condition will be assumed, i.e. all positive loads.
In-Plane Small Bending Moment
For structures braced against sidesway, the end moments must be specified. This value is
the smaller of the two in-plane bending moments which cause bending about the strong
axis Y-Y of the member.
In-Plane Large Bending Moment
the larger of the two in-plane bending moments which cause bending about the strong axis
Y-Y of the member.
Out-of-Plane Small Bending Moment
the smaller of the two out-of-plane bending moments which cause bending about the weak
axis Z-Z of the member.
Out-of-Plane Large Bending Moment
the larger of the two out-of-plane bending moments which cause bending about the weak
axis Z-Z of the member.
AISC Output Reports
The output reports can be directed to either the terminal or a printer. The output report
begins with a one page summary describing the current global data and units. This sum-
mary is shown on the following page:
AISC Output Summary
The remaining pages in the output report show the data for the individual members. The
last column of the report contains the most important data (namely the unity check value)
and the governing AISC equation. Two sample member output reports are shown in the
following figures. The first report is applicable to jobs where sidesway is allowed, the sec-
ond report is applicable to jobs where sidesway is prevented.
CAESAR II AISC UNITY CHECK PROGRAM VER 3.19 JOB: VER1
Licensed to: COADE ENGINEERING SOFTWARE, INC. DEALER/
DEMO COPY
Processing Date: 8/4/1993
Time: 9:12
STRCT Data Base: AISC89.BINCode Year: 1989
Units File Name: ENGLISH
Current Length units: in.
Current Force units: lb.
Current Moment units: in.lb.
Current Stress units: lb./sq
Allowable Stress Increase Factor 1.000
In-Plane Stress Reduction Factor Cmy.850
Out-of-Plane Stress Reduction FactorCmz.850
Youngs Modulus 29,000,000.000
Material Yield Strength 36,000.000
Bending Coefficient Cb 1.000
Form Factor Qa 1.000
Generate intermediate calculation file (Y/N)N
Sidesway is ALLOWED
Member Output Report, Sidesway Permitted
Differences Between the 1977 and 1989 AISC Codes
There are not many differences between the 1977 and 1989 AISC code revisions that
affect the unity check computation. The most noticeable difference between these two
revisions is that the 1989 code provides a method for computing the unity check on single
angles. This procedure (which was not addressed in the 1977 code) can be found in a spe-
cial code section following the commentary. The steps necessary to compute the unity
check for single angles can be followed by reviewing the message file (generated upon
user request).
The other changes (differences) between these two code revisions deal with members in
compression. Several constants for Q
s
have been altered, and a new factor k
c
has been
added. k
c
is a compression element restraint coefficient defined in the 1989 edition of
the code.
Because of these code differences, CAESAR II stores the name of the active data base in
the input file for the AISC program when the data file is first created. Attempting to switch
CAESAR II AISC UNITY CHECK PROGRAM Ver 3.19 Job: VER1
Page 1
Member Axial Fy Lngth X UC 1 Unity Chk
i Node Bend Y Ky Lngth Y UC 2 Equation
j Node Bend Z Kz Lngth Z UC 3 Compact
W10X39 100,000. 36,000.00 30. .779 .830
1. 100,000. .80 30. .830 1.6-1b
2. 100,000. .80 30. .000 Yes
W8X40 100,000. 36,000.00 30. .767 .818
2. 100,000. .80 30. .818 1.6-1b
3. 100,000. .80 30. .000 Yes
W21X44 100,000. 50,000.00 60. .811 .821
3. 100,000. .80 60. .821 1.6-1b
4. 100,000. .80 60. .000 No
W16X40 100,000. 50,000.00 60. .720 .738
4. 100,000. .80 60. .738 1.6-1b
5. 100,000. .80 60. .000 No
W24X55 100,000. 50,000.00 120. .762 .762
5. 100,000. .80 120. .642 1.6-1a
6. 100,000. .80 120. .000 No
NEMA SM23 (Steam Turbines) CAESAR II - Users Guide
data bases (or compute unity checks on angles using the 1977 code) will generate an error
message and the program will abort. Users are urged to consult the applicable AISC man-
uals when using this program.
NEMA SM23 (Steam Turbines)
There are two types of force/moment allowables computed during a NEMA run:
Individual nozzle allowables.
Cumulative equipment allowables.
Each individual suction, discharge, and extraction nozzle must satisfy the equation:
3F + M < 500De
Where:
F = resultant force on the particular nozzle.
M = resultant moment on the particular nozzle.
De = effective nominal pipe size of the connection.
A typical discharge nozzle calculation is shown as follows:
INDIVIDUAL NOZZLE CALCULATIONS
NOZZLE NODE COMPONENTSRESULTANTSVALUES/ALLOWABLES
(lbs. & ft.lb.)(lbs. & ft.lb.)
EXHAUST 50 FX = 1923F + M = 1216 FY= -7 F= 192
FZ = 11 500*(used) = 4,000
MX = -369 % OF ALLOW. = 30.40 MY= 522 M= 640
MZ = -39
For cumulative equipment allowables NEMA SM23 states "the combined resultants of
the forces and moments of the inlet, extraction, and exhaust connections resolved at the
centerline of the exhaust connection", be within a certain multiple of Dc; where Dc is the
diameter of an opening whose area is equal to the sum of the areas of all of the individual
equipment connections. A typical turbine cumulative (summation) equipment calculation
is shown as follows:
SUMMATION CALCUATIONS
DIAMETER DUE TO EQUIVALENT NOZZLE AREA, DC = 8.944in.
NOZZLE LOADS SUMMATIONSALLOWABLES % OF ALLOW.STATUS lbs.&ft.lb.)
