A technical student is expected to do some experimentation and research work on the subject, which he had learnt, at the classes

during the course of his studies . Such an effort when well organized with a definite aim or purpose is called a PRO !"#. #he object of a project is to e$ol$e technical thinking ,anal%se the problem , search for the solution , work in a team , present the findings to the

Professors and abo$e all make a logical !ngineer . #hrough a project student displa%s his spirit of in&uisiti$eness , creati$it% , abilit% to understand a problem and anal%tical wa%s of sol$ing the problem
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1. 'ntroduction (.Principle of Project (.) "ircuit *esign (.( "omponent Selection (.+ "omponent *escription

+.Project *e$elopment +.) P", Preparation +.( P", #esting +.+ Assembling of the -nit ..#esting of the Project /odel 0.Result of the test 1. "ost !stimate of the Project 2."onclusion 3.References
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INTRODUCTION

Rain Alarm Project

Water is basic need in every ones life. Saving and proper usage of water is very important. Here is an easy project which will give the alarm when there is rain, so that we can make some actions and save the rain water. As a result, we can increase the water levels of underground water by using underwater recharge techni ue. !ain water detector will detect the rain and make an alert" rain water detector is used in the irrigation field, home automation, communication, automobiles etc. Here is the simple and reliable circuit of rain water detector which can be constructed at low cost.

Rain Alarm Project Block Diagram:

!ain water sensor is the main component in the circuit. #or this rain sensor, no need to go and buy in the market or online. We can do it ourselves just by taking the piece of $akelite or mica board and aluminum wire. $akelite or mica

board should be made completely flat and aluminum wire should be pasted on the flat board as shown in the figure below of rain water sensor. %are should be taken that there should be no spaces between the wire and board. When the rain water sensor is completed, it should get connected to the circuit and voltage should be passed through the wires.

!ain water sensor diagram is shown below&

'f there is no rain, the resistance between the wires will be very high and there will be no conduction between the wires in the sensor. 'f there is rain, the water drops will fall on the rain sensor which will

also decrease the resistance between the wires and wires on the sensor board will conduct and trigger the ()*** timer through the transistors circuitry. +nce ()*** is triggered, it will make the output pin high and which will make the bu,,er to make alarm.

Rain Alarm Diagram:

Project

Circuit

!ain water detector alarm circuit is shown below.

Circuit Explanation:

-he points A and $ of the circuit are connected to the points A and $ of the rain sensor respectively. When rain is falling, the rain water will fall on the rain sensor which has aluminum wires on mica or $akelite sheet. .ue to the water on sensor, the aluminum wire /w develops resistance and gets conducted because of battery connector, the sensor and also to the circuit.

When the aluminum wires are connected, the transistor 01will get turned on and make 2). to glow and also 03 will also be turned +(. When the 03 is saturated, the capacitor %1 will be shorted and make the transistor 04 to be turned +(. %1 will get charged by the resistor !5. -he reset pin of ***timer which is connected to the emitter of 04 will be made positive when 04 reaches to the saturation mode. -he *** timer is configured in astable mode. When the reset pin of the *** timer is made positive because of saturation mode of 04, it will generate the pulse at the pin 4 and make speaker to ring alarm. %apacitor is connected in between the pin 4 of *** timer and speaker because to block the .% signal and allow only the

variations in the signal which make the speaker to make sound. -he diode .3 will not allow any reverse current from the timer.

$ecause of the resistor !5 and capacitor %1, 04 will get in cut6off after sometime and make the reset pin of ***timer in negative and speaker will stops making sound. -he time for ***timer to make speaker sound depends on the values of %1 and !5.

When there is no rain, the aluminum wire of the sensor will not have any resistance or conduction cannot trigger the circuit. Note:

!ain senor should be kept in the open place at 47 to 57 degrees from the ground. As a result, rain water will not present on the sensor for long time. -his circuit will automatically switch of the alarm after sometime and 2). will glow continuously until the rain stops.

DESIGN OF POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT :

The Power is given to the transformer which steps down the input voltage to 1 " times less i!e! # !This low voltage is fed to $ridge rectifier which

rectifies the ac waveform to dc wave form with some ripples !These ripples are filtered through capacitance filter and is fed to linear regulator !The output of regulator is further filtered to produce clean DC #oltage! The different linear regulator are used to produce different voltages i!e! %&#!%1&#'(&C'(1&#! )*+1&

Transformer

Rectifier

Filter

Regulator

POWER SUPLLY CIRCUIT BOARD

CO

PO!E!T SELECTIO!

