FM/DIGITAL, AM/FDM AND AM/TDM

Technique and Systems

Presented by KAYENAT SHAHID COMMUNICATION & SIGNAL PROCESSING ID No: 210713033

 Overview

Communication systems Analog Modulation

Digital Modulation

AM

Need of multiplexing

FSK

TDM with PAM FDM with AM

Time division multiplexing Frequency division multiplexing

 Communication systems

The block diagram below shows the blocks common to all communication systems

 Components of a communications system:

INPUT TRANSDUCER

Transmitter
Transmission Channel Receiver Output Transducer

 Analog Modulation

The purpose of a communication system is to transmit information signals (baseband signals) through a communication channel The term baseband is used to designate the band of frequencies representing the original signal as delivered by the input transducer For example, the voice signal from a microphone is a baseband signal, and contains frequencies in the range of 0-3000 Hz The hello wave is a baseband signal:

Analog Modulation Contd

Since

this baseband signal must be transmitted through a communication channel such as air using electromagnetic waves, an appropriate procedure is needed to shift the range of baseband frequencies to other frequency ranges suitable for transmission, and a corresponding shift back to the original frequency range after reception. This is called the process of modulation and demodulation Remember the radio spectrum:

AM radio

FM radio/TV

For example, an AM radio system transmits electromagnetic waves

with frequencies of around a few hundred kHz (MF band) The FM radio system must operate with frequencies in the range of 88-108 MHz (VHF band)

 To Summarize
Modulation is the process of impressing a low-frequency information signal (baseband signal )onto a higher frequency carrier signal Modulation is done to bring information signals up to the Radio Frequency (or higher) signal

 Basic analog communications system

Baseband signal (electrical signal)

Transmitter

EM waves (modulated signal)

Input transducer

Modulator

Transmission Channel
EM waves (modulated signal)
Baseband signal (electrical signal)

Carrier Receiver Demodulator

Output transducer

 Types of Analog Modulation

Amplitude Modulation (AM) Amplitude modulation is the process of varying the amplitude constant Frequency Modulation (FM) Frequency modulation is the process of varying the frequency constant Phase Modulation (PM) Another form of analog modulation technique which we will not discuss

of a carrier wave in proportion to the amplitude of a baseband signal. The frequency of the carrier remains

of a carrier wave in proportion to the amplitude of a baseband signal. The amplitude of the carrier remains

 Digital Modulation

The previous section presented analog communication systems that transmit information in analog form using Amplitude or Frequency modulation Digital communication systems also employ modulation techniques, some of which include: Amplitude Shift Keying Frequency Shift Keying Phase Shift Keying

Basic digital communications system

Transmitter
Digital signal Analog signal

EM waves (modulated signal)

Input transducer

Modulator

Transmission Channel

Receiver
analog signal Digital signal

Carrier
EM waves (modulated signal)

Output transducer

Error detection/ correction

Demodulator

Digital Modulation

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) The most basic (binary) form of FSK involves the process of varying the frequency of a carrier wave by choosing one of two frequencies (binary FSK) in correspondence to a sequence of digital pulses that constitute the information signal. Two binary digits are represented by two frequencies around the carrier frequency. Amplitude remains fixed.

Frequency Shift Keying

1
Digital information Carrier 1 (frequency #1) Carrier 2 (frequency #2) FSK modulated signal

Frequency varying-amplitude constant

 Need of Multiplexing
Bandwidth utilization is the wise use of available bandwidth

to achieve specific goals.

Efficiency can be achieved by multiplexing; i.e., sharing of

the bandwidth between multiple users

Multiplexing
Whenever the bandwidth of a medium linking two devices is greater than the bandwidth needs of the devices, the link can be shared. Multiplexing is the set of techniques that allows the (simultaneous) transmission of multiple signals across a single data link. As data and telecommunications use increases, so does traffic. Topics discussed in this section Frequency-Division Multiplexing Time-Division Multiplexing

Frequency division multiplexing

FDM is an analog multiplexing technique that combines

analog signals

FDM process

Time Division Multiplexing

Time-division multiplexing involves separating the

transmitters in time so that they can share the same frequency TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) multiplexes several transmitters or receivers on the same frequency. TDMA is used in the GSM digital cellular system and also in the US NADC-TDMA system

Time Division Multiplexing with PAM

Pulse Amplitude Modulation(PAM)

A system transmitting sample values of the analogue signal is called a pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) system

TDM with PAM Contd

One

of the basic problems in communication engineering is the design of a pulse communication system which allows signals from many users to be transmitted simultaneously over a single communication channel It permits the simultaneous transmission of several signals on a time-shared basis

 Figure below shows the transmitter, the receiver, and the waveform of a 5-user TDM PAM system with fs = 8000 samples/s.

FDM with AM

Frequency division multiplexing

Frequency Division Multiple-Access (FDMA) splits the

available frequency band into smaller fixed frequency channels. Each transmitter or receiver uses a separate frequency The FDMA is the simplest scheme used to provide multiple access. It separates different users by assigning a different carrier frequency. Multiple users are isolated using band pass filters. In FDMA, signals from various users are assigned different frequencies, just as in an analog system. Frequency guard bands are provided between adjacent signal spectra to minimize crosstalk between adjacent channels. The advantages and disadvantages of FDMA with respect to TDMA or CDMA are: