ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH

ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH

AGENT HOST ENVIRONMENT
AGENT

HOST

ENVIRONMENT

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
- WATER
- SOIL - HOUSING - WASTES - RADIATION

BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
- PLANT & ANIMAL LIFE

(BACTERIA, VIRUSES, INSECTS & RODENTS, Etc.)

SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
- CUSTOMS

- CULTURE
- HABITS - INCOME - OCCUPATION - RELIGION

WATER
SAFE AND WHOLESOME WATER
- FREE FROM PATHOGENS - FREE FROM HARMFUL CHEMICALS

- PLEASANT TO TASTE
(FREE FROM COLOUR & ODOUR) -SUITABLE FOR DOMESTIC PURPOSES

USES OF WATER & REQUIREMENT

- DOMESTIC (150-200 lts per capita/ dayAdequate) -(40 lts- for rural areas) - PUBLIC PURPOSES - INDUSTRIAL - AGRICULTURAL - POWER GENERATION, Etc.

SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY

1.RAIN 2. SURFACE WATER -

IMPOUNDING RESERVOIRS RIVERS & STREAMS, TANKS, PONDS AND LAKES

3. GROUND WATER

- SHALLOW WELLS - DEEP WELLS - SPRINGS

WELLS
SHALLOW WELLS WATER FROM ABOVE FIRST IMPERVIOUS LAYER

DEEP WELLS
ARTESIAN WELL -

WATER FROM BELOW

FIRST IMPERVIOUS LAYER

A TYPE OF WELL WHERE

WATER IS HELD UNDER

PRESSURE BETWEEN TWO IMPERVIOUS STRATA

BASED ON CONSTRUCTION METHOD

1. DUG WELLS
a. b. KATCHA PUCCA / MASONRY

2. TUBE WELLS

SHALLOW WELL vs. DEEP WELL

SHALLOW
DEFINITION Water From Above First Impervious Layer HARD

DEEP
From Below First Impervious Layer MORE HARD

CHEMICAL QUALITY

BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY
YIELD

CONTAMINATED DRIES UP IN SUMMER

PURE CONSTANT

SANITARY WELL
LOCATION 50 FEET AWAY (15 meters) FROM THE SOURCE OF CONTAMINATION 20 FEET (6 meters)
28 INCHES (75 cms) 3 FEET DIAMETER (1 meter) PUCCA DRAIN SOAKAGE PIT CEMENT CONCRETE COVER IMPROVES BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF WATER

LINING
PARAPET PLATFORM DRAIN COVERING HAND PUMP

INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY

WATER RELATED DISEASES

A. BIOLOGICAL (WATER-BORNE)

B. CHEMICAL (POLLUTANTS LIKE DETERGENTS, CYANIDES, HEAVY METALS, MINERAL & ORGANIC ACIDS, Etc.) C. OTHERS
a. Dental health (Fluoride- Double edged sword) b. Cyanosis in Infant (High Nitrates) c. Cardiovascular diseases (Hardness-Beneficial) d. Due to inadequate use (Shigellosis, Trachoma, Ascariasis, Scabies, etc.) e. Due to stagnation (Vector borne diseases)

WATER BORNE DISEASES

CAUSED BY THE PRESENCE OF AN INFECTIVE AGENT
VIRAL HEPATITIS A, E, POLIOMYELITIS, ROTAVIRUS DIARRHOEA BACTERIAL PROTOZOAL HELMINTHIC
TYPHOID,PARATYPHOID, BACILLARY DYSENTERY, CHOLERA, E.COLI, Etc.

AMOEBIASIS ,GIARDIASIS ROUND WORM ,THREAD WORM, HYDATID DISEASE WEILS DISEASE

LEPTOSPIRAL

CAUSED BY THE PRESENCE OF AN AQUATIC HOST

SNAIL CYCLOPS SCHISTOSOMIASIS FISH TAPE WORM, GUINEAWORM

WATER POLLUTION LAW

WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION ) ACT. INDIAN PARLIAMENT PASSED THE ACT IN 1974. CONSTITUTION OF CENTRAL, STATE AND JOINT WATER BOARDS.

PURIFICATION OF WATER

1. PURIFICATION ON A SMALL SCALE 2. PURIFICATION ON A LARGE SCALE

PURIFICATION OF WATER ON A LARGE SCALE

a. STORAGE

b. FILTRATION
c. DISINFECTION

STORAGE
AS A RESULT OF STORAGE, CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF PURIFICATION OCCURS NATURALLY. OCCURS IN THREE WAYS. 1. PHYSICAL IMPROVEMENT (>90% SUSPENDED IMPURITIES SETTLE IN 24 HRS) 2. CHEMICAL IMPROVEMENT (AEROBIC OXIDATION OF ORGANIC MATTER) 3. BIOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENT (>90% OF BACTERIAL COUNT DROPS IN ONE WEEK)

FILTRATION
IT IS THE SECOND STAGE IN PURIFICATION WHEREIN 98-99% OF BACTERIA ARE REMOVED.

TWO TYPES OF FILTERS ARE IN USE.

a. SLOW SAND FILTER

b. RAPID SAND FILTER

SLOW SAND (BIOLOGICAL) FILTER

ELEMENTS OF SLOW SAND FILTER

1. SUPERNATANT (RAW) WATER 2. A BED OF GRADED SAND 3. AN UNDER- DRAINAGE SYSTEM 4. A SYSTEM OF FILTER CONTROL VALVES

SUPERNATANT WATER
Depth varies from 1 to 1.5 metre And always kept constant. Serves two purposes
A. Provides constant head

B. Provides waiting period

SAND BED
THE THICKNESS OF THE SAND BED IS 1 metre. EFFECTIVE DIAMETER BETWEEN 0.2-0.3 mm. THE SAND BED IS SUPPORTED BY GRADED GRAVEL. THE SAND PRESENTS VAST SURFACE AREA (ONE CUBIC METRE PROVIDES 15,000 sq. meters). THE RATE OF FILTRATION LIES BETWEEN 0.1 AND 0.4

m3/h/sq.metre OF SAND BED SURFACE.

