8'. 
 
3ULPTHQR

POLITICAL REVIEW
(XVIII) V, vol





  

 

 805902-,7  

3ULKYD`HQR

  34;02-,7  


 


0RPaLOR6XERWL`

9L^L QDXaQL VDUDGQLN ,QVWLWXW ]D SROLWLaNH VWXGLMH %HRJUDG

,17(/(.78$/&,,6536.23,7$:(
*2',1(
6DHWDN

 
 
       

 

             
 

  
 
       

  
      

  
  

      
   
 

  



   
 

 !

      
  
 
 
     
  
   
     
     

   




 




   
 
 
  "    
   

  #    

    
          

  
      

 
         
  
 

      
   
  


 
 
 

  

$ 
 % "      
  
 
 

 

   
 

    
       
  
       
          
      
    
         
    
          
  

0RPaLOR 6XERWL` ,17(/(.78$/&, , 6536.2 3,7$:(  *

      
       
         


     !    
  !  
"
#     

 $      
 
     
   
      
   

      %   
        "
&          
 XX 
               $ 
    '     (


!$ )  
         
 *+ ,$-* $  ./01"   
          
     $
   
    *!
    $ 
*" '             

 ) !    *2   
  
 $
    $         $  
! $   *"
'         
   
    
         
               

   *%     
*  !      
       $ 3   
  " 4        
 
     %     " '    
  $             
     ,$       
 
"

      0RUDOQL SDG GHOD VUSVNH LQWHOLJHQFLMH

RG  GR GDQDV   !   " # # $% 

&''( #  )*
 # #  ('

      0RUDOQL SDG GHOD VUSVNH LQWHOLJHQFLMH
RG  GR GDQDV   !   " # # $% 
&''( #  (+
  

32/,7,A.$ 5(9,-$ EU  JRG (XVIII) V vol=11

VWU 

5                

    $       

  
           %
     !     "

$NDGHPLN'REULFD@RVL`
6USVNRSLWDZHMHLVNTXaLYRGHPRNUDWVNRSLWDZH
6 $     3       
  ! 7    !      $
   !  , $  3         8  
           " )  
    3     ! 9
 ,$ :
  ,  
  7       9   9
 
             $" 7 
      &  ./;<    *9
  $
      9
      
    %          )$ ,$
*"
 3       9  
    
   
   $         $ 
 
         ! 7  * 
          *" ,    
!  
    
       
          $      

  *3               
             
 

*" :  , 
        
               
       !       !  "
*
              
  !     $  !  ! "

         
     

         *"
#   , 
    :      

    7         
             

 ,- ! .# 6USVNR SLWDZH  GHPRNUDWVNR SLWDZH $%  /**&

#  &/0
 ,- ! .# -XJRVODYLMD GUDYD L]QHYHUHQLK RaHNLYDZD  6USVNR
SLWDZH  GHPRNUDWVNR SLWDZH #  /1+
 ,- ! .# -XJRVODYLMD GUDYD L]QHYHUHQLK RaHNLYDZD  6USVNR
SLWDZH  GHPRNUDWVNR SLWDZH #  &&)
 # #  &/*
  

0RPaLOR 6XERWL` ,17(/(.78$/&, , 6536.2 3,7$:(  *

 ! $  ,$  :       : 
 !   !  
  $
     

 #=>,         " 7  
    *5            $
           
 *" 8  
      7         #    2 
  $         % ,$ 
$ 

     %      !  "

$NDGHPLNSURIGU0LKDLOR0DUNRYL`
1DaHORQDFLRQDOQHUDYQRSUDYQRVWLLVDPRRSUHGHTHZD
8$   !           2 
 2   ./1?"    *,   3  
  " 5
            
    3     $   " 3    
   
 $        ,$" )
     9
 3    $  
                 $
         " 3    

 3       
     " @ 
               
      
" ,$  $  $    $  
!   
 *"
#         $    

 2      
   " '
     !        $ !  
  $       9 
    
$                
    " 8 
  9   
 ,$
A  B  >    :
   #  ,     ,
" 4  
  $        
   ,$ A  B     >    :
  
 # " 2    $   %    
 $ %  3      $       
         $ $ $   
        
        
    "

 ,- ! .# 7H]H ]D QRYX SROLWLNX X 6USVNR SLWDZHGHPRNUDW

VNR SLWDZH #  &20
 34 3  -XJRVORYHQVND NUL]D L VUSVNR SLWDZH

 ,]DEUDQD

GHOD NZLJD  %HRJUDG  VWU 



0LKDLOR 0DUNRYL`




 
 

   
 


 ,]DEUDQD GHOD NZLJD  %HRJUDG  VWU 

  

   ! " #$%&&' " (XVIII) V vol=11

 " ()*+&'

.DGD VX 6ORYHQFL L +UYDWL L ]YDQLaQR L]JODVDOL QH]DYLVQRVW

0LKDLOR 0DUNRYL` VH ]DODJDR ]D XWYU_LYDZH QRYH GUDYQH JUDQLFH
-XJRVODYLMH NRMD EL L^OD UD]JUDQLaHZHP VUSVNRJ L KUYDWVNRJ QDURGD
]DODJDRVH]DRVWYDUHZHVUSVNHGUDYQRVWLXW]YVPDZHQRM-XJRVODYL
ML NDR IHGHUDFLML 6UELMH &UQH*RUH %L+L.UDMLQH2YDNRNRQFLSL
UDQXGUDYQX]DMHGQLFX0DUNRYL`MHWHPHTLRQDSULPHQLSUDYDQDVD
PRRSUHGHTHZH L SR^WRYDZX VYLK TXGVNLK SUDYD 9HURYDR MH GD MH WD
NYD GUDYQD ]DMHGQLFD MHGLQR PRJX`H PLUQR UH^HZH ]D 6UEH L ERVDQ
VNH PXVOLPDQH WH GD ]D ZX SRVWRMH REMHNWLYQL SROLWLaNL HNRQRPVNL
L GUXJL LQWHUHVL 7DNR_H VPDWUDR MH GD 6UEL WUHED GD VH RSUHGHOH ]D
REOLN PRGHUQRJ GUX^WYD NDNYR SRVWRML X VHYHUQRM (YURSL aLMD MH VX
^WLQD GHPRNUDWVNL VRFLMDOL]DP
8 QDUHGQLP UDWQLP JRGLQDPD L X QRYLP RNROQRVWLPD 0LKDLOR
0DUNRYL` MH X YL^H QDYUDWD LVWLFDR SRWUHEX GD VH QD VUSVNRP HWQLa
NRP SURVWRUX REUD]XMH VUSVND VDYH]QD GUDYD NRMD `H REMHGLQLWL WH
ULWRULMH VD YH`LQVNLP VUSVNLP QDURGRP MHU WR RSUHGHTHZH SRaLYD
QDRS^WHSUL]QDWRPSUDYXQDQDFLRQDOQRVDPRRGUH_HZHQDRVQRYXNR
JD VX PRGHUQL HYURSVNL QDURGL IRUPLUDOL VYRMH QDFLRQDOQH GUDYH
L NRMH VX SRMHGLQL MXQRVORYHQVNL QDURGL  LVNRULVWLOL GD
EL VH RWFHSLOL RG ]DMHGQLaNH MXJRVORYHQVNH GUDYH
0RUDPR SR^WRYDWL SUDYR VYDNRJ QDURGD QD VDPRRSUHGHTHZH L
RWFHSTHZH LVWLFDR MH 0DUNRYL` 0H_XWLP SUDYR QD RWFHSTHZH
LPDMX QDURGL D QH UHSXEOLNH aLMH VX JUDQLFH SURL]YRTQR SRYODaHQH
L]PH_X  L  JRGLQH 7R ]QDaL GD GHORYL QDURGD NRML LYH X UH
SXEOLNDPD aLMD YH`LQD VWDQRYQL^WYD HOL GD VH RWFHSL LPDMX SUDYR
GD RGOXaH GD RVWDQX 8 WRP VOXaDMX PRUDPR ELWL VSUHPQL GD EUDQLPR
VYLP UDVSRORLYLP VUHGVWYLPD SUDYR VYLK GHORYD VUSVNRJ QDURGD GD
VH RSUHGHOH GD RVWDQX XNROLNR GUXJL RGOXaH GD QDSXVWH -XJRVODYL
MX 0DUNRYL` MH YHURYDR GD `H ERVDQVNL PXVOLPDQL XYLGHWL GD MH
LSDNZLKRYSULURGQLLQWHUHVGDRVWDQXXVPDZHQRMMXJRVORYHQVNRM]D
MHGQLFL MHU LP VH JDUDQWXMH VWDWXV %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH NDR DXWRQRP
QH QH]DYLVQH GUDYH
,PDMX`L X YLGX GD VH ERVDQVNL PXVOLPDQL QLVX VDJODVLOL VD SUHG
ORJRP 6UELMH GD REUD]XMX ]DMHGQLaNX GUDYX YH` VX VH X NRDOLFLML V
+UYDWLPD RNUHQXOL SURWLY 6UED 0DUNRYL` VH ]DODJDR ]D SUDYHGQX
SRGHOX WHULWRULMH %L+ SR HWQLaNRP NULWHULMXPX L]PH_X WUL NRQVWL


0LKDLOR 0DUNRYL`

 , 
-,  .  

 ,]DEUDQD

GHOD NZLJD  %HRJUDG  VWU 




0LKDLOR 0DUNRYL`

 

/ -  0 -,   .  - 0 .

 ,]DEUDQD GHOD NZLJD  %HRJUDG  VWU 

0LKDLOR 0DUNRYL`

 , , 
!

