Jessica Chu Period 6 Chapter #18: Renewing the Sectional Struggle Big Picture Themes 1.

. The main question facing the nation was, Will new lands won from Mexico have slaves or be free? 2. The answer to the question was hammered out in the Compromise of 1850. It said California was to be free, popular sovereignty (the people decide) for the rest of the lands. 3. A tougher fugitive slave law was a major concession to the South, but it wasnt enforced. This angered the Southerners. 4. The NorthSouth rift was widened with the Kansas-Nebraska Act. It repealed the Missouri Compromise which had kept the peace for a generation. In its place, popular sovereignty opened the Great Plains to potential slavery. Whereas the slave-land issue had been settled, now it was a big question mark. IDENTIFICATIONS: Stephen Douglas Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln. Wrote the KansasNebraska Act and the Freeport Doctrine Franklin Pierce Democratic candidate for President in 1852 and the fourteenth president of the US. He made the Gadsden Purchase, which opened the Northwest for settlement, and passed the unpopular Kansas-Nebraska Compromise of 1850 Texas gives up claims in New Mexico and recieves 10 million dollars, California is a free state, new terrority will be decided by popluar sovergnity, slave trade is banned in DC, and there is a stricter slave code. Zachary Taylor 7e was an +merican general in the Mexican3+merican War, and was considered a national hero. 7e became a candidate for "residenc' for the Whig 6art' in the election of 1#/#. 7e died in before an' com"romise could be reached. 7is vice "resident, 9ilmore, was left to deal with the two hostile sides John C. Calhoun Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law. Argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. Argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class. Matthew C. Perry A commodore in the American navy. He forced Japan into opening its doors to trade, thus bringing western influence to Japan while showing American might. He was influenced by the

Jessica Chu Period 6 idea of Manifest Destiny. Henry Clay Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. He died before it was passed, however. Free-Soil Party This was a "olitical "art' organi=ed b' anti3slaver' "eo"le in the north. The' were mostl' made u" of 8emocrats with a mixture of some Whigs. Their goal was to 4ee" slaver' from s"reading to an' other states Fugitive Slave Law This law required the return of slaves if they were to escape to different states. This also required citizens in some cases to help with the retrieval of slaves. Slaves could also be held in a states jail, and federal officials were also brought in to handle these situations Harriet Tubman American abolitionist. Born a slave on a Maryland plantation, she escaped to the North in 1849 and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom Ostend Manifesto A confidential dispatch to the United States State Department from American diplomats meeting in Ostend, Belgium, suggesting that the United States would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain refused to sell it to them. When word of the document leaked, Northerners seethed at this "slaveholders plot" to extend slavery Kansas-Nebraska Act A compromise that suspended the Missouri Compromise and left it to voters in Kansas and Nebraska to determine whether they would be a slave or free state. The law exacerbated sectional tensions over the question of slavery in Kansas. It was very controversial, supported by President Pierce and not supported by Douglass.

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Chapter #19: Drifting Towards Disunion Big Picture Themes 1. Uncle Toms Cabin drove a wedge between the Northerner and Southerner. The South cried foul saying it gave a view of slavery that was too harsh and unrealistic, but it cemented each sections feelings on the issue. 2. Kansas became the battleground over slavery. Since slavery there was to be decided by popular vote, each side passionately fought for their position. Bloodshed resulted. 3. The Supreme Courts Dred Scott decision was huge. It said that Congress or a legislature cannot outlaw slavery in the territories. Effectively then, all new lands were possible slave lands. 4. A financial panic in 1857 added to the chaos and uncertainty. 5. Abe Lincoln arrived on the scene. Although he lost to Stephen Douglas for Illinois Senate, he made a name for himself there. 6. In 1860, Abe Lincoln won a very sectional race for president over 3 other candidates. The South had promised to leave the union if Abe won. He won, and the South indeed seceded. IDENTIFICATIONS: Hinton Helper The Impending Crisis of the South He was a white citizen from North Carolina who hated both the institution of slaver's and blacks. 7e tried to sway the public opinion and prove that the ones who were most negatively affected by slavers were the non-slave owning whites. His book was banned in the South and widely burned as well. &t found much more success in the North, since it was distributed by the Republican party. George Fitzhugh George Fitzhugh was an American social theorist who published racial and slavery- based sociological theories John Brown Militant abolitionist who took radical extremes to make his views clear. He led a group of his followers to Pottawattamie Creek and launched a bloody attack against pro-slavery men. This began violent retaliation against Brown and his followers. This violent attack against slavery helped give Kansas its nickname, "Bleeding Kansas. Charles Sumner He was an unpopular senator from Massachusetts, and a leading abolitionist. In 1856, he made an assault on the pro-slavery of South Carolina and the South in his coarse speech, "The Crime Against Kansas." This insult angered Congressmen Brooks of South Carolina. Dred Scott Slave who sued for his freedom but was rejected by the Supreme Court

