You are on page 1of 19

Dtqttua,hnhs

i^fundlufie" I,,,tt ,jraqffn naitrlq ,np1wttXu w hn, tr^L i^fulfue,L "txnnomi,ui.aw sa h,,rj1a1,il,, lph(e,!, a.w hLo&s q htrild,t,ug &h* ^

Mo*^t^rw W, WWol," ,U $*wr,


an'd, trM ffilat ptUWdtfrl-W,
io dn ,oo,

lu^hrffist a, WMf qfxnX E {o+w fUwM,atmwlw


a'^pM'W^ W ' yPL' aYL wai,|nhh' 'llvt,t Ltd))Cu,uN^tW tr\x, ca^pa,nn'a'fr ^ "W ar,\e Mt V tw ffiue" appk'ciffnw {w a, W,fiLt^fa}r'
ud' x"k) hut- eY.hPtL v

ahuil'd' ktx;UiQho .ha ptJN*

fu. WfwI^,oY.', y*.

*r-q tF FWtlg, NL di.nutw frw ,ai*rplwt

'r p, cWMtu (auh a4 d.tupawtn* an C jL&a.M -ltp, ,l@ olnw h t'" 4!rx, ,tur.#-ron naMtnnn^.( atffii"u(.rauA pw,w

0' a,C 0/ gulw a+t q co^pournrrff tt> E,cw,ety, W P** ^urL 0" lyw,'b'''Ag* . CIuL *o" q oyok"^'Wl1,,illtx1a1x11fr', li,*n ;,Mrh 6 irbn*t* whn'$w nw #th* n^o;l4,ow " ,WE, "
ilu' kt41utlw,rwr,-Lo $, ,f WphW ttql w1alw,Atf.an ^l!fuf, "poNdl, . latQl, hwt ffi!, li,\h h ut1ffitw Mt

- b^'wa'"n'lY"U -l/w {'4 lF F4w* ? floh* kt'oa 'o@ uu.:t #),r^f' WufurNM 6 t/e,{y M\ot trw orm,iU'oyab.tw
gW ntWE

lr
j

ta

2p -..t4 r -. r* --

Lt*t : - ffi Pofr^t Potwt


- fn' pwn( b^t< Sruv'plzx i kg Po/ht UV

il'qt

' et flV" M1d, -f144 w Tx cnNa^I' snd, aaqd a, Rx ha,A

|fu,

- b - pw^t l'ne' 0, pul^t attupbxtr,wwui,wis, lir'\h uQ

n+ot'at Cw'phx Ainptu te#, 4t/o flw ha,ato W wWMit\u$ 'sywtum

ot<rl,ifrfutu:
a!\

l,rirk apfrLaL

-fstUwUA alul flw kagoWfu k!4lul)tuvw\frin "'^n'l^4A'y

(at, puanfula) Ear*tM4taw d*cta',,r,u r! 'Tt,n,d,en\ud' 2> -Ttw dnl,u kah ok ilrxr,\rMi,batdwid*A

(hER). - o<jrnu eLah 3> 1tw bcL 'io ,tXwdt,tw [,w) a ct\,air'e l"VatL thuu wqlumnwnW cAaxqLffitwt1u 8,\d, arrffi 01i Ww hilk,W cn^po^.tt",,h' VUV il ,OpfimL fb*
ffi, *_ _-' rvlulfran ,-' rndc ntnqlr, > (fii& nE, ---.> Cal,e R.r pri*,* __> Bundwidth

irYotlbl..l, hawmitht, jiil lffw

terevet,

, r,t rr l\thl c, r '1, --> t r o 4, (wl ctah, =+ pT P{,,ctirftodeoptnnl rJw!.1t"-->ttwu'otan pcnprtntif:Ul1* tn'txVc&tgth--r o^rlpuJ Pail$,--+ t.,nitoinw pxtl.t|"w * unwele.n{lt| }fdattv,X v,

-----$ud

_->A*bwntww
APil,{r"il,t,

--->ruura,tpt,*:W 4
n^riUJ

--->,ftnttttwrT -

?.

