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Homework 1
Homework 1
Due: 5:00pm on Sunday, September 1, 2013
You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy
Converting Units
The ability to convert from one system of units to another is important in physics. It is often impractical to measure quantities in the standard meters, kilograms, and seconds, but the laws of physics that you learn will involve constants that are defined in these units. Therefore, you may often have to convert your measured quantities into meters, kilograms, and seconds. The following table lists metric prefixes that come up frequently in physics. Learning these prefixes will help you in the various exercises. mega- (M) kilo- (k) centi- (c) milli- (m) micro- () nano- (n)
10 10 10 10 10 10
6
When doing unit conversions, you need a relation between the two units. For instance, in converting from millimeters to meters, you need to know that 1 m = 1000 mm. Once you know this, you need to divide one side by the other to obtain a ratio of m to mm:
1=
1 m 1000 mm
If you are converting from millimeters to meters, then this is the proper ratio. It has mm in the denominator, so that it will cancel the units of the quantity that you are converting. For instance, if you were converting 63 mm, then you would have
63 mm
1 m 1000 mm
= 0.063 m.
If you were converting a quantity from meters to millimeters, you would use the reciprocal ratio:
1=
1000 mm 1 m
Part A
Suppose that you measure a pen to be 10.5 cm long. Convert this to meters. Express your answer in meters.
cm = 1 m
. You can determine such relations using the metric prefixes given in the
10
2 1
meters, then you need 102 centimeters to equal a whole meter, just as you know
Correct
When converting areas, you must be careful to use the correct ratio. If you were converting from
1 m 1000 mm
mm
again. Be careful! Think of mm2 as (mm) = (mm) (mm) . That is to say, think of this as a pair of millimeter units, each of which must be converted separately. To convert 130 mm2 to square meters you would use the following calculation:
2
130 mm
1 m 1000 mm
)(
1 m 1000 mm
) = 130 mm
1 m 10
3
mm
.
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session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=2469924
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Homework 1
Notice that the exponent distributes to both the numbers and the units:
130 m m
2
1 m 10
3
= 130 mm
1 m 10
6
2 2
).
mm
mm
(
10
1 m
6
mm 2
) = 1.30 10
Part B
Suppose that, from measurements in a microscope, you determine that a certain bacterium covers an area of 1.50 meters. Express your answer in square meters.
m
2
1 m = 10
, which
m = 1 m
ANSWER:
6 2
10
1 m2 1 m 10 10
6 2
m 2 m
2 2 2
12
1 m 1 m 10
12
m 2
Correct
Correct
As with areas, you must be careful when converting between volumes. For volumes, you must cancel off three copies of whatever unit you are converting from.
Part C
Suppose that you find the volume of all the oceans to be 1.4 109 km3 in a reference book. To find the mass, you can use the density of water, also found in this reference book, but first you must convert the volume to cubic meters. What is this volume in cubic meters? Express your answer in cubic meters.
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1 m 10 10
6 3
Homework 1
km 3 m
3
1 km 3 10
3
1 km 3 10
6
km
1 m3 1 km 10
9 3
m3
3
1 km 10
3
m3
ANSWER:
1.4 10
9
km
= 1.401018
Correct
Part D
In a laboratory, you determine that the density of a certain solid is
5.23 10
6
kg/mm
Notice that the units you are trying to eliminate are now in the denominator. The same principle from the previous parts applies: Pick the conversion factor so that the units cancel. The only change is that now the units you wish to cancel must appear in the numerator of the conversion factor. Express your answer in kilograms per cubic meter.
1 mm = 10
. Recall
mm 3 m
3
1 mm 3 10
3
1 mm 3 10
9
mm
1 m3 1 mm 10
6 3
m3
3
1 mm 10
3
m3
ANSWER:
5.23 10
6 kg mm 3
= 5230
kg m3
Correct
You are now ready to do any sort of unit conversion. You may encounter problems that look far more complex than those you've done in this problem, but if you carefully set up conversion factors one at a time to cancel the units you don't want and replace them with the units that you do want, then you will have no trouble.
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Homework 1
Interpreting Graphs
Learning Goal: To be able to gain many different types of information from a graph. Being able to read graphs is an important skill in physics. It is also critical in day-to-day life, as information in the news and in business meetings is often presented in graphical form. In this problem, you will consider a single graph and all of the information that can be gained from it. Since the graph axes have no labels, think of it as a graph of something important to you, whether that is GPA, your bank balance, or something else. Specific applications will be noted for each way of analyzing a graph.
The easiest information to obtain from a graph is its value at a point. The height of the graph above the horizontal axis gives the value of the graph. Points above the horizontal axis have positive values, whereas points below the axis have negative values. The vertical axis will usually have specific values marked off so that you can tell exactly what value each height corresponds to. In the graph you've been given, there are no exact values labeled, but you can still tell relative values; you can make statements such as, "At point D, the graph has a greater value than at point C."
Part A
At which point(s) does the graph have a positive value? Enter all of the correct letters in alphabetical order. For instance, if you think that the correct choices are B and F, you would enter B F .
Correct
The difference between positive and negative is important in many situations, for instance on your bank statement. In physics it makes a big difference in many scenarios. Positive position means to the right or above some reference point; negative position means to the left or below the reference point. Positive velocity means moving to the right, whereas negative velocity means moving to the left. The graph is often more convenient than a table of numbers or an equation, because you can immediately see where the graph takes positive values and where it takes negative values. With an equation or a table of numbers, this would take some algebra or guess work.
Since the value of the graph at a point is indicated by its height above the horizontal axis, the maximum value of the graph is the highest point on the graph. Similarly, the minimum value of the graph is the lowest point, which may be below the horizontal axis.
Part B
At which point does the graph have its maximum value? Enter the correct letter. ANSWER: E
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Homework 1
Correct
Part C
Look at the graph from the introduction. The three points C, D, and F are all on straight segments. Rank them from greatest rate of change to least rate of change. Remember to take into account the sign of the rate of change.
Correct
For more complex curves, you will have to draw the tangent line at a point to determine the rate of change of the graph at that point. The tangent is a line that just touches the curve. To do this, instead of passing through two nearby points, the line has to align itself so that its rate of change is the same as the rate of change of the graph at that point. Therefore, once you've drawn the tangent line, its slope is the same as the slope of the curve at that point. In general, you will be able to rely on your intuitive sense of "Is the graph growing higher or lower at this point?" but it's good to keep in mind this more precise definition in terms of the tangent line. It will help you out in situations that are hard to figure out by simple examination. In the following two parts, consider again the graph shown in the introduction to the problem.
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Homework 1
Part D
At which point is the graph increasing at the greatest rate? For now, ignore point E. We will discuss it after this part. Enter the correct letter.
If you then connect those pairs of dots, the lines connecting them will get closer and closer to the proper slope as you move to pairs that are closer and closer to the point you care about. Once you get pretty close to that point, you should be pretty confident of the slope for the tangent line.
With practice, you will gain an intuitive ability to see roughly how the slope of the tangent at a point should look. ANSWER: D
Correct
You were told to ignore point E for this part. This is because the rate of change is not well defined at sharp corners. You won't ever be asked for the rate of change of a graph at a sharp corner, though points near the corner should have well-defined rates of change. Points B and C are also special, because the slope at those points is zero. This should be easy to see at C, since the graph is actually a horizontal line in the area near C. If you carefully work out the tangent at point B using the method described in the hint for this part, you will see that the tangent is horizontal there as well. Since a horizontal tangent has a slope of zero, which is neither negative nor positive, the graph is neither increasing nor decreasing at points B and C.
Part E
At which point(s) is the graph decreasing? Enter all of the correct letters in alphabetical order. For instance, if you think that the correct choices are B and F, you would enter B F . ANSWER:
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Homework 1
FGH
Correct
Part F
You wish to find the area under the graph between the origin and some point on the graph. Which point will yield the greatest area? Enter the correct letter. ANSWER: G
Correct
Part G
You are looking at the area under the graph between two points. The area is zero. Which two points are you looking at? Enter the two letters in alphabetical order. For instance, if you think that the correct choice is B and F, you would enter B F .
Correct
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Homework 1
In the SI unit system, time (t) is measured in seconds, distance (d) is measured in meters, velocity (v) is measured in meters per second, and acceleration (a) is measured in meters per second squared.
Part A
Based on these units, select any of the following expressions that could be valid expressions?
t=
va
v = at d = at
a=
vd t
3
Correct
Consistency of Units
In physics, every physical quantity is measured with respect to a unit. Time is measured in seconds, length is measured in meters, and mass is measured in kilograms. Knowing the units of physical quantities will help you solve problems in physics.
Part A
Gravity causes objects to be attracted to one another. This attraction keeps our feet firmly planted on the ground and causes the moon to orbit the earth. The force of gravitational attraction is represented by the equation
F =
Gm1m2 r2
,
r
m1
is the gravitational constant. In SI units, the units of force are kg m/s2 , the units of mass are kg, and the units of distance are m. For this
equation to have consistent units, the units of G must be which of the following?
For each symbol whose units we know, we replace the symbol with those units. For example, we replace m1 with kg. We now solve this equation for G .
ANSWER:
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kg
3
Homework 1
ms 2 kgs m3 m
3 2
kgs 2 m kgs 2
Correct
Part B
One consequence of Einstein's theory of special relativity is that mass is a form of energy. This mass-energy relationship is perhaps the most famous of all physics equations: 2 E = mc , where m is mass, c is the speed of the light, and E is the energy. In SI units, the units of speed are m/s. For the preceding equation to have consistent units (the same units on both sides of the equation), the units of E must be which of the following?
equation for E .
ANSWER:
kgm s kgm s2 kgs m2 kgm s
2 2 2
Correct
To solve the types of problems typified by these examples, we start with the given equation. For each symbol whose units we know, we replace the symbol with those units. For example, we replace m with kg. We now solve this equation for the units of the unknown variable.
Significant Figures
Part A
To seven significant figures, the mass of a proton is Check all that apply. ANSWER:
1.672 10 1.67 10
27
1.672623 10
27
kg
kg
27
kg
27
1.67263 10
kg
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Homework 1
Correct
The number 1.672 10 is incorrect because when we round to four significant figures we get 1.673, not 1.672. Similarly, is incorrect because when we round to six significant figures we get 1.67262, not 1.67263.
27
1.67263 10
27
Part B
To eight significant figures, Avogadro's constant is Check all that apply. ANSWER:
23 1
6.0221367 10
23
mo l
6.022 10 6.0 10
23
mo l
1
mo l
6.02214 10
23
mo l
Correct
All these options are correct; they represent different levels of precision, even though the numerical value is the same.
Part A
Statement A: 2.567 km, to two significant figures. Statement B: 2.567 km, to three significant figures. Determine the correct relationship between the statements.
: 3.454 : 3.5 :3
Three significant figures : 3.45 Two significant figures One significant figure
Notice that, when rounding 3.4536 to one significant figure, since 0.4536 is less than 0.5, the result is 3, even though if you first rounded to two significant figures (3.5), the result would be 4. ANSWER: greater than Statement A is less than equal to Statement B.
Correct
Part B
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Homework 1
Statement A: (2.567 km + 3.146 km), to two significant figures. Statement B: (2.567 km, to two significant figures) + (3.146 km, to two significant figures). Determine the correct relationship between the statements. ANSWER: greater than Statement A is less than equal to Statement B.