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Abraham Lincoln A republican candidate for president who won in the election of 1860. He got 39.79% of pop vote and 180 electoral votes. Born humbly and married into a higher social class. Known as Honest Abe and old abe. born in Kentucky. mainly self-educated. Was a Springfield lawyer. Republicans chose him to run against Senator Douglas in the senatorial elections of 1858. Although he lost, Lincoln came to be one of the most prominent northern politicians. Although he won the presidential elections of 1860, he was a minority and sectional president (he was not allowed on the ballot in ten southern states). John Crittenden He authored the Crittenden Compromise, a series of resolutions and constitutional amendments he hoped would avert the civil war. Bleeding Kansas Nickname given to the Kansas territory because of the bloody violence there between those who wished it to enter the Union as a free state and those who fought for slavery in the territory American or Know-Nothing Party This party was organized due to its secretiveness and in 1865 nominated the ex-president Fillmore. These super-patriots were anti-foreign, anti-Catholic and adopted the slogan "American's must rule America Panic of 1857 Economic downturn caused by overspeculation of western lands, railroads, gold in California, grain. Mostly affected Northerners, who called for higher tariffs and free homesteads. It did not affect Southerners, giving them a sense of superiority and assurance that a slave economy works. Lincoln-Douglas Debates A series of seven debates. The two argued on important issues like popular sovereignty, the Lecompton Constitution and the Dred Scott decision. Douglas won these debates, but Lincoln's position in these debates helped him beat Douglas in the 1860 presidential election. Freeport Doctrine The Freeport Doctrine occurred in Freeport, Illinois during the Lincoln -Douglas debates for senator. A question that Lincoln asked Douglas caused Douglas to answer in such a way that the South would know that he was not truly supporting them and thus causing the Freeport doctrine.

Jessica Chu Period 6 Harper's Ferry Raid Brown wanted to ride down the river and provide the slaves with arms from the North, but he failed to get the slaves organized. The effects of Harper's Ferry Raid were as such: the South saw the act as one of treason and was encouraged to separate from the North, and Brown became a martyr to the Northern abolitionist Constitutional Union Party Also known as the "do-nothings" or "Old Gentlemen's" party. It was a middle ground group that feared for the Union. It nominated John Bell from Tennessee as candidate for presidency

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Stowe and Helper: Literary Incendiaries Know: Harriet Beecher Stowe, Hinton Helper 1. Which book, Uncle Tom's Cabin or The Impending Crisis of the South was more important? Explain. Uncle Tom's Cabin because it caused rallied and unified the north and convinced European countries that the south was cruel. This cost the south the support of England, which they were counting on. Lincoln, when he met Beecher, said "So you're the little woman who wrote the book that made this great war. The North-South Contest for Kansas Know: Beecher's Bibles, Border Ruffians 2. What went wrong with popular sovereignty in Kansas? Both the north and the south created problems. Examples are the border ruffians and beecher's bibles. The border ruffians caused chaos, but so did beecher's bibles aka rifles. The northerners that migrated there were ordinary pioneers but a small part oas financed by antislavery groups. Southerners were angry. Kansas in Convulsion Know: John Brown, Pottawatomie Creek, Lecompton Constitution 3. What was the effect of "Bleeding Kansas" on the Democratic Party? It basically split the democratic party, and with the split, came the breakage of one of the last important parts that was barely binding the Union together. "Bully" Brooks and His Bludgeon Know: Charles Sumner, Preston Brooks 5 What was the consequence of Brook's beating of Sumner in the North? The South? In the south, they admired Brook and provided him with a lot more canes, some gold headed, for the one he broke beating Sumner. Massachusetts reelected Sumner as senator, even though he wasn't there, so the seat was empty. The north was angered by Brooks, copies of Sumner's abusive speech were sold by the tens of thousands. And with this selling of the speech, the south was angered at the applauding of the horrible speech. Old Buck" versus "The Pathfinder" Know: James Buchanan, John C. Fremont, The American Party