Nob 2 uwuLg,ow ak!,


n?

Otl,tWtw nuvAoknrwyra V 'U

LoJ$Lird, wt wwt-

WWx

d-otikld,

r) l"Cwti pwoaL hudgt

t-f Ruo - fa^,wb"dW frwpauu, w\arnu,v W, "a^d, nniwlwuwwteuen onAr,twi, bvtwuerufuewtruun CIutpurt
M Uv-t tnu budetY ail,oXAK)M

Tw fu h,,h pwur, hde

ruAud" h ah,uru#-ap*e htt-eJd(ak, A,rt ;;f"W"ft;,*i


W
Sgrttrvt
th Jr, Co, avt a!.th\h uNdL htd$et t

pW,w trw d!,eilaA, "wunlL agnfu,w

urytrVd, wL M uutuAa

w h^!b.

l) F,l<,oll"g ,
'tWe,vv

at LdN wawoMqU 6 Ka*o,^ tt a^,d, Mid!' Lt\,'frh l,gnw Cowrpa^rwu# uWM frlio^ s 110- ?l)u,,nr. { 4 tnlai"t{
rI rtta{nrn.r op$n U- ltand 0 b:^cl t,hr,.tQk
v l,gtUtt,

cotrC\, Nu ii! J'e

1tw pxn ptnffid*Wr-Wx, a.u*|,


daYa ca,w hu i,<t ew U,vp)fgvUu

'i rura1dWfrd .l;nh htuldt^ r\8 r,r-rrdepfuaL $louV

il,truil"atrtjv,
,W ffi\n M .nelu-b auv'opfueal- AAilA,LL ,tr 4W lrrn,o
Na {a,l}a:"o nd !nA, CVei" A

u\, f,w

bop lufuilaL &,W*

P"

W hwat ut"W

paLo*L!*veL o& Vw

'ot4uval

+
System conslderotions . r ransmit andthenthe components ln thisregion. Choose the wavelenrt that operate performance the system Normally Inter-relate to receiver, transmitter andopticalfiber. is of anytwo aredesigned andbased on the performance, the thirdparameter characteristics selected. o ln case ln termsof rinirr of a detector, we design werthat satisfies the bit error ggg_?.nd."eqmdexilrof.detector. rate andalsoD_es-!g11 pin-photodlode < 5 whereasAPD Example: lsstable w.r.t temp,cheao, simpler, voltage bias ls costlv. less stable, but itssensitivity asvoltage>4O is more. o In case of source design, we design in termsof signal dispersion-dalluale-lransmission

@e-antt.erl.
IASER Example: vs LED.

' I!E-9s!sL

Unkporrcr budget In llnkpowerbudgct analysls, the powermargin between the optlcaltransmitter o/p andthe mlnlmum recelver sensltlvlty lsdetermlned In orderto achieve a speclflc bit errorrate. powerloss Anoptical for a pointto pointlinkisshown model below
*'^,
il|

-r., 4ffiF\;@ 4;1,ffit


I

TilErftt

1r

0i,. .,

tiI

v -l

f |'tV.
!

jr: '

It
tl - lr r' ^,\j-

i"(

irt

lA4 "
-_l

t.l

c*n I "ror\loprbrD Ofral poa kxs rdeltu a pfrrrt-topint ldnk Ilp lossesoccurq, connectors 0J, atspl&ls (Q, qrrdinthefrhlq)

nttttl

ll

Itc

Thepowerlosses aredueto splices, connectors andthe fiberitsblf. Thelosses at these elements isgiven by

= 'rc hss * J 1{ &gl r " bs p ;n /


To find the total opticalpower lossP1:

?r = ?t - Px = 2 I" + x L + Eystt n rvrav$tw.


htt Lr= Conwcfu,
t--

t-

X =$b,t afrL!\u&h' otu ( delk*)


jixta* cc, t, A"nsrnirr,toJ^r

Jyr[a'" raA'r1in . = 6 d.8

4^ LiAA iw"

'