Correct
Evaluate statement A as follows: (2.567 km + 3.146 km ) = 5.713 km to two significant figures is 5.7 km . Statement B evaluates as 2.6 km + 3.1 km = 5.7 km . Therefore, the two statements are equal.
Part C
Statement A: Area of a rectangle with measured length = 2.536 m and width = 1.4 m. Statement B: Area of a rectangle with measured length = 2.536 m and width = 1.41 m. Since you are not told specific numbers of significant figures to round to, you must use the rules for multiplying numbers while respecting significant figures. If you need a reminder, consult the hint. Determine the correct relationship between the statements.
Correct
Evaluate statement A as follows: (2.536 m ) (1.4 m ) = 3.5504 m2 to two significant figures is 3.6 m2 . Statement B evaluates as (2.536 m ) (1.41 m ) = 3.57576 m2 to three significant figures is 3.58 m2 . Therefore, statement A is greater than statement B.
Part A
If the clothing maker bought 500 m2 of this fabric, how much money did he lose? Use 1 Express your answer in dollars using two significant figures.
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tepiz = 0.625 dollar
and 0.9144
m = 1 yard
11/3/13
Homework 1
tepizes
2
If the clothing maker bought 500 m2 at a cost of 400 tepizes/m , then how much did he pay in total, in tepizes? Express your answer in ANSWER: 2.00105
tepizes tepizes
ANSWER: 1.25105
dollars
yard
0.8361 m
= 1 yard
. How much is
500 m
yard
ANSWER: 7.18104
dollars
ANSWER: 5.3104
dollars
Correct
11/3/13
Homework 1
another, unit conversions are necessary. The unit of force in the SI system is the newton (N), which is defined in terms of basic SI units as 1 N = 1 kg m/s2 . The unit of force in the British system is the pound (lb), which is defined in terms of the slug (British unit of mass), foot (f t ), and second (s) as 1 lb = 1 slug f t/s2 .
Part B
Find the value of 15.0 N in pounds. Use the conversions
1 slug = 14.59 kg
and 1
f t = 0.3048 m
Notice that both have seconds squared in the denominator. You will only have to change the units in the numerator. Match up the units that measure the same quantity (e.g., kilograms and slugs both measure mass). Once you've done this, create a fraction (e.g., 1 hour/60 minutes) based on conversion factors such that the old unit is canceled out of the expression and the new unit appears in the position (i.e., numerator or denominator) of the old unit. In this problem, there are two pairs within the starting and final units that must be converted in this way (i.e., kilograms/slugs and meters/feet).
Correct
Thus, if the NASA navigators believed that they were entering a force value of 15 N (3.37 lb), they were actually entering a value nearly four and a half times higher, 15 lb. Though these errors were only in tiny course corrections, they added up during the trip of many millions of kilometers. In the end, the blame for the loss of the 125-million-dollar probe was placed on the lack of communication between people at NASA that allowed the units mismatch to go unnoticed. Nonetheless, this story makes apparent how important it is to carefully label the units used to measure a number.
Problem 1.1
Spiderman The movie Spiderman brought in $114,000,000 in its opening weekend.
Part A
Express this amount in gigadollars. ANSWER: 0.114 gigadollars
Correct
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Homework 1
Part B
Express this amount in teradollars. ANSWER: 1.14104 teradollars
Correct
Problem 1.3
The speed of light in a vacuum is approximately 0.3 Gm/s.
Part A
Express the speed of light in meters per second. ANSWER: 3108
m/s
Correct
Part A
Which of the following equations are dimensionally consistent? Check all that apply. ANSWER:
1 2 2
x =
at
t = (2x/a) x = vt
1/2
Correct
Part A
Which of the following quantities have the dimensions of a speed? ANSWER:
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Homework 1
Correct
Problem 1.9
Acceleration is related to distance and time by the following expression,
a = 2xt
p
Part A
Find the power p that makes this equation dimensionally consistent. ANSWER:
p
= -2
Correct
Problem 1.13
The first several digits of are known to be = 3.14159265358979....
Part A
What is
ANSWER: 3.14
Correct
Part B
What is
ANSWER:
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Homework 1
3.1416
Correct
Part C
What is
ANSWER: 3.141593
Correct
Problem 1.15
A parking lot is 144.0m long and 45.06m wide.
Part A
What is the perimeter of the lot? Express your answer using four significant figures. ANSWER:
P
= 378.1
Correct
Problem 1.17
Part A
How many significant figures are there in 0.000054? ANSWER: 2 4 6 7
Correct
Part B
How many significant figures are there in 3.001 105 ? ANSWER:
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Homework 1
1 2 3 4
Correct
Problem 1.21
The Ark of the Covenant is described as a chest of acacia wood 2.5 cubits in length and 1.5 cubits in width and height.
Part A
Given that a cubit is equivalent to 17.7 in., find the volume of the ark in cubic feet. Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER:
V
= 18
ft
Correct
Problem 1.23
Water going over Angel Falls, in Venezuela, the world's highest waterfall, drops through a distance of 3212 f t .
Part A
What is this distance in km? Express your answer using four significant figures. ANSWER: 0.9788
km
Correct
Problem 1.27
IP Many highways have a speed limit of 65 mi/h.
Part A
Is this speed greater than, less than, or equal to 65 km/h? ANSWER: 65 mi/h is greater than 65 km/h. 65 mi/h is less than 65 km/h. 65 mi/h is equal to 65 km/h.
Correct
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Homework 1
Part B
Explain. ANSWER: 3680 Character(s) remaining If you convert 65 miles per hour to kilometers per hours, you obtain 105 km/h which is significantlt more than 65 km/h.
