Learn - C - language - fully2- كتاب لغة C الشامل

.............................................................................................
...................................................................................................
........................................................................... C
, .................................................................................
, .................................................................................. C
, ..................................................... Variables and Constants
, ........................................................................... Comments
, .................................................................................. input
, ............................................................................. Operators
, ....................................................................... if, else, elseif
, .................................................................................... C
, ...............................................................
....................................................................... () C
, ................................................................................... Switch
, .................................................................. Repeated loop
, ............................................................................. Arrays
, ............................................................................ Pointers
, ............................................................................. Functions
, ................................................................... Header files
, ........................................................ Files I/O
, ........................................................................... structures
, ..............................................................
.............................................................................. C
, ......................................................................... Enumeration
, ............................................... Command-line Arguments
, ).......................................................... Directives(Preprocessor
, ...................................................................
, ............................................................... Standard Library
..................................................................................................
)( .....................................................................................
..............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
..................................................................................................
.............................................................................................
...................................................................................................
........................................................................... C
, .....................................................................................
,, ..................................................................... texts editor
,, ............................................................................. compiler
,, ................................................................................. linker
, ...................................................................................... C
,, ............................................................................
,, ..............................................................................
,, .......................................................................................
, ..................................................... Variables and Constants
,, ..................................................................... Variable Type
,,, ............................................................. int
,,, ............................................................. float
,,, ........................................................... double
,,, .......................................................... short
,,, ........................................................... long
,,, ...................................................................... char
,, .................................................................... Variable Name
,, .....................................................................Variable Value
,, ..........................................................................
,, ...............................................................
,, ..............................................................................
,, .......................................................................................
, ........................................................................... Comments
,, ...............................................................................
,, ..............................................................................
,,, ............................................................
,,, .....................................................................
,, ..............................................................
,, ..............................................................................
,, .......................................................................................
, ..................................................................................... Input
,, ..............................................................................
,, .......................................................................................
, ................................................................................ Operators
,, ........................................................ arthimetic operators
,,, ...........................................................(++) increment
,,, ..........................................................(--) decrement
,,, ).................................................................(%
,, .......................................................... relational operators
,, ............................................................. logical operators
,, ...............................................................................
,, ).............................................................. (bitwize
,, ..............................................................................
,, .......................................................................................
, .......................................................................... if, else, elseif
,, ................................................................................... if
,, ................................................................................ else
,, ............................................................................. elseif
,, ..............................................................................
,, .......................................................................................
, ........................................................................................ C
,, ......................................................................... Comments
,, .................................................................. Keywords
,, .......................................................................... Identifiers
............................................................................. Trigraphs ,,,
,, ........................................................................... Constants
,,, .........................................................................
,,, ........................................................................
,, ............................................................................... Tokens
,, ................................................................ String literals
,, ..............................................................................
,, .......................................................................................
, ..................................................................
,, ................................................................................
,,, ..........................................................
,,, ........................................................
,,, .................................................
,,, ........................................................
,, putchar ................................................................... getchar