 X 6USVNL QDFLRQDOQL SUR

JUDP %HRJUDG RNWREDU  VWU 

  

120 3
! /45  33 6 788&" 9"

WXWLYQDQDURGDLVWRWDNR]DJRYDUDRMH SOHELVFLW6UEDX.UDMLQLNR
MLP EL L]UD]LOL VYRMX SROLWLaNX YRTX L GUDYX X NRMRM HOH GD LYH
0LKDLOR 0DUNRYL` MH RVWDR GRVOHGDQ VYRMLP SROLWLaNLP VWDYR
YLPD 8


 


 RQ VH RSUHGHTXMH ]D
 MHGLQVWYR VUSVNRJ QDURGD  SUDYHGDQ PLU NDR WUDMQR VWDZH L NDR
PHWRG UH^DYDZH VYLK VXNRED  GHPRJUDIVNX L SUDYQX GUDYX  UD
FLRQDOQX RUJDQL]DFLMX SULYUHGH  GHPRJUDIVNX REQRYX VWDQRYQL
^WYD L  UDYQRSUDYQH RGQRVH V GUXJLP QDURGLPD QD YUHGQRVWLPD NR
MH NRQVWLWXL^X HYURSVNL LGHQWLWHW 0DUNRYL` XSR]RUDYD GD 6UEL
WUHED GD RGXVWDQX RG XODHZD X ELOR NDNYH YL^HQDFLRQDOQH ]DMHGQL
FH WM GD 6UEL XEXGX`H WUHED GD LYH X VRSVWYHQRM QDFLRQDOQRM GU
DYL
$NDGHPLNSURIGU-RYDQ5D^NRYL`
'YHVUSVNHGUDYH

3R]QDW MH SROLWLaNL VWDY -RYDQD 5D^NRYL`D NRML `H NDVQLMH X`L

X SROLWLaNL SURJUDP 6USVNH GHPRNUDWVNH VWUDQNH X .UDMLQL SR NR
MHP VH 6UEL X .UDMLQL L +UYDWVNRM ]DODX ]D MXJRVORYHQVNX IHGHUDFL
MX LVYRMX NXOWXUQX DXWRQRPLMX X RNYLUX+UYDWVNH8NROLNREL VHMXJR
VORYHQVND GUDYD NRQIHGHUDOL]RYDOD 6UEL X .UDMLQL XLYDOL EL
SROLWLaNX L WHULWRULMDOQX DXWRQRPLMX D X VOXaDMX KUYDWVNRJ RVDPR
VWDTLYDZD L 6UEL X .UDMLQL EL X VNODGX V QDaHORP VDPRRSUHGHTHZD
QDNRMH VX VHSR]LYDOL +UYDWLQDVWDYLOL GDLYH X SRVWRMH`RM GUDYL
]D NRMX VH RSUHGHOLOD FHOLQD VUSVNRJ QDURGD
6USVNR QDFLRQDOQR EL`H MH aHVWR ELOR SRGHTHQR X LVWRULMVNRP
VPLVOX D ELOR MH SRGHTHQR X VWYDUDZX -XJRVODYLMH  LVWLaH 5D^NR
YL` 3UYX -XJRVODYLMX VWYRULOD MH VUSVND GUDYD RGQRVQR DXWRKWRQL
VUELLOLNDNRLK]RYX6UELMDQFL'UXJX-XJRVODYLMXVWYRULOLVX6UEL
SUHNR 'ULQH WDNR GD X IRUPLUDZX -XJRVODYLMH LPD GYD VUSVWYD 6UEL
VDRYHVWUDQH'ULQHVXQDDORVWNUR]-XJRVODYLMXVWYRULOLRVQRYH]D
IRUPLUDZH QRYH KUYDWVNH GUDYH NRMD VH YHURYDWQR RWFHSTXMH L VD
NRMRP `H YHURYDWQR ED^ 6UEL NRML VX MH VWYDUDOL LPDWL QDMYL^H SUR
EOHPD
5D^NRYL` DOL ^WR 6UEL GDQDV  QHPDMX QDFLRQDOQRJ SUR
JUDPD ]D UD]OLNX RG 6ORYHQDFD L +UYDWD L ZLKRYLK SROLWLaNLK VWUD
QDNDNRMHLPDMXLVWXJODYQXPLVDRQH]DYLVQRVWVORYHQDaNHLKUYDWVNH


0LKDLOR 0DUNRYL`

/ 20  .  - 0 .0

 ,]D

EUDQD GHOD NZLJD  %HRJUDG  VWU 



-RYDQ 5D^NRYL`

:  .  ; 

 6USVNL QDFLRQDOQL SURJUDP %H

RJUDG RNWREDU  VWU  5D^NRYL` RYGH VDVYLP SRJUH^QR X GXKX
NULYRWYRUHQH LVWRULRJUDILMH RVSRUDYD DXWRKWRQRVW 6UED ]DSDGQR RG
'ULQH

  

   ! " #$%&&' " (XVIII) V vol=11

 " ()*+&'

GUDYH3R5D^NRYL`XVUSVNLQDFLRQDOQLSURJUDP WUHEDGD VH ]DVQL

YD QD SROLFHQWUL]PX RGQRVQR QD QDFLRQDOQRP SURJUDPX 6UED X %R
VQL L +HUFHJRYLQL 6UED X .UDMLQL X NRMRM VX PRJX`D aDN L GYD QDFLR
QDOQD SURJUDPD -HGDQ ]D 6UEHNRML`HLYHWLXQHNRM YUVWLDXWRQRPL
MHLOLaDNGUDYHNRMDEL]DKYDWDODLGHR%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH'UXJL
EL ELR QDFLRQDOQL SURJUDP 6UED X +UYDWVNRM NRML EL RVWDOL L]YDQ
.UDMLQH 2aLJOHGQR GD 5D^NRYL` YDULUD VUSVNH QDFLRQDOQH SURJUD
PHRGDXWRQRPLMHGRGUDYHX]DYLVQRVWLRGVXGELQHVDYH]QHGUDYH
5D^NRYL`X MH EOLVND L LGHMD W]Y UH]LGXDOQH -XJRVODYLMH GUDYH
EH]6ORYHQDFDL+UYDWDXNRMXELX^OHSUHRVWDOHUHSXEOLNHL6USVND
.UDMLQD 6ODYRQLMD L%DUDZD2QMHVYHVWDQ aLZHQLFH GD `H VH+UYDWL
WH^NRRGUH`L.QLQDL.UDMLQHMHUELLPVHGUDYDUDVSDODQDVHYHUQX
LMXQXSRORYLQXSULaHPXELMXQLGHR'DOPDFLMDLVWDNDRVYRMHLV
WRULMVNL XWHPHTHQR SUDYR QD VDPRVWDOQRVW L WDNR RG KUYDWVNH GUD
YH QH EL ELOR QL^WD $ WR 9DWLNDQ L 1HPDaND  KUYDWVNL LVWRULMVNL
SDWURQL  QH`H GR]YROLWL 6WRJD MH 5D^NRYL` GREUR SURFHQLR GD `H X
.UDMLQL L ]ERJ .UDMLQH QHPLQRYQR GR`L GR WXaH
'U5DGRYDQ.DUD[L`
1HWUDLPRQRYXGUDYX

.DUD[L`WDNR_HSRSXW5D^NRYL`DXND]XMHGDMHQHGRVWDWDNQDFL
RQDOQRJSURJUDPDLVWRULMVNLX]URNRYDRJRWRYRQHQDGRNQDGLYX^WHWX
VUSVNRP QDURGX MHU PX VH QH EL PRJOH GHVLWL WDNR VWUD^QH L]GDMH D
PHQL VH aLQL GD VX L]GDMH X VUSVNRP QDURGX QDMRELPQLMH L QDMH^`H
.DUD[L` VH SROLWLaNL RSUHGHOLR ]D SRVWRMH`X MXJRVORYHQVNX GUDYX
L YL^H SXWD LVWLFDR 6UEL VDGD LYH X MHGQRM GUDYL L QH WUDLPR
QL^WD QRYR PL VDPR QH GDPR GD QDV LVSDUaDMX QD QHNROLNR GUDYD
2QRPH NR HOL GD LGH PL PRUDPR SUL]QDWL WR SUDYR DOL QDV QH PRH
GD YRGL ELOR JGH L] QD^H GUDYH
=D .DUD[L`D MH YH]DQD LGHMD R VNDQGLQDYL]DFLML MXJRVORYHQVNRJ
SURVWRUD SRaHWNRP GHYHGHVHWLK JRGLQD 0RGHO VNDQGLQDYL]DFLMH ELR
EL SULPHZHQ QH SR SRVWRMH`LP DGPLQLVWUDWLYQLP OLQLMDPD IHGHUDO
QLK MHGLQLFD YH` EL SRGUD]XPHYDR ]DRNUXLYDZH JUDQLFD SR HWQLa
NRP SULQFLSX 3RUHG HWQLaNRJ PRJDR EL VH NRULVWLWL L LVWRULMVNL
SULQFLS 3UH NRQDaQRJ XWYU_LYDZD JUDQLFD VWDQRYQL^WYX V REH
VWUDQH EL ELOR GDWR QHNR YUHPH GD VH RSUHGHOH D GUDYD EL L]YHVQLP


-RYDQ 5D^NRYL`

:  .  ; 

 6USVNL QDFLRQDOQL SURJUDP %H

RJUDG RNWREDU  VWU  5D^NRYL` RYGH VDVYLP SRJUH^QR X GXKX
NULYRWYRUHQH LVWRULRJUDILMH RVSRUDYD DXWRKWRQRVW 6UED ]DSDGQR RG
'ULQH



5DGRYDQ .DUD[L`

/  ; 
 ; 

 6USVNL QDFLRQDOQL SUR

JUDP %HRJUDG RNWREDU  VWU 

  

120 3
! /45  33 6 788&" 9"