Part C
Find the speed limit in km/h that corresponds to 65 mi/h. Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER:
v
= 100
km/h
Correct
Part A
Which of the following quantities have the dimensions of an acceleration? ANSWER:
v /x v /t x/t xt
2 2 2
Correct
Problem 1.43
Glacial Speed On June 9, 1983, the lower part of the Variegated Glacier in Alaska was observed to be moving at a rate of 210 feet per day.
Part A
What is this speed in meters per second? ANSWER: 7.41104
m/s
Correct
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Homework 1
Problem 1.47
Human Nerve Fibers Type A nerve fibers in humans can conduct nerve impulses at speeds up to 140 m/s.
Part A
How fast are the nerve impulses in miles per hour? Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: 310
mi/h
Correct
Part B
How far (in meters) can the impulses travel in 5.0 ms? Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: 0.70
m
Correct
Problem 1.49
NASA's Cassini mission to Saturn released a probe on December 25, 2004, that landed on the Saturnian moon Titan on January 14, 2005. The probe, which was named Huygens, was released with a gentle relative speed of 31 cm/s. As Huygens moved away from the main spacecraft, it rotated at a rate of seven revolutions per minute.
Part A
How many revolutions had Huygens completed when it was 130 yards from the mother ship? Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER:
N
= 44
Correct
Part B
How far did Huygens move away from the mother ship during each revolution? Give your answer in feet. Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER:
d
= 8.7
ft
Correct
Problem 1.51
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L
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Homework 1
L
The period T of a simple pendulum is the amount of time required for it to undergo one complete oscillation. If the length of the pendulum is acceleration of gravity is g, then T is given by
T = 2L
p
and the
Part A
Find the powers
p
= 0.5,-0.5
Correct
In this expression,
Part A
Which plot in the figure represents the chirping rate of the snowy tree cricket? ANSWER: A B C D E
Correct
11/3/13
Homework 1
Using a Cricket as a Thermometer All chemical reactions, whether organic or inorganic, proceed at a rate that depends on temperature-the higher the temperature, the higher the rate of reaction. This can be understood in terms of molecules moving with increased energy as the temperature is increased, and colliding with other molecules more frequently. In the case of organic reactions, the result is that metabolic processes speed up with increasing temperature. An increased or decreased metabolic rate can manifest itself in a number of ways. For example, a cricket trying to attract a mate chirps at a rate that depends on its overall rate of metabolism. As a result, the chirping rate of crickets depends directly on temperature. In fact, some people even use a pet cricket as a thermometer. The cricket that is most accurate as a thermometer is the snowy tree cricket (Oecanthus fultoni Walker). Its rate of chirping is described by the following formula:
N = = number of chirps per 13.0 seconds T 40.0
In this expression,
Part A
If the temperature is 43 degrees Fahrenheit, how long does it take for the cricket to chirp 12 times? ANSWER: 12s 24s 52s 43s
Correct
In this expression,
Part A
Your pet cricket chirps 112 times in one minute (60.0 s). What is the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit? ANSWER: 41.9 47.0 64.3 80.0
Correct
11/3/13
Homework 1
reaction. This can be understood in terms of molecules moving with increased energy as the temperature is increased, and colliding with other molecules more frequently. In the case of organic reactions, the result is that metabolic processes speed up with increasing temperature. An increased or decreased metabolic rate can manifest itself in a number of ways. For example, a cricket trying to attract a mate chirps at a rate that depends on its overall rate of metabolism. As a result, the chirping rate of crickets depends directly on temperature. In fact, some people even use a pet cricket as a thermometer. The cricket that is most accurate as a thermometer is the snowy tree cricket (Oecanthus fultoni Walker). Its rate of chirping is described by the following formula:
N = = number of chirps per 13.0 seconds T 40.0
In this expression,
Part A
Suppose a snowy cricket is chirping when the temperature is 45.8 degrees Fahrenheit. How many oscillations does the radiation from a cesium-133 atom complete between successive chirps? ANSWER: 2.80108 2.91109 2.061010 3.091010
Correct
Part A
Consulting the graph shown in the figure, find the object's average velocity over the time interval from 0 to 1 second. Answer to the nearest integer.
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Homework 1
ANSWER:
vave [0, 1]
= 0
m/s
Correct
Part B
Find the average velocity over the time interval from 1 to 3 seconds. Express your answer in meters per second to the nearest integer.
= 40
ANSWER:
vave [1, 3]
= 20
m/s
Correct
A note about instantaneous velocity. The instantaneous velocity at a certain moment in time is represented by the slope of the graph at that moment. For straight-line graphs, the (instantaneous) velocity remains constant over the interval, so the instantaneous velocity at any time during an interval is the same as the average velocity over that interval. For instance, in this case, the instantaneous velocity at any time from 1 to 3 seconds is the same as the average velocity of 20 m/s.
Part C
Now find vave [0, 3]. Give your answer to three significant figures.
= 13.3
m/s
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Homework 1
Correct
Note that
v ave [0, 3]
is not equal to the simple arithmetic average of vave [0, 1] and vave [1, 3], i.e.,
Part D
Find the average velocity over the time interval from 3 to 6 seconds. Express your answer to three significant figures.
= -40
= 3.0
ANSWER:
vave [3.0, 6.0]
= -13.3
m/s
Correct
Part E
Finally, find the average velocity over the whole time interval shown in the graph. Express your answer to three significant figures.
= 0
ANSWER:
vave [0.0, 6.0]
= 0
m/s
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Homework 1
Correct
Note that though the average velocity is zero for this time interval, the instantaneous velocity (i.e., the slope of the graph) has several different values (positive, negative, zero) during this time interval. Note as well that since average velocity over a time interval is defined as the change in position (displacement) in the given interval divided by the time, the object can travel a great distance (here 80 meters) and still have zero average velocity, since it ended up exactly where it started. Therefore, zero average velocity does not necessarily mean that the object was standing still the entire time!