,, puts .......................................................................... gets
,, wprintf ..................................................................... wscanf
,, putch getch ........................................................ getche
,, ..................................................................... wchar_t
,, main ................................................................. wmain
,, .....................................................................
,, ..............................................................................
,, ......................................................................................
........................................................................ () C
, ...................................................................................... Switch
,, ......................................................................... case
,, ........................................................................ break
,, ......................................................................... default
,, ..............................................................................
,, .......................................................................................
, .................................................................... Repeated loop
,, ......................................................................... while
,, .................................................................... dowhile
,, ........................................................................... for
,, ......................................................................... goto
,, ...................................................................
,, ..................................................................... continue
,, ................................................................................ ASCII
,, ..............................................................................
,, ......................................................................................
, ................................................................................ Arrays
,, .....................................................................
,, ....................................................................
,, ....................................................................
,, .............................................................
,, )( .................................................................
,,, ........................................................................... gets
,,, strcpy ......................................................... strncpy
,,, strcat .......................................................... strncat
,, ...........................................................
,, .............................................................................
,, ......................................................................................
, ............................................................................... Pointers
,, ................................................................... Pointer Type
,, ................................................................... Pointer Name
,, ......................................................................
,, ........................................................................
,, ........................................................................... reference
,, ............................................................................. void
,, ..............................................................................
,, ................................................................................
,, .............................................................................
,, ....................................................................................
, ................................................................................ Functions
,, ................................................................... Function Type
,, .................................................................. Function Name
,, .......................................................... Function Parameters
,, .....................................................................................
,, ......................................................................... macros
,, ...................................................................
,, ...............................................................
,, .............................................................................
,, ......................................................................................
, ...................................................................... Header files
,, ..........................................................................
,, .................................................................
,, .............................................................................
,, ......................................................................................
, .......................................................... Files I/O
,, .........................................................................
,,, ......................................................................... fopen
,,, ......................................................................... fclose
,,, ........................................................................... exit
,, ....................................................................
,, .........................................................................
,, w+ a+ ....................................................................... r+
,,, ........................................................................... w+
,,, ........................................................................... a+
,,, ............................................................................ r+
,, .......................................................
,,, fprintf .......................................................... fscanf
,,, fgets ............................................................. fputs
,,, fgetc ............................................................ fputc
,, .............................................................................
,, ......................................................................................
, ............................................................................. structures
,, ..................................................................... Struct Name
,, ...................................................... union
,, ..........................................................
,, ........................................................................
,, .............................................................................
,, ......................................................................................
, .................................................................
,, .................................................................... void
,, ....................................................................... static
,, .................................................................... typedef
,, ...............................................................................
,,, ................................................................
,,, ................................................................
,,, ...................................................................
,,, ..................................................................
,,, ...........................................
,,, .......................................
,, wcscpy .............................................................. wcsncpy
,, wcscat .............................................................. wcsncat
,, getwchar ................................................................ putwchar
,, _getws ..................................................................... _putws
,, ) ASCII( ......................................................................
,, ..............................................................
,,, .....................................................................
,,, )( ..........................................................
,,, ............................................................. extern
,,, ............................................................... auto

,,, ............................................................ register
,, ..................................................................... sizeof
,, .......................................................................
,, ...................................................................
,, ...........................................................................
,, ....................................................................................
.............................................................................. C
, ........................................................................... Enumeration
,, ........................................................... Enumeration Name
,, .............................................................................
,, .............................................................................
,, ......................................................................................
, .............................................. Command-line Arguments
,, .................................................................
,, ..................................................................
,, .............................................................................
,, ......................................................................................
, )........................................................... Directives(Preprocessor
,, .......................................................................... #include
,, ........................................................................... #define
,, ............................................................................. #undef
,, #else #elif #if ..................................................... #endif
,, #ifdef ............................................................ #ifndef
,, .............................................................................. #line
,, ............................................................................. #error
,, .......................................................................... #pragma
,, ............................................................ Predefined Names
,, ...........................................................................
,, ....................................................................................
, ......................................................................
,, .............................................................................
,, ......................................................................................
, ................................................................ Standard Library
,, ...................................................................... assert.h
,, ...................................................................... ctype.h
,,, ....................................................................... isalnum

,,, ....................................................................... isalpha
,,, ......................................................................... iscntrl
,,, ........................................................................ isdigit
,,, ....................................................................... isgraph
,,, ....................................................................... islower
,,, ........................................................................ isprint
,,, ....................................................................... ispunct
,,, ....................................................................... isspace
,,, ..................................................................... isupper
,,, ..................................................................... isxdigit
,,, toupper ......................................................... tolower
,, ...................................................................... errno.h
,,, ........................................................................ perror
,, ....................................................................... float.h
,, ...................................................................... limits.h
,, ...................................................................... locale.h
,, ...................................................................... math.h
,,, ........................................................................... sin
,,, ........................................................................... cos
,,, ........................................................................... tan
,,, ........................................................................... exp
,,, ........................................................................... log
,,, .......................................................................... pow
,,, .......................................................................... sqrt
,,, ........................................................................... ceil
,,, .......................................................................... floor
,,, .......................................................................... fabs
,,, ....................................................................... ldexp
,,, ....................................................................... fmod
,, ..................................................................... setjmp.h
,, ...................................................................... signal.h
,,, ......................................................................... raise
,, .................................................................... stdarg.h
,, .................................................................... stddef.h
,, ..................................................................... stdio.h
,,, ....................................................................... printf