' iu6mt 4l\t "teui"'ttt '*"

oTro'* o ;r. ,,lli,


" ''^'tn t i xu.{)unLt ^"' f '

l6P & l*""1 ordtt'tnut w filfr


I a-D +rl ttll) uttl --61 --

Fa,c},rt)f qu)= | - erp

t"W

af LJ"t 4" ffi*'ll'u h!4


a] b'fr'tun h'mt t'nfw 't fl
l

rccll'v(( V

4*d
/,-,

a L[fr

(o't)

and s b'q)
- Q)
,...-.**--l

,.a RC I |" ' , { v - -<

' "n n Rt\

ltu lrw,

a-

6
= A i t'\t 'I WvJ

+'= A'a = tJ
(RCJ
rV 7 rt

dtrB,r

@gp"
,1\

o
Q'

---t!)

ql

"f

n in

M\,

L"rx' :2

/^U

t'rl = W Bu
I

(ns )

brx

r-)

@ .4

t6vD.

u*o,
, f l 4:

aflffir,mrttTd a6
{ )\D\ t uI \ - f { \ llr'

ltrnt,ffi ry

a W+14k o\tw 6vo fron


ll) lL u x '' |
'-' I

= t+ l ' " 6vD

,e.t @
t,

t^uyloluf^

uid{h "t tusurtu wfure , rr * +ht Lwlt fiouen.ry,thal


"l 0 '* nOnKhi{0r f 'nt r ru)n ' dupwa'onW a

': .., ..-:

i. . ,,.'..;;

T-#^d-t*td L- , 'liu Lrnflcal Pr 'doffi^

* a

n^.^),,.,i, Bv1ill Ba^du:tdth

ttrythL ^ .trjnk 4 oo,' ,iYo UM'T

.:
-@

at or<q1
Bo ir G.w o{

1--k- !.tnlh ol
LabU

d n 'rat ' x '

Bu butd

0n {ttwe -ftfi"fl tk er 1twrruT(n'l

, = { " *f+)u rl t,o 'r<q / /-{r-@ B, L f='tB n JI


llf; ' ntt'\ lbc^r/e''!fon BanJ'idl/'

Bn n

q/
-\

N) +M(

_-:-o
r lcwnn9 ove

c,ul,ure

y*#nflu.ffi* i) w ?,tut -rM(N) N


{n n *' buJu broadnrunq' induYi&''ti'

4ht

Po':w gfr,n]
"

Ib"
bU'

hn^

frnoord rttt' 6';*"r@

sw)'w
y'-\w
r, \

flu)= -r-

t r-t2/6o
,*o d/'

i/ &tTu'

[ r - N " ,rd+f.)

s''1"

'\', o'P ,.'-^ttrlel

@ *n uo\w 50/ 4 "l ,, m volur nqdr rut|w p,ilu ^tarimu / lt 4 = ty a ,

= o's va) t{ flLo) 8


hnvr,,q(o)= u*rt ft+ +=tya ,

ct

T o d mve *ya

l
tJ dr-o-

ff i

l- -,- flCo) flrrr, t ^-ri, e ' t/ara /c =


/ ""/un' et\v^

,, \- A.<

yd J-

tTr

,l

*ya
0 o-d

\,\v

- 6[ z t * r) f , t o. ^. Yfn*rr$

d = a c r a (n '
ty r = o - [a ( na)Ya

uxdB

l"wt g

" n r,;tfy, D
pula huh a^
ttL

u;Jlhotr l&t a^ t**, +l' ,o , t* u^ d{ru 'dj q- wailmilrnralu '


il

lnhrnd'*f L,*r,w'{|il, $ffi:* Alr,tt, {rou=y;"-$'


Wu,,ethN

lfv

(t' (E ao-GI^Dva &tla: 4r,t''n= "n Jfr g-dB optcoJ bo.rclurid*h , Brde Ij' dr{'lmda's I r' t10 ve.d oPuLol
\aijil. anul tl

= t/rraTL 6Lo1

t------*-'J ' ('u' w- onJ 4nn W{&1, Urq oqi,{ @, tw 0 3dB op6ul bonl*idth ofr III' twll,-;n7 bc In du 0rvre tl trrunrr ltffing brtk o,nd $ibu oL N( ,u thl/rt from rnodal dupe'raon )-;4 =a'T = I x J
u9
\noil'" \s-

\.

