Lifestyle Chemistry 1. The use of substance depends on its physical and chemical properties.

Identify that a wide range of substances are used daily as part of our food, our hygiene, our entertainment and maintenance of our health. - Food consists of substances such as simple and complex carbohydrates, protein, fats and oils, vitamins, minerals, water, acids, bases, alcohols, esters and many others. - Substances that are used for body hygiene purposes such as soap, shampoo, deodorant, toothpaste, cleansing creams and lotions, are mixtures of chemicals like glycerol, fats and oils, salts and water. - Substances that are commonly used for entertainment include cosmetics such as lipstick and eye pencils, which are used on the skin. Substances, such as ethanol, the alcohol that occurs in a wide variety of drinks, are ingested and tobacco, a mixture of substances including nicotine, is inhaled. - any substances are used to help maintain health including those that are commonly used for body hygiene. Substances that assist in maintaining a hygienic environment such as household cleaners and pesticides may be mixtures or compounds and often contain methylated spirits, sodium hydroxide and salts. Identify that solutions, colloids and suspensions occur in a wide range of consumer products. - Solutions eg. Sea water, tea !without milk", and soft drink. - #olloids eg. Sun cream, mayonnaise - Suspensions eg. $lavoured milk, many medicines and paint. %xplain that mixtures can be - solutions that contain dissolved substances and are uniform throughout. Solutions have a homogenous appearance. The two or more substances that make up the mixture cannot be separated by filtration. & true solution consists of dissolved ions or molecules. - suspensions containing particles that settle out, or form layers, 'uickly. The particles in a suspension are large enough to be visible with the naked eye. The particles will settle on standing and can be filtered with filter paper. - colloids with particles that remain suspended for long periods of time and include - li'uid-in-li'uid !emulsions" - oil-in-water eg. (omogeni)ed milk - water-in-oil eg. ayonnaise - gas-in-li'uid !foams" eg. Shaving* whipped cream %xplain surface tension in terms of the forces experiences by particles at the surface of a li'uid. There are weak cohesive forces acting over short distances between the particles in a li'uid. &t the surface of the li'uid, inward attraction forces are stronger between water-water particles than between water-air particles. This causes a surface effect, called surface tension, which appears like a thin transparent skin. This same force causes droplets of li'uid to be spherical. The forces that hold particles of the same substance together are called

cohesion forces. There are also forces that attract particles of one substance to particles of other substances. These are called adhesion forces. +escribe surfactants as substances that affect the surface tension of a li'uid. Surfactants are used to mix oil and water. ,hen added to water, detergent reduce the surface tension of the water and therefore increases its wetting power. In a sink full of dirty dishes water cant reach the surface of the dishes to clean them because of the oil coating. -racs -rocess and analyse information to identify the range of chemicals used in everyday living including - +etergent, dissolves oils, fats and greases, which aren.t soluble in water - /ubricant, reduces friction and wear between moving surfaces, they are oilbased - -esticide, materials which are able to selectively kill an animal - Solvent, li'uids in which we can dissolve other substances, these are important for dissolving pesticides, drugs and cleaning products - metal cleaner, used to remove tarnish from metals such as stainless steel, copper and brass, these contain detergent and corrosion inhibitors to slow further tarnishing - body hygiene chemicals, skin care products, aftershave lotions, hair products, these products clean oil and dirt from the body therefore contain surfactants &nd outline any precautions that may be needed in the use and handling of these chemicals. ost of the chemicals used in products around the home are safe as long as they are used correctly. anufacturers. instructions may include warnings and these should be followed. %g. (ighly flammable, no contact with skin or eyes. use first-hand or secondary sources to gather, process, analyse and present information to identify examples of suspensions and colloids and outline one advantage of a mixture being in each form - Suspension, contains large particles which are not dissolved in a solvent, but mix uniformly together if shaken. If left over time the mixture will settle and form layers, eg. Salad dressing. &dvantages0 they last for long periods of time. - #olloids, also contain particles, but they remain suspended for long periods of time, they have larger particles then suspensions, the medium may be solid, li'uid or gas, eg. ayo, hair mousse, toothpaste, hair spray plan, select appropriate e'uipment or resources for and perform a first-hand investigation to produce a range of suspensions and colloids that are used by consumers including - beaten or whisked eggs - salad dressing !oil*vinegar" - mayonnaise &im- to compare the properties of vinegar, salad dressing, mayo and hollandaise sauce aterial- oil, vinegar, 1ar, stopwatch