SFX = 84 50*DC = 447 18.79
SFY = -74 125*DC = 1118 6.62
SFZ = -82 100*DC = 894 9.17
FC(RSLT) = 138
SMX = -447 250*DC = 2236 20.00
CAESAR II - Users Guide NEMA SM23 (Steam Turbines)
SMY = 170 125*DC = 1118 56.51
SMZ = 631 125*DC = 1118 56.51
MC(RSLT) = 792
FC + MC/2 = 535 125*DC = 1118 47.85
SFX, SFY, and SFZ are the respective components of the forces from all connections
resolved at the discharge nozzle. FC(RSLT) is the result of these forces. SMX, SMY and
SMZ are the respective components of the moments from all connections resolved at the
discharge nozzle. Dc is the diameter of the equivalent opening as discussed above.
NEMA Turbine Example
Consider a turbine where node 35 represents the inlet nozzle and node 50 represents the
outlet nozzle.
The output from a CAESAR II analysis of this piping system includes the forces and
moments acting on the pipe elements that attach to the turbine:
To find the forces acting on the turbine at points 35 and 50 simply reverse the sign of the
forces that act on the piping:
LOADS ON TURBINE @ 35 -108 -67 -93 -162 47 481
LOADS ON TURBINE @ 50 192 -7 11 -369 522 -39
There are two input spreadsheets for the NEMA turbine and they appear as follows.
Applied loads should be entered in global coordinates or extracted directly from the
CAESAR II output file (using the on-screen button).
NODE FX FY FZ MX MY MZ
30 -108 -49 -93 73 188 603
35 108 67 93 162 -47 -481
50 -192 7 -11 369 -522 39
55 192 -63 11 78 117 -56
NEMA Input Spreadsheet #1
NEMA Input Inlet Nozzle
NEMA Input Exhaust Nozzle
The two page NEMA output report for the above turbine example shows that the turbine
passed. The highest summation load is only 56% of the allowable. If the turbine had
failed, the symbol **FAILED** would have appeared in the STATUS column opposite
to the load combination that was excessive.
CAESAR II - Users Guide API 610 (Centrifugal Pumps)
API 610 (Centrifugal Pumps)
In August of 1995, API released the 8th edition of API 610 for centrifugal pumps for gen-
eral refinery service.
The API 610 load satisfaction criteria is outlined below:
If clause F.1.1 is satisfied, then the pump is O.K. Clause F.1.1 states that the individual
component nozzle loads must fall below the allowables listed in the Nozzle Loadings table
(Table 2) shown below:
If clause F.1.1 is NOT satisfied, but clauses F.1.2.1, F.1.2.2, and F.1.2.3 ARE satisfied then
the pump is still O.K.
Clause F.1.2.1 states that the individual component forces and moments acting on each
pump nozzle flange shall not exceed the range specified in Table 2 by a factor of more
than 2. Referring to the API 610 report, the user can see if F.1.2.1 is satisfied by compar-
ing the Force/Moment Ratio to 2. If the ratio exceeds 2, the nozzle status is reported as
FAILING.
The F.1.2.2 and the F.1.2.3 requirements give equations relating the resultant forces and
moments on each nozzle, as well as on the pump base point respectively. The requirements
of these equations, and whether or not they have satisfied API 610, are shown on the bot-
tom of the report.
The following example is taken from the API 610 code and shows the review of an over-
hung end-suction process pump in English units. The three CAESAR II input screens are
shown, followed by the program output.
API 610 (Centrifugal Pumps) CAESAR II - Users Guide
API 610 Input Data
API 610 Suction Nozzle
API 610 Discharge Nozzle
CAESAR II VERSION : 3.24
API 610 (8th Edition)File : APITST8A
Date : FEB 28,1997
User Entered Description :Time : 11:31 am
API-610 8TH example F.5.1.1 from page F-4.

Note, API input transformed into CAESAR II
global coordinate system for input.
Node # OrientationNominal Diameter
Suction Nozzle 1 End10
Discharge Nozzle 4 Top8
Table 2 Allowable ( ratio ) = 2.00
Pump Axis is in the X direction.
(Local Coordinates) SuctionTable 2 Force & Moment Status Values Ratios
X Distance = 10.5 in.
Y Distance = 0.0 in.
Z Distance = 0.0 in.
X Force = 2900.0 lb. 1500 1.93 Passed
Y Force = 0.0 lb. 1200 0.00 Passed
Z Force = -1,990.0 lb. 1,000 1.99 Passed
X Moment =- 1,000.0 ft.lb. 3,700 0.27 Passed
Y Moment = -3,599.0 ft.lb. 1,800 2.00 Passed
Z Moment =- 5,500.0 ft.lb. 2,800 1.96 Passed
(Local Coordinates)DischargeTable 2Force & MomentStatus
Values Ratios
X Distance = 0.0 in.
Y Distance = -12.2 in.
Z Distance = 15.0 in.
X Force = 1,600.0 lb. 850 1.88 Passed
Y Force = -100.0 lb. 700 0.14 Passed
Z Force = 1,950.0 lb. 1100 1.77 Passed
X Moment = 500.0 ft.lb. 2,600 0.19 Passed
Y Moment =-2,500.0 ft.lb. 1,300 1.92 Passed
Z Moment =-3,600.0 ft.lb. 1,900 1.89 Passed
Check of Condition F.1.2.2 Requirement Status
(FRSa/1.5FRSt2) + (MRSa/1.5MRSt2) = 1.952 < or = 2.00 Passed
(FRDa/1.5FRDt2) + (MRDa/1.5MRDt2)= 1.919 < or = 2.00 Passed
Check of Condition F.1.2.3 Requirement Status
1.5 ( FRSt2 + FRDt2 ) = 5,640. > 4,501. (FRCa) Passed
2.0 ( MZSt2 + MZDt2 ) = 6,200. >-2,358. (MYCa) Passed
1.5 ( MRSt2 + MRDt2 ) = 12,750. > 8,180. (MRCa) Passed
Overall Pump Status ** PASSED **
Vertical In-Line Pumps
Note that on the first screen there is a check box for a vertical in-line pump. This is to be
used when the pump is the vertical in-line type supported only by the attached piping. API
states that if this is the case then 2.0 times the loads from Table 2 can be used. However,
even if the pump fails the 2.0 Table 2 criteria, it may still pass. If the principal stress on the
nozzle is less than 6,000 psi, then that nozzle passes. If the principal stress on either nozzle
is greater than 6,000 psi, the overall status will be reported as Failed.