,,, ...................................................................... sprintf
,,, ...................................................................... vprintf
,,, ..................................................................... vfprintf
,,, ..................................................................... vsprintf
,,, ....................................................................... scanf
,,, ...................................................................... fscanf
,,, ...................................................................... sscanf
,,, ....................................................................... fgetc
,,, ....................................................................... fgets
,,, ...................................................................... fputc
,,, ...................................................................... fputs
,,, ....................................................................... getc
,,, ................................................................... getchar
,,, ...................................................................... gets
,,, ...................................................................... putc
,,, ................................................................... putchar
,,, ...................................................................... puts
,,, .................................................................... ungetc
,,, ..................................................................... fopen
,,, ................................................................... freopen
,,, ..................................................................... fclose
,,, ................................................................... remove
,,, ................................................................... rename
,,, .................................................................... tmpfile
,,, ...................................................................... fread
,,, ..................................................................... fwrite
,,, ...................................................................... fseek
,,, ....................................................................... ftell
,,, .................................................................... rewind
,,, ....................................................................... feof
,, ..................................................................... stdlib.h
,,, ......................................................................... atof
,,, ......................................................................... atoi
,,, ......................................................................... atol
,,, ........................................................................ rand
,,, ....................................................................... srand

,,, ....................................................................... abort
,,, ......................................................................... exit
,,, ....................................................................... atexit
,,, ..................................................................... system
,,, ....................................................................... abs
,,, ....................................................................... labs
,,, ........................................................................ div
,,, ....................................................................... ldiv
,, .................................................................... string.h
,,, strcpy ....................................................... strncpy
,,, strcat ........................................................ strncat
,,, strcmp ...................................................... strncmp
,,, strchr ........................................................ strrchr
,,, strspn ....................................................... strcspn
,,, ..................................................................... strpbrk
,,, ....................................................................... strstr
,,, ....................................................................... strlen
,,, ...................................................................... strerror
,,, ..................................................................... strtok
,, ..................................................................... time.h
,,, ........................................................................ clock
,,, ......................................................................... time
,,, ...................................................................... difftime
,,, .................................................................... localtime
,,, ..................................................................... asctime
,,, ........................................................................ ctime
..................................................................................................
)( .....................................................................................
..............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
..................................................................................................
18

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My First Program:
!Hello, World
*/
#include<stdio.h> /* Standart Input Output Header File*/
)(main
/*main function*/
{/*Start of main function*/
printf("Hello, World!");/*to print Hello, World!*/
}/*End of main function*/
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// C++
:
//My First Program:
!//Hello, World
1
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#include<stdio.h> //Standart Input Output Header File
)(main
//main function
{//Start of main function
!printf("Hello, World!");//to print Hello, World
}//End of main function
:,,
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C .
,, :

:
/*****************************************************************************/
/*author
: Khalil Ounis
*/
/*Date
: 2006/01/01
*/
/*Information
: This is small program show
*/
*/
how programmers use comments
*/
*/
All rights reserved (c) 2006/2007
*/
/*****************************************************************************/
/*****************************************************************************/
/*Function : Principal function
*/
/*Input
: None
*/
/*Output
: None
*/
/*****************************************************************************/
)(main
{
/*Empty project*/
}/*Main function end*/
:,,
1
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,, :
.
:
/*comment
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
}
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
47
.
. :
>//#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
}
:,,
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stdio.h .stdio.h
,,:
1
2
3
4
5
6
#include
48
printf
scanf printf scanf
. scanf
.keyboard :
*/*/
>#include<stdio.h
*/ */
)(main
{
;int usr_val
*/ *printf("Enter a value: ");/

*/ *scanf("%d", &usr_val); /
*/ *printf("Your value is: %d\n", usr_val);/
:,, scanf
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
scanf
%d printf
&usr_val &
usr_val & .
usr_val .

%d
%c scanf :
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;char usr_char
;)" printf("Enter a character:
;)scanf("%c", &usr_char
;)printf("Your character is: %c\n", usr_char
}
1
2
3
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5
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7
8
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10
49
:,, scanf

:
>#include<stdio.h
1
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7
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16
17
>#include<stdio.h
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
)(main
{
;int val1, val2
;)" printf("1)Enter a value:
;)scanf("%d", &val1
;)" printf("2)Enter a value:
;)scanf("%d", &val2
;)val1+val2
;)val1-val2
;)val1*val2
;)val1/val2
val2,
val2,
val2,
val2,
val1,
val1,
val1,
val1,
%d\n",
%d\n",
%d\n",
%d\n",
=
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%d
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%d
+
*
/
printf("%d
printf("%d
printf("%d
printf("%d
:,, scanf )(