QDGRNQDGDPD L NRPSHQ]DFLMDPD LQWHUYHQLVDOD GD VH RPRJX`H HYHQWX

DOQD SUHVHTHZD L KRPRJHQL]DFLMH L RQGD EL WDNYH OLQLMH PRJOH SUH
WYRULWL X GUDYQH JUDQLFH 7DGD EL QD %DONDQX YHURYDWQR ]DYODGDR
PLU RQGD QH EL ELOR QHUH^HQLK WHULWRULMDOQLK SLWDZD L MD YHUXMHP
GD EL %DONDQ ]DSRaHR QRYX HUX X VYRMRM LVWRULML
*RYRUH`L R 6UELPD X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL .DUD[L` LVWLaH GD EL
LK GD QLMH ELOR JHQRFLGD X 'UXJRP VYHWVNRP UDWX RG VWUDQH +UYDWD L
PXVOLPDQD GDQDV ELOR QH  QHJR  MHU VX WULaHWLUL JH
QHUDFLMH 6UED XQL^WHQH 0L KR`HPR GD EXGHPR VORERGDQ L VXYHUHQ
QDURG VXYHUHQL SRMHGLQFL GD LYLPR VORERGQR EH] RE]LUD NROLNR
QDV MH    .ROLNR QDV MH JRG PL KR`HPR GD VPR VORERGDQ QDURG L PL LPD
PR VYRMX ]HPTX NRMD VH VDG ]RYH -XJRVODYLMD
3URIGU.RVWDADYR^NL
1DaHODUD]JUDQLaHZD

3RaHWQLVWDY.RVWHADYR^NRJMHVWHGDVHUH^HZHVUSVNRJKUYDW
VNRJ L GUXJLK QDFLRQDOQLK SLWDZD PRHWUDLWLXRNYLUX-XJRVODYL
MH XNROLNR WR HOH L QD WR SULVWDMX GUXJL QDURGL 7DGD MH X LQWHUHVX
VUSVNRJ QDURGD GD SULVWDQH QD WDNDY QDaLQ UH^DYDZD VYRJ QDFLRQDO
QRJ SLWDZD ADYR^NL QDSRPLZH GD VX 6UEL VWYRULOL -XJRVODYLMX X
YHULGD`HWLPHSRSUYLSXWQDMYH`LGHRVUSVNRJQDURGDL]X]HYRQRJGH
OD NRML MH RVWDR X 0D_DUVNRM 5XPXQLML %XJDUVNRM L $OEDQLML ELWL
SRG MHGQLP GUDYQLP NURYRP 8NROLNR VH WD GUDYD GRYRGL X SLWDZH
XNROLNR SRMHGLQL QDURGL SUH VYLK VORYHQDaNL L KUYDWVNL HOH GD
L]D_X L] -XJRVODYLMH RQGD QDUDYQR L VUSVNL QDURG QH PRH UDaXQDWL
VDPR VD -XJRVODYLMRP XNROLNR MH GUXJL QH SULKYDWDMX
ADYR^NL RVSRUDYD JUDQLFH L]PH_X MXJRVORYHQVNLK UHSXEOLND L
VPDWUDGDVXRQHSXNHDGPLQLVWUDWLYQHJUDQLFH1HNHVXXWHPHTHQH
VKRGQRHWQLaNRPSULQFLSXVORYHQDaNDJUDQLFDSUHPDKUYDWVNRMQH
NHVKRGQRNXOWXUQRLVWRULMVNRPLGHQWLWHWX%L+&UQD*RUDLXL]YH
VQRMPHUL9RMYRGLQDNDRDXWRQRPQDSRNUDMLQDXRNYLUX6UELMH1HNH
PH_XWLP SRVWDYTHQH VX SRWSXQR DUELWUDUQR SUHPD WHULWRULMDOQRM
RUJDQL]DFLML .3- L RQH QLVX QLNDG XWYU_HQH RGJRYDUDMX`LP SUDYQLP
DNWRP
ADYR^NL MH VPDWUDR GD XNROLNR VH-XJRVODYLMD SUHREOLNXMHX GR
EUR XUH_HQX IHGHUDFLMX VD 9H`HP JUD_DQD L 9H`HP IHGHUDOQLK MHGL


5DGRYDQ .DUD[L`

/  ; 
 ; 

 6USVNL QDFLRQDOQL SUR

JUDP %HRJUDG RNWREDU  VWU 



5DGRYDQ .DUD[L`

/  ; 
 ; 

 6USVNL QDFLRQDOQL SUR

JUDP %HRJUDG RNWREDU  VWU 



.RVWD ADYR^NL

/   -

 6USVNL QDFLRQDOQL SURJUDP %HR

JUDG RNWREDU  VWU 

  

   ! " #$%&&' " (XVIII) V vol=11

 " ()*+&'

QLFD6UELX+UYDWVNRM PRUDMXLPDWLEDUNXOWXUQRSURVYHWQXDXWRQR
PLMX 8NROLNR VH ]DGUL NRQIHGHUDOQR XUH_HZH -XJRVODYLMH RQR QD
MPDZH ^WR 6UELX +UYDWVNRM WUHED GD LPDMXWRMH VDYH]QLPXVWDYRP]D
MHPaHQD WHULWRULMDOQRSROLWLaND DXWRQRPLMD 8NROLNR VH SDN -XJR
VODYLMD UDVSDGQH WDGD VH 6UEL X +UYDWVNRM OHJLWLPQR PRJX RWFHSLWL
RG +UYDWVNH L SULSRMLWL LVWRaQRM -XJRVODYLML LOL GUDYL SRG GUXJLP
LPHQRP X NRMRM EL LYHR GDOHNR QDMYH`L EURM VUSVNRJ QDURGD 3RG VD
GD^ZLP RNROQRVWLPD NDGD MR^ QLNR QLMH SUHX]HR QD VHEH RGLMXP ]D
UDVSDG -XJRVODYLMH 6UEL QHPDMX UD]ORJD GD X WRPH EXGX SUYL YH` SR
VOHGZL
1D SLWDZH GD OL EL VH X SRVWRMH`LP RNROQRVWLPD PRJOD XVSRVWD
YLWL GUXJDVUSVNDGUDYD RGQRVQRIHGHUDOQD MHGLQLFDQDWHULWRUL
MLQHNDGD^ZH9RMQH NUDMLQHL]DSDGQH%RVQHADYR^NLLVWLaHGDVXQD
WX PRJX`QRVWVYRMHYUHPHQRXND]DOL,YR%DQDFL4XER6LUF1DRVQR
YXSUHJOHGDHWQLaNRJVDVWDYDRYRJSRGUXaMD4XER6LUFMH]DNTXaLRGD
RNRGYDPLOLRQD 6UED PRHGD VHSR]RYHQDSUDYRQDVDPRRSUHGHTHZH
]D RYDM UHMRQ 8QH QD RQRM LVWRM RVQRYL QD NRMRM MH NDQWRQ -XUD L]GYRMHQ
L] NDQWRQD %HUQD X >YDMFDUVNRM
9XN'UD^NRYL`
(WQLaNHJUDQLFHVUSVNRJQDURGD

-HGDQRGQDMWLUDQLMLKVUSVNLKSLVDFDRVDPGHVHWLKJRGLQDYH
ND OLGHU QDMPDVRYQLMH RSR]LFLRQH SROLWLaNH VWUDQNH X 6UELML LQ
WHQ]LYQR VH EDYLR VUSVNLP QDFLRQDOQLP SLWDZHP MXJRVORYHQVNRP
GUDYRP L ZHQRP VSRTQRP SROLWLNRP XUH_HZHP 6UELMH .RVRYRP L
0HWRKLMRP QDFLRQDOQLP PDZLQDPD L QDGDVYH HWQLaNLP JUDQLFDPD
VUSVNRJ QDURGD QD SURVWRUX -XJRVODYLMH
'UD^NRYL` SRSXW YH`LQH VUSVNLK SLVDFD ]DNTXaXMH GD VX 6UEL X
-XJRVODYLML GRLYHOL YHOLNX QDFLRQDOQX QHVUH`X L WR LOXVWUXMH SUR
JRQRP6UEDVD.RVRYDL]+UYDWVNHL%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH9L^HRG
WUL PLOLRQD 6UED SRJLQXOR MH X  YHNX ]D WX GUDYX =D WR YUHPH
GUXJL QDURGL X -XJRVODYLML SUYHQVWYHQR +UYDWL L 6ORYHQFL GRLYH
OL VX VYRM QDFLRQDOQL SUHSRURG 9LWODMX`L EDUMDNRP SURWLY YHOLNR
VUSVNH KHJHPRQLMH L QHSUHNLGQLP L]QX_LYDZLPD UD]QLK SULYLOHJLMD
QDUDaXQVUSVNRJQDURGDRQLVXVHELREH]EHGLOLYHRPDSRYRTDQSROR
DM X-XJRVODYLMLGRYRGH`LMHXEH]L]OD]QXNUL]XLXSRUQRQDJRYH^WD
YDMX`L RWYRUHQR ZHQ VORP =DWR MH -XJRVODYLMD GRYHGHQD GR DSVXUGD
2QL NRML VX VH ]DZXQDMYL^H UWYRYDOL LX ZRM QDMYL^H VWUDGDOLL GD


.RVWD ADYR^NL

/   -

 6USVNL QDFLRQDOQL SURJUDP %HR

JUDG RNWREDU  VWU 



,VWR

  

120 3
! /45  33 6 788&" 9"

TH VH ERUH ]D ZHQ RSVWDQDN D RQL NRML VX X ZRM QDMYL^H SURILWLUDOL

 ERUH VH ]D ZHQ UDVSDG
8SUNRV VYLP UD]RaDUHZLPD 'UD^NRYL` VH RSUHGHTXMH ]D -XJR
VODYLMX MHU YHUXMH GD RQD PRH ELWL GHPRNUDWVND HYURSVND L QHXWUDO
QD GUDYD 8 YL^H QDYUDWD MH VYH GR ZHQRJ UDVSDGD ]DJRYDUDR ]DMHG
QLaNX GUDYX -XJRVODYLMX QH HOLPR GD UX^LPR 'YD SXWD VPR ]D ZX
L]JLQXOLLRQDMHQDMYH`LJUREPRGDLQDMYH`DNREL]DEOXGDXVUSVNRM
LVWRULML  -HVPR ]D -XJRVODYLMX DOL ]D QRYX VDVYLP GUXNaLMX 3R
'UD^NRYL`X WR WUHED GD EXGH SDUODPHQWDUQD GHPRNUDWVND YL^H
VWUDQDaND IHGHUDWLYQD UHSXEOLND LOL PRQDUKLMD 2VQRYQL SUHGXV
ORY ]D ZHQR SUHXUH_HZH MHVWH GHWLWRL]DFLMD -XJRVODYLMH 7D GUDYD
EL PRJOD GD ]DGUL SRVWRMH`H XQXWUD^ZH JUDQLFH SUHPGD VX RQH QH
LVWRULMVNH L NULPLQDOQR SRVWDYTHQH  SRG XVORYRP GD VH DXWRQRP
QH SRNUDMLQH LOL REODVWL XVSRVWDYH VYXGD WDPR JGH ZLKRYR SRVWRMDZH
QDPH`X LVWL UD]OR]LNDRLX GDQD^ZRM6UELML 3ULWRP'UD^NRYL`
LPD X YLGX GD EL WUHEDOR ]DJDUDQWRYDWL WHULWRULMDOQX DXWRQRPLMX
6UELPD X +UYDWVNRM ]DWLP DXWRQRPLMX ,VWUH L 'XEURYQLND D %RVQX
L +HUFHJRYLQX SRGHOLWL QD aHWLUL DXWRQRPQH REODVWL MHGQX X NRMRM
SUHRYOD_XMX ULPRNDWROLFL GUXJX X NRMRM VX X YH`LQL PXVOLPDQL L GYH
X NRMLPD SUHWHX SUDYRVODYQL 'UH`L VH LVWRJ DU^LQD SUHXUHGLWL
L]QXWUD L 0DNHGRQLMX WDNR GD EXGX QDFLRQDOQR L NXOWXUQR ]DGRYRT
QL WDPR^ZL 0DNHGRQFL 6UEL L >LSWDUL 2YH SRNUDMLQH L REOD
VWLXQXWDUSRVWRMH`LKUHSXEOLaNLKJUDQLFDLX-XJRVODYLML'UD^NR
YL` MH ]DPL^TDR NDR NDQWRQH X >YDMFDUVNRM
1D VSRTQRP SODQX 'UD^NRYL` ]DJRYDUD LVWXSDZH -XJRVODYLMH
L] SRNUHWD QHVYUVWDQLK L SULKYDWDZH VSRTQRSROLWLaNH SR]LFLMH QH
XWUDOQH GUDYH SUHPD YRMQLP EORNRYLPD L SROLWLaNLP SDNWRYLPD
'UD^NRYL` VH QDaHOQR QLMH SURWLYLR QL NRQIHGHUDOL]DFLML -X
JRVODYLMH NDR QL ZHQRP UDVSDGX $OL XNROLNR GR_H GR UDVSDGD -XJR
VODYLMH L -XJRVODYLMD QHVWDQH 'UD^NRYL` LVWLaH GD EL ]DSDGQH JUD
QLFH 6UELMH PRUDOH GD EXGX RGUH_HQH SUHPD SULQFLSLPD SULURGQRJ L
LVWRULMVNRJ SUDYD L WR SUHPD HWQLaNRM PDSL NRMD MH YDLOD QD GDQ 
DSULODJRGLQH 3RVHEQRMHLVWLFDR GD+UYDWL QH PRJXGDVHNR
ULVWH UH]XOWDWLPD JHQRFLGD NRML VX QDG 6UELPD SRaLQLOL ]DMHGQR VD
ERVDQVNLP PXVOLPDQLPD 7H JUDQLFH MH GRGX^HRGUHGLR$QWH3DYH
OL`RQHVXWDPRJGHVXVUSVNHMDPHLJURERYL+UYDWLPRUDMXXQDSUHG
]QDWL GD EL UDVSDGRP -XJRVODYLMH SUHVWDOH GD YDH L DYQRMHYVNH L
EULRQVNH JUDQLFH L GD EL WDGD SUDYR JODVD VWHNOL L -DVHQRYDF L -D






9XN 'UD^NRYL`
9XN 'UD^NRYL`


 3 !,
 

 >DEDF  VWU 

 %HRJUDG  VWU 

,VWR
,VWR VWU 
9XN 'UD^NRYL`

 

 %HRJUDG  VWU 

  

   ! " #$%&&' " (XVIII) V vol=11

 " ()*+&'

GRYQR L VYH QD^H MDPH L VYL 6UEL NRML VX SRVOH 'UXJRJ VYHWVNRJ UDWD
SURWHUDQL LOL LVHTHQL L] +UYDWVNH 6ODYRQLMH %RVQH 'DOPDFLMH
+HUFHJRYLQH .RUGXQD /LNH %DQLMH
,VWLaX`L VPLVDR YDQRVW L ]QDaDM .RVRYD L 0HWRKLMH ]D VUSVNL
QDURG 'UD^NRYL` SUHGODH PHUH NRMH YODVW X 6UELML WUHED GD SUHGX
]PH NDNR EL VH ]D^WLWLOL RG ^LSWDUVNRJ WHURUD L L]GYDMDZD L] 6UEL
MH 2Q XND]XMH GD VH PH_X 3URNOHWLMDPD L .RSDRQLNRP QH GH^DYD QL
NDNYD NRQWUDUHYROXFLMDYH` RNXSDFLMD LHJ]RGXV 6UED L DSHOXMH GD
6UELMD PRUD SUYR GD SRVWDQH GHPRNUDWVND L SUDYQD GUDYD ^WR MH RV
QRYQL SUHGXVORY ]D RGEUDQX MXQH VUSVNH SRNUDMLQH 'UD^NRYL` ]DK
WHYD XNLGDZH =DNRQD RG  PDUWD  NRMLP MH ]DEUDZHQ SRYUDWDN QD
.RVRYR L 0HWRKLMX SURWHUDQLP 6UELPD ]D YUHPH RNXSDFLMH NDR L SR
YUDWDN ZLKRYH LPRYLQH 2Q WDNR_H SUHGODH VYH >LSWDUH NRML VX
VH SRaHY RG  DSULOD  JRGLQH SD GR GDQDV L] $OEDQLMH QDVHOLOL
QD .RVPHW LOL ELOR JGH X 6UELML EHVSRJRYRUQR NDR VWUDQH GUDYTD
QH YUDWLWL X $OEDQLMX -HGQDNR SRVWXSLWL L VD ZLKRYLP SRWRPVWYRP
UR_HQLP X6UELML 'UD^NRYL` ]DKWHYD GD VH IRUPLUD)RQG ]D QDVH
TDYDZH .RVPHWD 6UELPD NDNR EL VH ^WR SUH XVSRVWDYLR EURMaDQL RG
QRV 6UED L >LSWDUD NDNDY MH ELR  DSULOD 
2SWLPDOQL SURJUDP SR 'UD^NRYL`X MH VMHGLZHZH VYLK VUSVNLK
NUDMLQD QD %DONDQX X MHGQX GUDYX 8 GDQD^ZLP RNROQRVWLPD
 QDNRQ  JRGLQD LYRWD X ]DMHGQLaNRM GUDYL HWQLaNH JUDQL
FH VX OXGRVW  $OL 3RVOHGZD SULOLND GD VH L]YXaHPR L LVSUDYLPR
JUH^NX L]  JRGLQH ELR MH JHQHUDO 0LKDLORYL` :HJRY SODQ MH ELR
YHRPD PXGDU UHDODQ L GD QLMH ELOR %UR]D GDQDV EL -XJRVODYLMD DNR
EL SRVWRMDOD ELOD NRQIHGHUDFLMD LOL IHGHUDFLMD 6UELMH +UYDWVNH L
6ORYHQLMH V WLP ^WR EL 6UELMD ]DKYDWDOD VYH QD^H WHULWRULMH QD ]D
SDGX GRNOH LYH 6UEL MHU EL +UYDWVND L]PH_X RVWDORJ ELOD WHULWR
ULMDOQR NDZHQD ]ERJ JHQRFLGD
3URIGU=RUDQ?LQ_L`
3URJUDPSL^HQDURG

8 YUHPH NDGD MH UDW X ELY^RM -XJRVODYLML YH` XYHOLNR EXNWDR =R

UDQ ?LQ_L` VH RJODVLR X 'HPRNUDWLML PDMD  JRGLQH V WDaQRP


9XN 'UD^NRYL`
VWU 



9XN 'UD^NRYL`

!,

 VWU 



9XN 'UD^NRYL`

!,

 VWU 



9XN 'UD^NRYL`

  .  - 0 .  
 
 3 !,

    ! !,  
 
 3 

    ! !,  
 
 3 
 0
0  . 