ethod- pour vinegar and oil into separate 1ars, observe the consistency and appearance of each, pour together and allow to settle, shake the 1ar for 23sec, observe for 1min 4esults- when the substances are apart they are uniform throughout, when poured on top of each other they form layers on each other, once shaken the mix but slowly form layers again #onclusion- the two substances oil and vinegar do not mix automatically, they have to be shaken to mix together perform first-hand investigations to demonstrate the effect of surface tension on0 - the shape of li'uid drops (ypothesis- that about 5 drops of water will fit on a 5 cent piece &im- to see how many drops of water fit on a 5 cent piece aterials- 5cent piece, water dropper, beaker of water ethod- count how many drops you can fit on the f cent piece before it flows over the edge 4esults- 67 drops, the water created a dome on top of the coin #onclusion- because of surface tension the coin can hold high amounts of water - the formation of menisci &im- to see the shape of a meniscis ethod- set up 2 measuring cylinders half way 4esults

#onclusion- water rises up the side of the glass container due to the attraction between water particles and glass - the ability of some insect to walk on water &im- to see how some insects can walk on water ethod- 8 fill a beaker with water, sprinkle talcum powder over the surface 4esults- the talcum powder floats on the water #onclusion- because of surface tension small insects can walk on water process and present diagrammatic information to describe the effects of soaps, skin cleansers and shampoos on the solubility of oil

7. & wide range of cleaning products are made from colloids and surfactants. State the relationship between the properties of an emulsion and the types of molecules present.

,ater-based !oil-in-water" emulsions, such as hand lotions, face cleansing lotions and conditioners, contain some oil or fat. They are used to moisturise or protect the skin and hair by placing oil onto the surface. They have a lubricating effect and provide sheen. These are miscible with water. This means that if a small amount is placed into water and shaken or stirred it will remain suspended. The types of surfactant molecules present in oil-in-water based emulsions are large molecules with very polar chemical groups at one end. This end becomes attracted to the polar water molecules. The other non-polar end of the surfactant is attracted to the non-polar oil molecules. any of the surfactant molecules become positioned around the very small droplets of oil, preventing them from merging together. 9il-based !water-in-oil" emulsions, such as cold creams, night creams and hair creams, contain some water. These are not miscible with water and so if a small amount is placed into water, the emulsion will not be maintained. They are useful to cleanse the skin, moisturise very dry skin and hold hair in place, but are greasy and sticky to the touch. The types of surfactant molecules present in water-in-oil based emulsions are long starch molecules or protein chains. The chains wind among minute water droplets and prevent them from merging together.

9utline the purpose of the emulsifying agent in a range of consumer cleaning products. The molecules in emulsifying agents that are used in dishwashing and laundry detergents !anionic" have a negative end when they dissolve. This allows them to keep oily substances away from any article that has negatively charged surfaces, such as glass and crockery. The molecules in emulsifying agents that are used in fabric softeners and hair conditioners have a positive end when they dissolve !cationic". This allows them to keep oily substances away from any article that has positively charged surfaces, as is often the case with plastic. The molecules in emulsifying agents that are used in