Part A
How long does it take Anya to cover the distance of 5.00miles ? Express your answer numerically, in minutes.
= 37.5 minutes
Correct
Hint 2. Compute the time that Anya runs
Now find the time tAnya,run that Anya spends running. Express your answer numerically, in minutes. ANSWER:
tAnya,run
= 21.4 minutes
Correct
Hint 3. What equation to use
Now just add the two times and obtain Anya's total time tAnya .
ANSWER:
tAnya
= 58.9 minutes
Correct
Part B
Find Anya's average speed. Express Anya's average speed
s ave,Anya
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Homework 1
Hint 1. Calculate Anya's average speed using the total distance and time
You were given the total distance and have calculated the total time. Recall that average speed is equal to total distance traveled divided by the time it took to travel that distance. ANSWER:
s ave,Anya
= 5.09 mph
Correct
Part C
How long does it take Ilya to cover the distance? Express the time
tIlya
= 5.50
tIlya
ANSWER:
tIlya
= 54.5 minutes
Correct
Part D
Now find Ilya's average speed. Express Ilya's average speed
s ave,Ilya
Hint 1. Calculate Ilya's average speed using the total distance and total time
You were given the total distance and have calculated the total time. Recall that average speed is equal to total distance traveled divided by the amount of time it took to travel that distance. ANSWER:
s ave,Ilya
= 5.50
Correct
From this result, you can see that when a journey consists of equal amounts of time walking and running, the average speed will be equal to the simple average of the walking and running speeds. This is not the case when the journey is broken into walking and running segments in some other manner.
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Homework 1
To describe the motion of a particle along a straight line, it is often convenient to draw a graph representing the position of the particle at different times. This type of graph is usually referred to as an x vs. t graph. To draw such a graph, choose an axis system in which time t is plotted on the horizontal axis and position x on the vertical axis. Then, indicate the values of x at various times t. Mathematically, this corresponds to plotting the variable x as a function of t. An example of a graph of position as a function of time for a particle traveling along a straight line is shown below. Note that an x vs. t graph like this does not represent the path of the particle in space. Now let's study the graph shown in the figure in more detail. Refer to this graph to answer Parts A, B, and C.
Part A
What is the total distance x traveled by the particle? Express your answer in meters.
. In symbols,
x = x x0
ANSWER:
x
= 30
Correct
Part B
What is the average velocity
v av
t = 50.0 s
is defined as
In an x vs. t graph, then, the average velocity equals the slope of the line connecting the initial and final positions.
(xB , y
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xB xA
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m=
xB xA y B y A
ANSWER:
vav
= 0.600
m/s
Correct
The average velocity of a particle between two positions is equal to the slope of the line connecting the two corresponding points in an x vs. t graph.
Part C
What is the instantaneous velocity
v
of the particle at
t = 10.0 s
= 0.600
m/s
Answer Requested
The instantaneous velocity of a particle at any point on its x vs. t graph is the slope of the line tangent to the curve at that point. Since in the case at hand the curve is a straight line, the tangent line is the curve itself. Physically, this means that the instantaneous velocity of the particle is constant over the entire time interval of motion. This is true for any motion where distance increases linearly with time.
Another common graphical representation of motion along a straight line is the v vs. t graph, that is, the graph of (instantaneous) velocity as a function of time. In this graph, time t is plotted on the horizontal axis and velocity v on the vertical axis. Note that by definition, velocity and acceleration are vector quantities. In straight-line motion, however, these vectors have only one nonzero component in the direction of motion. Thus, in this problem, we will call v the velocity and a the acceleration, even though they are really the components of the velocity and acceleration vectors in the direction of motion.
Part D
Which of the graphs shown is the correct v vs. t plot for the motion described in the previous parts?
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Whenever a particle moves with constant nonzero velocity, its x vs. t graph is a straight line with a nonzero slope, and its v vs. t curve is a horizontal line.
Part E
Shown in the figure is the v vs. t curve selected in the previous part. What is the area A of the shaded region under the curve? Express your answer in meters.
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Homework 1
the area of a rectangle is the product of its sides, in this case the area of the shaded region is the product of a certain quantity expressed in seconds and another quantity expressed in meters per second. The area itself, then, will be in meters. ANSWER:
A
= 30
Correct
Compare this result with what you found in Part A. As you can see, the area of the region under the v vs. t curve equals the total distance traveled by the particle. This is true for any velocity curve and any time interval: The area of the region that extends over a time interval t under the v vs. t curve is always equal to the distance traveled in t.
Part A
At which of the times do the two cars pass each other?
Correct
Part B
Are the two cars traveling in the same direction when they pass each other? ANSWER:
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yes no
Correct
Part C
At which of the lettered times, if any, does car #1 momentarily stop?
Correct
Part D
At which of the lettered times, if any, does car #2 momentarily stop?
Correct
Part E
At which of the lettered times are the cars moving with nearly identical velocity?
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Correct
Part A
During which trial or trials is the object's velocity not constant? Check all that apply.
ANSWER:
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Correct
The graph of the motion during Trial B has a changing slope and therefore is not constant. The other trials all have graphs with constant slope and thus correspond to motion with constant velocity.
Part B
During which trial or trials is the magnitude of the average velocity the largest? Check all that apply.
Then note that the question asks only about the magnitude of the velocity. ANSWER: Trial A Trial B Trial C Trial D
Part A
Which graph best represents the function x(t), describing the object's position vs. time?
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ANSWER: 1 2 3 4
Correct
Part B
Which of the following graphs best represents the function v(t), describing the object's velocity as a function of time?
ANSWER: positive and increasing positive and decreasing negative and increasing negative and decreasing
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and t
= 7 s
ANSWER: 1 2 3 4
Correct
In principle, you could also compute and plot the average velocity. The expression for the average velocity is
vavg [t1 , t2 ] =
x(t2 )x(t1 ) t2 t1
.
t1
The notation vavg [t1 , t2 ] emphasizes that this is not an instantaneous velocity, but rather an average over an interval from
to t2 . After you
compute this, you must put a single point on the graph of velocity vs. time. The most accurate place to plot the average velocity is at the middle of the time interval over which the average was computed.
Part C
Which of the following graphs best represents the function a(t), describing the acceleration of this object?
versus time t curve is given by the equation \large{{\rm slope} = \frac {v_2 - v_1}{t_2 - t_1}}.
ANSWER:
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ANSWER: 1 2 3 4
Correct
In one dimension, a linear increase or decrease in the velocity of an object over a given time interval implies constant acceleration over that particular time interval. You can find the magnitude of the acceleration using the formula for average acceleration over a time interval: \large{a_{\rm avg}[t_1,t_2] = \frac{v(t_2)-v(t_1)}{t_2-t_1}}. When the acceleration is constant over an extended interval, you can choose any value of \texttip{t_{\rm 1}}{t_1} and \texttip{t_{\rm 2}}{t_2} within the interval to compute the average.
Part A
What is the initial velocity of the particle, \texttip{v_{\rm 0}}{v_0}? Express your answer in meters per second.
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Correct
Part B
What is the total distance \texttip{\Delta x}{Deltax} traveled by the particle? Express your answer in meters.
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Answer Requested
Part C
What is the average acceleration \texttip{a_{\rm av}}{a_av} of the particle over the first 20.0 seconds? Express your answer in meters per second per second.
Answer Requested
The average acceleration of a particle between two instants of time is the slope of the line connecting the two corresponding points in a v vs. t graph.
Part D
What is the instantaneous acceleration \texttip{a}{a} of the particle at t=45.0\;\rm s?
ANSWER: 1 \rm m/s^2 0.20 \rm m/s^2 \texttip{a}{a} = -0.20 \rm m/s^2 0.022 \rm m/s^2 -0.022 \rm m/s^2
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Correct
The instantaneous acceleration of a particle at any point on a v vs. t graph is the slope of the line tangent to the curve at that point. Since in the last 10 seconds of motion, between t=40.0\;\rm s and t=50.0\;\rm s, the curve is a straight line, the tangent line is the curve itself. Physically, this means that the instantaneous acceleration of the particle is constant over that time interval. This is true for any motion where velocity increases linearly with time. In the case at hand, can you think of another time interval in which the acceleration of the particle is constant?
Now that you have reviewed how to plot variables as a function of time, you can use the same technique and draw an acceleration vs. time graph, that is, the graph of (instantaneous) acceleration as a function of time. As usual in these types of graphs, time \texttip{t}{t} is plotted on the horizontal axis, while the vertical axis is used to indicate acceleration \texttip{a}{a}.
Part E
Which of the graphs shown below is the correct acceleration vs. time plot for the motion described in the previous parts?
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Homework 1
Correct
In conclusion, graphs of velocity as a function of time are a useful representation of straight-line motion. If read correctly, they can provide you with all the information you need to study the motion.
Part A
An elevator is moving downward when someone presses the emergency stop button. The elevator comes to rest a short time later. Give the signs for the velocity and the acceleration of the elevator after the button has been pressed but before the elevator has stopped. Enter the correct sign for the elevator's velocity and the correct sign for the elevator's acceleration, separated by a comma. For example, if you think that the velocity is positive and the acceleration is negative, then you would enter + , -. If you think that both are zero, then you would enter 0 , 0.
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If an object is slowing down, the change in velocity points in the opposite direction to that of the velocity:
Once you know the direction of the acceleration, you can determine its sign by comparing it to the defined positive direction, in this case, upward. ANSWER: -,+
Correct
Part B
A child throws a baseball directly upward. What are the signs of the velocity and acceleration of the ball immediately after the ball leaves the child's hand? Enter the correct sign for the baseball's velocity and the correct sign for the baseball's acceleration, separated by a comma. For example, if you think that the velocity is positive and the acceleration is negative, then you would enter + , -. If you think that both are zero, then you would enter 0 , 0.
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Homework 1
If an object is slowing down, the change in velocity points in the opposite direction to that of the velocity:
Once you know the direction of the acceleration, you can determine its sign by comparing it to the defined positive direction, in this case, upward. ANSWER: +,-
Correct
Part C
A child throws a baseball directly upward. What are the signs of the velocity and acceleration of the ball at the very top of the ball's motion (i.e., the point of maximum height)? Enter the correct sign for the baseball's velocity and the correct sign for the baseball's acceleration, separated by a comma. For example, if you think that the velocity is positive and the acceleration is negative, then you would enter + , -. If you think that both are zero, then you would enter 0 , 0.
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If an object is slowing down, the change in velocity points in the opposite direction as the velocity:
Once you know the direction of the acceleration, you can determine its sign by comparing it to the defined positive direction, in this case, upward. ANSWER: 0,-
Correct
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Part A
The quantity represented by \texttip{x}{x} is a function that changes over time (i.e., is not constant). ANSWER: true false
Correct
Part B
The quantity represented by \texttip{x_{\rm i}}{x_i} is a function of time (i.e., is not constant). ANSWER: true false
Correct
Recall that \texttip{x_{\rm i}}{x_i} represents an initial value, not a variable. It refers to the position of an object at some initial moment.
Part C
The quantity represented by \texttip{v_{\rm i}}{v_i} is a function of time (i.e., is not constant). ANSWER: true false
Correct
Part D
The quantity represented by \texttip{v\left(t\right)}{v(t)} is a function of time (i.e., is not constant). ANSWER: true false
Correct
The velocity \texttip{v\left(t\right)}{v(t)} always varies with time when the linear acceleration is nonzero.
Part E
A particle moves with constant acceleration \texttip{a}{a}. The expression v_{\rm i}+at represents the particle's velocity at what instant in time? ANSWER:
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at time t=0 at the "initial" time when a time \texttip{t}{t} has passed since the beginning of the particle's motion, when its velocity was \texttip{v_{\rm i}}{v_i}
Correct
More generally, the equations of motion can be written as \large{x(t) = x_{\rm i} +v_{\rm i}\;\Delta t + \frac{1}{2}a \;(\Delta t)^2} and v(t) = v_{\rm i} + a \;\Delta t. Here \texttip{\Delta t}{Deltat} is the time that has elapsed since the beginning of the particle's motion, that is, \Delta t = t - t_{\rm i}, where \texttip{t}{t} is the current time and \texttip{t_{\rm i}}{t_i} is the time at which we start measuring the particle's motion. The terms \texttip{x_{\rm i}}{x_i} and \texttip{v_{\rm i}} {v_i} are, respectively, the position and velocity at t=t_{\rm i}. As you can now see, the equations given at the beginning of this problem correspond to the case t_{\rm i} = 0, which is a convenient choice if there is only one particle of interest.
Part A
A driver ignores the stop sign and continues driving east at constant speed.
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A B C D E F
Correct
Part B
A driver ignores the stop sign and continues driving west at constant speed.
Correct
Part C
A driver, traveling west, slows and stops at the stop sign.
Hint 3. Acceleration
Since velocity is represented by the slope on a position versus time graph, a car that accelerates must be represented as a curve with changing slope. If a car slows, then the slope of the graph must approach zero. If a car's speed increases, the slope must become more positive or more negative (depending upon which direction it is moving).
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ANSWER: A B C D E F
Correct
Part D
A driver, after stopping at the stop sign, accelerates to the east.
Hint 3. Acceleration
Since velocity is represented by the slope on a position versus time graph, a car that accelerates must be represented as a curve with changing slope. If a car slows, then the slope of the graph must approach zero. If a car's speed increases, the slope must become more positive or more negative (depending upon which direction it is moving). ANSWER: A B C D E F
Correct
Problem 2.1
Referring to the figure, you walk from your home to the library, then to the park.
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Part A
What is the distance traveled? ANSWER: d = 1.95 {\rm mi}
Correct
Part B
What is your displacement? ANSWER: \Delta x = 0.750 {\rm mi}
Correct
Problem 2.3
The golfer in the figure sinks the ball in two putts, as shown.
Part A
What is the distance traveled by the ball? Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER:
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d = 15 {\rm m}
Correct
Part B
What is the displacement of the ball? Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: \Delta x = 10 {\rm m}
Correct
Problem 2.5
A jogger runs on the track shown in the figure.
Part A
Neglecting the curvature of the corners, what is the distance traveled and the displacement in running from point A to point B? Enter your answers numerically separated by a comma. ANSWER: d, \Delta x = 130,100 {\rm m}
Correct
Part B
Find the distance and displacement for a complete circuit of the track. Enter your answers numerically separated by a comma. ANSWER: d, \Delta x = 260,0 {\rm m}
Correct
CE Predict/Explain 2.7
You drive your car in a straight line at 15 {\rm m}/{\rm s} for 10 kilometers, then at 25 {\rm m}/{\rm s} for another 10 kilometers.
Part A
Is your average speed for the entire trip more than, less than, or equal to 20 {\rm m}/{\rm s}? ANSWER:
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more than 20 {\rm m}/{\rm s} less than 20 {\rm m}/{\rm s} equal to 20 {\rm m}/{\rm s}
Correct
Part B
Choose the best explanation from among the following: ANSWER: More time is spent at 15 {\rm m}/{\rm s} than at 25 {\rm m}/{\rm s}. The average of 15 {\rm m}/{\rm s} and 25 {\rm m}/{\rm s} is 20 {\rm m}/{\rm s}. Less time is spent at 15 {\rm m}/{\rm s} than at 25 {\rm m}/{\rm s}.
Correct
Problem 2.9
Joseph DeLoach of the United States set an Olympic record in 1988 for the 200-meter dash with a time of 19.75 seconds.
Part A
What was his average speed? Give your answer in meters per second and miles per hour. Express your answer using four significant figures. ANSWER: v_{\rm av} = 10.13 {\rm m/s}
Correct
Part B
Express your answer using four significant figures. ANSWER: v_{\rm av} = 22.66 {\rm mi/h}
Correct
Problem 2.11
Kangaroos have been clocked at speeds of 65 {\rm km}/{\rm h}.
Part A
How far can a kangaroo hop in 3.6 minutes at this speed? Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: d = 3.9 {\rm km}
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Correct
Part B
How long will it take a kangaroo to hop 0.20{\rm km} at this speed? Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: t = 11 {\rm s}
Correct
Problem 2.13
Radio waves travel at the speed of light, approximately 186,000 miles per second.
Part A
How long does it take for a radio message to travel from Earth to the Moon and back? (See the inside back cover of the textbook for the necessary data.) ANSWER: t = 2.57 {\rm s}
Correct
Problem 2.17
A finch rides on the back of a Galapagos tortoise, which walks at the stately pace of 0.060 {\rm m}/{\rm s}. After 1.2 minutes the finch tires of the tortoise's slow pace, and takes flight in the same direction for another 1.2 minutes at 12 {\rm m}/{\rm s}.
Part A
What was the average speed of the finch for this 2.4-minute interval? Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: v_{\rm ave} = 6.0 {\rm m/s}
Correct
Problem 2.19
A dog runs back and forth between its two owners, who are walking toward one another. The dog starts running when the owners are 10.0 {\rm m} apart.