Selection of Transformer

To generate a voltage of %1& #olt we have selected & m0! The rectifier diodes of 10mp rating has $een .! a transformer whose input is ", # %-(1 . and output is /( (/ #olts and deliver the current up to Selection of Rectifier Diodes chosen to 1eep the safet2 factor of 1 Selection of Filters 3ince the load is not high we have chosen the capacitive filtering value! Selection of R The resistance has $een selected Selection of Ca acitor of sufficient wattage to avoid overheating and of correct value! Capacitors have $een used for filtering the noise at the control voltage and for minimi4ing the ripple! Selection of Rela! To switch 1&# to asta$le multivi$rator small current rela2 of 3PDT t2pe is used! we have chosen the to avoid the ripple ! To 1eep the cost low and sufficient ripple we chose the Capacitor

rela2

whose contact current

is around " m0!

1 0mp!

and

holding current is less than Selection of S ea"er

5e have chosen * ohm 1 5att spea1er!

666666666666666

DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS
RESISTORS: These are current resisting devices ! These are made of car$on ' metallic wire wound etc! These are

read stands

through this acron2m

77RO897#95! This '5hite respectivel2 num$er third line

for '7lac1 '7rown ' Red' Orange' 8ellow as lines on the resistor the

'9reen '7lue ' #iolet' 9ra2 and !These colours are printed first and second colour are

colour lines indicate the $elow !The

corresponding to colour !The num$er indicated $2 the shown in ta$le of indicate the num$er 7:0C; 7RO5N R<D OR0N9< 4eros 'the fourth line indicate = & ? ) 9R08 5>IT< 9old 3ilver * / &. 1 .

the percentage of tolerance of the resistor 1 " , 8<::O5 9R<<N 7:U< #IO:<T

e!g!Red 'Red '7lac1 9old @ "" %-(&. A Red Red 7rown @ "" A Red Red Red @ "" A ; A

Red Red Orange @ ""; ARed Red 8ellow @ ""

Red Red 9reen @ "!"+ ARed Red 8ellow @ "" + These are availa$le in various wattages li1e 1-=5 '1-" 5'1 5'"5'&5'1 5'" 5'& 5'1 5'" 5! In electronics most common use is up to &5att! >igher

the wattages $igger the si4es! The value and wattage of resisters are to $e selected as per the applications! The tolerence in variation of the rated value is also selected as per the applications! The resisters are fa$ricated directl2 on the IC itself! DIODES These devices allows to flow devices these current in were onl2 one direction ! These unidirectional devices !<arlier made of are also called devices these are semi

vacuum tu$es' now a da2s

conductor solid state devices! These are PN Bunction devices !The PN means doping of the semi conductor with positive The silicon volts i!e! and negative electronic valence atoms ! diodes forward have 1nee voltage drop of !) $iased voltage drop whereas The diodes $iased

germanium diodes have diodes are used wor1 in forward conditions!

!, voltage drop! The different or reverse

for different purposes! $iased condition

These

are availa$le

with different current wattages

rating ' voltage rating ' power rating and are used for different applications! The diodes of higher are of $igger si4es! The 32m$ol of Diode and the ideal curves of diodes are shown $elow!

current voltage Doide S!m#ol ideal c$r%e

Current Corward Region 7rea1 Down #oltage # oltage ;nee #oltage @ !)# Reverse Region

Diode Characteristics Diodes are of different t2pes li1e Photodiode '#aractor diode' 3chot1e2 Diode 'PIN diode 'Dener Diode etc! Zener Diode 3mall signal and rectifier operated in the $rea1 down diodes are never this ma2 region $ecause

damage them! The 4ener diode is made to operate in $rea1down region ' sometimes called $rea1down diode! The 4ener diode is the $ac1 $one of voltage regulators '

S!m#ol of &ener Diode circuits that hold the load voltage almost constant despite large changes in the line voltage and load resistance! Light Emitting Diode In a forward $iased diode ' free electrons cross the Bunction and fall in to holes! 0s these electrons

fall from a higher to a lower energ2 level ' the2 radiate energ2 !In ordinar2 diodes this energ2 goes off in the form of heat !7ut in the light emitting diode E:<DF the energ2 radiates as light!:<Ds that radiate red' green' 2ellow' $lue' orange or infrared using are manufactured $2 elements li1e gallium' arsenic' and phosphorous! infrared :<D finds

:<Ds that produce visi$le radiations are useful with instruments ' calculators etc! The application in $urglar s2stems and other areas reGuiring invisi$le radiations! The seven segment displa2s uses ) :<Ds !