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)(main
{
;int val1, val2
;)" printf("Enter two value:
;)scanf("%d%d", &val1, &val2
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;)val1-val2
;)val1*val2
;)val1/val2
val2,
val2,
val2,
val2,
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%d\n",
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=
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printf("%d
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printf("%d
:,, scanf )(
50
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51
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C :) (++) (-- ).(%
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) ( .
:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;int Inc
;Inc = 0
;)printf("Inc = %d\n", Inc
;Inc++
;++Inc
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
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16
17
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:
1
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52
;Inc = Inc+1
;Inc += 1
3
4
5
6
7
8
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:,, )(
Inc = Inc+1 Inc++
Inc = Inc+3 Inc
Inc += 1 Inc = Inc+1 . ++
. ++
:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;int Inc
;Inc = 0
;)Inc
;)Inc++
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;)++Inc
;)Inc
%d\n",
%d\n",
%d\n",
%d\n",
%d\n",
=
=
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printf("Inc
printf("Inc
printf("Inc
printf("Inc
printf("Inc
}
1
2
3
4
5
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7
8
9
10
11
12
13
:,, )(
++
. .
.
,,, :(--) decrement
++ --
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
1
2
3
53
{
;int Dec
;Dec = 2
;)printf("Dec = %d\n", Dec
;Dec--
;--Dec
:,,
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

;Dec = Dec-1
;Dec -= 1
:,, )(
1
2
3
4
5
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7
8
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,,, ):(%

5%3 :
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;)printf("%d\n", 5%3
}
:,,
1
2
3
4
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,, ):(relational operators
) (true )(false
:
>#include<stdio.h
54
)(main
{
;)printf("%d\n", 5<3
;)printf("%d\n", 5==3
;)printf("%d\n", 5>3
}
:,,
2
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;)printf("%d\n", 5<3 || 5>3
;)printf("%d\n", 5==3 || 3==5
;)printf("%d\n", 5>3 || 5<3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
55
;))printf("%d\n", !(5<3
;))printf("%d\n", !(5==3
;))printf("%d\n", !(5>3
:,,
13
14
15
16
:
: .5<3
: .
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: .5>3
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: .
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: .
,, :
C : << Left Shift

) ( :
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;)printf("%d\n", 1<<7
}
:,,
:
1
2
3
4
5
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56
:,,
>> Right Shift :
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;)printf("%d\n", 128>>7
}
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
:,,
# #define:
>#include<stdio.h
)"#define printer(str) printf(#str "\n
:,,
)(main
{
;)printer(Hello
}
#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
57
## #define Merge :
>#include<stdio.h
#define MergingName(str, strplus) str##strplus
;''H
;''e
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;''l
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)(main
{
char
char
char
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char
;)printf("%c%c%c%c%c\n", ch1, ch2, ch3, ch4, ch5
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
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13
14
15
##
,, ):(bitwize
bits .
"" OR | ""
:
:,,
| OR

"" .:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
int x = 1; /* 1 decimal = 00000001 Binary*/
;x = x|4
/* 4 decimal = 00000100 Binary*/
*/
= 00000101 Binary, x = 5 decimal*/
;)printf("x = %d\n", x
}
1
2
3
4
5
6
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58
:,,
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>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
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= 00000000 Binary, x = 0*/
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:,,
1
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& AND
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:,,
^ XOR
59

.OR:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
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= 00000000 Binary, x = 0*/
}
:,,
1
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3
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5
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>#include<stdio.h
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1
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
61
)if(usr_val <100
{
;)printf("%d are less than 100\n", usr_val
}
)if(usr_val >100
{
;)printf("%d are great than 100\n", usr_val
}
:,,
9
10
11
12
13
14
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16
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if

block if block .if
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:,, () if
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1
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else
:,,
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:,, if
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{
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)if(usr_val<100
)else if(usr_val==100
;)printf("%d are equal 100\n", usr_val
else
:,,
3
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65
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:,,
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{
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;)"printf("??!\n
;)"printf("??-\n
}
,, :Constants
:,, () Trigraphs
1
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3
4
5
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8
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66
:
,,, :
#define const
:
#define
>#include<stdio.h
"#define Const_Str "Hello, World!\n
)(main
{
;)printf(Const_Str
/*can't write Const_Str = "Hello, World2!\n"*/
}
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
#define .
const :
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;'const char ch = 'a
;)printf("%c\n", ch
/*you can't use this:
;'ch = 'b
;)printf("%c\n", ch
because it's a constant*/
}
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
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12
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const . C
:
'
\a
67
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short, long, int, unsigned, signed, float, double
#define const :#define
>#include<stdio.h
#define Const_Num 5
)(main
{
;)printf("%d\n", Const_Num
/*can't write Const_Num = 6;*/
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
#define
. :const
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;int Const_Num = 5
;)printf("%d\n", Const_Num
/*can't write Const_Num = 6;*/
}
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
68
,, :Tokens
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>#include<stdio.h
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{
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;)" printf("the year currently:
;)scanf("%d", &num1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
70
;)" printf("the year of your born:

;)scanf("%d", &num2
;)printf("You have %d years!\n", num1-num2
}
:,,
9
10
11
12
13
14

.
.
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,,, :

:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;int num1, num2
;char Char
;)" printf("1:(+)\n2:(-)\n3:(/)\n4:(*)\nEnter a choice:
;)scanf("%c", &Char
;)" printf("Enter the first number:
;)scanf ("%d", &num1
;)" printf("Enter the second number:
;)scanf("%d", &num2
)'if(Char == '+' || Char == '1
;)printf("%d + %d = %d\n", num1, num2, num1+num2
)'else if(Char == '-' || Char == '2
;)printf("%d - %d = %d\n", num1, num2, num1-num2
)'else if(Char == '/' || Char == '3
;)printf("%d / %d = %d\n", num1, num2, num1/num2
)'else if(Char == '*' || Char == '4
;)printf("%d * %d = %d\n", num1, num2, num1*num2
else
;)"printf("Error in choice!\nExiting...\n
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
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20
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22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
71
:,,

.
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Char +

.
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:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;int num, x
;)" printf("Enter a number:
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)if(num<0
;x = -num
else
;x = num
;)printf("|%d|=%d\n", num, x
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

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x num
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)(main
{
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;)scanf("%d", &num2
)if(num1>num2
;max = num1
else
;max = num2
;)printf("max = %d\n", max
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

.
.
max num1
max num2 .
.
,, putchar :getchar
putchar put character getchar
get character .stdio.h putchar
! Hello, World:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;)'putchar('H
1
2
3
4
5
73
;)'putchar('e
;)'putchar('l
;)'putchar('l
;)'putchar('o
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;)' '(putchar
;)'putchar('w
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;)'putchar('r
;)'putchar('l
;)'putchar('d
;)'putchar('\n
:,,
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
putchar
.printf getchar
:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;char ch
;)'putchar(':
;)(ch = getchar
;)putchar(ch
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
getchar
)( ch = getchar getchar
getchar .
,, puts :gets
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puts printf printf:
- \n puts .
- puts .%d
74
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>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;)"!puts("Hello, World
;)"!puts("Goodbay, World
}
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
puts
gets
.
,, wprintf :wscanf
printf scanf
:
printf format
wide
wide scan format
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;int num, x
;)" wprintf(L"Enter a number:
;)wscanf(L"%d", &num
)if(num<0
;x = -num
else
;x = num
;)wprintf(L"|%d|=%d\n", num, x
:,, wprint
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
wscanf
L .long
,, putch getch :getche
putche getche C linux
stdio.h Windows ) conio.h (Console Input Output
75
getch C Windows
.
C ANSI C stdio.h
.getch putch putchar getch
getchar :
- getchar getch .
- getchar
getch .
putch :getch
/* Just in Windows and DOS OS compilers */
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<conio.h
)(main
{
;char ch
;)(ch = getch
;)putch(c
;)'putch('\n
:,, getch
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
putch
conio.h getch
getchar \n
. getch
:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<conio.h
)(main
{
;char ch
;)(ch = getch
;)putch(ch
;)'putch('\n
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
76
;)"printf("Press any key to exit\n

getch(); /*pause */
}
11
12
13
14
:,, getch () putch

.
getche getch :
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<conio.h
)(main
{
;char c
;)(c = getche
;)'putch('\n
;)putch(c
;)'putch('\n
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
getche
,, :wchar_t
char wchar_t
type :
wide-character
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;'wchar_t wch = 'a
;)printf("%c\n", wch
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
wchar_t
,, main :wmain
main
) (C main
.Unicode wmain main
:
wmain
77
>#include<stdio.h
)(wmain
{
;)"wprintf(L"Hello, World!\n
}
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
wmain
:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
main
main return
:
>#include<stdio.h
:,,
)(main
{
;return 0
}
1
2
3
4
5
6
int int
:
>#include<stdio.h
1
2
3
4
5
6
>#include<stdio.h
1
2
)(int main
{
;return 0
}
:,, )(
void int void
:
78
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}
:,,
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printf :
%d, %i
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float, double
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printf
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short, long
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:,,
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conio conio.h

, ...................................................................................... switch
, ..................................................................... repeated loops
, .................................................................................. arrays
, ................................................................................. pointers
, .................................................................................. Functions
, ........................................................................ Header files
, ............................................................. Files I/O
, ............................................................................... structures
, ...................................................................
: C switch
) (