In API 610 there is an example problem which illustrates the way that the stresses are
computed on these in-line pump nozzles. The two basic equations for determining stress
are
Normal stresses (s) = Force / Area + Moment / Section Modulus
Shear Stresses (t) = Force / Area + Torque * distance / J
Where J is the polar moment of inertia.
In equation number 2, both terms of the equation will always add together. On the other
hand, the Force/Area term in equation 1 will depend on the sign of the force (tension or
compression) that the user enters in the force and moment spreadsheet. The sign of the
force is determined from the user-entered Centerline Direction Cosine, which for vertical
in-line pumps should be entered in the direction extending from the discharge to the suc-
tion nozzle. The distances that are usually entered for pedestal mounted pumps can be left
blank since they are not used.
API 617 (Centrifugal Compressors) CAESAR II - Users Guide
API 617 (Centrifugal Compressors)
The requirements of this standard are identical to those of NEMA SM-23 (1991), except
that all of the NEMA allowables are increased by 85%.
API 617 Allowables = 1.85 * NEMA SM-23 Allowables
The input screens for this evaluation are shown below:
API 617 Input
CAESAR II - Users Guide API 617 (Centrifugal Compressors)
API 617 Suction/Discharge Input
API 661 (Air Cooled Heat Exchangers) CAESAR II - Users Guide
API 661 (Air Cooled Heat Exchangers)
This calculation covers the allowed loads on the vertical, co-linear nozzles (item 9 in the
figure) found on most single, or multi-bundled air cooled heat exchangers.
The several figures from API 661 illustrate the type of open exchanger body analyzed by
this standard.
API 661 Heat Exchangers
The input for API 661 is self-explanatory.
The Heat Exchangers figure and the Resultant Force/Multiplier inputs for Spreadsheet
#1 are optional (default equals 1).
The two requirements for API 661 to be satisfied are as follows:
5.1.11.1 - Each nozzle in the corroded condition shall be capable of withstanding the
moments and forces defined in Heat Exchangers figure.
5.1.11.2 - The sum of the forces and moments on each fixed header (i.e. each individual
bundle) will be less than 1,500 lb. transverse to the bundle, 2,500 lb. axial to the bundle,
and 3,000 pound axial on the nozzle centerline. The allowed moments are 3,000, 2,000,
CAESAR II - Users Guide API 661 (Air Cooled Heat Exchangers)
and 4,000 ft.lb. respectively. This recognizes that the application of these moments and
forces will cause movement and that this movement will tend to reduce the actual loads.
API 661 Input Data
API 661 Inlet Nozzle Data
CAESAR II - Users Guide API 661 (Air Cooled Heat Exchangers)
API 661 Outlet Nozzle Data
A typical API 661 report is shown as follows:
Y Distance =18.0
X Force =100.0 1280. 0.08 PASSED
Y Force =-302.0 3,000. -0.10 PASSED
Z Force =50.0 1,800. 0.03 PASSED
X Moment =203.0 2,250. 0.09 PASSED
Y Moment =300.0 4,500. 0.07 PASSED
Z Moment =2,300.01,650. 1.39 FAILED
Discharge Table 3 Force & MomentStatus
Values Ratios
Y Distance =0.0
X Force =0.0 1,280. 0.00 PASSED
Y Force =0.0 3,000. 0.00 PASSED
Z Force =0.0 1,800. 0.00 PASSED
X Moment =0.0 2,250. 0.00 PASSED
Y Moment =0.0 4,500. 0.00 PASSED
Z Moment =0.0 1,650. 0.00 PASSED
Resultant Force/Moment Check :
Resultant Table AllowableRatios Status
X Force =100.0 2,250. 0.04 PASSED
Y Force =-302.0 4,500. 0.07 PASSED
Z Force =50.0 3,750. 0.01 PASSED
X Moment =278.0 4,500. 0.06 PASSED
Y Moment =300.0 6,000. 0.05 PASSED
Z Moment =2,150.0 3,000. 0.72 PASSED
Overall Loading Status ** FAILED **.
CAESAR II - Users Guide Heat Exchange Institute Standard For Closed Feedwa-
Heat Exchange Institute Standard For Closed Feedwater Heaters
This module of the CAESAR II Rotating Equipment program provides a method for eval-
uating the allowable loads on shell type heat exchanger nozzles. Section 3.14 of the HEI
bulletin discusses the computational methods utilized to compute these allowable loads.
The method employed by HEI is a simplification of the WRC 107 method, in which the
allowable loads have been linearized to show the relationship between the maximum per-
mitted radial force and the maximum permitted moment vector. If this relationship is plot-
ted (using the moments as the abscissa and the forces as the ordinate), a straight line can
be drawn between the maximum permitted force and the maximum permitted moment
vector, forming a triangle with the axes. Then for any set of applied forces and moments,
the nozzle passes if the location of these loads falls inside the triangle. Conversely, the
nozzle fails if the location of the loads falls outside the triangle.
The CAESAR II HEI output has been modified to include both the plot of the allowables
and the location of the current load set on this plot.
The HEI bulletin states that the effect of internal pressure has been included in the com-
bined stresses; however, the effect of the pressure on the nozzle thrust has not. This
requires combination with the other radial loads. CAESAR II automatically computes the
pressure thrust and adds it to the radial force if the Add Pressure 1hrust checkbox is
checked.
A sample input for the HEI module is shown below. Note that since the pressure is greater
than zero, a pressure thrust force will be computed and combined with the radial force.
Heat Exchange Institute Standard For Closed Feedwater Heaters CAESAR II - Users Guide
HEI Nozzle/Vessel Input
CAESAR II - Users Guide API 560 (Fired Heaters for General Refinery Services)
API 560 (Fired Heaters for General Refinery Services)
This module of the CAESAR II Rotating Equipment program provides a method for eval-
uating the allowable loads on Fired Heaters.