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Part A
If the dog runs with a speed of 3.0 {\rm m}/{\rm s}, and the owners each walk with a speed of 1.3 {\rm m}/{\rm s}, how far has the dog traveled when the owners meet? Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: d = 11 {\rm m}
Correct
Problem 2.21
In heavy rush-hour traffic you drive in a straight line at 12 {\rm m/s} for 1.5 minutes, then you have to stop for 3.5 minutes, and finally you drive at 15 {\rm m/s} for another 2.5 minutes.
Part A
Plot a position-versus-time graph for this motion. Your plot should extend from t = 0 to t = 7.5 minutes. Assume x=0 and t=0 at the start of your motion. ANSWER:
Answer Requested
Part B
Use your plot from part A to calculate the average velocity between t = 0 to t = 7.5 minutes. Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: v_{\rm av} = 7.4 {\rm m/s}
Correct
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Problem 2.25
The position of a particle as a function of time is given by x = (6\;{\rm{m}}/{\rm{s}})t + ( - 2\;{\rm{m}}/{\rm{s}}^2 )t^2.
Part A
Plot \texttip{x}{x} versus \texttip{t}{t} for t = 0 to t = 2\;{\rm{s}}. ANSWER:
Answer Requested
Part B
Find the average velocity of the particle from t = 0 to t = 1\;{\rm{s}}. Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: v_{\rm av} = 4.0 {\rm m/s}
Correct
Part C
Find the average speed from t = 0 to t = 1\;{\rm{s}}. Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: s_{\rm av} = 4.0 {\rm m/s}
Correct
Problem 2.27
On your wedding day you leave for the church 28.0 minutes before the ceremony is to begin, which should be plenty of time since the church is only 11.5
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miles away. On the way, however, you have to make an unanticipated stop for construction work on the road. As a result, your average speed for the first 13.0 minutes is only 5.0 {\rm mi}/{\rm h}.
Part A
What average speed do you need for the rest of the trip to get you to the church on time? ANSWER: s = 41.7 {\rm mi/h}
Answer Requested
Problem 2.29
The position of a particle as a function of time is given by x = (2.0\;{\rm m/s})t + ( - 3.0\;{\rm m/s}^3 )t^3.
Part A
Plot \texttip{x}{x} versus \texttip{t}{t} for time from t = 0 to t = 1.0\;{\rm{s}}. ANSWER:
Answer Requested
Part B
Find the average velocity of the particle from \texttip{t}{t_1} = 0.35{\rm s} to \texttip{t}{t_2} = 0.45{\rm s} . Express your answer using two decimal places. ANSWER: v_{\rm av} = 0.55 {\rm m/s}
Correct
Part C
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Find the average velocity of the particle from \texttip{t}{t_3} = 0.39{\rm s} to \texttip{t}{t_4} = 0.41{\rm s} . Express your answer using two decimal places. ANSWER: v_{\rm av} = 0.56 {\rm m/s}
Correct
Part D
Do you expect the instantaneous velocity at \texttip{t}{t_0} = 0.40{\rm s} to be closer to 0.54{\rm m/s} , 0.56{\rm m/s} , or 0.58{\rm m/s} ? ANSWER: 0.54{\rm m/s} 0.56{\rm m/s} 0.58{\rm m/s}
Correct
Part E
Explain. ANSWER: 3702 Character(s) remaining I would expect the velocity to be about 0.56 m/s because 0.4s is between t = 0.39s and t = 0.41s.
CE Predict/Explain 2.31
Two bows shoot identical arrows with the same launch speed. To accomplish this, the string in bow 1 must be pulled back farther when shooting its arrow than the string in bow 2.
Part A
Is the acceleration of the arrow shot by bow 1 greater than, less than, or equal to the acceleration of the arrow shot by bow 2? ANSWER: greater than the acceleration of the arrow shot by bow 2 less than the acceleration of the arrow shot by bow 2 equal to the acceleration of the arrow shot by bow 2
Correct
Part B
Choose the best explanation from among the following: ANSWER:
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The arrow in bow 1 accelerates for a greater time. Both arrows start from rest. The arrow in bow 2 accelerates for a greater time.
Correct
Problem 2.33
At the starting gun, a runner accelerates at 2.0{\rm m/s^2} for 4.8{\rm s} . The runner's acceleration is zero for the rest of the race.
Part A
What is the speed of the runner at t = 2.0\;{\rm{s}}? Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: v = 4.0 {\rm m/s}
Correct
Part B
What is the speed of the runner at the end of the race? Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: v = 9.6 {\rm m/s}
Correct
Problem 2.35
A car is traveling due north at 19.1{\rm m/s} .
Part A
Find the velocity of the car after 5.28{\rm s} if its acceleration is 1.26{\rm m/s^2} due north. ANSWER: v = 25.8 {\rm m/s} north
Correct
Part B
Find the velocity of the car after 5.28{\rm s} if its acceleration is 1.06{\rm m/s^2} due south. ANSWER: v = 13.5 {\rm m/s} north
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Answer Requested
Problem 2.37
A person on horseback moves according to the velocity-versus-time graph shown in the figure.
Part A
Find the displacement of the person for segment A of the motion. ANSWER: \Delta x_A = 10 {\rm m}
Correct
Part B
Find the displacement of the person for segment B of the motion. ANSWER: \Delta x_B = 20 {\rm m}
Correct
Part C
Find the displacement of the person for segment C of the motion. ANSWER: \Delta x_C = 40 {\rm m}
Correct
Problem 2.41
As a train accelerates away from a station, it reaches a speed of 4.8{\rm m/s} in 4.9{\rm s} .
Part A
If the train's acceleration remains constant, what is its speed after an additional 7.0{\rm s} has elapsed?
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Homework 1
Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: v = 12 {\rm m/s}
Answer Requested
Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 81.3%. You received 86.15 out of a possible total of 106 points.
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