 6USVNL QDFLRQDOQL SURJUDP

 VSHFLMDOQR L]GDZH %HRJUDG RNWREDU  VWU 



,VWR

  

120 3
! /45  33 6 788&" 9"

NRQVWDWDFLMRPGDMHGUDYQDLQDFLRQDOQDNUL]DX-XJRVODYLMLPQRJR
VWDULMD RG VUSVNRJ UHLPD WM GD MH VWDULMD aDN L RG VDPH -XJRVODYLMH
,URQLaQR EL VH PRJOR UH`L GD MH -XJRVODYLMD ELOD X NUL]L L SUH QHJR
^WR MH NDR GUDYD QDVWDOD 7UHED VH VDPR VHWLWL YL^HYHNRYQLK VXNR
ED L]PH_X +UYDWD L .UDML^NLK 6UED LOL L]PH_X 6UED L GUXJLK YHU
VNLK ]DMHGQLFD X %RVQL 
*RYRUH`L R GLMDVSRULaQRVWL VUSVNRJ QDURGD GYH JRGLQH UDQLMH
?LQ_L`XSRUH_XMH6UEHVD>SDQFLPDL)UDQFX]LPDLQDYRGL6LJXU
QR GD )UDQFX]LPD >SDQFLPD QLMH SRWUHEDQ QDFLRQDOQL SURJUDP MHU
RQL LPDMX VYRMH QDFLRQDOQHGUDYH LZLKRYLQDFLRQDOQLSURJUDPLVX
XVWDYL WLK GUDYD NRML SUHGVWDYTDMX IRUPDOQL RNYLU X NRPH VX QD
]QDaHQL RS^WL ]DMHGQLaNL LQWHUHVL D XQXWDU ZLK UD]YLMDMX VH UD]OL
NH
0H_XWLP NDGD VX SRMHGLQL QDURGL UDVXWL LYH X UD]OLaLWLP
NXOWXUQLP SROLWLaNLP L HNRQRPVNLP XVORYLPD L SUDYQLP UHLPL
PD NDR ^WR MH VOXaDM VD 6UELPD RQGD VH SRVWDYTD SLWDZH NDNR GD VH
L]UD]L NDR QDURG 'D OL VH PRH L]UD]LWL FHOLQD MHGQRJ QDURGD QD RV
QRYX RVH`DZD SULSDGQRVWL" 7R VYHGRaL SULPHU MHYUHMVNRJ QDURGD NR
ML MH XVSHR GD VDPR QD RVQRYX GXKRYQH L HWQLaNH SULSDGQRVWL RaXYD MH
GLQVWYR
$QDOL]LUDMX`L SRORDM 6UELMH X MXJRVORYHQVNRM IHGHUDFLML
?LQ_L` SL^H 3OHGRDMH ]D SHWX -XJRVODYLMX MDQXDUD  JRGLQH X
NRMHP VH ]DODH ]D YL^HVWUDQDaNL SOXUDOL]DP L LVWLaH 3UYD -XJR
VODYLMD QDVWDOD X 9HUVDMX GUXJD X -DMFX WUH`D QD %ULRQLPD 1DVWDQDN
aHWYUWH X NRMRM WUHQXWQR LYLPR GHORFLUDQ MH 9DQX XORJX WX VX RG
LJUDOL 4XETDQD 1RYL6DG7LWRJUDGDOLVDGD QHNDR VHGL^WHGYRUD
FD LOL GYRUDQD VD VHGQLFH QHJR NDR FHQWUL NROHNWLYQRJ GHORYDZD VD
VYRMLP XOLFDPD WUJRYLPD L ^WR MH QDM]QDaDMQLMH VD VYRMLP VWDQRYQL
^WYRP $NR EL RYD SURPHQD ]QDaLOD SRaHWDN MHGQRJ QRYRJ WUHQGD PR
JOL ELVPR RaHNLYDWL GD `H X HYHQWXDOQRP QDVWDQNX QHNH QRYH -XJRVOD
YLMH SR SUYL SXW X ZHQRM WHULWRULML DXWHQWLaQL SUHGVWDYQLFL VYLK
ZHQLK JUD_DQD RGOXaLYDWL R WRPH NDNR RQD WUHED GD L]JOHGD 9LGL
PR NROLNR MH ?LQ_L` NDR L YH`LQD VUSVNLK LQWHOHNWXDODFD QDLYQR
YHURYDR X ]DMHGQLaNX GUDYX L MXJRVORYHQVNRJ JUD_DQLQD 6DPR VX 6U
EL YHURYDOL X GUDYQX L QDFLRQDOQX NDWHJRULMX -XJRVORYHQD ?LQ_L`
MHXRaDYDRSURFHVGHFHQWUDOL]DFLMHVDYH]QHYODVWLQDUHSXEOLaNLQL
YR L MDaDZH SROLFHQWULaQLK QDFLRQDOQRUHSXEOLaNLK VXYHUHQLWHWD


=RUDQ ?LQ_L`



=RUDQ ?LQ_L`

 , <   .  
   .
  

 'HPRNUDWLMD PDM 

 6USVNL QDFLRQDOQL SURJUDP  VSH

FLMDOQR L]GDZH %HRJUDG  VWU 



=RUDQ ?LQ_L`

3 

 MDQXDU  VWU  2 WHRULMVNRILOR]RIVNRM

L SROLWLNROR^NRSROLWLaNRM GHODWQRVWL =RUDQD ?LQ_L`D YLGL X 'UD

JDQ 6XERWL`

02   =  >? @78+%%&&#A

 3ROLWLa

ND UHYLMD EU  %HRJUDG 

  

   ! " #$%&&' " (XVIII) V vol=11

 " ()*+&'

L SRVWDYTD SLWDZH GDTH SROLWLaNH VXGELQH MXJRVORYHQVNH GUDYH 

 'D OL MH RQD VYRMH QDMVWDELOQLMH RGUH_HZH LPDOD NDR .UDTHYLQD
6+6 SD ELRQGD NDNR QHNLGDQDV VYHRWYRUHQLMH SUHGODXNRQNXUVQX
PDVX GUDYH WUHEDOR SRGHOLWL L]PH_X 6UED +UYDWD L 6ORYHQDFD WM
L]PH_X WUL QDMNRPSHWHQWQLMH UHSXEOLaNH GUDYH" $ XNROLNR EL PH
URGDYDQ ELR $912- VD VYRMLP GHNODUDWLYQLP SUL]QDYDZHP VXYHUH
QRVWLVYLKMXJRVORYHQVNLKQDURGDUD]OD]-XJRVORYHQDPRUDRELLPDWL
IRUPX RGYDMDZD QDURGD 3R^WR VH WL QDURGL QH SRNODSDMX VD UHSX
EOLaNLP WHULWRULMDPD QXQR EL ELOR QDMSUH RGUHGLWL QRYH JUDQLFH
SD RQGD SR ZLPD UD]PUYLWL MR^ XYHN ]DMHGQLaNX WHULWRULMX
)HGHUDOL]DP MH ]D ?LQ_L`D ELR ODDQ D X NRQIHGHUDOL]DP NDR
PRGHO ODEDYRJ VDYH]D GUDYD QLMH YHURYDR MHU EL RQ NDGD VX X SLWDZX
VUSVND L KUYDWVND UHSXEOLaND GUDYD L^DR X SUDYFX ^LUHZD VYRMH
WHULWRULMH L VYRMH PR`L 7DNR_H SUHGYLGHR MH PRJX`QRVW JUD_DQVNRJ
UDWD X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL MHU MH WX YLGHR VUSVNRKUYDWVNL VXNRE
]ERJ QHYH^WH NRPELQDFLMH HWQLaNRJ L LVWRULMVNRJ WHULWRULMDOQRJ
QDaHOD3UREOHPMHXWRPHVPDWUD?LQ_L`^WRXHWQLaNRPREUDVFX
GUDYQRJ RUJDQL]RYDZD VDPR QDVLOQR PRH GD EXGH SULSRMHQD WHUL
WRULMD QDVHTHQD WX_LP HWQLaNLP JUXSDPD 7R MH VDVYLP UD]XPTLYR
SR^WR WH JUXSH ]QDMX GD `H X GUDYL ]DVQRYDQRM QD HWQLaNRP SULQFLSX
ELWL L]ORHQH VLVWHPDWVNRP DVLPLORYDZX
,VWLaX`L QHGRVWDWNH MXJRVORYHQVNH IHGHUDFLMH ?LQ_L` NRQVWD
WXMH GD GHFHQWUDOL]DFLMD NRMD MH LQDXJXULVDQD 8VWDYRP  JRGLQH
QLMH ]QDaLOD L GHPRNUDWL]DFLMX L GHWLWRL]DFLMX 1DSURWLY XPQRH
QL VX HWDWLVWLaNL FHQWUL L ELURNUDWVNR ROLJDUKLMVNH VWUXNWXUH 8V
WDYRP MH X RUJDQL]DFLML VDYH]QH GUDYH XYHGHQR QDaHOR SDULWHWD D X
SURFHVX RGOXaLYDZD QDaHOR YHWD 6SHFLILaQRVW MXJRVORYHQVNRJ VL
VWHPD MHVWH SDULWHWDQ VDVWDY L 6DYH]QRJ YH`D L 9H`D UHSXEOLND L SR
NUDMLQD^WR]QDaLGDVXUHSXEOLNHLSRNUDMLQHX6NXS^WLQL6)5-]D
VWXSTHQH GYD SXWD X RED GRPD 6NXS^WLQH D JUD_DQL QLMHGDQSXW 1D
aLQRP GRQR^HZD L L]PHQH XVWDYD MXJRVORYHQVND IHGHUDFLMD MH ]D UD]
OLNX RG GUXJLK IHGHUDFLMD X NRMLPD VH WR aLQL RGOXaLYDZHP YH`LQH
XYHOD QDaHOR VDJODVQRVWL ^WR MH LVWRYHWQR GRQR^HZX NRQIHGHUDO
QRJ SDNWD 6YDND SURPHQD XVWDYD ]DKWHYDOD MH RS^WX VDJODVQRVW  MHG
QRJODVQRVW =DKWHY ]D NRQVHVXDOQLP RGOXaLYDZHP  SUHPD ?LQ_L`X
 MH L]UD] VXPZH X OHJLWLPQRVW RVQRYQRJ NRQVHQ]XVD R RVQLYDZX SROL
WLaNH ]DMHGQLFH  8VWDYD
,PDMX`LXYLGXGDVH-XJRVODYLMDEOLLVYRPHNUDMX?LQ_L`SUHG
ODHGDEL7UHEDORRSUH]QRLSDTLYRUD]GYRMLWLGLPHQ]LMHNROHN


=RUDQ ?LQ_L`



,VWR VWU 



=RUDQ ?LQ_L`

3 

 PDM  VWU 

0 ,   

  ; 

 .ZLHYQD ]DMHG

QLFD 1RYRJ 6DGD  VWU 

  

120 3
! /45  33 6 788&" 9"