VITAL LAYER
The sand bed gets covered with a slimy growth known as SCHMUTZDECKE OR VITAL LAYER, also known as ZOOGLEAL LAYER OR BIOLOGICAL LAYER (2-3 cm). The vital layer is the heart of the slow sand filter. It removes organic matter, holds back bacteria and

oxidizes ammoniacal nitrogen into nitrates.

Cleaned by SCRAPING.

UNDER DRAINAGE SYSTEM WITH A SYSTEM OF FILTER CONTROL VALVES

At the bottom of the filter bed. Serve the dual purpose - OUTLET for filtered water & SUPPORTING the filter medium above.

ADVANTAGES OF SLOW SAND FILTER

Simple to construct and operate.

Cost of the construction is very less. Physical, chemical and bacteriological

quality of filtered water is very high.

(Reduces bacterial counts by 99.99%)

RAPID SAND OR MECHANICAL FILTERS

1. COAGULATION: The raw water is treated with alum. (5-40 mg per liter is added) 2. RAPID MIXING: in mixing chamber, helps to disseminate alum. 3. FLOCCULATION: slow and gentle stirring done for 30 min (2-4 rpm). (white flocculent precipitate of aluminium hydroxide gets formed) 4. SEDIMENTATION: water is detained for 2-6 hours. 5. FILTRATION: the water is now subjected to filtration.

FILTER BEDS
Each unit of filter bed has a surface of about 80- 90 m2.

The depth of the sand bed is about 1 meter.

The gravel supports the sand bed with 30- 40 cm depth. The water column is 1- 1.5 meter. The rate of filtration is 5- 15 m3/ m2/ hour. Cleaning by back wash.

ADVANTAGES
FILTER CAN DEAL WITH RAW WATER DIRECTLY. FILTER BEDS OCCUPY LESS SPACE.

FILTERATION IS RAPID (40- 50 TIMES).

WASHING IS EASY. MORE FLEXIBILITY IN OPERATION.

NATURE
SPACE RATE OF FILTRATION EFFECTIVE SIZE OF SAND PRELIMINARY TREATMENT WASHING OPERATION

RAPID SAND FILTER

OCCUPIES LESS SPACE 200 m.g.a d 0.4- 0.7mm

SLOW SAND FILTER

NEEDS LARGE AREA 2-3 m.g.a.d 0.2- 0.3mm

CHEMICAL COAGULATION BACK WASHING HIGHLY SKILLED

PLAIN SEDIMENTATION BY SCRAPING LESS SKILLED

REMOVAL OF TURBIDITY
REMOVAL OF COLOUR

GOOD
GOOD

GOOD
FAIR

REMOVAL OF BACTERIA

98 TO 99%

99.99%

DISINFECTION
CHLORINATION
OZONATION ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION

CHLORINATION
Kills pathogenic bacteria, but has no effect on spores & certain viruses except in high doses.
Acts best when the PH of water is around 7. H2O+ Cl2 = HCl + HOCl HOCl = H + OCl

PRINCIPLES OF CHLORINATION
Water should be clear & free from turbidity.

Chlorine demand of the water should be estimated.

Contact period of at least one hour is essential. The minimum recommended concentration chlorine is 0.5 mg/l for one hour. of free

The sum of the chlorine demand of the specific water plus the free residual chlorine of 0.5 mg/l constitutes the correct dose of chlorine to be applied.

A. BREAKPOINT CHLORINATION
(CONTROLLED SUPERCHLORINATION)
The point at which the residual chlorine appears and when all combined chlorines have been completely destroyed is the break point & the corresponding dosage is the break point dosage.

B. SUPERCHLORINATION

ORTHOTOLIDINE TEST
This Test Enables Both Free & Combined Chlorine In Water To Be Determined With Speed & Accuracy. The reagent is analytical grade o- tolidine, dissolved in 10% solution of Hcl. OTA (Arsenite) Test: Modification Of OT Test, To Determine The Free & Combined Chlorine Residuals Separately And Overcome The Errors Caused By The Interfering Substances.

PURIFICATION OF WATER ON A SMALL SCALE

HOUSEHOLD PURIFICATION OF WATER. DISINFECTION OF WELLS.

HOUSEHOLD PURIFICATION OF WATER

BOILING CHEMICAL DISINFECTION
BLEACHING POWDER (CaOCl2) CHLORINE SOLUTION & TABLETS HIGH TEST HYPOCHLORITE IODINE POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE

FILTRATION

WATER QUALITYCRITERIA AND STANDARDS

I.
II.

ACCEPTABILITY ASPECTS
MICROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS

III.
IV.

CHEMICAL ASPECTS
RADIOLOGICAL ASPECTS

ACCEPTABILITY ASPECTS
PHYSICAL PARAMETERS:
TURBIDITY, COLOUR, TASTE, ODOUR & TEMPARATURE.

INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS:
CHLORIDES, HARDNESS, AMMONIA, pH, HYDROGEN SULFIDE, IRON, SODIUM, SULFATE, TDS, ZINC, MANGANESE, DISSOLVED OXYGEN, COPPER, ALUMINIUM.

MICROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS
BACTERIOLOGICAL INDICATORS:
(COLIFORM ORGANISMS, FAECAL STREPTOCOCCI, Cl. PERFRINGENS)

VIROLOGICAL INDICATORS:
MUST BE FREE FROM ANY VIRUSES.

BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS:
(PROTOZOA, HELMINTHIS, FREE- LIVING ORGANISMS LIKE FUNGI, ALGAE etc.)

CHEMICAL ASPECTS
INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS:
ARSENIC, CADMIUM, CHROMIUM, CYANIDE, FLUORIDE, LEAD, MERCURY, NITRITE, NITRATE, SELENIUM etc.

ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS:
CHLORINATED ALKANES (CCl4, DICHLORO METHANE), CHLORINATED ETHANES (VINYL CHLORIDE, DICHLOROETHANE), AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (BENZENE, BENZOLAPYRENE, etc.).

HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT

Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) No- Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) Lowest- Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL)

Uncertainty Factors (UF)

SURVEILLANCE OF DRINKING WATER QUALITY

THE ELEMENTS 1. 2. SANITARY SURVEY SAMPLING

3.
4.

BACTERIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE
BIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION

5.

CHEMICAL SURVEILLANCE

BACTERIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE
1. PRESUMPTIVE COLIFORM TEST
a. MULTIPLE TUBE METHOD
b. MEMBRANE FILTRATION TECHNIQUE

2. DETECTION OF FAECAL STREPTOCOCCI & Cl. PERFRINGENS

3. COLONY COUNT

HARDNESS OF WATER
SOAP- DESTROYING POWER OF WATER DISADVANTAGES OF HARDNESS. CAUSED MAINLY BY FOUR DISSOLVED COMPOUNDS. 1. 2. 3. 4. CALCIUM BICARBONATE MAGNESIUM BICARBONATE CALCIUM SULFATE MAGNESIUM SULFATE

CLASSIFICATION OF HARDNESS
1. CARBONATE HARDNESS (TEMPORARY):
CALCIUM BICARBONATE & MAGNESIUM BICARBONATE.

2. NON- CARBONATE HARDNESS (PERMANENT):

CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM SULFATES, CHLORIDES & NITRITES.

CLASSIFICATION OF HARDNESS OF WATER

CLASSIFICATION LEVEL OF HARDNESS (mEq/ L)

SOFT WATER MODERATELY HARD

HARD WATER VERY HARD WATER

<1 (<50 mg/L) 1- 3 (50- 150 mg/L)

3-6 (150- 300 mg/L) >6 (> 300 mg/L)

SPECIAL TREATMENT OF WATER

A. REMOVAL OF HARDNESS: I. TEMPORARY HARDNESS a. BOILING b. ADDITION OF LIME c ADDITION OF SODIUM CARBONATE d. PERMUTIT PROCESS II. PERMANENT HARDNESS a. ADDITION OF SODIUM CARBONATE b. BASE EXCHANGE PROCESS B. C. FLUORIDATION OF WATER DEFLUORIDATION

AIR
MECHANICAL MIXTURE OF GASES. COMPOSITION OF AIR:

NITROGEN- 78.1%, O2 - 20.93%, CO2- 0.03% & THE

BALANCE IS MADE UP OF THE GASES IN TRACES LIKE ARGON, NEON, KRYPTON, XENON, HELIUM AND ALSO WATER

VAPOUR, AMMONIA, SPM (DUST, BACTERIA, SPORES AND

VEGETABLE DEBRIS).

THE REQUIREMENT OF AIR IS 10- 20m3/ DAY.

DISCOMFORT
THE PROBLEMS OF VENTILATION ARE PHYSICAL, NOT CHEMICAL; CUTANEOUS NOT RESPIRATORY.

PROF. LEE

INDICES OF THERMAL COMFORT

1. AIR TEMPERATURE.
2. AIR TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY.

3. COOLING POWER.
4. EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE. 5. CORRECTED EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE.

COMFORTABLE THERMAL CONDITIONS

CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH A PERSON CAN

MAINTAIN NORMAL BALANCE BETWEEN

PRODUCTION AND LOSS OF HEAT, AT NORMAL

BODY TEMPERATURE AND WITHOUT SWEATING.

COMFORT ZONES
CET OC
1 PLEASANT & COOL 20

2
3 4 5 6

COMFORTABLE & COOL

COMFORTABLE HOT & UNCOMFORTABLE EXTREMELY HOT INTOLERABLY HOT

20- 25
25- 27 27- 28 28+ 30+

PREDICTED FOUR HOUR SWEAT RATE

Mc. ARDLES MAX.ALLOWABLE SWEAT RATE

COMFORT ZONE

1- 3 lts.

JUST TOLERABLE
INTOLERABLE

3- 4.5 lts.
4.5 + lts.

SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. AUTOMOBILES INDUSTRIES DOMESTIC SOURCES PASSIVE SMOKING MISCELLANEOUS: BURNING REFUSE, INCINERATORS, PESTICIDE SPRAYING, NATURAL SOURCES (DUST, FUNGI, MOLDS, BACTERIA, etc.) & NUCLEAR ENERGY PROGRAMMES.

AIR POLLUTANTS

CO, CO2, H2S, HYDRO CARBONS, LEAD, OXIDES OF NITROGEN, CADMIUM, OZONE, PAH & PARTICULATE MATTER, etc.

MAJOR AIR POLLUTANTS & SOURCES

NOXIOUS AGENT SOURCES

OXIDES OF NITROGEN
HYDROCARBONS

AUTOMOBILES, GAS STOVES,HEATERS, etc.

AUTOBILE EXHAUST, COMBUSTION OF COAL, CIGERETTE SMOKE AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST, HIGH ALTITUDE AIRCRAFTS POWER PLANTS, OIL REFINERIES, SMELTERS, KEROSENE, etc. AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST, LEADED GASOLINE

OZONE SO2

LEAD

MAJOR AIR POLLUTANTS & ADVERSE EFFECTS NOXIOUS AGENT

OXIDES OF NITROGEN

ADVERSE EFFECS
Resp. TI, BRONCHIAL HYPERACTIVITY, BRONCHIOLITIS OBLITERANS, IMPAIRED LUNG DEFENCES LUNG CANCER Resp. TI, BRONCHO CONSTRICTION, SUBSTERNAL DISCOMFORT, etc. Resp. TI, EXACERBATION OF COPD IMPAIRED NEURO PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT, ANAEMIA, STERILITY, RENAL TOXICITY, etc.

