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Hint A.1
Hint A.2
Find the initial and final kinetic energies Hint not displayed
Hint A.3
Find the difference between initial and final potential energy Hint not displayed
Use 9.81
ANSWER:
for the acceleration due to gravity and express your answer in joules.
= -1720 Correct
The frictional force opposes the motion of the crate, so the work done on the crate by friction must be a negative quantity. Part B If an amount of heat equal to the magnitude of the work done by friction is absorbed by the crate of fruit and the fruit reaches a uniform final temperature, what is its temperature change ? Hint B.1
ANSWER:
= 1.38102 Correct
Of course, the assumptions of "total heat absorption" and "uniform temperature change" are not very realistic; still, this simplified model provides a useful reminder about the transformation of mechanical energy into thermal energy when nonconservative forces are present.
mechanical energy into thermal energy when nonconservative forces are present.
Steam burns the skin worse than hot water because the thermal conductivity of steam is much higher than that of liquid water. Steam burns the skin worse than hot water because the latent heat of vaporization is released as well. Hot water burns the skin worse than steam because the thermal conductivity of hot water is much higher than that of steam. Hot water and steam both burn skin about equally badly. Correct
The key point is that the latent heat of vaporization has to be taken into account for the steam. Part B How much heat is transferred to the skin by 25.0 . of steam onto the skin? The latent heat of
Determine the heat transferred from steam to skin Hint not displayed
the area where the steam condenses can be raised quite significantly. Part C How much heat is transferred by 25.0 of water onto the skin? To compare this to the result in
the previous part, continue to assume that the skin temperature does not change. Hint C.1
Determine the heat transferred from water to skin Hint not displayed
The amount of heat transferred to your skin is almost 10 times greater when you are burned by steam versus hot water. The temperature of steam can also potentially be much greater than 100 . For these reasons, steam burns are often far more severe than hot-water burns.
Dust Equipartitions
Small dust particles suspended in air seem to dance randomly about, a phenomenon called Brownian motion. For this problem you will need to know Boltzmann's constant: . Part A What would you expect the mean translational kinetic energy if they are in air at a temperature of 290 K? Hint A.1 of such particles to be
Hint A.2
Hint A.3
Express the mean translational kinetic energy numerically, in joules, to two significant figures. Note that has been factored out already to make your answer simpler.
ANSWER: = 6.0 Correct
Part B Find an expression for the rms (root-mean-square) speed spheres of diameter Hint B.1 and density of these particles, assuming them to be
Hint B.2
, and
, and
Correct
Part C Now calculate the rms (root-mean-square) speed of diameter . and density of these particles, assuming them to be spheres . The mass of such a dust particle is
Express your answer in millimeters per second to one decimal place only.
ANSWER: = 0.3 Correct
This speed is several orders of magnitude smaller than the typical velocities of gas molecules at this temperature (which are of the order of hundreds of meters per second). This is simply because the mass of these particles is much larger than the mass of typical gas molecules. For particles larger than the ones described here, the weight can no longer be ignored. Such particles tend to settle quite quickly on account of their weight. Then such a calculation is no longer valid.
Heating a Room
Imagine you've been walking outside on a cold winter's day. When you arrive home at your studio apartment, you realize that you left a window open and your room is only slightly warmer than the outside. You turn on your 1.0space heater right away and wait impatiently for the
room to warm up. In this problem, make the following assumptions: The entire output of the space heater goes into warming the air in the room. The air in the room is an ideal gas with five degrees of freedom per particle (three translational degrees of freedom and two rotational degrees of freedomabout right for nitrogen and oxygen). The air in the room is at a constant pressure of 1.00 . At room temperature and atmospheric pressure, 1 of air fills a volume of 23 . This is slightly
larger than the volume of air at standard temperature and pressure, because room temperature is hotter than 0 .
Part A How long will it be before the heater warms the air in the room by 10. Hint A.1 ?
Since you know the power output of the heater, you know how much energy per unit time is being added to the air in the room. To determine how long it will take to warm up the room, then, you need to determine the total energy needed to raise the temperature of the air in the room by 10 . Once you have this value, simply divide by the power of the heater to determine the time:
Once you have this value, simply divide by the power of the heater to determine the time: .
Hint A.2
How much energy (in joules) is needed to raise the temperature of the room by 10. Hint A.2.1 How to approach the problem
Hint not displayed Express your answer in joules to two significant figures.
ANSWER: energy = Answer not displayed
16 Correct
because the
In practice, it would probably take more than an hour to heat the room by 10.
walls and any items in the room are in thermal contact with the air and would have to be warmed up also.