WLYQRJ LGHQWLWHWD 3UYHQVWYHQR HWQLaNH LGHQWLWHWH QSU 6UED +U

YDWD WUHEDOR MH RGYRMLWL RG SUYHQVWYHQR WHULWRULMDOQLK QSU X 'DO
PDFLML6ODYRQLML9RMYRGLQL LOL YHUVNLKLNXOWXUQLK8PHVWRWRJD
SDX^DOQRP QDFLRQDOQRP DILUPDFLMRP VX VYH PDOH DOL VX^WLQVNH
UD]OLNHL]EULVDQH D-XJRVODYLMD MH GHILQLVDQD NDRVDYH] XWDGD^ZRM
WHUPLQRORJLML MH ELOD UHa R GRJRYRUX QDFLMD
2YDMGUDYQLPRGHONRMLPVXQDFLRQDOQHUHSXEOLaNHGUDYHXV
SRVWDYTHQH QD HWQLaNRP QDaHOX D QH LVWRULMVNRSROLWLaNH LQGLYL
GXDOQRVWL ?LQ_L` GHILQL^H NDR 6MHGLZHQH MXJRVORYHQVNH GUDYH L
SUHGYL_D GD `H RQH SRVWDWL SRSUL^WH QDVLTD QDG HWQLaNLP PDZLQD
PD L YHURYDWQR SRSUL^WH ]QDWQR WHLK HWQLaNLK VXNRED QHJR ^WR MH
WR WUHQXWQR VOXaDM 2QDM NR HOL GD VSUHaL RYDNDY YHRPD ODNR SUHG
YLGLYUD]YRMGRJD_DMDPRUDVH]DODJDWL]DSURPHQXSRVWRMH`HJNRQFHS
WD IHGHUDOL]PD (WQLaNRQDFLRQDOQD SUDYD PRUDMX VH RGYRMLWL RG WH
ULWRULMDOQR ILNVLUDQLK QDFLMD L PRUDMX VH VWYRULWL LQVWLWXFLMH
NRMH `H WD SUDYD ^WLWLWL QH]DYLVQR RG WHULWRULMDOQLK JUDQLFD X NR
MLPD QHNL QDURG LOL QHND HWQLaND PDZLQD LYH
9LGLPRGDNOHGD VH?LQ_L`SRaHWNRPGHYHGHVHWLKJRGLQDYH
ND ]DODJDR ]D UHIRUPLVDQX IHGHUDFLMX ]D ]DMHGQLaNX MXJRVORYHQVNX
GUDYX VD QH ED^ GR NUDMD MDVQRP YL]LMRP ZHQRJ REOLND L QDGOHQR
VWL $OLRQR^WRMH QHGYRVPLVOHQR MHVWH GDSLWDZH VUSVNRJ QDFLRQDO
QRJSURJUDPDQLMHVYRGLRLVNTXaLYRQDWHULWRULMDOQRSLWDZH2QSR
MPRYH RSWLPDOQL L PLQLPDOQL SURJUDP YLGL NDR PDNVLPDOQL L
PLQLPDOQL NRQFHSW 9HOLNH 6UELMH aHPX VH SURWLYL 3R ZHPX WUHED
SURQD`L QDaLQH ]D VX^WLQVNR L LQVWLWXFLRQDOQR SRYH]LYDZH GHOR
YD VUSVNRJ QDURGD D GD OL `H WR SRYH]LYDZH UH]XOWLUDWL LVWRYHWQLP
GUDYQRSUDYQLP SRVOHGLFDPD WR MH NRQNUHWQR SROLLWLaNR SLWDZH
NRMH LPD L XQXWUD^ZH L PH_XQDURGQH UHSHUNXVLMH L PRH VH UH^LWL
MHGLQR VSRUD]XPRP 0LVOLP GD EL ELOR EU]RSOHWR UD]PL^TDWL X ND
WHJRULMDPD  YHND X]HWL NDUWX L UH`L WX VPR QHNDGD ELOL WX MH SDR
VUSVNL YRMQLN L WR MH QD^H
9DULUDMX`L QD WHPX QDFLRQDOQRJ LQWHUHVD ?LQ_L` LVWLaH GD
VWDY 'HPRNUDWVNH VWUDQNH WUHED
D GD VH UXNRYRGL GHPRNUDWVNLP QDaHOLPD
E GD VH QDOD]L X NRQWLQXLWHWX VD JODYQRP OLQLMRP QDFLRQDOQLK
SURJUDPDNRMLVXX SRVOHGZLK VWRJRGLQD VWYDUDQL LVSURYR_H
QL X 6UELML


=RUDQ ?LQ_L`

3  3, ,
0  ; 

 PDUW  VWU






,VWR VWU 

=RUDQ ?LQ_L`

   .
  

 6USVNL QDFLRQDOQL SURJUDP 

VSHFLMDOQR L]GDZH %HRJUDG RNWREDU  VWU 

  

   ! " #$%&&' " (XVIII) V vol=11

 " ()*+&'

Y GD EXGH SULODJR_HQ VWDZX X NRPH VH QDOD]LPR L VWDZX NRMH VH

PRH RaHNLYDWL LOL SUHGYLGHWL
?LQ_L` VPDWUD GD MH GHPRNUDWLMD RVQRYQR SROD]L^WH X UD]UH^H
ZX MXJRVORYHQVNH NUL]H D NDG JRYRUL R RSUHGHTHZX 6UED ]D SUYX -X
JRVODYLMX RQ ]DNTXaXMH GD MH -XJRVODYLMD ELOD MHGQD RG PRJX`QRVWL
LDNR VX ELOL X L]X]HWQR SRYRTQRM VLWXDFLML NRMD VH QDURGLPD VDPR
MHGQRP SUXD X ZLKRYRM LVWRULML
7HZD 6ORYHQDFD L +UYDWD ]D VWYDUDZHP QH]DYLVQLK HWQLaNLK
GUDYD YRGLOD EL SUHPD ?LQ_L`X MDaDZX NRQIOLNDWD NDR L LQWHQ]
LYLUDZX XQXWUD^ZLK VXNRED
?LQ_L`UH^HZHVUSVNRJSLWDZDYLGLX -XJRVODYLML2QVPDWUDGD
MH PLUQR L VSRUD]XPQR SRPHUDZH JUDQLFD SR HWQLaNRP NULWHULMXPX
WH^NR ]DPLVOLYR L GD VX PLQLPDOQH WH QRYH JUDQLFH NRMH EL 6UELMD
PRJOD GD GRELMH 'UXJD PRJX`QRVW WHULWRULMDOQH UHYL]LMH MHVWH RQD
SUD`HQD VLORP SD VH ?LQ_L` SLWD DNR MH WDNR ]D^WR RQGD VLOX QH
SULPHQLWL UDGL ]D^WLWH GUDYH NRMD YH` SRVWRML L NRMD MH PH_XQDURG
QR SUL]QDWD 1LMH YUHGHOR
3URIGU9RMLVODY>H^HT
-XJRVORYHQVNDIHGHUDFLMDNRQIHGHUDFLMD6UED
+UYDWDL6ORYHQDFD

, 9RMLVODY >H^HT MH LPDR VYRMX WHRULMVNX L SROLWLaNX MXJRVOR

YHQVNX ID]X UD]YRMD 7RNRP RVDPGHVHWLK JRGLQD  YHND ELR MH ]DJR
YRUQLN PHZDZD 8VWDYD 6)5- NRML MH GDR GUDYQH DWULEXWH SRNUDML
QDPD X RNYLUX 6UELMH 2SWXHQ MH L RVX_HQ ]D UXNRSLV  


    


 NRML MH GDR QRYLQDULPD OLVWD .R
PXQLVW D 6'% SURQD^OD X ZHJRYRP VWDQX 8 WRP GRNXPHQWX RQ MH ]D
JRYDUDR UHRUJDQL]DFLMX MXJRVORYHQVNH IHGHUDFLMH X aHWLUL UHSXEOL
NH6UELMX0DNHGRQLMX+UYDWVNXL6ORYHQLMXNDRLUHYL]LMXJUDQLFH
L]PH_X 6UELMH L +UYDWVNH  1XQR MH XNLGDZH DXWRQRPQLK SRNUD
MLQD LOL EDU ZLKRYR VWULNWQR SRGYR_HZH SRG VUSVNL VXYHUHQLWHW V
RE]LURPGDMHX9RMYRGLQLYH`LQVNRVWDQRYQL^WYRVUSVNRDQD.RVRYX
MH SUHWHDQ GHR DOEDQVNH HWQLaNH JUXSH SRND]DR VSUHPQRVW L RGOXa
QRVW ]D YR_HZH VHSDUDWLVWLaNH SROLWLNH SD EL PX VYDNR GDTH GDYDZH
SROLWLaNLK EHQHILFLMD ELOR QHVYUVLVKRGQR L ^WHWQR VD VWDQRYL^WD
RS^WHMXJRVORYHQVNLK LQWHUHVD L GUDYQRJ UD]ORJD NRML X RYDNYLP
VOXaDMHYLPD LPD SUHVXGDQ ]QDaDM -XJRVORYHQVND IHGHUDFLMD EL VH VD
VWRMDODRG aHWLULVWYDUQRUDYQRSUDYQHUHSXEOLNH6ORYHQLMH+UYDW
VNH6UELMHL0DNHGRQLMH1XQRMHLQRYRWHULWRULMDOQRUD]JUDQLaH


=RUDQ ?LQ_L`

B ,    .  - 0  C

 'HPRNUD

WLMD  DYJXVW  VWU 

  

120 3
! /45  33 6 788&" 9"