Input consists of the tube nominal diameter and the forces and moments acting on the
tube, as shown in the figure below:
API 560 Input Data
API 560 (Fired Heaters for General Refinery Services) CAESAR II - Users Guide
Upon execution of the analysis, CAESAR II compares the input forces and moments to
the allowables as published in API 560. Example output is shown below.
API 560 Equipment Report
1
Numerics
3-D graphics U5-39
A
About the CAESAR II documentation 1-4
ABS U6-25
ABS Method U8-18
Acceptance of terms of agreement by the user
1-2
Actual cold loads U6-27
Advanced U8-27, U8-32
Advanced parameters U8-19
Advanced parameters show screen U8-10
AISC code comparisons U12-49
AISC database U10-5
AISC output reports U12-47
AISC unity checks
Allow sidesway U12-42
Allowable stress increase factor U12-41
Bending coefficient U12-42
Double angle spacing U12-46
Fixity coefficients U12-46
Form factor qa U12-42
Member type U12-44
Stress reduction factors U12-42
Structural code U12-41
Algebraic U6-24
Allowable stress increase factor U12-41
Allowable stresses U5-15
Alpha tolerance U5-6
Ambient temperature U5-6
Analysis menu U4-6
Analyzing the dynamics job
Eigensolver U8-34
Mode shapes U8-34
Performing a harmonic analysis
Forcing frequency U8-34
Phase angle U8-34
Performing a modal analysis
Eigensolver U8-33
Frequency cutoff U8-33
Modes of vibration U8-33
Natural frequencies U8-33
Sturm sequence check U8-33
Performing a spectral analysis
Mass participation factors U8-35
Selection of phase angles
Harmonic results U8-35
Harmonic stress U8-35
Angle spacing, double U12-46
Animation
Motion U7-21
Animation of dynamic results U9-14
Dynamic animation U9-14
Animation U9-15
Dynamics review options U9-15
Animation of static results U7-21
ANSI B16.5 U12-24
API 560 (fired heaters for general refinery ser-
vices) U12-73
API 605 rating tables U12-24
API 610
Centrifugal pumps
Load Satisfaction Criteria, API 610
U12-57
API 610 (centrifugal pumps) U12-57
API 617 (centrifugal compressors) U12-64
API 661 (air cooled heat exchangers) U12-66
Application guide 1-4
Applications of CAESAR II 1-2
Archive U6-14
Archiving and reinstalling 1-8
ASCE #7 wind loads U6-10
Autorun U2-22
Autorun feature U2-2
Autorun feature, Re-enabling U2-22
Auxiliary data area U5-9
Auxiliary data fields
Auxiliary screens U5-9
Expansion joint
Effective diameter of bellows U5-10
Pressure thrust in expansion joints U5-
10
Available commands U6-5
Axial length, Unsupported U12-46
Axial member force U12-46
B
Backfill U11-12
Backfill efficiency U11-12
2
Bandwidth U6-13
Basic load cases U6-18
Basic operation U3-5
Batch run U6-2
Bend data U5-9
Bend stress intensification factors U12-5
Bending coefficient U12-42
Bending moment, In-plane U12-47
Bending moment, Out-of-plane U12-47
Bending stress U12-14
Bends with trunnions U12-7
Bilinear springs U11-10
Bilinear supports U11-10
Bolt tightening stress U12-23
Bolts and gasket U12-21
Boundary conditions U5-7, U9-12
Browse CD Rom U2-15
Browser U2-15
BS-806 U12-6
Building static load cases U6-7
Building the load cases U3-11
Builds, Version 1-6
Buried pipe displacements U11-4
Buried pipe example U11-14
Buried pipe restraints U11-3
C
CADWorx/PIPE 1-3
CAESAR II Technical Changes 1-11
CAESAR II, About 1-2
Case U9-18
Center of gravity report U3-11
Tutorial U3-11
Checking the installation U2-12
Code compliance U8-5
Code Compliance Report U7-11
Code stresses for dynamics U9-7
Cold loads U6-27
Column reports U7-5
Combination load cases U6-18
Combination Method U8-18
Combination Methods U6-24
Commands U6-5
Concentrated forces U8-2
Configuration U2-12
Connecting nodes U10-20
Construction element U5-6
Contact information U2-18
Control parameters U8-5, U8-10, U8-13, U8-
19, U8-26, U8-31
Corroded pipelines, B31G
Calculating corroded area U12-28
Flaw Length U12-28
Cumulative usage U9-8
Cumulative Usage Report U7-12
Customizable Toolbar U5-3
Customize Toolbar U5-3
Cutoff frequency U8-10
Cyclic stress range U8-2
D
Damping U8-13
Data fields U5-3
Definition of a load case U6-16
Densities U5-8
Design
CADWorx/PIPE 1-3
Diagnostics menu U4-9
Disclaimer - CAESAR II 1-4
Disp U6-22
Disp/Force/Stress U6-22
Disp/Stress U6-22
Displacement load case U6-26
Displacement submenu U7-17
Displacements U5-12, U7-6, U9-5
DLF spectrum generator U8-23
Double angle spacing U12-46
Driving frequencies U8-5
Dynamic amplitude U8-2
Dynamic analysis input processor U8-6
Dynamic analysis types U8-7
Dynamic input commands U8-8
Initiating dynamic input U8-6
Prerequisites for dynamic input U8-6
Dynamic animation U9-14
Dynamic capabilities
Harmonic analysis U8-2
Concentrated forces U8-2
Cyclic stress range U8-2
Dynamic amplitude U8-2
3
Equipment start-up U8-2
Fluid pulsation U8-2
Forcing frequencies U8-2
Phase angle U8-2
Rotating equipment U8-2
Vibration U8-2
Modal analysis U8-2
Mode shapes U8-2
Natural frequency U8-2
Spectrum analysis U8-2
Impulse analysis U8-2
Relief valve U8-2
Response spectrum method U8-2
Response vs. frequency spectra U8-2
Sustained stresses in spectrum analysis