,,/

U&'k= IX { arr

flan

17G(o 1J

nt 1*d= #" Q'L ry= f '


).

,f-yr L

0I-

-,rL 't o '

-g\N

.*

.,r.*

,n ^^tru, tn ,ns
lrnod= IH-g = 4tta Lv
Bu Bo

zlwl) ,^tof'= ,;
N - t'l* -(

fr - y , :

'"'

+t l ' o+ t ' l ' ] Ya 'V =[+l++ , 1, 1

fr t' ' 9[ trututa k= 0 . E t + vilrTwnnz t o


I 'q,

=!Yt't+fi[^r)

tl,

=[ti'(ry1, +[#)' Y)i u'q-'l


rl
,/ | J

V^

x^

'?

-=::

fi rwln vuFox u'ry ln lav arle SNR omd imparr ?+ sNR{durJ , , YnPn +ht "{rye{tt'}'X impait.d d on ry ddrat ' +tt! l (Ycn ) r u, t imPurrrnernf "u W podu\?^ry ..PP, tag sNRrmPair d B = -lo IPP, I srun " idrnl I I
arY( o'l. f'oura: 1l.u CMu^ 'ior rlturwP'q ?wnJq.di'rPc'rrion i> ChYunttilc ,F Ptffimo& dr'r Pwuon if> PoLiri3ahrn n]YY mc& ?u iii> [xtrnuti-on
fto{l-q i'J > Modn{ '--

'?or*?*rlhu il p@ ru'an^ 't "duffon

q
SN R ,

Nottr V> {Yodq Pattitton u-). vi) ChirPln6

Notu rrri)fut{r,I1* i@-a.g,,*1^ Chlr*r{q Dirptrrtlon \ D")

?]ffi #j;' ft*'i^,^#fu iLr ,o,n^ *,Y, ruvcrq


pu)*lf udtyg' (,h**fi'. a,p( bAd h '****hJ pith lnweiltl dupenrion 1l.u fury a lnk . cL'wm^aff' d,tt'tanu o'w^'i"!'J burhrrrtnntt, " fui b'JJit funlt 'An oF ih lN6'
be hil lhovld dtApu,u'on

di,tprruon,,u{'* Chmmfic T t.* y,r,y^ r#*H

ffi

"JtT'n**uT"

o[ ilfr *peclntm end + "16t't'tunX

a fratf,vn e
B a

bi+ lten'od \ '

V6 t tolwe

tfu w btt

' '''xb

t0

.tku dnhon,.,t ip i.t, Ervcn

tD., I Lq-

l tP ' t

tI

utiu're - chmrno&t duPovuon' D.o

(r*; ,. ! d ttr^(l ^ lu'n'ifr '[ar dupurim '11^! obo'ta 'n'*"i' {.tS y'^ q/uxillq

['0di|!'urcntchrorn,o.trcdupwtionyoJwond*fuodi||l,rent prrtflJ" uidth' ,

- *?*.h dup*uon + Chmrnn5c

il

l(n*-r') C r ^f,rt,, ,*,Qtn E,J,iurulu ?s

o i'td

-Modr gggg' P'^tq( D^o)

ryt

P* rrulfi {+orn *, d, {rbrr il(uqf a rn 0t o tNr,n wwltr/Ytln oY rnod't' [af, lrohti3ahn ffio cttahoTonnl otu,tPit,r ailfinlJ1v
Farl mru_*

+h/ jaut fi"tf

/il ftflf {,'1

ehSfl A?pnro
drrllnu

*-#-L", P*wt

Hu'"

a. {rbtr uilh CI on op[ut(Fufu ?wl^ +htuuXt'r

in potrrnSa{ron'rnodr drd{rrencr,t ftr$Xotttfl[f ropaXofio , lJrL 1t,u{^n lhoo,q

varXing tt

nxl^uaUnnilr W+h bixe{"re b fu'la lJnirt fltu in drfi**t' |nunuX"fon )n 1lu,^rllr,^ril


rfuuadirvg,

'^'U"'tr putu ryaoing L'pvo


rnrul sn tlit wuaXl

*- pM# ir n^ota {,td qi..rr",l'tt{ bul {la$tcfi} ''rilh 'h-nru ,td 'tmPtraffire Y vcwoffto,ru w " L /v v .@ ; ;; ciur t0 F6r^ 0 n +h t 'fr b e r ;: h *w ,t fr tr ,r /{T; Urut tt PMDiir Ps +hAni"dB ' +hl of ,U, Ta hn"'tt d Puuw Plln^il"fq 'PoWf.Fo, duptrtlo modt
l0 '/' t+ a bit tQnrt Lil'\ be

T6 g'"od

J:q l^r*r=-il{r l--Powu ?u dar a Mff'


"{p --->
)oO

ErtnLllq-@ ?'N*
rll,f'o,+ oo** UU

at I]fr dr.{r^r[ rr ^f' in o, hrtlr toI-o -11'irsnlni'lion L 6 +l'" D "[ar fl lull W oPtlcnl
0 , i

"'{e = ?'

Po

3
r., i-.

d"4
Yrl

P.nirr lr n *l^ \ 1 ,,,,

tt u ulttru t v\
YYVCC.T

,.t-

d$$ t

ril-l ffrru in k'r"rrPufut' ^rt-d,,rud

n"q trti,

P u,ryrdP^ be W,! powWtrt)dt,ruprJtutJ"g, ruifh , i - E^ K "-E R

ncfontuffi and n n-7N0 soct

&tr'y

'{e= ?-t*
Po -sR

We YW.){ t

.)

ANUYA'U |0o** tl)


0

IL
lo-eR'

= (-rn t 0oo., -a
, rr

A,D

Ir f

tt

P,-'t I
, .\

\ roR \

[,tsp

lrl \"( \/ l

'trERIi I
\6i /

lTetl

= P l rs tr\ 't-ER -;;I


\ dre /

pTu:wt' We

I a,vrd 0 nL)t'tu ** d"mirufu , noirl furrnnl \^llufl Yeuiv'ur lrl)eJ' ' ffid trTYrA m&pwdtnt und q)uAJ

9n ki'A hri

=0 Po ?, ? & Pare

a I t-rR {nA to = PPrr , -11^i PouwryN P rl

lo-r*

= -ro h6 PPru VJ
]t*l

= [t -') R_,* P,-ro - P*nu


hn

fr-En - fo.ea

--T-'
,I

Qs-t) P0.,.
C(

oP tA V

("rt-t ) Po-e B

fu NoitJ Hodnl Nour SpecK


(

. d*

t3

noll,( occ.{/T,l utfun olv11|nuw Yldefl

&p*d*}fr,t, -paftrn-

yvutntrn o

+hnL an( qeckla

linK '

, ne[o$ - pafinm dnpundan+ SpecKfu ]nut tcutLa.h pricl, o.n ruith non-u@tt'tt''qoruiuitttr and Whd^,hcfrr nuc"rube^ndl
alYot^ln phttoarilhve aYm.

h,qf
.tt)Yt4il -JlLuqv'

++rnt il pwduuJ -pafu^cn a qeckh ,qhorur fiq \r


nF ulLum cokure

'to, linht u !,runclrud nrt r


---aor*.
l sL t t al-l

& ,'uAfimodu ]tber,


' tlocudou
|

7 a yufu ocwx N A uhwmttauu t t* a qukk grJf'xn't lLnfun


, ?ts

\tluvonTurne
Ut+tuft thL
,rl ftr -

llU.

i)

tf -t Wmr 5l 'lhnn daPwuon +h!- inltrmo&cJ ud^t*ht

{tbo

uhtn chilmu nf"t petf"n I^t tn 'ootfr 'th,-t {Ac,tn,Fon lf'ru ( Sf ) &i'tpttrA'ort intnmodnJ L6t ,& mach Lu,, U,fan
' l,( trtt th-t mhtprenu bilfieen a ttra/r Pot, + ,ofu , ol L[fr Fr* , in "rrutJt in ,, nodal. dapwa'7fl
1/ =

a' frq*n\ widlh 8v,, tfu"n h^aA ttur(-r t[N 9+ (ofum(t F* ) 6T = ;| ModC nri,a ana ? . l-1u, dou @<sd-#-'6 n +Iil&rafrj' po'ffi^r ' $000rr JJir ufun ccut'tx tuiJt ryeck'lt Wdn!

,dlt^{,6.^6[fu? f,ry*-tr

&

ol f q*n v',PPb /-trut)ot'dai 1

,^, 5T- d" rou*

T+

w'wrwhur r | | rah &"' -t ?l 'fury1

tu 'l ,Inf-^q

TofrAwith thl Bhattt 4+\! e/rror Fq beLfrt) 'ruu^vw - phlbdtodt 6 a/^ utal.anctv
0

w
.r l l

U+ adaaon oL rnoda!noiP
t l. r.

t
gku{L'l{
{ull

( Mq. il, { Mr' M'

M'- no.o+ wtna(e "


,
<>

,fupecKU

Wtvtd Wuw Gs')


oY rto modti not/J'

e+ wle no' '& tlccf'la *"tJ

on d&LW , lfnure cnil( bn

tJlJ

rnoln|.rwiu ur*ru to auoid


uuru ) l' Uu fEtu (tnwlwtent Jfru| tut ta"' a, Uu o I"ASER

*dot rwltt umoUhlu | -a* o,,t,rid


to. {

*wdu ', -lhtJ lnnilt dj'/rA!

,n*,n,rt

inIM\ hnr.
3.

at rruil4nniuJdarupiloa .in 116 .(tacfualurru

tf lJfi xpe'ckfa 'po,furrt , th)t rducing +ht 7.rrinirU't't (

t)u o N'{.,-*W- -wl$ #b* ruith o W 'lu,ntt a Tffit rumbw *odr.*a/^d flNu, $
- -J " '*--'--'/--* 4-

cL It'*"Y no. ok

tI.

Uu o s,4 *dn +L
alftd +h,u) Itnr nD nodal ffi irfirlwtnu

4r.clJu

(g mod!

TJ

Noitl - Po^rtrhon MLdr u , yldl. ry{rttovrwiu


- l{ uc 6z ) ,(./rL r!L ---, rI

fu

wia in dnY,inn,,^*
| | / r^^'-n\

+|\!
rr

a ^jnqu

v -, tr . dS, d* wilh !.n(t wllt r " T+ ij, CIboodhnt

- -

n"al nndu hrr^dih/di

't

^"

**\fr!'*d"
ts 11-

!;n I'I^-e +Uutrts[ont , " t, L Inttt d'odn


ts_ la

(,

mod' ino a rru;'tf

*'t,:, ;:;,": W m:X #"ffi #' _ : :, !:'"fl


^/^t1.th vLU/v* 'ut fl.,r.un ilfe llttuLuN0ru- 'n wrn I'aJtx ''

+tv irt'uruq -ll'u i.q /rh& bebr'u 'rhorul U( f\ , \ ln rt \ m

pow<x olp

u hda,nt
I

*Hltl' [} "*rr/l^ n/l


rqm

firu A
[g: r Timr-runu,e)

/{

/'
,i\,iu"

'*--/!\l-t p--dVU:-1
,

- -:,' *
, n -Lrrn,, B

di1**ctfptctrv "Xt;

drod Lnr"'