personal cleaning products are amphoteric, which means they can have positive ends in alkaline solutions and negative ends in acidic solutions. This allows them to keep oily substances away from some ob1ects that have positively charged surfaces or negatively charged surfaces. (owever, they are not strong cleaners. Identify that soaps and detergents are emulsifying agents and surfactants. Soaps and detergents are emulsifying agents because they assist two immiscible substances, such as oil and water, to mix. Soaps and detergents allow oil to disperse in water. Soaps and detergents are surfactants because they act at the surfaces between two immiscible substances, such as oil and water. %xplain why cleaning agents must be surfactants and emulsifiers. #leaning agents must be surfactants because they interact at the interface between two immiscible substances, creating an emulsion. #leaning agents must be emulsifiers because they maintain the emulsion. They act as emulsifying agents by causing the drops of oil to break up and remain suspended in the water. This means that the grease or oil can be washed or rinsed away with the water that is holding them. To be effective as cleaning agents, soap and detergents must be effective both as surfactants and emulsifiers. :ot all emulsifiers are good cleaning agents, for example egg yolk provides the emulsifying agent for the oil and vinegar to make mayonnaise. +efine the term biodegradable. ;iodegradable is a term to describe a substance that can be broken down by living organisms, such as microbes. +iscuss the biodegradability of soaps and soapless detergents. Soap is commonly the sodium or potassium salt of a natural long chain fatty acid. Soap is broken down by micro-organisms to smaller naturally occurring molecules. Soapless or synthetic detergents were originally made from aromatic compounds that produced good cleaning agents. <nfortunately, however, they were not broken down by micro-organisms and remained in water systems creating foam. -racs perform a first hand investigation to prepare an emulsion and compare its properties to those of a solution and suspension &n emulsion is a mixture of 7 different li'uids that would normally separate onto two phase without action of an emulsifier, any cosmetics, lubricants, medicines and paints are emulsions. Solutions and suspensions are clear homogenous can be separated by filtering, emulsions don.t have these properties plan, choose e'uipment or resources for, and perform a first hand investigation to gather information about the properties of different emulsions and use available evidence to compare those properties

&im- to find out the difference between =water in oil. and =oil in water. emulsions aterials- beeswax, rosewater, oil, fragrance, contioner, sun cream ethod- melt, beeswax in bowl, slightly warm oil and rose water, wisk together with wax until mixture is cool and thickened, add fragrance and mix 4esults- water in oil, conducts electricity, difuses oil soluble or water soluble dyes, produced cooling or warming effects on skin #onclusion-

2. #leaning products used on the human body must be compatible with the physical and chemical properties of the skin. Identify the role of the skin as0 - an organ to separate the body from the external environment. The epidermis forms an effective barrier to separate the rest of the body from the external environment. The stratum corneum consists of the dead skin cells. These dead cells are firmly attached to one another. They protect the living cells beneath them and help reduce water loss. The dead cells flake away and form most of the dust that collects in our houses. - an organ assisting in body temperature control. Sweat glands, found in the dermis, produce a li'uid that is released through the pores in the epidermis. ,hen this li'uid is released on the surface of the body it evaporates and this in turn cools the body surface. ,hen the body becomes hot rate increase production of this gland. These processes help to maintain the body temperature at 2>o#. - an organ to protect against entry by disease-causing organisms. ;y shedding the top layer of the skin helps prevent the entry of disease cuasing organisms. The surface of our skin is acidic, bacteria can.t survive in such an acidic environment. &lso high concentrated levels of salt can.t be lived in by bacteria. +efine the term =microflora. and discuss the role of the microflora on skin in different parts of the body. icroflora are microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, algae, proto)oa and viruses, that live in harmless association with our skin. They are able to survive the acidic nature of our skin and sometimes actually help us against the entry of pathogens. The number and type of microflora found on the skin varies in different parts of the body and between different individuals. The population of microflora of an individual is established soon after birth. +iscuss the term p( in terms of its ability to describe the acidity of a substance. The p( scale can be used very effectively to describe the degree of acidity of a substance. The p( scale commonly has the range of 3-16, where a p( of > is regarded as neutral. Substances with a p( below > are regarded as acidic and substances with a p( above > are regarded as alkaline. Indicators such as litmus paper, universal indicator paper or universal indicator solution, can be used to determine the p( of a substance.