HYDROCARBONS OZONE SO2 LEAD

INDOOR AIR POLLUTION

POLLUTANT
RESPIRABLE PARTICLES CO NO2 SO2

SOURCES
TOBACCO SMOKE, STOVE, AEROSAL SPRAYS COMBUSTION EQUIPMENT, STOVE, GAS HEATERS GAS COOKERS, CIGERETTES COAL COMBUSTION

INDOOR AIR POLLUTION ctd.

CO2 FORMALDEHYDE OZONE ASBESTOS RADON ORGANIC VAPOURS (BENZENE, etc.) COMBUSTION, RESPIRATION ADHESIVES, INSULATION ELECTRIC ARCING, UV LIGHT SOURCES INSULATION, FIRE PROOFING BUILDING MATERIAL ADHESIVES, RESINS, AEROSOL SPRAYS

EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION

HEALTH ASPECTS: IMMEDIATE EFFECTS LIKE ACUTE BRONCHITIS. DELAYED EFFECTS LIKE CHRONIC BRONCHITIS, LUNG CANCER, BRONCHIAL ASTHMA, EMPHYSEMA, ALLERGIES, etc. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS: DESTRUCTION OF PLANT & ANIMAL LIFE, CORROSION OF METALS, DAMAGE TO BUILDINGS, SMOG, etc.

MONITORING OF AIR POLLUTION

DONE ON DAILY BASIS OVER SEVERAL TIMES SULPHUR DIOXIDE SMOKE OR SOILING INDEX GRIT AND DUST MEASUREMENT COEFFICIENT OF HAZE AIR POLLUTION INDEX

MONITORING IN INDIA

CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD SPONSORED NATIONAL AIR QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAMME SINCE 1990 & GENERATED DATABASE OVER LAST 16 YEARS IN 10 MAJOR CITIES.

PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION

1. CONTAINMENT

2.
3. 4.

REPLACEMENT
DILUTION LEGISLATION (GOI ENACTED THE AIR PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION ACT IN 1981)

5.

INTERNATIONAL ACTION

DISINFECTION OF AIR

1. 2. 3. 4.

MECHANICAL VENTILATION ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION CHEMICAL MISTS DUST CONTROL

VENTILATION (MODERN CONCEPT)

IT IMPLIES NOT ONLY THE REPLACEMENT

OF VITIATED AIR BY A SUPPLY OF FRESH OUTDOOR

AIR, BUT ALSO CONTROL OF THE QUALITY OF INCOMING AIR WITH REGARD TO ITS

TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY AND PURITY WITH A VIEW TO PROVIDE A THERMAL ENVIRONMENT THAT IS

COMFORTABLE
INFECTION.

AND

FREE

FROM

RISK

OF

STANDARDS OF VENTILATION
1. CUBIC SPACE: A FRESH AIR SUPPLY RANGING FROM 300 - 3000 c. ft./

PERSON/ HOUR (DE CHAUMONT) AND A SPACE OF 1,000 TO 1,200 c. ft. PER PERSON IS SUFFICIENT (HEIGHTS OVER 10- 12 ft. ARE NOT TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT). 2. AIR CHANGE:

IN LIVING ROOMS 2 OR 3 AIR CHANGES IN ONE HOUR

AND IN WORK ROOMS 4 - 6 AIR CHANGES IN ONE HOUR REQUIRED. ARE

3.

FLOOR SPACE:
THE OPTIMUM FLOOR SPACE REQUIREMENT PER PERSON VARY FROM 50- 100 sq. ft.

TYPES OF VENTILATION
NATURAL VENTILATION:
WIND, DIFFUSION, INEQUALITY OF
TEMPARATURE.

MECHANICAL VENTILATION:
EXHAUST VENTILATION, PLENUM VENTILATION, BALANCED VENTILATION, AIR CONDITIONING.

AIR CONDITIONING
THE SIMULTANEOUS CONTROL OF FACTORS LIKE

TEMPERATURE,

HUMIDITY,

AIR

MOVEMENT

&

DISTRIBUTION, DUST, BACTERIA, ODOUR & TOXIC GASES, (OR ATLEAST THE FIRST THREE FACTORS) AFFECTING BOTH THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CONDITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE WITHIN CONFINED

SPACE OR ROOMS AND AFFECTING THE HUMAN

HEALTH & COMFORT.

LIGHT
THE REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD LIGHTING: 1. SUFFICIENCY

2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

DISTRIBUTION
ABSENCE OF GLARE ABSENCE OF SHARP SHADOWS STEADINESS COLOUR OF LIGHT SURROUNDINGS

LIGHT MEASUREMENT UNITS

S. No DESCRIPTION QUANTITY MEASURED NAME RECOMME -NDED UNIT OTHER UNITS

BRIGHTNESS OF POINT SOURCE

FLOW OF LIGHT AMOUNT OF LIGHT REACHING SURFACE

LUMINOUS INTENSITY
LUMINOUS FLUX ILLUMINATION ILLUMINANCE

CANDELA

CANDLE POWER

2 3

LUMEN LUX

---FOOT CANDLE LUMEN/ Cm2 (PHOT) FOOT LAMBERT CANDLES/ Cm

AMOUNT OF LIGHT REMITTED BY SURFACE

BRIGHTNESS LUMINANCE

LAMBERT

IMPROVING DAY LIGHT ILLUMINATION

1. ORIENTATION IN TROPICS, TOWARDS NORTH OR SOUTH FOR UNIFORMITY. REMOVAL OF OBSTRUCTIONS WINDOWS INTERIOR OF THE ROOMS

2. 3. 4.

MEASUREMENT OF DAY LIGHT

DAY LIGHT FACTOR (DF):
IT IS THE RATIO OF ILLUMINTION AT A GIVEN POINT TO ILLUMINATION AT A POINT EXPOSED SIMULTANEOUSLY TO THE WHOLE HEMISPHERE OF THE SKY (TAKEN AS 500 FOOT CANDLES) EXCLUDING DIRECT SUN LIGHT.