U8-2
Time history analysis U8-3
Dynamic capabilities in CAESAR II U8-2
Dynamic imbalance U8-12
Dynamic load case number U8-18
Dynamic load factor U8-20
Dynamic load specification U8-5
Dynamic output processor U9-2
Boundary conditions U9-12
Friction resistance U9-12
Nonlinear restraints U9-12
Forces/stresses, dynamics U9-8
Global forces, dynamics U9-7
Harmonic results U9-2
General results U9-3
Included mass data U9-11
% Force active U9-12
% Force added U9-12
% Mass included U9-11
Extracted modes U9-11
Missing mass correction U9-11
System response U9-11
Local forces, dynamics U9-6
Mass model U9-12
Lumped masses U9-12
Mass participation factors U9-9
Modes mass normalized U9-10
Modes unity normalized U9-10
Report types, dynamics
Displacements, dynamic output U9-5
Report options U9-5
Restraints, dynamics U9-5
Maximum load on restraints U9-5
Maximum modal contribution U9-5
Mode identification line U9-5
Spectrum results U9-3
Static/dynamic combinations U9-3
Stresses, dynamics U9-7
Code stresses for dynamics U9-7
Stress intensification factors U9-7
Stress report U9-7
Time history results U9-3
Dynamic responses U8-3
E
Earthquake (spectrum) U8-14
Earthquake input spectrum
Spectrum definitions U8-14
Response spectrum table U8-14
Shock definition U8-14
Spectrum data U8-14
Spectrum name U8-14
Spectrum load cases
Earthquake U8-16
El Centro earthquake data U8-17
Independent support motion U8-17
Spectrum load cases example U8-17
Static/dynamic combinations
ABS U8-18
Combination method U8-18
Hanger sizing for dynamics U8-18
Occasional allowable stress U8-18
Occasional dynamic stresses U8-18
Occasional Stress U8-18
Piping codes for earthquakes U8-18
SRSS U8-18
Sustained static stresses U8-18
Earthquakes U8-24
Edit menu U5-24
Effective diameter U5-10
Effective gasket modulus U12-24
Eigensolution U8-5
Eigensolver U8-33, U8-34
EJMA (expansion joint manufacturers associa-
4
tion) U12-33
El centro U8-15
Element Direction Cosines U5-4
Element length U11-4
Element lengths U5-4
End connections U10-7
Entering the dynamic analysis input menu U8-
6
Entire agreement 1-3
Entry into the processor U9-2
Entry into the static output processor U7-2
Equipment and component evaluation U12-2
Bend SIFs
Trunnion U12-6
Bends with trunnions
Trunnions U12-7
Equipment checks U12-2
Flanges attached to bend ends
BS-806 U12-6
Flexibility U12-6
Ovalization U12-6
Intersection SIFs U12-3
Pressure stiffening
Flexibility factor U12-6
Stress intensification factor U12-6
Stress concentrations and intensifications
Peak stress index U12-7
Stress concentration factor U12-7
Trunnion U12-7
Equipment start-up U8-2
Error checking U6-2
Commands, error checking U6-5
Errors, warnings, and notes U6-2
Error checking the model U3-10
Error handling and analyzing the job U8-33
Errors
Errors and warnings U3-10
ESL U2-9, U8-33
ESL drivers U2-17
ESL installation on a network U2-20
ESL menu U4-10
Excitation frequency U8-11
Executing static analysis U3-13
Execution of static analysis U6-12
Exit U2-19
Expansion joint U5-7, U5-10, U5-28
Expansion joint rating U12-33
Ejma U12-33
Maximum axial movement U12-33
Maximum lateral deflection U12-33
Maximum rotation U12-33
Output U12-36
Expansion load cases U3-11, U6-26
External software lock
ESL updating U4-10
Local ESL U2-20
Network ESL U2-20
Extracted modes U9-11
F
Fatal error dialog U6-3
Fatigue (FAT) U6-8, U6-17
Fatigue curve U5-15
Fatigue curve data U5-16
Fatigue curve dialog U5-16
Fatigue failure U9-8
Fatigue load cases U9-8
Fatigue loadings U7-12
Fatigue stress types U6-8, U8-11, U8-17, U9-8
Fatigue-type load cases U7-12
File menu U4-3, U5-22
Fixity coefficients ky and kz U12-46
Fixity coefficients, AISC U12-46
Flange leakage/stress calculations U12-19
Flange leakage U12-19
Methodology U12-19
Flange rating
ANSI B16.5 U12-24
API 605 U12-24
Rating Tables U12-24
Leak pressure ratio
Gasket Factor U12-24
Flange modeler U12-24
Flange rating U12-24
Flanges attached to bend ends U12-6
Flaw length U12-28
Flexible nozzles U5-19
Fluid pulsation U8-2
Force U6-22
Force sets U8-5, U8-24, U8-28, U8-30
5
Force spectrum methodology U8-20
Force Stress U6-22
Forces U5-13
Forces/moments submenu U7-18
Forces/stresses U9-8
Force-time profiles U8-28, U8-29
Forcing frequency U8-2, U8-34
Form factor QA U12-42
Frequency U8-13
Frequency cutoff U8-33
Friction effects U8-4
Friction Multiplier U6-23
Friction resistance U9-12
Friction restraints U8-4
Friction stiffness U8-4
Full run 1-9
G
Gasket factor U12-24
Generate files U6-5
Global element forces U7-7
Global forces U9-7
Global parameters U12-40
Graphical output U7-16
H
Hanger U5-20, U6-27
Hanger Design U6-23
Hanger design control data U5-30
Hanger selection
Actual cold loads U6-27
Additional hanger U6-27
Design load cases U6-27
Hanger sizing load cases U6-27
Hot load U6-26
Operating load cases U6-27
Recommended load cases U6-27
Restrained weight U6-26
Spring hanger design U6-27
Hanger sizing U6-27, U8-18
Hardware requirements U2-3
Harmonic U8-11, U8-34
Harmonic analysis U8-2, U8-5
Harmonic analysis input