,
r

I ,,

11 il tr ^n 1 r A ,/intj V UL AJ U U U \JV
. v _ ),.._

li

,.&*5,}i, '|

,..._:7

(_

tu' I rnrdr,i di1,{,ront / FrcmIIN {.tfl' nt Iivul ' ' 0k dif{rre opnu'[ {fu 'u]p't nnodui , damt^nft

upo'i' L 4n appruan.hh Me wdu 4tu


ruith 4

npr/r t +f r'b& -par{rhon

bft rvra

tlfotr.ffi [f D tP'{ilxrrior
L
I

= -s Pf;p" rrotu {"6 cTcLt^ffinu x# , -^n-,\ I partHon nolu{actrr I


I v - mnctp -

lj'u )attv aboue o! bfa.t Jf^L SLf enwt: * To tfuu ryint ,lh'uhold' ,, notl'( rnod, pafton in c|B d,}t ta + ?owur P4 r, q)a (nelD
tU l]

ryo T-

l6

htcrfacrc?

a
g

*E l-

3s

g
g

Fibcrlcngth +

tlttk Tftis arrscs Repalr scftons can prdle ndal tw(e ln a singlc-mdc !fu befir.EertfrE llot ard.ttr IP11 ttlcdrx thrwghtlle hterclurye $rytcalpatnr al spllre q (lo,nnec1orJotrirs.

6 IASER uilth n i ttfu ) plunomtnon i) + CfurPing ( hJ op"'affon arPr.'.rtelM undrY ,rrndl ttnql'! , a ' in 0,tuttnlfrg 0^-,, orrrcnt u dxet\ j{cc'{fun Nlw(t , c lrru braadzrung dllnnnu *rdrrLCLJ.

-w-lu6

,i r

t+

4Wu @i ' t

uri*h'A@twrwY

o k, 'kJ in',n-WTUnfy Liwt'@*t''fi UU

bU + 1ku fr*.,tE ff ^ #y,, = llgf,e ,*rJ o.vor) ) + k rrl


rril or'
enhnnumtn+ d. - lr'rurud'llr $otb"t
K f \CItrnt frqt 'dndrPtndrn on ht'nY +hnf drPendl Xtru&ure '

)t qjgglir{.-Ss:
tp Jfuaf +h

llry Wr h twd biur tu flnurmu


not drrive df

bttnw

thrurhotd ullrune (ln P) amd P ,MW

^ruPrdty.

cgr"{-

r ra[-o. = oj- Sra'h Powe Fntrntion ot+ -lf,ohPour(Y

lwur *hqn pmqreu,ivttX ootto, blalporntl tr,finrrorr FoT luXlur

*hroahold ,-, F, PtY, -m[u exhuton

indutrJ Ww P,^tlq dscxtniilbur chirying

PWWlqinwnJil,

lg

eil,rw,.v.

p*tq chirp

rflr'o
-__>

(dB) Axhuionrafo

, -?ouw?@ ir nN* bg PP PP66p *d (t-A) = - to #,


n0i u , Rtlfu&-on
j6 66'!-

oL [tqlf ar &a G 'rc{tlclion VU 9t i.^ +fu n kr pruducrd aJ, LPua, bupU.n t, #ffi',* nlit'u
'utclt

, hoo a reflifon np belouilJu*tnlu


iwLorrn'ano. "'trr a ,r'vftffin

.t-ftut(Tx nnw

e R.t

Uoi"le

c2

I It:inn

rkrLaJ,

hi#r

li..linpulu

M,Mffilm^
n tn'P f:n"t beltTu "round (e& xeilo,l-tw

'4tueYi3

r{- W siticq*ofunnlrr
^ l j !--n(=l t / ' .n

b5 ?iv(n

tq

L r'{n-J

o '6 = s

Stncq

nJ- (,oreRf = l.t{? n- ml&urn Ra.'t lM| rupouhln a Po( t* 'r(/t Rn toe
Itt .r{ dB ui[^l

, rf

&n|rtbufu 6

rdurn hu '

dbacK ,

kepottehb* t^nd {au'r 'lwl ernitttng {4crt to ll''s

,n p* cuith turvrd

ot M o"$ T'hftv'

o
6
\l/

oil. or N i*h ai dr jfu @ Uu in&t- maklunq , 'nhr^bo*_ conFcF. rnnko" p$uJ o,nd.{oun
tr:Vu ch ffm Uu conrutl,crrf , .in nuodr.lr, tt\r lrun twMrruWLil l)u optical i'r'ohforr rulftu'n

You might also like