INSTANTANEOUS ILLUMINATION INDOORS

DF = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------SIMULTANEOUSLY OCCURING ILLUMINATION OUT DOORS X 100

THE DAY LIGHT FACTOR SHOULD BE AT LEAST 8 PERCENT AND IN KITCHENS ABOUT 10 PERCENT.

LIGHTING STANDARDS
THE EYE RESPONDS TO A RANGE OF ILLUMINATION RANGING FROM 0.1 LUX (FULL MOON LIGHT NIGHT) TO 100,000 LUX (BRIGHT SUNSNINE). RECOMMENDED ILLUMINATION VISUAL TASK CASUAL READING GENERAL OFFICE WORK ILLUMINATION (LUX) 100 400

FINE ASSEMBLY
VERY SEVERE TASKS WATCH MAKING

900
1300- 2000 2000- 3000

BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF LIGHT

BIOLOGIC RYTHMS OF BODY TEMPARATURE. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. STIMULATION OF MELANIN SYNTHESIS. THE ACTIVATION OF PRECURSORS OF VIT D. ADRENOCORTICAL SECRETION. FOOD CONSUMPTION.

PROPERTY OF INVITRO DEGRADTION OF BILIRUBIN.

NOISE
UNWANTED SOUND.
(ONE MANS SOUND MAY BE ANOTHER MANS NOISE) DEFINITION : WRONG SOUND, IN THE WRONG PLACE, AT THE WRONG TIME.

20th CENTURY HAS BEEN DESCRIBED AS THE CENTURY OF NOISE.

SOURCES OF NOISE:
AUTOMOBILES, FACTORIES, INDUSTRIES, AIR- CRAFTS, RADIO, TV, etc.

PROPERTIES (TWO): LOUDNESS (OR) INTENSITY: MEASURED IN DECIBELS (dB). RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM: 85 dB. FREQUENCY: THE HUMAN EAR CAN HEAR FREQUENCIES FROM ABOUT 20 20,000 HZ.

EFFECTS OF NOISE EXPOSURE

1. AUDITORY EFFECTS: AUDITORY FATIGUE DEAFNESS NON AUDITORY EFFECTS: INTERFERENCE WITH SPEECH ANNOYANCE EFFICIENCY PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES ECONOMIC LOSS

2.

CONTROL OF NOISE
1. CAREFUL PLANNING OF CITIES

2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

CONTROL OF VEHICLES
TO IMPROVE ACOUSTIC INSULATION OF BUILDING INDUSTRIES AND RAILWAYS PROTECTION OF EXPOSED PERSONS LEGISLATION EDUCATION

RADIATION
NATURAL: COSMIC RAYS, TERRESTRIAL & ATMOSPHERIC (ENVIRONMENTAL), K-40 & C- 14 (INTERNAL). MAN- MADE: X- RAYS, RADIOISOTOPES, OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE, RADIOACTIVE FALLOUT, TV, WATCHES, LUMINOUS MARKERS, etc.

TYPES OF RADIATION
IONIZING RADIATION: X- RAYS & GAMMA RAYS (ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION), ALPHA PARTICLES, BETA PARTICLES AND PROTONS (CORPUSCULAR RADIATIONS). NON- IONIZING RADIATION: ULTRAVIOLET (UV) RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT, INFRA RADIATION, MICROWAVE RADIATION AND RADIO FREQUENCY RADIATION

RADIATION UNITS
THE UNIT OF ACTIVITY IS A BECQUERAL (Bq). (1Bq IS EQUAL TO 1 DISINTEGRATION PER SECOND) THE UNITS OF POTENCY: a. ROENTGEN: THE UNIT OF EXPOSURE. b. RAD: THE UNIT OF ABSORBED DOSE. c. REM: THE PRODUCT OF THE ABSORBED DOSE AND THE MODIFYING FACTORS. REM INDICATES THE DEGREE OF POTENTIAL DANGER TO HEALTH.

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION

1. SOMATIC EFFECTS: IMMEDIATE:
RADIATION SICKNESS, ACUTE RADIATION SYNDROME.

DELAYED:
LEUKAEMIA, CARCINOGENESIS, FOETAL DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES, SHORTENING OF LIFE.

2.

GENETIC EFFECTS:
CHROMOSOME MUTATIONS, POINT MUTATIONS.

RADIATION - PROTECTION
NATURAL RADIATION: 0.1 RAD/ YEAR, NOT A HAZARD. THE ADDITIONAL PERMISSIBLE DOSE FROM MAN MADE

SOURCES SHOULD NOT EXCEED 5 RAD A YEAR.

X- RAYS CONSTITUTE THE GREATEST HAZARD. CONTROL, SURVEILLANCE OF X-RAY

ADEQUATE

INSTALLATIONS, PROTECTION OF WORKERS, LEAD SHIELDS, LEAD APRONS, etc. DOSIMETER MUST BE WORN. ICRP (INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL

PROTECTION) RECOMMENDS RADIATION DOSE LEVELS.

METEOROLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
COMPRISE

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
AIR TEMPARATURE HUMIDITY RAINFALL DIRECTION AND SPEED OF WIND

MOVEMENT OF CLOUDS & CHARACTER OF

WEATHER

INSTRUMENTS USED FOR MEASURING ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE: FORTINS BAROMETER, KEW PATTERN STATION BAROMETER & BAROGRAPH. EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE ON HEALTH: HIGH ALTITUDES: ACUTE MOUNTAIN SICKNESS, HIGH ALTITUDE PULMONARY OEDEMA.

LOW ALTITUDES: CAISSONS DISEASE, etc.