%xplain the relationship between the natural p( of the skin and the action of0 - microflora. Some of the microflora that are harmless on the surface of the skin can become 'uite dangerous if the skin surface is broken and they are able to enter the bloodstream. - natural oil produced by glands in the skin. The natural oil in the skin is produced by sebaceous glands and is slightly acidic - perspiration. The sweat or perspiration on our skin is produced by the sweat glands and is also slightly acidic. Identify and explain the use of common components of the body soaps, cleaners and shampoos and the reasons for their use. The common components of most skin soaps, cleansers and shampoos are surfactants, oils, and fragrances and dyes. The p( of these products should be compatible with the skin. The surfactants are needed to assist water to attach to oil particles. The surfactant allows water to carry oil and dirt away from the skin surface. 9ils are included to replace the natural skin oil that is removed by the surfactant in the product. The oils can also protect skin surface or hair from drying. $ragrances and dyes are used to make the products more attractive to use. -racs perform a firsthand investigation to examine prepared slides of human skin

perform first hand investigations to measure the p( values of a range of skin and hair products &im- to find out he p( level of skin and hair products aterials- p( paper, measuring cylinder, petri dish, samples of? moisturi)er, cleanser, toner, deodorant, shampoo*conditioner, hair gel ethod- place 5m/ of sample into a petri dish, place the end of the p( paper into the sample, leave for 23sec, record the colour, repeat with all remaining samples 4esultsProduct Moisturizer Cleanser Toner Deodorant Shampoo/conditioner Hair gel pH colour yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow pH value > > > > > >

#onclusion- all products of skin and hair had the same p( value

identify data sources, plan, choose e'uipment or resources for, and perform a first hand investigation to test the manufacturer.s claims on a commercial product such as soap, shampoo or sower gel and use the available evidence to analyse the results and discuss the validity of the claims &im- to see if the manufactures claim is the correct p( level aterials- toothpaste, perfume, face wash, petri dish, universal solution 4esultsProduct Toothpaste Face ash Perfume Manufactures claim > 5.5 neutral 5 pH level > 5 5

#onclusion- all products are what the consumer told us 6. The nature of a solvent plays an important role in the application of a mixture Identify water and alcohol as commonly used solvents. ,ater and alcohol !ethanol" are commonly used solvents, particularly for use in products that are applied to the skin of or ingested by people. %xplain the relationships between the properties of solvents and their use in cosmetics and external medications. &lcohol is a solvent that is used in preparing some cosmetics and external preparations because it has the capacity to dissolve some organic substances. It can do this because one end of the alcohol molecule is nonpolar. Some products such as antiseptic solutions use alcohol as a solvent because of its ability to dissolve some components that will not dissolve in water. Some cosmetics and external preparations use alcohol because it evaporates 'uickly when applied to the skin or hair. (airspray is a good example. Identify cosmetics and external medications where water is the solvent. $acial cleaners, hair shampoo, conditioners, moisturisers, some creams. Identify cosmetics and external medications where alcohol is the solvent. Spray on pain killers, facial toner and aftershave, some antiseptics, perfumes, hair sprays and hair revitalisers. -racs perform an investigation to gather data comparing the rate at which capsules, tablets, enteric coated tablets, and slow-release tablets dissolve &im- to compare the solubility of various medications aterials- &spro clear, -anadol rapid, Sudafed ethod- dissolve .5 grams of each tablet in 13m/ of water, room tepm*body temperature

4esultsTa!let )spro clear Panadol rapid Panadol sudafed "oom temperature #$%C 1.15sec A.7A 12.5A 16.3A &ody temperature '(%C .6@ 6.23 B.35 7.25

#onclusion- tablets dissolve better in your body, aspro clear was the best dissolving identify data sources, gather, process, analyse and present info from secondary sources to identify how subdermal implants release their medication into the body Subdermal implants are used for medications where a continuous low level of the drug must be maintained and are useful for controlling levels of hormones such as insulin. They are inserted into the body under local anaesthetic eg. Stomach, upper arm or inner thigh. The procedure is 'uick and relatively painless, the patient may suffer bruising. The procedure may have to be repeated every few months. The medication is released into the lymphatic system, not blood stream 5. The solubility of materials used in drugs has an effect on the way in which the body responds to them identify the parts of the digestive system.

outline the role of the stomach and the small intestine in breaking down food. The stomach has the role of beginning the breakdown of protein into amino acids. It does this by churning the food with gastric 1uice. The gastric 1uice, which is excreted from the walls of the stomach, contains en)ymes, to break down the proteins, and acid, to kill harmful bacteria. The small intestine produces en)ymes that complete the digestion process. It is also the organ from which digested foods are absorbed into the bloodstream.

 discuss the difference in p( of the stomach and the small intestine. The stomach has a p( of around 2, owing to the presence of hydrochloric acid. The small intestine has a p( of around A. The low p( of the stomach allows it to kill harmful bacteria. In the small intestine bile from the gall bladder emulsifies the fat present in the food. This bile is alkaline and helps to neutralise the stomach acid in the food. explain why a knowledge of the solubility of materials can be used to design drugs for specific tasks. ,hen drugs are being designed, scientists consider carefully where in the digestive tract the drugs should be dissolved, ready to be absorbed into the bloodstream. The solubility of a drug can be affected by the nature of solvent, the amount of agitation and the temperature. Soluble tablets will dissolve rapidly in water producing a li'uid solution. /i'uids entering the digestive system are absorbed more rapidly than solids. This is useful when fast-acting medication is desirable. +rugs that dissolve in acidic solutions will be absorbed through the lining of the stomach and are then taken to other parts of the body by the bloodstream. edication may be designed especially to dissolve in the intestine rather than the stomach. It is important for scientists to test medicines thoroughly because the digestive tract can affect the drug and because the drugs may cause damaging side effects. Some drugs are broken down in the presence of acids and this may alter their effectiveness. Some drugs may cause damage to the lining of the stomach. edication may be designed to dissolve over a period of time in order to provide access to the drug without further ingestion. account for the absorption of a drug and its action on*in the body in terms of its solubility. Cenerally, the more soluble a drug, the 'uicker will be its absorption and the 'uicker the action on the body. +rugs taken orally may be soluble in water, soluble in alcohol or not soluble in either. ,hen an acidic drug is given in the form of a salt, it may precipitate in the stomach initially but can be readily redissolved in the intestine and be absorbed. Some drugs are prepared as sprays to act directly on the surface of the throat or nose, or to be absorbed through the lining. Some sprays are designed to be inhaled into the lungs. This type of administration can be very fast-acting. &pplications are usually intended to reach the skin surface eg. creams and ointments. (ighly soluble drugs can be easily carried in the bloodstream and so can act more 'uickly on the body.

identify that the manner of administration of a drug may be related to its solubility. If a drug is soluble in water, it may be administered conveniently in a number of ways, including orally !as solutions, or in capsules or tablets", by inhalation, or as eye-drops, nose-drops or ear-drops. Some drugs will dissolve better in water-alcohol or glycerol solvents and may then be administered as solutions, suspensions or emulsions. & skin application may be intended to be absorbed into the blood stream by passing through the lining of the glands. To help penetrate the lining they need to be fat-soluble. Subdermal implants are implanted into the body and the drugs are released into the lymphatic system, not the bloodstream. They may be placed inside the thigh or arm or in the stomach. This system ensures a continuous slow release of the drug re'uired. identify vitamins that are water soluble and those that are fatsoluble.
Fat solu!le vitamins Ditamin & Ditamin + Ditamin % Ditamin E

*ater solu!le vitamins Ditamin ; Ditamin #

-racs gather, process and analyse information from first hand or secondary sources to relate the significance of solubility of a medication to its action on*in the body - /ong acting capsules eg. &sthma medication, slowly release their contents into the patients intestinal tract - %nteric coated capsules, are coated with polymer substance that will not dissolve in water or the acidic stomach 1uices, so it wont break down until it enters the small intestine - /ayered tablets, allows two medications to be taken in the one dose, the tablet is made the a second drug is compressed around it, this allows for slow release