T'e s!m#ol of LED TRANSFORMERS: This are the devices which converts the primar2 ac voltage to different secondar2 ac voltages !If the secondar2 voltage is higher then primar2 voltage then the transformer is called ste" u" transformer ' if the secondar2 is less then primar2 voltage then it

is called same as

ste" #o$n transformer primar2 voltage

' if secondar2

is

then it is called unit2 used as

transformer !This

unit2 transformer is also

isolation transformer ! This devices are highl2 efficient upto //!/.! i!e! ver2 low power loss! The transformers dc suppl2 ' tuning gauge are reGuired for ma1ing rating of circuit etc! The current

primar2 and secondar2 winding determines the 359 of the copper wire! This are the storage devices $ut has in $uit CAPACITORS Resistance thatHs wh2 the storage voltage does not last for longer period! The use of capacitor is for tuning the circuit' filtering the noise to ground' creating the timing pulse as in our case !The capacitors can not $e fa$ricated on Ics $ecause of the technical difficult2! The different values of capacitor that are availa$le are 1pf'"pf'"!"pf'1 1 pf'" pf'1 pf' ! 1uf' ! 1uf' !1uf'"uf'1 uf'""uf',,uf'=)uf'&?uf' ?*uf' *"uf' uf'"" uf',, uf etc The capacitors are selected $ased on capacitance and voltage rating !>igher the voltage

higher the si4e of the capacitor! These are availa$le in following t2pes Electrol!tic Ca acitor These capacitors have electrol2te as the dielectric $etween the two plates! These are availa$le with polarit2 % and (!These are availa$le with vertical mount or hori4ontal mount configuration! Pa er Ca acitorL: These capacitors media $etween the two plates! (ica Ca acitor: These capacitors are also availa$le in low range of capacitance! The mica is used as dieletric media $etween the two plates! Disc Ca acitor: These are availa$le from 1pC to 1ooooUC RELAYS These are electromagnetic devices which ma1es or $rea1s the contact as per the control voltage! there are solid state rela2s which do not consume much power for their operation ' $ut are not availa$le in higher are availa$le in low range of capacitance! The paper is used as dieletric

current rating ! Rela2s are $eing su$stituted $2 3CRs also called th2rister for on-off control

PRO !"# *!4!5OP/!6#

PREPARATION OF THE PC

Schematic

Preparation
is a circuit that is drawn

3chematic

either with the help of software or $2 manuall2 on paper with standard s2m$ols! If the circuit is $ig and complicated otherwise then single multi la2er la2er schematic is made schematic is made ! The

schematic is drawn with coloured pen to indicate the different la2ers ' power lines ' signal lines and ground lines!

Artwork

Preparation

0fter ma1ing the schematic paper ' same is duplicated on plastic sheet artwor1 different is si4e of the ! This made circuit either transparent smaller is called artwor1 !

on a acr2lic The

$igger or to identif2

or same

desired PC7 !The colour tapes

artwor1 is drawn with the signal lines'

power lines and ground lines ! The artwor1 should $e proper without leaving an2 connection or ma1ing an2 eIcess connection or shorts !

7ilm /aking
The artwor1 is reduced or enlarged or made of same si4e of the PC7 on the film through the camera ! The camera produces $oth the positive and negative films ! These films are used to made PC7 !

!tching board
$oard

of copper claded
The films are put on copper claded

and the $oard is eIposed to light! The time of in the etching solution! During

eIposure depends on man2 factors! 0fter the eIposure of the $oard it is rinsed

this

etching

operation

the eIposed

copper

gets copper

dissolved in the solution whereas uneIposed copper remains intact with the $oard !This uneIposed in turn ma1es the pattern what we see on PC7! The

$oard is then washed in water with gentle $rush !