ZHL]PH_X6UELMHL+UYDWVNH6RE]LURPQDGHOLPLaQXWHULWRULMDOQX
L]PH^DQRVW VUSVNRJ L KUYDWVNRJ VWDQRYQL^WYD QD SRGUXaMX %RVQH
+HUFHJRYLQH 'DOPDFLMH /LNH .RUGXQD %DQLMH L 6ODYRQLMH UD]JUD
QLaHZH EL VH RVWYDULOR QD SULQFLSX NRML SRGUD]XPHYD GD XJUDQLFDPD
+UYDWVNH RVWDQH LVWL EURM JUD_DQD VUSVNH QDFLRQDOQRVWL NDR X 6UEL
ML KUYDWVNH SUHPD SRGDFLPD L] SRVOHGZHJ SRSLVD VWDQRYQL^WYD 7L
PH EL NRQDaQR ELOR UH^HQR VUSVNRKUYDWVNR QDFLRQDOQR SLWDZH QD
QDaHOLPD KXPDQL]PD L GHPRNUDWLMH WH XaYU^`HQD PH_XQDFLRQDOQD
VORJD L ]DMHGQL^WYR D L]EHJQXW MHGDQ RG RVQRYQLK X]URND UD]GRUD L]
SUR^ORVWL
8aHVWYXMX`L X GHEDWDPD R XVWDYQLP UHIRUPDPD NRMH VX X SUROH`H
 JRGLQH RUJDQL]RYDOL 8GUXHZH NZLHYQLND  IHEUXDUD
6USVNRILOR]RIVNRGUX^WYRPDUWL6USVNDDNDGHPLMDQDXND
L  PDUW >H^HT MH SUHGODJDR GD VH MXJRVORYHQVND IHGHUDFLMD SUH
XUHGL WDNR GD REXKYDWL WUL IHGHUDOQH MHGLQLFH XWHPHTHQH QD SRVWR
MDZX WUL QDFLMH  6UED +UYDWD L 6ORYHQDFD 6USVND IHGHUDOQD MHGL
QLFD WUHEDOR EL GD SRUHG 6UELMH REXKYDWL %RVQX +HUFHJRYLQX &U
QX*RUX0DNHGRQLMXLGUXJDSRGUXaMDLPRJODMHELWLRUJDQL]RYDQDQD
SULQFLSX UHJLRQDOQH DXWRQRPLMH RYLK LVWRULMVNLK REODVWL .DGD MH
X SLWDZX 0DNHGRQLMD >H^HT MH PHZDR VYRM VWDY RVODZDMX`L VH QD HW
QROR^ND LVWUDLYDZD -RYDQD &YLML`D 'HYHGHVHWLK JRGLQD RQ `H
SULKYDWLWL PDNHGRQVNX HWQRNXOWXUQX SRVHEQRVW 6YRMLP NRQFHSWRP
>H^HT VH XNODSDR X NRQFHSWXDOQH RNYLUH SUYH -XJRVODYLMH NRMD MH
SUL]QDYDOD WUL SRPHQXWD NRQVWLWXWLYQD QDURGD ^WR MH ELR RS^WH
SULKYD`HQL VWDY GUX^WYHQH L SROLWLaNH HOLWH L VDJODVQR VD HYURS
VNRP HWQRILOROR^NRP QDXNRP
7DNR_H  JRGLQH >H^HT MH VDaLQLR QDFUW ]D L]PHQX 8VWDYD
-XJRVODYLMH L]  JRGLQH L 8VWDYD 5HSXEOLNH 6UELMH 2Q VH ]DODH
]D YL^HSDUWLMVNL VLVWHP VD QHRJUDQLaHQLP EURMHP SROLWLaNLK SDU
WLMD NDR QDaLQ GD VH XKYDWL SULNTXaDN VD VDYUHPHQLP VYHWRP ,VWLaH
]QDaDM UHDILUPDFLMH SUDYD QDURGD QD VDPRRSUHGHTHZH L RWFHSTHZH
NRMH VH RGQRVL VDPR QD QDURGH WM 6UEH +UYDWH L 6ORYHQFH D QH L QD
FLRQDOQH PDZLQH =DKWHYD GD VH RGXVWDQH RG LQVLVWLUDZD QD SRVWR
MDZX L]PL^THQLK QDFLMD NDR QD SULPHU &UQRJRUDFD LOL PXVOLPDQD
WH VYR_HZH EURMD IHGHUDOQLK MHGLQLFD QD EURM MXJRVORYHQVNLK QDUR
GD 6KRGQR WRPH >H^HT VH QH SURWLYL NRQIHGHUDOQRP XUH_HZX
-XJRVODYLMH NDR SUYRM ID]L NROHNWLYQRJ SULNTXaHZD QHNRM ^LURM LQ


9RMLVODY >H^HT
VWU 



9RMLVODY >H^HT

: ,  

 %HRJUDG $%& *ODV 

0 , D  
 

 %HRJUDG $%&

*ODV  VWU 



,VWR

  

   ! " #$%&&' " (XVIII) V vol=11

 " ()*+&'

WHJUDFLRQRM FHOLQL UHFLPR (YURSVNRM ]DMHGQLFL 9LGLPR GDNOH

GD >H^HT QLMH ]DJRYDUDR QLNDNYR ]DWYDUDZH L DXWDUKLaQRVW VUSVNH
GUDYHLQDFLMHQDSURWLYRQVH]DODJDR]DLQWHJUDFLRQHSURFHVHNRML
VX ]DVQRYDQL QD ZLKRYRM SXQRM UDYQRSUDYQRVWL 3UHWSRVWDYND ]D WR X
MXJRVORYHQVNRP VOXaDMX SUHGVWDYTD WHULWRULMDOQR UD]JUDQLaHZH SR
HWQLaNRP NULWHULMXPX
8 NRQIHGHUDOQRM -XJRVODYLML 6UELMD EL PRJOD GD EXGH IHGHUDO
QR XUH_HQD VD RGUH_HQLP VWHSHQRP DXWRQRPLMH ]D WDNR]YDQH LVWRUL
MVNHSRNUDMLQHNDR^WRVX&UQD*RUD%RVQD+HUFHJRYLQD9RMYRGLQD
0DNHGRQLMD 
.DGDMHUHaRVSRTQRMSROLWLFL-XJRVODYLMH>H^HTVH]DODJDR]D
ZHQX SXQX QHXWUDOQRVW SRSXW 9XND 'UD^NRYL`D SR XJOHGX QD >YHG
VNX>YDMFDUVNX LOL $XVWULMX =DKWHYDRMHGD VHGUDYDRGUHNQHSROL
WLNH L XaH^`D X SRNUHWX QHVYUVWDQLK L WUDMQR REH]EH_LYDZH VSRTQR
SROLWLaNH EH]EHGQRVWL L VWDELOQRVWL
8YHUDYDR MH GD MH SRWUHEQD QRYD NRORQL]DFLMD .RVRYD L 0HWRKL
MH GD EL VH UD]UH^LOH NUL]D L QDSHWRVWL X MXQRM VUSVNRM SRNUDMLQL
2YR QDVHTDYDZH .RVPHWD WUHEDOR MH GD VH L]YU^L VWDQRYQL^WYRP L]
VYH WUL IHGHUDOQH MHGLQLFH 6ORYHQLMH +UYDWVNH L 6UELMH
7R MH SHULRG NDGD >H^HT X     




LVWLaH GD -XJRVODYLMD WUHED L GDTH GD
SRVWRML MHU MH WR DXWHQWLaQL LQWHUHV L 6UED L +UYDWD L 6ORYHQDFD L
GD MR^ WUHED SRNX^DYDWL GD VH RGUL ZHQ GUDYQRSUDYQL NRQWLQXL
WHW 8 WRP NRQWHNVWX RQ SUHGODH GD VH ]DMHGQLaND GUDYD RUJDQL
]XMH LOL NDR IHGHUDFLMD LOL NDR XQLWDUQD GUDYD ^WR WUHED GD VH RG
OXaL RS^WHQDURGQLP UHIHUHQGXPRP
8 1DFUWX 8VWDYD -XJRVODYLMH >H^HT LVWLaH GD MH -XJRVODYLMD
IHGHUDWLYQDGUDYDUHSXEOLNDQVNRJREOLNDGHPRNUDWVNRJSROLWLa
NRJ VLVWHPD L VRFLMDOLVWLaNRJ GUX^WYHQRJ XUH_HZD ]DVQRYDQD QD QD
URGQRP VXYHUHQLWHWX 6DVWDYTHQD MH RG WUL IHGHUDOQH MHGLQLFH 6U
ELMH+UYDWVNHL6ORYHQLMH:HQ*UEMHRQDM RGGHFHPEUD]DVWD
YD MH WURERMND VD SHWRNUDNRP D KLPQD   >H^HT ]DJRYDUD
SRVWRMDZHGUDYQHLSULYDWQHVYRMLQHLVORERGQXWUL^QXSULYUHGX
QHSULNRVQRYHQH VORERGH L SUDYD aRYHND X GUDYL SDUODPHQWDUQH GH
PRNUDWLMH L YL^HSDUWLMVNRJ VLVWHPD


,VWR



,VWR VWU 



9RMLVODY >H^HT

 ,  
 ,
0   . 


  
E 0 , D  
 
 %HRJUDG $%&

*ODV  VWU 

  

120 3
! /45  33 6 788&" 9"

8 8VWDYX 6UELMH >H^HT YU^L UHYL]LMX ZHQRJ 8VWDYD L]  L

6UELMX GHILQL^HNDRVRFLMDOLVWLaNDLGHPRNUDWVNDUHSXEOLNDGU
DYD VUSVNRJ QDURGD L SULSDGQLND GUXJLK QDURGD L QDFLRQDOQLK PD
ZLQD NRML X ZRM LYH ]DVQRYDQD QD QDURGQRP VXYHUHQLWHWX 6UELMD MH
NDR VDPRVWDOQD IHGHUDOQD MHGLQLFD X VDVWDYX -XJRVODYLMH  7HULWR
ULMD 6UELMH MH MHGLQVWYHQD L VDaLZDYDMX MH WHULWRULMH RS^WLQD XWYU
_HQH ]DNRQRP
8 PRGHOX SUHXUH_HZD -XJRVODYLMH NDR XQLWDUQH GUDYH >H^HT
YU^L UHGHILQLFLMX 8VWDYD .UDTHYLQH 6+6 L]  JRGLQH NDR PR
JX`L 8VWDY -XJRVODYLMH
>H^HTHYX MXJRVORYHQVNX YL]LMX SROLWLaND UHDOQRVW QLMH SRWYU
GLOD L RQ XEU]RQDSX^WD WXLGHMX L]DODH VH ]D NRQFHSW 9HOLNH 6UEL
MH  ]DVQRYDQ QD LVWRULMVNLP L HWQLaNLP SUDYLPD VUSVNRJ QDURGD 2YH
LGHMH >H^HT MH SUH]HQWRYDR VYRMLP SROLWLaNLP DQJDPDQRP X VWYD
UDZX 6USVNRJ VORERGDUVNRJ SRNUHWD 6USVNRJ SRNUHWD REQRYH 6US
VNRJ aHWQLaNRJ SRNUHWD L QDM]DG 6USVNH UDGLNDOQH VWUDQNH L aLQH VX
^WLQVNL GHR ZLKRYRJ SROLWLaNRJ SURJUDPD
3URIGU,YDQ?XUL`
-XJRVODYLMDLSDNUH^HZH