Harmonic displacements U8-12
Harmonic forces U8-11
Harmonic load definition U8-11
Excitation frequency U8-11
Phasing of harmonic loads
Damping U8-13
Frequency U8-13
Harmonic control parameters U8-13
Harmonic force U8-13
Pressure wave U8-12
Reciprocating pumps U8-12
Rotating equipment U8-12
Harmonic control parameters U8-13
Harmonic displacements U8-12
Harmonic force U8-11, U8-13
Harmonic loads U8-11
Harmonic results U8-35, U9-2
Harmonic stress U8-35
Heat exchangers U12-66
HEI standard for closed feedwater heaters U12-
71
Help menu U4-11
Highlight command U5-37, U5-45
Hoops U5-39
Hoops license grant 1-5
Hot load U6-26
Html help facility U2-16
I
IGE/TD/12 U5-5, U5-16
Impulse U8-26
Impulse analysis U8-2
Included mass data U9-11
Incore solution U6-12
Independent support motion U8-17
Index numbers, structural steel input U10-5
In-plane bending moment U12-47
In-plane large bending moment U12-47
In-plane small bending moment U12-47
Input listing U9-12
Input menu U4-5
Input overview based on analysis category U8-
9
Installation U2-2, U2-4
Installation menu options U2-4
Installation process U2-4
6
Insulation density U5-9
Internet Explorer U2-16
Intersection stress intensification factors U12-3
K
Kaux menu U5-32
Kaux menu items
Include Piping Input Files U5-34
Include structural input files U5-35
Review sifs U5-32
Review SIFs at Bend Node U5-32
Special execution parameters U5-32
Kaux-include structural files U10-7
L
Lateral bearing length U11-4
Leak pressure ratio U12-24
Lease 1-9
License agreement, CAESAR II 1-2
License grant 1-2
License types
Full run 1-9
Lease 1-9
Limited run 1-9
Limitations of remedies 1-3
Limited run 1-9
Limited warranty 1-3
Line drawing U5-37, U5-45
Load case list U6-8
Load Case Options Tab U6-21
Load Case Report U7-13
Load cases U3-2, U3-14, U5-6, U5-7, U5-20,
U5-23, U6-7, U6-8, U6-12, U6-13, U6-14, U6-
16, U6-18, U6-20, U6-26, U7-2, U7-3, U7-4,
U7-12, U7-14, U7-16, U7-17, U7-20, U7-21,
U8-11, U8-15, U8-26, U8-35, U9-3, U9-5, U9-
8, U9-9, U9-10, U9-11, U9-15, U10-7, U10-28,
U12-12
Basic load cases U3-12
Combination load cases U3-12, U6-18
Example of load cases U6-18
Expansion load case U6-26
Occasional load cases U6-26
Stress category U6-16
Stress types U6-17
Sustained load case U6-26
Types of load cases U3-12
Types of loads U6-16
Load cycles U6-18
Load, Ultimate U11-10
Loading conditions U5-7
Local element forces U7-8
Local forces U9-6
Local member data U12-44
Lumped masses U8-9
M
Main menu U4-2
Analysis
Menu items U4-6
File U3-2
Default data directory U4-3
Input file types U4-4
New command U4-3
Open command U4-4
Select an existing job file U4-4
Input
Data entry U3-6
Input menu items U4-5
Main show menu U7-17
Major steps in dynamics input U8-5
Mass and stiffness model U8-5
Mass and stiffness model, Modifying U8-13,
U8-19, U8-26, U8-28, U8-31
Mass correction, Missing U9-11
Mass model U8-9, U9-12
Mass participation factors U8-35, U9-9
Material elastic properties U5-8
Material fatigue curve U5-15
Material name U5-8
Material number U5-8
Material yield strength U12-42, U12-46
Max U6-25
Maximum desired unity check U12-43
Member data, Local U12-44
Member end node U12-44
Member start node U12-44
Member type U12-44
7
Membrane stress U12-14
Menu commands U5-22
Min U6-25
Minimum desired unity check U12-43
Missing mass correction U9-11
Modal U8-9
Modal analysis U8-2
Modal analysis input
Control parameters
Cutoff frequency U8-10
Lumped masses U8-9
Mass model U8-9
Mode identification line U9-5
Mode shapes U8-2, U8-34
Model menu U5-27
Model menu items
Expansion joints U5-28
Hanger design control data U5-30
Title U5-29
Valve U5-28
Model modifications for dynamic analysis U8-
3
Control parameter U8-5
Dynamics U8-5
Conversion from static input U8-5
Mass and stiffness model U8-5
Friction effects U8-4
Friction restraints U8-4
Friction stiffness U8-4
Nonlinear restraints in dynamics U8-3
Dynamic responses, nonlinear effects
U8-3
Nonlinear supports U8-3
Static load case for nonlinear restraint
U8-3
Specifying loads U8-5
Code compliance U8-5
Driving frequencies U8-5
Dynamic load specification U8-5
Force set specification U8-5
Harmonic analysis U8-5
Load cases U8-5
Occasional stresses U8-5
Point loads U8-5
Shock results U8-5
Static results U8-5
Modes U8-33
Modes mass normalized U9-10
Modes of vibration U8-9, U8-10, U8-33
Modes unity normalized U9-10
Modifying mass and stiffness model U8-13,
U8-19, U8-26, U8-28, U8-31
Motion U7-21
N
Natural frequencies U8-5, U8-9, U8-33, U9-10
NEMA SM23
Steam turbines
Cumulative equipment calculations,
NEMA SM23 U12-50
NEMA SM23 (Steam Turbines) U12-50
NEMA turbine example U12-51
Network ESLs U2-21
Node Names U5-21
Node numbers U5-3
Nominal pipe size U5-5
Nonlinear effects U8-3
Nonlinear restraint status U8-3
Nonlinear restraints U6-14, U9-12
Nonlinear supports U8-3
Note dialog U6-5
U7-14
Novell file server ESL installation U2-20
Novell workstation ESL installation U2-20
NOZZLE CALCULATIONS U12-50
Nozzle data U12-12
Nozzle flexibility U12-18
Nozzle loads U12-13
Nozzle screen U12-17