.C

81
. switch
: elseif else if switch
:
1
2
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5
6
7
8
9
10
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13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int num1, num2;
char Char;
printf("1:(+)\n2:(-)\n3:(/)\n4:(*)\nEnter a choice: ");
scanf("%c", &Char);
printf("Enter the first number: ");
scanf ("%d", &num1);
printf("Enter the second number: ");
scanf("%d", &num2);
if(Char == '+' || Char == '1')
printf("%d + %d = %d\n", num1, num2, num1+num2);
else if(Char == '-' || Char == '2')
printf("%d - %d = %d\n", num1, num2, num1-num2);
else if(Char == '/' || Char == '3')
printf("%d / %d = %d\n", num1, num2, num1/num2);
else if(Char == '*' || Char == '4')
printf("%d * %d = %d\n", num1, num2, num1*num2);
else
}
printf("Error in choice!\nExiting...\n");
if, else, elseif
:,,
: switch
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int num1, num2;
char Char;
printf("1:(+)\n2:(-)\n3:(/)\n4:(*)\nEnter a choice: ");
scanf("%c", &Char);
82

;)scanf("%d", &num2
)switch(Char
{
case '+':
case '1':
;break
case '-':
case '2':
;break
case '/':
case '3':
;break
case '*':
case '4':
;break
default:
;break
}
:,,
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
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18
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31
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33
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35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
switch

. switch
Char switch .
:

switch Char
Char
+ Char
switch
83
Char ...
default .
.
case '+':
case '1':
;break
switch
else, elseif
19
20
21
22
if,:
)'if(Char == '+' || Char == '1

17
18
:
case '+':
case '1':
19
20
:
'Char == '+' || Char == '1
:default
default:
38
39
else :
else
29
30
switch float )double if .(else

,, :case
84
switch
case 1 switch

. case
switch .
,, :break
switch case
.switch
,, :default
switch
.
,, :
. case
:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;int num1, num2
;int Char
;)" printf("1:(+)\n2:(-)\n3:(/)\n4:(*)\nEnter a choice:
;)scanf("%d", &Char
;)scanf("%d", &num2
)switch(Char
{
case 1:
1
2
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5
6
7
8
9
10
11
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13
14
15
16
17
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19
20
85
;break
case 2:
;break
case 3:
;break
case 4:
;break
default:
}
:,,
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
. break .
,,:
- :
Start Game . Option
. About
Game . .Exit Game
86

:
,, :while
if :
:,,
while

.
while :
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;int i
;i = 1
)while(i!=4
{
;)printf("\a%d ,", i
;i++
}
;)"printf(" Go!\n
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
87
:,,
while
i

while )( i
block while ) i
i !=4 (
.
:
// Just in Windows and DOS OS compilers
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<conio.h
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<conio.h
1
2
3
4
)(main
{
;char ch
;)" printf("Press any key(q=exit):
;)(ch = getche
)'while(ch != 'q
{
;)" printf("\nPress any key(q=exit):
;)(ch = getche
}
;)"printf("\nExiting...\n
:,, () while
getche
while
ch q .q
while block
if block break
:
)(main
88
{
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<conio.h
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
;char ch
;)(ch = getche
)while(1
{
)'if(ch == 'q
;break
;)(ch = getche
;)"printf("\nExiting!\n
}
:,, () while
) true (C while
break .switch
:
)(main
{
;char ch
)while(1
{
;)(ch = getche
)'if(ch == 'q
;break
}
;)"printf("\nExiting!\n
}
:,, () while
block while
while .
,, :dowhile
89
while dowhile while

while
dowhile block
. do block
block } while :
:,,
dowhile
:dowhile
:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<conio.h
)(main
{
;int i
;i = 1
do
{
;i++
;)}while(i != 4
;)"printf(" Go!\n
:,,
dowhile
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
90
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<conio.h
)(main
{
;char ch
do
{

;)(ch = getche
;)'}while(ch != 'q
:,, () dowhile
.
,, :for
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
.
for :
. .
. .
. ) (.
:
91
:,,
for
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<conio.h
)(main
{
;int i
)for(i=1;i<=3;i++
{
}
;)"printf(" Go!\n
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
for
for
i
) i (
.

ch ) q ch (q :
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<conio.h
)(main
{
;char ch

;)(ch = getche
);'for(;ch!='q
{
;)(ch = getche
}
1
2
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5
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7
8
9
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14
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16
92
}
17
18
:,, () for