?XUL` VPDWUD GD QDFLRQDOQL SURJUDP QLMH PRGHUQD VLQWDJPD 7R

MHNDWHJRULMD LGRQHNOHYHNDDOLQHLQRYRJYHND2QWDNRSR
VPDWUD L *DUD^DQLQRYR
 
 NDR SURJUDP SULPHUHQ VYRP
YUHPHQX DOL QH L SULPHUHQ GXKX GDQD^ZH (YURSH
?XUL` ]DWR ^WR VPDWUD GD QLMH PRJX`H QDSUDYLWL QDFLRQDOQL
SURJUDP NRML EL ELR LGHQWLILNRYDQ VD QDFLRQDOQRP GUDYRP MHU
SULVWDOLFDWH]HRWDNR]YDQRPSULYLOHJRYDQRPLQWHUHVRYDZX]DVXG
ELQX VXQDURGQLND L]YDQ JUDQLFD VYRMH GUDYH QHJR QDVLOQRJ PHZDZD
JUDQLFD 3UL WRP VH SR]LYD QD 1'+ NRMD MH VOLaQD NRQFHSWX 9HOL
NH+UYDWVNHLPDODWHNKUYDWVNRJVWDQRYQL^WYD?XUL`SRGUD]X
PHYD GD 6UEL X GUDYDPD X NRMLPD QLVX YH`LQVNR VWDQRYQL^WYR PR
UDMX LPDWL LVWD SUDYD NDR 6UEL X 6UELML L GUXJL XVORY GD LPDMX LVWD
SUDYD NDR L YH`LQVNR VWDQRYQL^WYR X WLP GUDYDPD


9RMLVODY >H^HT

 4  3 !,



, D, 4  3 3 !, D 78*(" 
0 , D  
 

 X

 %HRJUDG $%&

*ODV  VWU 





, D, 4   F 3G3 D 78%7"
  4 
0 ,
E 0 , D  
 
9RMLVODY >H^HT

 %HRJUDG

$%& *ODV  VWU 



,YDQ ?XUL`

0 , .  


 6USVNL QDFLRQDOQL SURJUDP 

VSHFLMDOQR L]GDZH 6USVND UHa MDQXDU  VWU 

  

   ! " #$%&&' " (XVIII) V vol=11

 " ()*+&'

%XGX`LGDMH YHURYDRGD MH-XJRVODYLMDGUDYQRSUDYQLRNYLUNRML

`H VH RGUDWL ?XUL` LVWLaH GD MH SULVWDOLFD &YLML`HYRJ UD]PL^TD
ZDRMXQRVORYHQVNRPSURVWRUXLZHJRYHDQWLFLSDFLMHGDEXGX`QRVW
(YURSH SUH PRH ELWL XWHPHTHQD NUR] SURLPDZH NXOWXUQLK QHJR
HWQLaNLK YHUVNLK L SROLWLaNLK NRGRYD  =QDaL HWQLaNL L NRQIHVL
RQDOQL SURVWRU QH SRNODSDMX VH XYHN VD NXOWXUQLP L ]ERJ WRJD VH QD
PH`H SRWUHED R GUDYL QHNDNYRP VDYH]X 7R MH ELR L RVWDMH RVQRYQL
UD]ORJ SRWUHEH ]D -XJRVODYLMRP ,] WLK UD]ORJD D QH HPRFLRQDOQLK
PL L GDTH WUHED GD UD]PL^TDPR R WRP EDMSDVX NRML QDV V MHGQH VWUD
QH SRYH]XMH QD aLWDYRP SURVWRUX QD NRPH MH UD]PH^WHQ VUSVNL QDURG
D V GUXJH VWUDQH RPRJX`DYD QDP NRPXQLNDFLMX VD GUXJLP QDURGLPD
?XUL` GDTH QDSRPLZH 1H YROLP GD JRYRULP R GUDYDPD NDR R YHa
QLP NDWHJRULMDPD )LJXUDWLYQR UHaHQR ]QDP GD MH GDQDV L VXWUD -XJR
VODYLMD QDMERTH UH^HZH 9H` ]D SUHNRVXWUD QLVDP VLJXUDQ ^WD MH QD
MERTD RSFLMD
2VLP ?XUL`D ELOR MH MR^ QHNROLFLQD VUSVNLK LQWHOHNWXDODFD
NRMLVXVHSRaHWNRPGHYHGHVHWLKJRGLQDSUR^ORJYHND]DODJDOL]DRaX
YDZH -XJRVODYLMH WH ]D ZHQR UHIRUPLVDZH X JUD_DQVNX GUDYX V SR
VWRMH`LP IHGHUDOQLP XUH_HZHP JUDQLFDPD L GUXJLP LQVWLWXFLMDPD
RVLP PRQRSROD 6DYH]D NRPXQLVWD 9L^H VX LQVLVWLUDOL QD GUX^WYH
QRHNRQRPVNLP L VRFLMDOQLP QHJR QD HWQLaNRSROLWLaNLP L WHULWR
ULMDOQLP SLWDZLPD VYLK MXJRVORYHQVNLK QDURGD 7R VX SULVWDOLFH
NRQFHSFLMH NRMD `H VH WRNRP MXJRVORYHQVNRJ VXNRED L X GRFQLMHP YUH
PHQX SUHSR]QDWL NDR PRQGLMDOLVWLaND NRQFHSFLMD


,YDQ ?XUL`

0 , .  


 6USVNL QDFLRQDOQL SURJUDP 

VSHFLMDOQR L]GDZH 6USVND UHa MDQXDU  VWU 



9LGL ^LUH X -RYDQ %D]L`

3 . . 

 %HRJUDG  $XWRU GH

WDTQLMH REUD_XMH SROLWLaNH NRQFHSWH 1HERM^H 3RSRYD 'X^DQD -DZL

`D 9HVQH 3H^L` 0LOHQND 0DUNRYL`D 9RMLQD 'LPLWULMHYL`D L GUXJLK
SULVWDOLFD L SULSDGQLND XGUXHZD ]D -XJRVORYHQVNX GHPRNUDWVNX LQL
FLMDWLYX

XLYDOD MH

6DYH]D

?XJOHG

UHIRUPVNLK

X VYHWX

VQDJD

0RQGLMDOLVWLaND

NRQFHSFLMD

NDR PLURWYRUQL L GHPRNUDWVNL SULVWXS UH

^DYDZX VUSVNRJ SLWDZD L NUL]H QD SURVWRULPD ELY^H -XJRVODYLMH

VWU  =DWR MH 9HVQD 3H^L` GRELOD DPHULaNX QDJUDGX ]D GHPRNUD
WLMX QD NRMRM MRM MH aHVWLWDR L DPHULaNL SUHGVHGQLN %LO .OLQWRQ SUL
OLNRP SULMHPD 6ODYLFD -RYRYL`

; 0 0

 
  =
   . 

 LQWHUYMX  'XJD %HRJUDG  MXQ   MXO  SUHPD

-RYDQ %D]L` LVWR IXVQRWD VWU  0RQGLMDOLVWL VX YL^H UD]XPH

YDZD SRND]DOL SUHPD VORYHQDaNRM L KUYDWVNRM QDVLOQRM SURWLYXVWDYQRM
VHFHVLML QHJR ]D SUDYR VUSVNRJ QDURGD GD QDVWDYL GD LYL X VRSVWYHQRM
GUDYL 9LGL R WRPH ]ERUQLNH 9RMLQ 'LPLWULMHYL`

0  !




3 !, D?
. 
3 .  

 %HRJUDG  L 1HERM^D 3RSRY

 %HRJUDG  L 

  

120 3
! /45  33 6 788&" 9"

/LWHUDWXUD

'REULFD @RVL` 6USVNR SLWDZH  GHPRNUDWVNR SLWDZH %HRJUDG



'U 0LKDLOR 0DUNRYL` ,]DEUDQD GHOD NZLJD  %HRJUDG 

'U =RUDQ ?LQ_L` -XJRVODYLMD NDR QHGRYU^HQD GUDYD 1RYL 6DG


9XN 'UD^NRYL` 3RGVH`DZD %HRJUDG 

-RYDQ %D]L` 6USVNR SLWDZH %HRJUDG 

INTELLECTUALS AND THE ISSUE OF SERBIA IN 1990

Summary
Meaning of the term "intellectual" is connected mainly to persons
in the world of culture, who create spiritual values and transmit
knowledge on the society and man. In the world of politics, an intellectual may act as an opponent to the government or as a supporter. The intellectual is sensitive to the acts of governance and
his attitude is never single-valued - it may be apologetic, conservative and reformist one. In the following text, author of the text
presented an outline of certain Serbian intellectuals and politicians thoughts, ideas and attitudes, coming from all Serbian states
as well as ideological backgrounds, on Serbian national and social issue immediately before first multiparty elections in former Yugoslavia, prior to her murderous break-up and long lasting crisis.
This article is interesting, in addition, for its cross section of political attitudes of certain Serbian intellectuals and politicians in
the beginning of the nineties, which were presented in first programs and other strategic documents of political parties to which
they belonged, as well as the cross section of their recent attitudes
in changed political and geopolitical power constellations.
Key Words: Yugoslavia, Serbian issue, Serbian state, territorial
delimitation, nations right for self-determination, European integrations...