8
O
Occasional dynamic stresses U8-18
Occasional load cases U6-26
Occasional stress U8-2, U8-5, U8-18
ODBC drivers U2-15
Offsets U5-21
Online documentation U2-19
Operating conditions
Temperatures and pressures U5-5
Out-of-plane bending moment U12-47
Out-of-plane large bending moment U12-47
Out-of-plane small bending moment U12-47
Output
Plotting U7-16
Output menu U4-7
Output Type U6-22
Ovalization, bends U12-6
Overburden compaction multiplier U11-12
P
Panning U5-36
Peak stress index U12-7
Performing the analysis U8-33
Phase angle U8-2, U8-12, U8-34
Phasing U8-12
Pipe modeler U11-3
Pipe section properties U5-5
Piping codes for earthquakes U8-18
Piping dimensions U10-14
Piping input U3-5
Alpha tolerance U5-6
Ambient temperature U5-6
Construction element U5-6
Densities U5-8
Expansion joints U5-7
Input spreadsheet U5-2
Insulation density U5-9
Material name U5-8
Material number U5-8
Nominal pipe size U5-5
Rigid elements U5-6
Sif & tees U5-7
Specific gravity U5-8
Stress intensification factors U5-7
Thermal strains U5-6
Piping input generation U3-5
Piping job U10-7
Piping material U5-8
Plot U5-36
Plot functions
Highlight command U5-37, U5-45
Line drawing U5-37, U5-45
Panning, zooming, and rotating U5-36
Range of nodes to plot U5-37, U5-45
Render and wire frame plots U5-37, U5-44
Volume plot U5-37, U5-44
Plot results U7-17
Plotting
Static output review U3-14
Tutorial U3-9
Plotting static results U7-16
Point loads U8-5
Pressure stiffening U12-6
Pressure thrust U5-10
Pressure vs. elevation table U6-9
Pressure wave U8-12
PRINT MOTION U9-18
Printing or saving reports to a file U9-13
Proctor number U11-12
Produced Results Data U6-22
Product demos U2-16
Product information U2-19
Program improvements 1-10
Program support 1-5
Technical support phone numbers 1-5
Training 1-5
Program support/user assistance 1-5
Providing wind data U6-9
Pulse table/DLF spectrum generation U8-21,
U8-28
Q
Quick start U3-2
R
Range command U5-37, U5-45
Reciprocating pumps U8-12
Recommended load cases for hanger selection
9
U6-26
Recommended procedures U11-13
Relief load synthesis U8-20
Relief load synthesizer U8-28
Relief loads (spectrum) U8-20
Relief loads spectrum
Force sets for relief loads
Earthquakes U8-24
Relief valves U8-24
Skewed load U8-25
Water hammer U8-24
Relief load synthesis
Dynamic load factor U8-20
Force spectrum methodology U8-20
Relief valve U8-20
Thrust loads U8-20
Spectrum definitions
DLF spectrum generator U8-23
Spectrum data U8-23
Spectrum load cases
Impulse U8-26
Time history U8-26
Relief valve U8-2, U8-20, U8-24, U8-28
Remaining strength of corroded pipe-
lines,B31g U12-28
Render U5-37, U5-44
Report options U7-6
Report types U9-5
Resize members U12-43
Response spectrum method U8-2
Response spectrum table U8-14
Response vs. frequency spectra U8-2
Restrained weight U6-26
Restraint auxiliary data U10-21
Restraint summary U7-7
Restraints U5-11, U7-6, U9-5
Restraints submenu U7-18
Rigid elements U5-6
Rigid weight U5-10
Rotating U5-36
Rotating equipment U8-2, U8-12
S
Sample input U10-9
Scalar U6-24
Screens U5-9
Seismic analysis U8-2
Selection of phase angles U8-34
Serial number U2-5
Shape factor, wind U6-9
Shock definition U8-14
Shock results U8-5
Shock spectra U8-2
Sidesway U12-42
Sidesway, AISC U12-42
SIFs & tees U5-7
SignMax U6-25
SignMin U6-25
Skewed load U8-25
Slug flow
Specifying the load
Force sets, slug flow U8-28
Force-time profile U8-28
Load cases, slug flow U8-28
Relief valve U8-28
Water hammer U8-28
Slug flow analysis U8-2
Snubbers U8-10
Snubbers Active U6-23
Software revision procedures 1-6
Soil model U11-10
Soil model numbers U11-10
Soil properties U11-2
Soil stiffnesses U11-2
Soil supports U11-10
Sorted stresses U7-10
Special element information U5-6
Special execution parameters U5-32
Specific gravity U5-8
Specifying hydrodynamic parameters U6-11
Specifying loads, dynamics U8-5
Specifying the loads U8-9, U8-11, U8-14, U8-
20, U8-28, U8-29
Spectrum U8-35
Spectrum analysis U8-2
Spectrum data U8-14, U8-23
Spectrum definitions U8-23, U8-28
Spectrum load cases U8-16, U8-25, U8-28, U9-
3
10
Spectrum name U8-14
Spectrum results U9-3
Spreadsheet overview U5-2
Spring hanger design U6-27
SRSS U6-24
Srss U8-18
Start run U6-2
Start, CAESAR II U3-2
Starting CAESAR II U3-2
Static analysis
Analyze command U3-13
Static load case number U8-18
Static load cases
Building static load cases U6-8
Limitations of the load case editor U6-7
Static output plot U10-23
Static output processor
132 column reports U7-5
Animation of static solution U7-4, U7-5
Commands in static output U7-4
Initiating the static output processor U7-2
Output options in plotted results U7-16
Plotting statics U7-5
Report options U7-2
Report titles U7-2
Show command U7-17
Table of contents U7-15
View-reports U7-4
Static output review U3-14
Plotting static output U3-14
Static results U8-5
Static solution methodology U6-12
Archive U6-14
Incore solution
Bandwidth U6-13
Nonlinear restraints U6-14
Static analysis
Stiffness matrix U6-12
Static/dynamic combinations U8-18, U8-26,