AIR TEMPERATURE
DRY BULB THERMOMETER WET BULB THERMOMETER

MAXIMUM THERMOMETER
MINIMUM THERMOMETER SIX's MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM THERMOMETER GLOBE THERMOMETER WET GLOBE THERMOMETER

SILVERED THERMOMETER
KATA THERMOMETER

HEAT STRESS
IT IS THE BURDEN OR LOAD OF HEAT THAT MUST BE DISSIPATED IF THE BODY IS TO REMAIN IN THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM.

THE FACTORS INFLUENCING ARE: METABOLIC RATE, AIR TEMPARATURE, HUMIDITY, AIR MOVEMENT AND RADIANT TEMPARATURE.

HEAT STRESS INDICES

1. EQUATORIAL COMFORT INDEX: DENOTES THE TEMPARATURE OF STILL AND SATURATED AIR WHICH IS EQUIVALENT PHISIOLOGICALLY TO THE CLIMATE UNDER CONSIDERATION. HEAT STRESS INDEX: CONSIDERS THE METABOLIC RATE AND THE PRINCIPAL CHANNELS OF HEAT EXCHANGE BETWEEN THE HUMAN BODY AND THE ENVIRONMENT. PREDICTED FOUR HOUR SWEAT RATE: P4Sr: 4.5 Lts. IN 4Hrs., IS THE UPPER LIMIT.

2.

3.

EFFECTS OF HEAT STRESS

1.

HEAT STROKE: DUE TO FAILURE OF THE HEAT REGULATING MECHANISM.TEMP. RISES TO 1100F. MOSTLY THE SKIN IS DRY & HOT, DELIRIUM, CONVULSIONS& PARTIAL OR COMPLETE LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS OBSERVED.

2.

HEAT HYPERPYREXIA: IMPAIRED HEAT REGULATING MECHANISM, TEMP. ABOVE 1060F IS OBSERVED.

3.

HEAT EXHAUSTION: DUE TO IMBALANCE OR INADEQUATE REPLACEMENT OF FLUID & ELECTROLYTES. UNCOMMON TO EXCEED 1020F. SYMPTOMS LIKE DIZZINESS, FATIGUE, etc.

4. 5.

HEAT CRAMPS: HEAT SYNCOPE:

PREVENTIVE MEASURES

1.
2. 3. 4. 5.

REPLACEMENT OF WATER
REGULATION OF WORK CLOTHING PROTECTIVE DEVICES WORK ENVIRONMENT

EFFECTS OF COLD STRESS

GENERAL (HYPOTHERMIA): NUMBNESS, LOSS OF SENSATION, MUSCULAR WEAKNESS, DESIRE FOR SLEEP, COMA & DEATH.

LOCAL: WET- COLD: IMMERSION OR TRENCH FOOT. DRY- COLD: FROST BITE (COMMON IN HIGH ALTITUDES).

HUMIDITY
ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY: THE WEIGHT OF WATER VAPOUR IN A UNIT VOLUME OF AIR, EXPRESSED AS GRAMS PER CUBIC METER OF AIR. RELATIVE HUMIDITY: THE PERCENTAGE OF MOISTURE PRESENT IN THE AIR. MEASURED BY DRY AND WET BULB HYGROMETER, SLING PSYCHROMETER, ASSMANN PSYCHROMETER

HUMAN SETTLEMENT

CONCEPT: All places in which a group of people reside and pursue their life goals; the size of the settlement may vary from a single family to millions of people.

HOUSING

Physical

structure

providing

shelter,

but

also

the

immediate surroundings, and the related community

services and facilities.

SOCIAL GOALS OF HOUSING

1) SHELTER
2) FAMILY LIFE 3) ACCESS TO COMMUNITY FACILITIES 4) FAMILY PARTICIPATION IN COMMUNITY LIFE 5) ECONOMIC STABILITY

CRITERIA FOR HEALTHFUL HOUSING

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Provides physical protection and shelter. Provides adequately for cooking, eating, washing, and excretory functions. Prevents spread of Communicable diseases. Protects from hazards of exposure to noise and pollution. Protects from unsafe physical arrangements & maintenance and also from toxic or harmful materials. Encourages personal and community development, social relationships and promotes mental health.

HOUSING STANDARDS
1. Site
9.

Windows

2. Setback
3. Floor 4. Walls

10.
11. 12.

Lighting
Kitchen Privy Garbage and refuse Bathing and washing Water supply

5. Roof 6. Rooms 7. Floor area 8. Cubic space

13. 14. 15.

SITE
Should be elevated from its surroundings. Should have an independent access to street.

Should be away from nuisances such as dust, smell, excessive noises and traffic.
Should be away from breeding places of mosquitoes and flies. Should be in pleasant surroundings. Should be dry & safe for construction and well drained.

smoke,

SETBACK
There should be an open space around the

house (Setback) for proper ventilation &

lighting. Built-up area should not exceed 1/3 of total area in rural areas and in urban areas up to 2/3.

FLOOR

Should be pucca. Should be impermeable and easily washed (Smooth and free from cracks ). Should be damp proof. Height of the plinth should be 2-3 feet.

WALLS

Should be strong. Should not absorb and conduct heat. Weather resistant. Unsuitable for harbourage to rats and vermin. Should be smooth. All these can be fulfilled by constructing 9 inch brick wall and plastered smooth and coloured cream and white.

ROOF
The height of the roof should not be less than 10 feet in the absence of air-

conditioning.

ROOMS

The number of living rooms should not

be less than 2. The number and area of the rooms should be increased according to the size of the family.

FLOOR AREA
The floor area of a living room should be at least 120 sq. feet for occupancy by more than one person and atleast 100 sq.ft. for occupancy by a single person. The floor area available in living rooms per person should not be less than 50 sq.ft; the optimum is 100 sq.ft..

CUBIC SPACE

Preferably 1000 cubic feet per person.

At least 500 c.ft. per capita of air space is needed unless means are provided for mechanical replacement of air.

WINDOWS
Every living room should have at least 2 windows. The windows should not be placed more than 3 feet above the ground. Window area should be 1/5 of the floor area. Doors and windows combined should have 2/5 of the floor area.