Hint A.2
Hint A.3
Hint A.2
Hint A.3
How to calculate the heat gained by the ice Hint not displayed
Hint A.4
Take the specific heat of liquid water to be 4190 , and the heat of fusion for water to be 334
ANSWER: = Answer not displayed
Part A If the difference in tension ( a diameter of being generated. Hint A.1 ) between the two ends of the rope is , find the rate and the capstan has
Hint A.2
Hint A.3
Hint A.4
Part B If the capstan is made of iron (with a specific heat capacity , at what rate ) and has a mass of
does its temperature rise? Assume that the temperature in the capstan
is uniform and that all the thermal energy generated flows into it. Note that is a temperature. Hint B.1
Give a numerical answer, in degrees Celsius per second, rounded to two significant figures.
ANSWER: = Answer not displayed
at
. Your answers should be written in terms of the Boltzmann constant rather than .
and Avagadro's
Hint A.1
Hint A.2
Find
Hint A.3
Relating the
, and
Express the average speed squared in terms of the gas temperature quantities.
ANSWER: = Answer not displayed
Hint B.1
Hint B.2
Part C
given in the problem introduction remains the same. Part E What will be the ratio of the new molar mass ANSWER: to the old molar mass ?
Part F What will be the ratio of the new rms speed Hint F.1 to the old rms speed ?
ANSWER:
Part G What will be the ratio of the new molar heat capacity Hint G.1 How to approach the problem to the old molar heat capacity ?
Refer to the pV diagram presented to answer the questions below. In each case, the piston head is initially unlocked and the gas is in equilibrium at the pressure and volume indicated by point 0 on the diagram.
Part A Starting from equilibrium at point 0, what point on the pV diagram will describe the ideal gas after the following process? "Lock the piston head in place, and hold the container above a very hot flame." Hint A.1
Hint A.2
ANSWER:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Part B Starting from equilibrium at point 0, what point on the pV diagram will describe the ideal gas after the following process? "Immerse the container into a large water bath at the same temperature, and very slowly push the piston head further into the container." Hint B.1
Hint B.2
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Part C Starting from equilibrium at point 0, what point on the pV diagram will describe the ideal gas after the following process? "Lock the piston head in place and plunge the piston into water that is colder than the gas." ANSWER: point point point point point point point point 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Part D Starting from equilibrium at point 0, what point on the pV diagram will describe the ideal gas after the following process? "Wrap the piston in insulation. Pull the piston head further out of the container." Hint D.1
Hint D.2
ANSWER:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
be uniformly spaced, with each molecule at the center of a small cube. Part A What is the length Hint A.1 of an edge of each small cube if adjacent cubes touch but don't overlap?
Hint A.2
Hint A.3
Hint A.4
Find the energy associated with one degree of freedom Hint not displayed
Hint A.2
Part B At what gas temperature would the root-mean-square (rms) speed of a hydrogen molecule be
average squared velocity. Since the square of velocity is always positive, this measure does not average to zero over the entire gas. A third measure is the root-mean-square (rms) speed, , equal to the square root of . The rms speed is a good approximation of the the typical speed of the molecules in a gas. This histogram shows a theoretical distribution of speeds of molecules in a sample of nitrogen ( ) gas. In this problem, you'll use the histogram to compute properties of the gas.
Part A What is the average speed Hint A.1 of the molecules in the gas?
Hint A.2
Part B Because the kinetic energy of a single molecule is related to its velocity squared, the best measure of the kinetic energy of the entire gas is obtained by computing the mean squared velocity, , or its square root . The quantity is more common than because it has the dimensions of
velocity instead of the less-familiar velocity-squared. What is the rms speed of the molecules in the nitrogen gas? Hint B.1
Hint B.2
Part C What is the temperature Hint C.1 of the sample of gas described in the histogram?
Hint C.2
Part D
Pressure Cooker
A pressure cooker is a pot whose lid can be tightly sealed to prevent gas from entering or escaping. Part A
Part A If an otherwise empty pressure cooker is filled with air of room temperature and then placed on a hot stove, what would be the magnitude of the net force on the lid when the air inside the cooker had been heated to ? Assume that the temperature of the air outside the pressure cooker is . Take atmospheric pressure to be .
(room temperature) and that the area of the pressure cooker lid is .
Treat the air, both inside and outside the pressure cooker, as an ideal gas obeying Hint A.1
Hint A.2
Hint A.3
Part B The pressure relief valve on the lid is now opened, allowing hot air to escape until the pressure inside the cooker becomes equal to the outside pressure . The pot is then sealed again and removed from the stove. Assume that when the cooker is removed from the stove, the air inside it is still at What is the magnitude of the net force down to Hint B.1 ? . on the lid when the air inside the cooker has cooled back
Hint B.2
What stays constant when the cooker is opened? Hint not displayed
Hint B.3
Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 99.6%. You received 39.85 out of a possible total of 40 points.