FLOW THROUGH DUCTS & FITTNGS

7-1

7-2

7-3

)(Friction chart

7-4

)(Duct fittings

7-5

7-6

)(Introduction
)(Friction loss for straight ducts

)(Dynamic losses for fittings

)(Problems

94



FLOW THROUGH DUCTS & FITTNGS

7-1 )(Introduction
) (Laminar ) (Turbulent
2
10 ) V) 14.910-6
:
Re = (Vd/V) = (20.1) /14.910-6

= 2000< 13423
)Friction
(loss )Dynamic
(loss .
7-2 )(Friction loss for straight ducts
) (Bernolli equation
) (1-7 ) (Elevation heat:
= PT = PS + PV + Pf
:
PT )(Tolal pressure
)(1-7
PS ) (Static Pressure
.
PV ) (Velocity Pressure
:
= PV

1
2

V2

= kg/m3 1.204

= PV :

V 2
)
1.29

pa

:
= V ) m/s) Pf ) (Friction loss
.

95

 ) (pa :
mm H2 O = 9.81 pa 1
in H2 O = 249 pa 1
) (ps ) (Pv

.

.
. :
Pf = PT,I PT,o

PT,o : PT,I ) (i )(o

.
) (Duct entry
) (Duct exit
.
) (Diffuser ).(2-7
)(2-7
) (1
) (12 :
:

Ps,1 > o , Ps,2 = O

)(Pf)12 > (Pv,1 PV,2

).(Outlets
)(3-7
) (3-7 .
Q3, Q2 , Q1 :
Q1 = Q A Q B , Q 2 = Q B - Q C
QA > QB :

VA > V B

:
)(AB
)(PS,B PS,A) = (PV,A PV,B) (Pf AB

96

)Pf AB) = O

:
PV,A > PV,B:
PS,B > PS,A:

) (3-7 : Vs ) (Ps
Vv ) (pv .V
) (3-7
90
. .
) (Ps

.
)
. (Darcey Weisbach
)( 1

:
L
d
v
f

L V2
= , (pa) Pf
d 2

.
(m)
(m)
(m/s)

2.51
+
]
3.7 d Re f

[ =2 log 10

1
f

0.15 .
Re ).(Reynolds number
f ) (Moody chart
.4
7-3 )(Friction chart
) (1
:
=Q

2
d )V
4

:
)( 2

)= (Pf/L

97

Q2
)
d5

()f

4
1
( ( )2

)) = (Pf/L) (3

V2

( )f

1
()
4 2

) 2 (3 :
)( ) (d ) (Pf/L
).(Q
)( ) (V ) (Pf/L
).(Q
)( ) (Pf/L ) (Q
) (d ).(V
)2 (3
5 10 38

15 ) (Fully developed
) (5 Pf/m , d , v , Q : )
(Pa) , (mm) , (m/s) , (L/S .
) (Q,V) (Q,Pf/m .
:
)Pf = (Pf/m) L (4

L .
) (Fibrous ducts

%10 30 %20
30 .


.

) (Aspect 8:1 ) (1 :
)( ) (V V = Q/A :
)( ) (d ) (dH:
]dH = 4 [cross section / wetted perimeter

)(W.H) / (W+H) = (5
W H .
) (Q ) (pf/m
) (de )
(H,E :
=A
:

Q = AV

98

d2
4

/V=Q..

2
)) d
4

) (f:
f = C/Re 0.2

2
= d ) d/ /Re
4

(Q

) (1 :
/ Pf/L = C

)) (Q / d (6
4.8

1.8

0.8

0.2

4 Q d 0.2 1
) ) ( ) (4 Q/ d 2) 2
2
d 2
d

(Pf / L = (0.773 C) (

A = WH
(V = Q/WH , dH = 2 WH/(W+H

= Re

Q
2 WH
( )
) ) /
WH
W+ H

f = C/Re 0.2 :

) (1 :
[/L = C /

2 WH
Q 2
( )
)
W + H 2 WH Pf

(1 /

0.2

)Q(2 WH/(W + H
]
WH

)Pf/L = (0.218C) (0.2 0.8Q1.8 (W+H)1.2/(WH)3 (7

) 6 (7 ) (de

).(d
3.552 (WH)3/(W+H)1.2 = de 4.8

:
)de = 1.3 (WH) 0.625 /(W+H)0.25 (8
6 ) (de ).(W,H
7-4 )(Duct fittings
:
)(Transformations
) 2-7( ) 4-7(
) 4-7(.
%20
) (7:1 ) (4:1
.
)(4-7

99

 ):(Elbows

45 .90
.
) 5-7( ) 5-7(
) 5-7(
) 5-7( 90 ) 5-7(
.

100

 )(Take offs
. ) (6-7 .
) 6-7( ) .(Splitter damper )
6-7( ) (Guiding vanes ) 6-7
( .T
) (5-7
) (6-7
)(Reductions
.
5 2010.
) 7-7( ) 7-7(
.
7-5 )(Dynamic losses for fittings
:
) (Reducers
) (Diffusors .
)Sudden
(enlargement )(Sudden contraction
) (7-7
)(Elbows
).(Take-offs
) (Secondary
.
:
pd = Co

V
)(1.29

V 2
) pa
1.29

Co ) (Loss factor .
7 ) (Co .
5/ )Equivalent
(length .

101

 :
Pf = (pf/m) [ L + Le ] + pd

Pf/m : .
L
Le

pd

.
7-6 )(Problem
1 15
300 . 500 / 20.
2 1.5 /3 40
5030.
:


)(8-7
3 A B ) (8-7 5
A 37.5 .
.B
4 128 1 /.
400 .
5
)(9-7
) (9-7 . 4
1 2 . ) 12
15( 4 .
.
6 60 3030
5030 . 50 .
.
7 90 3076
30.
2.5 / .

102

8 10050 7.5 /
250 . 60 2
/ .
: 60 .
.
120 .
9
75150 50125 10
/ 375 .
.
10 ) (10-7
. ) (bc 50 125 H/w = 2.5
.R/w = 1 ) (FG H/W = 0.4
.R/W = 0.5
.
DE .
5/.
11 100 50 9 / .
9/ 50.

12 46120 125
.
13 2850 1.5 / .
. 15 .
440 410 .
. .
14 1.5 / .
30 8/
.

15 90 10/
7.5/ 5.3 / .
%60 .
.

103