LIGHTING

The day light factor should exceed 1 percent over half the floor area.

KITCHEN
Every dwelling house must have a separate kitchen protected against dust and smoke. It should be adequately lighted. Arrangements for storing food, fuel and provisions. Provided with water supply. Should have a sink. Should have a drainage. Floor must be impervious.

PRIVY

A sanitary privy is a must for every house.

GARBAGE AND REFUSE

Garbage and refuse should be removed everyday and disposed off in a sanitary manner.

BATHING AND WASHING

Bathing and Washing facilities are necessary.

WATER SUPPLY

The house should have a safe and adequate water supply at all times.

HOUSING AND HEALTH

Poor housing may lead to Respiratory infections Skin infections Rat infestation

Arthropods
Accidents Morbidity and mortality Psychosocial Effects

OVERCROWDING

Overcrowding refers to the situation in which more people are living in a single dwelling leading to restricted movement, privacy secluded, hygiene impossible, rest and sleep difficult. Overcrowding infections. promotes spread of

PERSONS PER ROOM

The Standards are: 1 Room 2 Persons 2 Rooms 3 Persons 3 Rooms 5 Persons 4 Rooms 7 Persons 5 or more Rooms 10 Persons (additional 2 for each further room)

FLOOR SPACE
The accepted standards are:

110 sq. ft. or more

90-100 sq. ft. 70-90 sq. ft. 50-70 sq. ft.

2 persons
1 persons 1 person person

(A baby under 12 months is not counted; children between 1 and 10 counted as half a unit)

SEX SEPARATION
Overcrowding is considered to exist if 2 persons of more than 9 years , not husband and wife of opposite sexes are obliged to sleep in the same room.

INDICATORS OF HOUSING
1. Physical: space, rooms, persons per room, environmental quality (air, light, water, noise, sewage disposal, etc.) Economic: cost of the building, rental levels, taxes, expenditure on housing, etc. Social: (Social Aspects of Housing- UN 1975 ) a. indicators related to prevention of illness. b. indicators related to comfort. c. indicators related to mental health and social wellbeing.

2.

3.

PUBLIC POLICY IN HOUSING

A Separate Ministry of housing is formed. National Buildings Organization ( NBO ) & Housing and Urban Development Corporation ( HUDCO ) were established. IASIndira Awaas Yojana ( 1985 ). VAMBAY (Valmiki Ambedkar Awaas Yojna) was recently launched.

WASTE MANAGEMENT

WASTE
1. SOLID WASTE: garbage (food waste), rubbish (paper, plastics, wood, metal, glass, etc.), demolition products (bricks, masonry, pipes), sewage treatment residue, dead animals, manure & discarded material, etc. 2. LIQUID WASTE: sewage, sullage, etc.
3. EXCRETA (SOLID & LIQUID)

SOLID WASTE
HEALTH HAZARD:
(IF ALLOWED TO ACCUMULATE)

BECAUSE 1. 2. It decomposes and favours fly breeding. It attracts rodents and vermin.

3.

The pathogens which may be present in the solid waste may be conveyed back to mans food through flies and dust. Possibility of water and soil pollution.
Unsightly appearance and nuisance from bad odours.

4.
5.

SOURCES OF REFUSE
STREET REFUSE: leaves, straw, paper, animal droppings and litter. MARKET REFUSE: putrid vegetable, animal matter. STABLE LITTER:

animal droppings, left over animal feeds.

INDUSTRIAL REFUSE: inert materials, toxic, explosive compounds.

DOMESTIC REFUSE:
ash, rubbish & garbage.

STORAGE
For a family of 5 members, a bin having a capacity of c.ft. Is needed. PAPER SACK : Refuse is stored in the paper sack & replaced with a new one once it is filled.

PUBLIC BINS: Cater for a large number of people. Kept on a concrete platform raised 2-3 inches above the ground level to prevent water entering the bins.

COLLECTION
HOUSE -TO- HOUSE COLLECTION: THE BEST METHOD OF COLLECTING REFUSE. THE ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE COMMITTEE (1949) RECOMMENDATION: MUNICIPALITIES AND OTHER LOCAL BODIES SHOULD ARRANGE FOR COLLECTION OF REFUSE.

DUSTLESS REFUSE COLLECTOR: WITH TOTALLY ENCLOSED BODY.

METHODS OF DISPOSAL
DUMPING CONTROLLED TIPPING (SANITARY LAND FILL)

1.TRENCH METHOD, 2. RAMP METHOD, 3. AREA METHOD

INCINERATION

COMPOSTING
1. BANGALORE METHOD (ANAEROBIC METHOD)
2. MECHANICAL COMPOSTING (AEROBIC METHOD)

MANURE PITS
BURIAL

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC

CLEANSING ASSOCIATION (ISWA) (1970) ASSIST COUNTRIES IN THE GENERAL ENDEAVOUR TO IMPROVE SANITARY SERVICES.

EXCRETA DISPOSAL
PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE: HEALTH HAZARDS OF IMPROPER EXCRETA DISPOSAL:

1. SOIL POLLUTION 2. WATER POLLUTION 3. CONTAMINATION OF FOODS 4. PROPAGATION OF FLIES

TRANSMISSION OF FAECAL BORNE DISEASES

WATER

FINGERS

FOOD

NEW HOST

FAECES
FLIES

SOIL

SANITATION BARRIER
S A N I T A T I O N B A R R I E R

WATER

FINGERS

FLIES

FAECES

PROTECTED HOST

SOIL

FOOD

METHODS OF EXCRETA DISPOSAL 1. UNSEWERED AREAS

A. SERVICE TYPE (CONSERVANCY SYSTEM) B. NON- SERVICE TYPE C. LATRINES SUITABLE FOR CAMPS AND TEMPORARY USE

2. SEWERED AREAS
A. WATER- CARRIAGE SYSTEM & SEWAGE TREATMENT: I. PRIMARY TREATMENT II. SECONDARY TREATMENT B. OTHER METHODS:
SEA OUTFALL, RIVER OUT FALL, SEWAGE FARMING, OXIDATION PONDS.