.
,, :goto
goto
. goto
:
:,,
goto
:,,
goto
:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;goto fin
;)"printf("Begin!\n
fin:
;)"printf("End!\n
:,,
goto
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
93
goto the_name_of_place
fin fin .
:
>#include<stdio.h
1
2
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5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
>#include<stdio.h
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
)(main
{
begin:
;goto fin
;)"printf("Begin!\n
;)"printf("End!\n
;goto begin
fin:
}
:,, () goto

:
)(main
{
;int i
;i = 0
;)"printf("Begin!\n
begin:
;)printf("%d ,", i
;i++
)if(i==10
;goto fin
else
;goto begin
fin:
;)"printf("\nEnd!\n
:,,
.goto
,, :
}
goto
94
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;int i
;i = 1
)while(i!=4
{
;i++
}
;)"printf(" Go!\n
:,, () while
:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
95
:,,
while
while :dowhile
:,,
dowhile
:for
:,,
for
goto .

while, do...while, for :
96
>#include<stdio.h
1
2
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4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
>#include<stdio.h
1
2
3
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5
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7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
)(main
{
;int i
)for(i=1;i<=3;i++
{
}
;)"printf(" Go!\n
}
:,, () for
:
)(main
{
;int i
;i=1
);;(for
{
)if(i>3
;break
;i++
}
;)"printf(" Go!\n
:,, () for
:
:,,
for
97
for while dowhile

.
,, :continue
continue
:
>#include<stdio.h
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
>#include<stdio.h
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
)(main
{
;int i
;i = 1
)while(1
{
)if(i<=3
{
;++i
}
;)"printf(" Go!\n
;break
}
}
:,, () while

continue
:
)(main
{
;int i
;i = 1
)while(1
{
)if(i<=3
{
;++i
98
;continue
}
;)"printf(" Go!\n
;break
}
:,,
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
continue
dowhile .for
,, :ASCII
ASCII :
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;int i
)for(i=0;i<=255;i++
;)printf("%d: %c\n", i, i
:,, ASCII
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

\0 ) (.
,, :
.
.
.
.
.
.
dowhile
.
for );;(.for
) while(1 .
continue ) ( .
,,:
99
. .
. .
100

.

:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;int arr1, arr2, arr3, arr4, arr5, ...,arr25
;)" printf("Arr1:
;)scanf("%d", arr1
;)" printf("Arr2:
;)scanf("%d", arr2
;)" printf("Arr3:
;)scanf("%d", arr3
;)" printf("Arr4:
;)scanf("%d", arr4
;)" printf("Arr5:
;)scanf("%d", arr5
...
;)" printf("Arr25:
;)scanf("%d", arr25
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
...
.

:
101
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;]int arr[24
;int i
)for(i=0;i<25;i++
{
;)printf("Arr%d: ", i
;)]scanf("%d", &arr[i
}
;)"printf("***********- LIST -***********\n
)for(i=0;i<25;i++
{
;)]printf("Arr%d: %d\n", i, arr[i
}
:,,

.
,, :
] int arr[4
int
:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;}int arr[4] = {10, 12, 13, 15
;)]printf("[%d][%d][%d][%d]\n", arr[0], arr[1], arr[2], arr[3
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
102

. :
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;]int arr[4
;}arr[4] = {10, 12, 13, 15
}
:,, )(

:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;]int arr[4
;arr[0] = 10
;arr[1] = 12
;arr[2] = 13
;arr[3] = 15
:,, )(
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
,, :

.
:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
1
2
3
103
{
;]int arr2d[2][2
;int i,j
;arr2d[0][0] = 10
;arr2d[0][1] = 20
;arr2d[1][0] = 30
;arr2d[1][1] = 40
)for(i=0;i<=1;i++
{
)for(j=0;j<=1;j++
{
;)]printf("arr2d[%d][%d] = %d\n", i, j, arr2d[i][j
}
}
:,,
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

] [0 ] .[1

.
:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;}}int arr2d[2][2] = {{10, 20}, {30, 40
;int i,j
)for(i=0;i<=1;i++
{
)for(j=0;j<=1;j++
{
;)]printf("arr2d[%d][%d] = %d\n", i, j, arr2d[i][j
}
}
:,, )(
.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
104
,, :

