INTRO LOGIC

DAY 09

UNIT 2
DERIVATIONS IN
SENTENTIAL LOGIC
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Basic Idea
We start with a few argument forms, which we presume are valid, and we use these to demonstrate that other argument forms are valid. We demonstrate that a given argument form is valid by deriving (deducing) its conclusion from its premises using a few fundamental modes of reasoning.
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Example 1 Modus Ponens (MP)

if then
P PQ QR RS S
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a derivative argument form

we can employ modus ponens (MP) to derive the conclusion from the premises.

Example 1 (continued)
P
MP

; PQ

; QR

; RS

/S

Q
MP

R
MP

Example 2 Modus Tollens (MT)

if then not not
S RS QR PQ P
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a derivative argument form

we can employ modus tollens (MT) to derive the conclusion from the premises.

Example 2 (continued)
S
MT

; RS

; QR

; PQ

/ P

R
MT

Q
MT

Example 3 using both MP and MT

derivative argument form

S RS R T PT P Q Q
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we can employ a combination of MP and MT to derive the conclusion from the premises.

Example 3 (continued)
S ; RS ; R T ; P T ; P Q /Q
MT

R
MP

T
MT

P
MP

Q
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Derivations How to Start

argument : P ; PQ ; QR ; RS / S
1. 2. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) write down: premises write down: : conclusion P PQ QR RS : S Pr(emise) Pr Pr Pr
(the goal)
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Derivations How to Continue

3. apply rules, as appropriate, to available lines until goal is reached (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) P PQ QR RS : S Q R S Pr Pr Pr Pr
(goal)

1,2, MP 3,6, MP 4,7, MP

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follows from lines 1 and 2 by modus ponens

Derivations How to Finish

4. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Box and Cancel P PQ QR RS : S Q R S
DD = Direct Derivation

Pr Pr Pr Pr
DD

1,2, MP 3,6, MP 4,7, MP

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Example 2
S ; RS ; QR ; PQ ; / P

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

S RS QR PQ : P R Q P

Pr Pr Pr Pr DD 1,2, MT 3,6, MT 4,7, MT

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Example 3
S ; RS ; RT ; PT ; PQ / Q
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) S RS R T PT P Q : Q R T P Q Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr DD 1,2, 3,7, 4,8, 5,9,

MT MP MT MP

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Initial Inference Rules

Modus Ponens Modus Tollens

Modus Tollendo Ponens (1)

Modus Tollendo Ponens (2)

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Example 4
S ; RS ; RT ; PT ; PQ / Q
1. write all premises

(1) S
(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) RS R T P T P Q : Q R T P Q

Pr
Pr Pr Pr Pr DD 1,2, 3,7, 4,8, 5,9,

2. write show conclusion

3. apply rules to available lines 4. box and cancel (high-five!)

MT MTP1 MTP2 MP

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Review of Initial Set of Rules

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Examples of Modus Ponens

(P&Q) (RS) P&Q RS P Q P Q

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Examples of Modus Tollens

P Q Q P (P&Q) (RS) (RS) (P&Q) valid argument P Q Q P

BUT
NOT an instance of MT
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Form versus Content / Value

are the dime and ten pennies the same? NO

are they the same in value?

YES

these particular ten pennies are 1943 copper actually, in a very important sense, are worth (to collectors) they pennies, are not and the same in value!

$2,000,000

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Examples of MTP(1)
(P&Q) (RS) (P&Q) RS P Q P Q

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Examples of MTP(2)
(P&Q) (RS) (RS) P&Q P Q Q P

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