Coleman, Jeremiah Ishkhanyan, Michael Lo, Chris Period 2 Physics

Newtons 2nd Law Lab

Overall Objective Develop a model to explain why and how objects change their motion. 1st Specific Purpose Determine the relationship between total force and acceleration. Total mass will remain fixed. 2nd Specific Purpose Determine the relationship between mass and acceleration. Total force will remain fixed.

Diagram

1st Procedure Step 1. Place ramp on table. Step 2. Put motion detector on the back of ramp. Step 3. Plug the motion detector into Vernier LabPro device.

Step 4. Open LoggerPro. Step 5. Compensate for friction by changing the slope of the ramp until acceleration is less than 0.01 m/s2. Step 6.Put motion detector behind the cart to measure the acceleration. Step 7.Fix total mass(m1+m2) Step 8. Vary total force by transferring mass from m1 to m2. Step 9. Do three runs for each point and average the acceleration. Make sure to end up with 6-8 points. Step 10.Start with the most mass of the cart, not the hanging mass. Step 11. Measure and take account for the mass of the object carrying mass 2. 2nd Procedure Step 1. Place ramp on top of table. Step 2. Put motion detector on the back of ramp. Step 3. Plug the motion detector into Vernier LabPro device. Step 4. Open Logger Pro Step 5. Compensate for friction by changing the slope of the ramp until acceleration is less than 0.01 m/s2. Step 6. Fix total force by keeping m2 the same. Step 7. Release Pascor Cart after pressing Collect Data and note the average acceleration by selecting the relevant portion of the graph and giving it a best fit. Step 8. Vary mass by changing m1 in increments of 250g and repeat step 7 until step 9 is complete. Step 9. Acquire 6-8 points with 3 runs per data point 1st Data Table F(N) 0.049 0.245 0.343 0.49 0.686 0.98 1.176 a1(m/s2) 0.1048 0.4874 0.685 0.9683 1.410 1.789 2.001 a2 0.1191 0.418 0.647 0.973 1.462 1.748 1.849 a3 0.117 0.394 0.6731 0.959 1.575 1.724 1.964 2nd Data Table aaverage 0.114 0.423 0.668 0.967 1.482 1.754 1.926

Mass(kg) 1.75 kg 1.5 kg 1.25 kg 1 kg 0.75 kg 0.5 kg

a1 (m/s2) .002 .02 .027 .0539 .09 .19

a2 (m/s2) .004 .0135 .025 .06 .1 .186

a3 (m/s2) .002 .015 .03 .065 .12 .167

aaverage (m/s2) 0.003 0.016 0.027 0.06 0.103 0.181

Evaluation of 1st Data Set Sample Calculations Masstotal=(m1+m2) Masstotal=(445+5) Masstotal=450 kg

Interpretation of Graphs The relationship between acceleration and total force is linear, meaning acceleration is directly proportional to total force. Formula: a=(1.682 m/s2/N) F + 0.0942 m/s2 Slope Meaning: For every Newton of total force, the acceleration increases by 1.682 m/s2. Intercept Meaning: At 0 newtons of total force the acceleration is at 0.0942 m/s2. Error Discussion

k=slope mT k=(1.682) (450) k=0.765 The k value should be 1. In our experiment we had a human error. One error is from the friction since the ramp wasnt frictionless. Another human error is when the hanging mass hits the ground and we need to determine which part of the graph it stopped at. Final Statement The

Evaluation of 2nd Data Set Sample Calculations

Graphs

Interpretation of Graphs Written interpretation of general trends: The relationship between acceleration and mass is a hyperbola, the acceleration is inversely proportional to mass. Formula: Slope meaning: When mass decreases, the acceleration increases by 0.126 m/s2 Intercept meaning: When mass is infinite, the acceleration should be 0, but it is at -0.0687 m/s2. Error Discussion

The K value should be 1, but there are errors in our lab such as incorrectly compensating for friction and the accidental moving of the table. Final Statement Although we got a K value, in a perfect world the K value should be 1. Because the K value isnt 1 it shows that we have errors in our lab and could not correct them. Conclusion Answer to Purpose The relationship between total force and acceleration is linear, meaning acceleration is directly proportional to total force. The relationship between mass and acceleration is a hyperbola, meaning the acceleration is inversely proportional to mass. General Relationship For acceleration vs. Total Force, for every Newton of total force the acceleration increases. For acceleration vs. total mass, when the mass decreases the acceleration increase.

Restatement of Final Equations 1 Data Set Equation: a=(1.682 m/s2/N) F + 0.0942 m/s2
st

2nd Data Set Equation: Meaning of Final Equations Acceleration vs. Total Force Slope Meaning: For every Newton of total force, the acceleration increases by 1.682 m/s2. Acceleration vs. Total Force Intercept Meaning: At 0 newtons of total force the acceleration is at 0.0942 m/s2. Acceleration vs. Total Mass Slope meaning: When mass decreases, the acceleration increases by 0.126 m/s2 Acceleration vs. Total Mass Intercept meaning: When mass is infinite, the acceleration should be 0, but it is at -0.0687 m/s2. Post Analysis Notes

Calculations to Determine General Relationship

a=(1.682 m/s2/N) F + 0.0942 m/s2 Error Discussion and calculations of K-Values k=slope mT k=(1.682) (450) k=0.765 The k value should be 1. In our experiment we had a human error. One error is from the friction since the ramp wasnt frictionless. Another human error is when the hanging mass hits the ground and we need to determine which part of the graph it stopped at.

The K value should be 1, but there are errors in our lab such as incorrectly compensating for friction and the accidental moving of the table. Domain of Model Requirements: Must have constant forces Non-Quantum mechanical forces, or in common language, items cannot be very small or close to the speed of light.