Copyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B.

Navathe, ,
, . .

13- 1

13
,
,

Copyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, ,

, ..



RAID
Copyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, ,
, . .

13- 3

.

.

.

.

4 50 Kbytes

Copyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, ,

, . .

13- 4

 (.)

.

.

B .

B=512 bytes
B=4096 bytes.

Copyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, ,

, . .

13- 5

(.)

Copyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, ,

, . .

13- 6

 (.)

-
.


/ .
(hardware) :

(
)

( )

( ).

(seek time) s
(latency) rd.

(double buffering)
.

Copyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, ,

, . .

13- 7

(.)

Copyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, ,

, . .

13- 8

(Courtesy of Seagate Technology)

Copyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, ,
, . .

13- 9

.., amount, date, time, age

may be fixed

:

Copyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, ,

, . .

13- 10

 (blocking)

:

(bfr)
.

.
(Spanned) :

Copyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, ,

, . .

13- 11

,
.
( )
,

,
.
.
bfr (
)
.

.

Copyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, ,

, . .

13- 12

 (.)

:

:


, , .
,
. ,
.

,
.

,
.

Copyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, ,

, . .

13- 13

:

OPEN: ,
.
FIND: ,
.
FINDNEXT: ( )
, .
READ:
.
INSERT: & .
DELETE: ,
.
MODIFY: .
CLOSE: .
REORGANIZE: .

,
.

READ_ORDERED:
.

Copyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, ,

, . .

13- 14



(heap pile).
.

.

,
.

Copyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, ,

, . .

13- 15

.

.
: .


,
(overflow transaction)
.

.

, , log2
, .

.

Copyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, ,

, . .

13- 16

 (.)

Copyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, ,

, . .

13- 17

13.2

(
(
)

b/2

b/2

log2b

Copyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, ,

, . .

13- 18

M ,
0, 1, ..., M-1.

, ( )
.

.
K i,
i=h(K), h .
.

.

.

.

Copyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, ,

, . .

13- 19

(.)

,
:

:
,

() .
:
,
. E,
. M


.
:
. A



.

Copyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, ,

, . .

13- 20

10

 (.)

Copyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, ,

, . .

13- 21

(.)

,
hash 70-80%
.
h

,
.

:

M
.

(
).
Copyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, ,
, . .

13- 22

11

Copyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, ,

, . .

13- 23

.

:
, ,
.


h(K) .


.


2d d .

Copyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, ,

, . .

13- 24

12


(.)

,
.

.

.

.

.
Copyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, ,
, . .

13- 25

Copyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, ,

, . .

13- 26

13


RAID.

.


RAID, Redundant Arrays
of Inexpensive Disks.
RAID

.

Copyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, ,

, . .

13- 27

RAID (.)

.

(data striping),
.


, .

Copyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, ,

, . .

13- 28

14

RAID (.)
raid


.

Raid 0
.
Raid 1 .
Raid 2
Hamming,
.
2 .
Raid 3
.
Raid 4 5 ,
5
.
Raid 6 P + Q
Reed-Soloman

.

Copyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, ,

, . .

13- 29

RAID (.)

raid

RAID :

Raid 1 ( )


Raid 2
Hamming,
.

2 .
Raid 3 (
)
5 ( )
, 3 .

0 ( ), 1 ( ) 5
.

RAID :

RAID, , ,
.

Copyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, ,

, . .

13- 30

15

 RAID
(.)

Copyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, ,

, . .

13- 31

Copyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, ,

, . .

13- 32

16

 (SAN)

.


.
of Storage Area Networks (SANs).

SAN,


.


.

Copyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, ,

, . .

13- 33

(.)

SANs :

--
.
10km

.


.

SAN


.
Copyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, ,
, . .

13- 34

17



RAID
Copyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, ,
, . .

13- 35

18