*riling of holes
The PC7 is now read2 for drilling operation !The holes are now drilled at all places wherever the components are to $e put !The si4e of the drills should not $e either more then the reGuired or less then the reGuired ! If the hole is large the it will $e difficult to solder and lot of lead will $e consumed! If the hole is small inserted easil2! then component will not $e

#inning of pcb
The PC7 is tinned after putting the mas1 on PC7 avoid !This is done to insulate mas1 the patterns and where an2 short! The covers the areas

the soldering is to $e done!

PC

TESTIN!

PC7 is chec1ed for all interconnections through multimeter ' whether the trac1s are $ro1en or short at an2 place ' there$2 correction is done through soldering!

ASSEM LIN! OF THE "NIT

Components are assem$led in proper direction and avoid the touching of the components to one another! >eatsin1 is to $e put wherever reGuired with a heat ' the2 sin1 compound! 0fter assem$ling the components

are soldered and thereafter cleaned with CTC liGuid!

%%%%%%%%%%%%

TESTI!& OF T'E CO PLETE U!IT

The power is given to the circuit through the switch and the chain is connected! The chain is disconnected ' the siren starts and continues to remain on till the power is switched off or for one hour as set the $2 monosta$le multivi$rator whichever as long as power is is earlier! This process continues is not $ro1en the siren is not $lown! >ence the unit is tested and wor1 to our satisfaction !

given to this device and the chain is $ro1en !If the chain

****************

"OS# !S#'/A#!
S#N O
1! "! ,! =! &! ?! )! *! /! 1! 11! 1"! 1,! 1=! 1&! 1?! 1)! 1*! 1/! "!

Re$%ired Materia& 'ith (%&& S)ec#

3pea1er * ohm 1 watt C1t! assem$l2 casing The eIternal casing Diode Resistor Potentiometer Capacitors "" uC-?,# Rela2 IC 7ases IC N<&&&-N<&&? IC Regulator )*:1& Chain Power 3witches #oltage Transformer Cu Claded $oard <tching 3olutions Dilute >C: Insulation Coating >eat sin1 for regulator 3oldering Iron

Re$d *t+#
1 1 1 & " 1 1 " 1 " 1 1 1 1 1 J :itre J :itre 1-= :itre " 1

Cost , %nit
&! "&! &! "! "! ,! "&! ,&! 1&! ,&! ,! 1&! "! =&! ?! 1& ! 1? ! ?! ,! =&!

Tota& Cost
&! "&! &! 1! =! ,! "&! )! 1&! )! ,! 1&! "! =&! ?! )&! *! 1&! ?! =&!

"1! ""! ",! "=! "&! "?! ")!

Drilling +achine 1 +ultimeter 1 Testers 1 Desoldering Pump 1! CluIes & gms 3oldering lead & gms 5ires 1 +eter TOT0: CO3T OC T>< PROK<CT

1, ! , ! 1&! )&! ,&! =! "!

1, ! , ! 1&! )&! ,&! =! "! 1,*"!

Applications Project:

of

Rain

Alarm

1. 'n the irrigation, it will detect the rain and immediately alert the farmer. 3. 'n automobiles, when the rain detector detects the rain it will immediately active the wipers and inform to the driver. 4. 'n communications, it will boost the power of the antenna and increase the signal strength to send or receive the signals. 5. 'n normal house hold, with the help of rain water detector we can automatically save the rain water. 8-his can be done only when home automation is done

and e uipment to save the rain water. 'n this, rain water detector will detect the rain and helps to switch +( the e uipment which will automatically save rain water for different purposes9. *. -his can also be used if there is a chemical rain also. -his is very common in industrial areas.

CONC:U3ION
5ith the use of the circuits we can develop man2 application and solve our da2 to da2 pro$lems! In this circuit the sound of the siren can $e increased audio power amplifier! The chain need not $e of steel ' it can $e an2 thin wire as well! 7ut we can use the steel chain as well ' it will serve dou$le purpose 'first it is difficult to $rea1 secondl2 if it $ro1en it will raise the alarm ! 5e can use this device at man2 places whether in traveling or at securit2 of the houses -residential areas! $2 using the

*******************

REFERENCES
1!<lectronic Principle $2 0l$ert Paul +alvino "!<lectronics Devices and circuits $2 0llen +ottershead! ,!Digital Computer Thomas C!7artee =!Digital Principles and 0pplications 72 Cundamentals 72

0l$ert Paul +alvino and Donold P ! :each

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