Jessica Chu Period 6 6. Assess the candidates in the 1856 election. James Buchanan of the democrats was muscular, white haired, tall, short necked, and had a protruding chin. He cocked his head to the side because of an eye defect. He was a Penn lawyer and had been serving as minister to London during the Kansas-Nebraska uproar. He was mediocre, irresolute, and confused. pro popular sovereignty. John C Fremon of the republicans was a dashing but erratic explorer-soldier-surveyor. He was flashy and had almost no political experience, but like Buchanan he wasn't involved in the Kansas crisis. Against slavery. The Electoral Fruits of 1856 7. Interpret the results of the election of 1856. Buchanan won, fremont lost because of doubts of his character. The election foreshadowed what will happen in the future, which made everyone anxious or scared. The Dred Scott Bombshell Know: Dred Scott, Roger B. Taney 8 Why was the Dred Scott decision so divisive? The south said that since he's a slave, he had no rights, he was property and it's unconstitutional to take away someone's property. Roger B Taney agreed. The north said because the slave was on free land for sometime, he should be free. Also, his master rented Dred Scott out and that isn't right in a free state. This caused controversy and anger, it just piled on the threat of the Civil War. The Financial Crash of 1857 9. How did the Panic of 1857 make Civil War more likely? The north was hard hit, over 5000 businesses collapsed. Buy the south was barely affected which proved that cotton was king and the south's economy was better than the north's. This contributed to the cause of civil war. Free farms were gaining popularity and the south didn't like it because the southern farmers couldn't flourish i only 160 acres and the free farmers would fill up with free soilers and tip the political balance against the south. The panic also created higher tariffs and gave the republicans economic issues for later on in the election of 1860: protection for the unprotected and farms for the farmless. An Illinois Rail-Splitter Emerges 10. Describe Abraham Lincoln's background. A rustic Springfield lawyer. 6'4 and 180 lbs. He wasn't a child of the elite, he was born in 1809 in a Kentucky log cabin to impoverished parents, he attended a frontier school for not more than a year. He was an avid reader and was mainly self educated. He was a wrestler and weight lifter in the frontier community. He worked as a log splitter before and he was an excellent storyteller. He married above himself socially into the Todd family of Kentucky. His temperamental wife (the shewolf) taught him patience and forbearance. He studied law a little and became a well known lawyer. Referred to as "Honest Abe". He served in congress from 1847-1849. The Great Debate: Lincoln versus Douglas Know: Freeport Doctrine 11. What long term results occurred because of the Lincoln-Douglas debates? Though Lincoln lost, he got recognized and he began to emerge as a potential republican nominee for president. But Douglas, who won, her his own chances at president while further splitting the democrats. The southern democrats despised douglas for going against the Lecompton constitution. John Brown: Murderer or Martyr Know: Harper's Ferry, Robert E. Lee 12. Why were the actions of one (crazy?) man so important in the growing conflict between Northand South?

Jessica Chu Period 6 This one crazy man became a martyr and he knew it. The effects of Harpers Ferry were that the south thought Brown was a murderer and thought all of the north had the same violent views as Brown. The north was riled by Brown's death. The Disruption of the Democrats Know: John C. Breckenridge, John Bell 13. What happened when the Democratic Party attempted to choose a candidate for the presidency in 1860? When they met in Charleston, the southerners regarded Douglas as a traitor for the Lecompton constitution and the fremont doctrine. The delegates from most of the cotton states walked out. The remainder couldn't get the 2/3 votes needed for douglas. The democrats tried again in Baltimore where the northern democrats got Douglas selected. This angered the southern democrats and they chose Breckinridge for VP. A Rail-Splitter Splits the Union 14. Why was Lincoln chosen as the Republican candidate instead of Seward? Seward had ruined his image with his irrepressible conflict, among other things. He had many enemies. Lincoln had fewer enemies. The Electoral Upheaval of 1860 15. Did the South have any power in the national government after Lincolns election, or were they helpless? No, they had a 5 to 4 majority on the supreme court. The republicans didn't control the senate or the house of reps. The federal gov couldn't touch slavery in slave states except by a unpassable amendment.. The Secessionist Exodus Know: Secession, Jefferson Davis 16.. What did President Buchanan do when the South seceded? Why? He didn't resort to force because the tiny standing army of ~15,000 men was needed to control the Indians in the west. He was a wait and see president. The Collapse of Compromise 17. What was the Crittendon Compromise and why did it fail? The proposed Crittenden amendments to the Constitution were to appease the south, as in the 36-30 parallel would be put back. Future states north or south of the line could come into the union with or without slavery. But lincoln rejected it because he promised to stop the extension of slavery. Farewell to Union 18. What advantages did southerners see in secession? Who did they compare themselves to? They felt that it would give them freedom from the republican party, free soil criticism, abolitionist nagging, and northern interference. They felt that their departure would be unopposed, they believed that yankees wouldn't suffer the economic costs. they felt it would be a golden opportunity to cast aside their generations of vassalage to the north. They compared themselves to the 13 original colonies who seceded from the British Empire.