NON- SERVICE TYPE

1. BORE HOLE LATRINE 2. DUG WELL OR PIT LATRINE 3. WATER SEAL TYPE
P.R.A.I. TYPE

R.C.A. TYPE
SULABH SHAUCHALAYA

4. SEPTIC TANK

5. AQUA PRIVY
6. CHEMICAL CLOSET

RCA LATRINE
1. LOCATION :- should not be located within 15 mt (50 ft) from a source of a water supply.

2.
3. 4.

SQUATTING PLATE :PAN :- the length of the pan is 42.5 cms (17 inch) TRAP : it provides necessary water seal.

The water seal is the distance between the level of water in the trap and the lowest point in the concave upper surface of the trap ( 2 cms )

5. Connecting pipe
6. Dug well 7. Super structure

SEPTIC TANK
Water tight masonry tank into which household sewage is admitted for treatment Satisfactory method

DESIGN FEATURES :

single /double chambered

Capacity : 20-30 gallons or 2.5 to 5 c.ft /person for household septic tanks

Minimum capacity at least 500 gallons

 Length : usually twice the breadth

Depth : usually 5-7 ft. Liquid depth : 1.2 mtr (4 ft) Air space : minimum air space of 30 cm(12in) between the level of water and the undersurface of

the cover.
The bottom is sloping towards the inlet end. Inlet & outlet - submerged Cover : concrete slab Retention period : 24 hrs

WORKING OF A SEPTIC TANK

The solids settle down in the tank, to form sludge. The lighter solids including grease and fat rise to the

surface to form scum.

Anaerobic digestion: the solids are attacked by the anaerobic bacteria and fungi and are broken down into

simpler chemical compounds.

The liquids which passes out of the outlet pipe from time to time is called the effluent.

It contains numerous bacteria, cysts, ova and organic

matter in solution.

AEROBIC OXIDATION
The effluent - allowed to percolate into the sub soil.

Aerobic bacteria in the upper layers of soil- attack the

organic matter in the effluent.

Organic matter is oxidised into stable and products i.e.,

nitrates, carbon dioxide and water. Anaerobic digestion & aerobic oxidation complete the purification of sewage.

Operation and Maintenance

1. The use of soap water & disinfectants (phenol) avoided as they are injurious to the bacterial flora 2. Desludging : undue accumulation of sludge reduces the capacity of the septic tank and interferes with proper

working. Therefore, the contents of the septic tank

should be bailed out at least once a year. 3. Newly built septic tanks - seeded with ripe sludge drawn from old tank.

LATRINES SUITABLE FOR CAMPS AND TEMPORARY USE

SHALLOW TRENCH LATRINE
DEEP TRENCH LATRINE PIT LATRINE BORE HOLE LATRINE

WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM (SEWERAGE SYSTEM)

Implies collecting & transporting of human excreta
and waste water from residential, commercial and

industrial areas by network of sewers to the place

of disposal.

 SEWAGE: is the waste water from a community derived

from houses, street and yard washings, factories and industries, and includes solid and liquid excreta. Sewage contains 99.9% water and 0.15 solids which are partly inorganic and partly organic including disease organisms. SULLAGE: is the waste water which doesnt contain

human excreta.
ex: waste water that is coming from kitchens and toilets.

BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND

Strength of sewage. The amount of oxygen absorbed by a sample of sewage during a period ( generally 5 days) at a specified temperature (generally 20 degree C) for the aerobic

destruction or use of organic matter by living organisms.

Value range :
1 mg / ltr - natural water 300 mg / ltr -untreated domestic sewage

Significance : BOD 300 mg/ltr the sewage - strong. If 100 mg/ltr, - weak

Recommended standard :The effluent from a sewage treatment plant should not have a 5 day BOD exceeding 20 mg/ltr

CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD)

The COD test measures the oxygen equivalent of that portion of the organic matter in a sample which is susceptible to oxidation by a strong chemical oxidiser. If wastes contain toxic substances, this test may be the only

practical method for determining the organic load.

SUSPENDED SOLIDS :

The amount of suspended solids in domestic sewage may

vary from 100 to 500 p.p.m(mg/l)

Decomposition of organic matter 1. Aerobic process: it is the most efficient method of reducing the organic matter in sewage. It requires the continuous supply of free dissolved oxygen. 2. Anaerobic process: the end products of decomposition are methane, ammonia, CO2 and H2. In anaerobic decomposition, the reactions are slower and extremely complex.

MODERN SEWAGE TREATMENT

PRIMARY TREATMENT
1. SCREENING 2. GRIT CHAMBER 3. PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION

SECONDARY TREATMENT
1. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT 2. SECONDARY SEDIMENTATION 3. SLUDGE DIGESTION

TRICKLING FILTER METHOD

SLUDGE TREATMENT
DIGESTION
Under favourable pH & temperature water, CO2, methane, ammonia 3-4 weeks Volume reduced Inoffensive, tarry sticky mud manure Methane gas- energy source

SEA DISPOSAL LAND

EFFLUENT DISPOSAL
DISPOSAL BY DILUTION

DISPOSAL ON LAND

OTHER METHODS OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL

SEA OUTFALL

RIVER OUTFALL
LAND TREATMENT (SEWAGE FARMING) OXIDATION PONDS OXIDATION DITCHES

SEWAGE FARMING
Land treatment/ Broad irrigation

1 acre= 100-300 persons

Land is laid into ridges & furrows Fodder grass, potatoes, plantain Sewage sickness

OXIDATION POND
Waste stabilization pond, redox pond, sewage lagoons

Open shallow pool1-1.5m deep,

Inlet & outlet

Algae
Certain types of bacteria

sunlight

OXIDATION POND