U8-28, U8-31, U9-3
Stiffness matrix U6-12
Stiffness model, Modifying U8-13, U8-19, U8-
26, U8-28, U8-31
Stress U6-23
Stress category U6-16
Stress concentration factor U12-7
Stress concentrations and intensifications U12-
7
Stress increase factor
AISC U12-41
Stress increase factor, Allowable U12-41
Stress intensification factors U5-7, U9-7
Stress intensification factors/tees U5-18
Stress reduction factors cmy and cmz U12-42
Stress reduction factors, aisc U12-42
Stress report U9-7
Stress submenu U7-20
Stress types U3-12, U6-7, U6-8, U6-17, U6-18,
U8-17
Stresses U7-9, U9-7
Stresses, Allowable U5-15
Structural capability in CAESAR II U10-2
Structural code U12-41
Structural code, AISC U12-41
Structural files, Include U5-35
Structural steel checks - AISC U12-40
Structural steel example U10-9, U10-13, U10-
25
Structural steel input U10-2
AISC database, structural steel input U10-5
Connecting pipe to structure U10-20
Connecting nodes U10-20
Displaced shape U10-22
Editing structural steel input U10-4
End connections,structural steel input U10-
7
Format of structural steel input U10-3
Include in piping job U10-7
Include a structural model U10-7
Kaux-include structural files U10-7
Index numbers, structural steel input U10-5
Initiate structural steel input
Structural element preprocessor U10-2
Initiating structural steel input U10-3
Help functions U10-3
Keywords in structural steel input U10-4
Running structural steel input U10-7
Static output plot U10-23
Range command U10-24
11
Structure dimensions U10-15
Structure nodes U10-15
Sturm sequence check U8-33
Sustained load cases U6-26
Sustained stresses U8-2, U8-18
Sustained sustained load cases U3-11
System and hardware requirements U2-3
System requirements U2-3
System response U8-9, U9-11
T
Task bar U2-8
Technical reference manual 1-4
Term 1-2
Thermal load case U6-26
Thermal strains U5-6
Thrust loads U8-20
Time history U8-26, U8-29, U8-35
Force-time profiles U8-29
Vibration U8-29
Time history analysis U8-3
Time history load case U9-3
Time history load cases U8-16, U8-31
Time history profile definitions U8-29
Time history results U9-3
Time vs. force U8-29
Title U5-29
Tools menu U4-8
Training 1-5
Trunnion U12-6, U12-7
Tutorial
Center of gravity report, tutorial U3-11
Plotting, tutorial U3-9
Sample model input, tutorial U3-6
U
Underground pipe modeler U11-2, U11-3
Underground pipe/buried pipe
Bilinear supports U11-10
Bilinear springs U11-10
Soil supports U11-10
Ultimate load U11-10
Yield displacement U11-10
Yield stiffness U11-10
Convert input command U11-9
Element length U11-4
Buried pipe displacements U11-4
Lateral bearing length U11-4
Meshing
Lateral bearing meshes U11-7
Overburden compaction multiplier U11-12
Backfill U11-12
Backfill efficiency U11-12
Proctor number U11-12
Soil model numbers U11-10
Spreadsheet
Buried element descriptions U11-3
Underground pipe modeler U11-2
Buried pipe restraints U11-3
Soil properties U11-2
Soil stiffnesses U11-2
Zones U11-5
Lateral bearing regions U11-5
Undo/Redo in the Input Module U5-2
Uniform loads U5-13
Unsupported axial length U12-46
Unsupported length (in-plane bending) U12-46
Unsupported length (out-of-plane bending)
U12-46
Updates and license types 1-9
Usage factor U9-8
User assistance
Training 1-5
V
Valve U5-28
Velocity vs. elevation table U6-9
Vertical in-line pumps U12-63
Vessel attachment stresses/WRC 107
Input data, WRC 107 U12-10
Nozzel loads, WRC 107
Curve Extrapolation U12-13
Interactive Control U12-13
Nozzle data, WRC 107 U12-12
Nozzle loads, WRC 107 U12-13
Reinforcing pad U12-9
Stress summations, WRC 107
Analyze-stress summation U12-14
12
Bending stress U12-14
Membrane stress U12-14
Vessel data U12-11
Vibration U8-2, U8-29
Volume plot U5-37, U5-44
W
Warning dialog U6-4
Water hammer U8-24
Specifying the load
Force sets, slug flow U8-28
Force-time profile U8-28
Load cases, slug flow U8-28
Relief valve U8-28
Slug problems U8-28
Water hammer analysis U8-2
Water hammer/slug flow (spectrum) U8-28
Website U2-18
Welding Research Council Bulletin 297 U12-
16
Wind data
ASCE #7 wind loads U6-10
Methods of wind loading U6-9
Pressure vs. elevation table U6-9
Shape factor U6-9
Velocity vs. elevation table U6-9
Wind/wave U5-14
Windows server installation U2-20
Wire frame U5-37, U5-44
WRC 107 (vessel stresses) U12-8
WRC 107 stress summations U12-14
WRC 297 U12-16
Nozzle flexibility U12-18
Nozzle screen U12-17
WRC axes orientation U12-9
Y
Yield displacement U11-10
Yield stiffness U11-10
Youngs modulus U12-42, U12-46
Z
Zone definitions U11-5
Zooming U5-36
COADE, Inc.
12777 Jones Rd., Suite 480
Houston, Texas 77070
Phone: (281)890-4566
Fax: (281)890-3301
E-mail: techsupport@coade.com
WWW: www.coade.com
CAESAR II
U S E RS G U I D E
V E R S I O N 4.40
( L A S T R E V I S E D 5/2002 )

Caesar II Tutorial

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Caesar II Tutorial

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May 2002

Dear CAESAR II User,

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