:
:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;}}}int arr3d[2][2][2] = {{{10, 20},{30, 40}}, {{50, 60},{70, 80
;int i, j, k
)for(i=0;i<=1;i++
{
)for(j=0;j<=1;j++
{
)for(k=0;k<=1;k++
{
printf("arr3d[%d][%d][%d] = %d\n", i, j, k,
;)]arr3d[i][j][k
}
}
}
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;]int arr3d[2][2][2
;int i, j, k
)for(i=0;i<=1;i++
{
)for(j=0;j<=1;j++
{
)for(k=0;k<=1;k++
{
;)printf("arr3d[%d][%d][%d] : ", i, j, k
;)]scanf("%d", &arr3d[i][j][k
}
}
}
)for(i=0;i<=1;i++
{
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
105
)for(j=0;j<=1;j++
{
)for(k=0;k<=1;k++
{
printf("arr3d[%d][%d][%d] = %d\n", i, j, k,
;)]arr3d[i][j][k
}
}
}
:,, )(
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
,, :

. :
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;}int arr[] = {10, 20, 30
;)]printf("%d\n", arr[0
:,,
;}int arr[] = {10, 20, 30
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

:
;}}}int arr3d[][][] = {{{10, 20},{30, 40}}, {{50, 60},{70, 80
106
;}}}int arr3d[][2][2] = {{{10, 20},{30, 40}}, {{50, 60},{70, 80
,, )(:
.

:
char
:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;"!char text[14] = "Hello, World
;)printf("%s\n", text
:,,
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;]char text[14
;'text[0] = 'H
;'text[1] = 'e
;'text[2] = 'l
;'text[3] = 'l
;'text[4] = 'o
;'text[5] = ',
;' ' = ]text[6
;'text[7] = 'w
;'text[8] = 'o
;'text[9] = 'r
;'text[10] = 'l
;'text[11] = 'd
;'!' = ]text[12
;'text[13] = '\0
;)printf("%s\n", text
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
107
:,, )(
\0
:
;"!char text[14] = "Hello, World
) (
\0 .
:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;]char usr_name[255
;int i
;i = 0
;)" printf("Your name:
;)scanf("%s", &usr_name
)'while(usr_name[i] != '\0
{
;++i
}
;)printf("%s = %d characters\n", usr_name, i
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
usr_name

%s s
string
:
108
:,,
.
:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;]char usr_name[255
;int i
;i = 0
;)" printf("Your Fullname:
;)scanf("%s", &usr_name
)'while(usr_name[i]!='\0
{
;)]printf("%i: %c\n", i+1, usr_name[i
;++i
}
;)printf("%s = %d characters\n", usr_name, i
:,, )(
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
109
,,, :gets
gets .
) scanf("%s", &string_name ) gets(string_name :
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;]char usr_name[255
;)"puts("Your name:
;)gets(usr_name
;)"puts("nice to meet you
;)puts(usr_name
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
gets
scanf gets gets

scanf
.
,,, strcpy :strncpy
strcpy string.h
string copy :
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<string.h
)(main
{
;"!char String[] = "String
;]char Empty_String[20
;)strcpy(Empty_String, String
;)printf("Empty_String = %s\n", Empty_String
:,,
strcpy
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
110

. strncpy string.h
strcpy :
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<string.h
)(main
{
;"!char String[] = "String
;)strncpy(Empty_String, String, 3
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
strncpy
strncpy .
:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<string.h
)(main
{
;)"!strcpy(Empty_String, "String
:,, () strcpy
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
,,, strcat :strncat
strcat string.h
:
concatenate
string
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<string.h
)(main
{
;"!char String[20] = "String
;)"strcat(String, ", String2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
111
;)printf("String = %s\n", String
:,,
9
10
11
strcat
strcat
. strncat strcat
:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<string.h
)(main
{
;"!char String[20] = "String
;)strncat(String, ", String2", 3
;)printf("String = %s\n", String
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
strncat
.
,, :

= 10
) *(arr+0
= 10
] arr[0 :
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;]int arr[1
;arr[0] = 10
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;]int arr[1
1
2
3
4
5
112
;*(arr+0) = 10
;))printf("%d\n", *(arr+0
}
6
7
8
9
:,, )(
] arr[0 ) .*(arr+0
:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;]int arr[2
;arr[0+0] = 10
printf("%d\n", arr[0+0]); /* or printf("%d\n", arr[0]); */
;arr[0-0] = 20
printf("%d\n", arr[0-0]); /* or printf("%d\n", arr[0]); */
;arr[1*1] = 30
printf("%d\n", arr[1*1]); /* or printf("%d\n", arr[1]); */
;arr[1/1] = 40
printf("%d\n", arr[1/1]); /* or printf("%d\n", arr[1]); */
,, :
:,, )(
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
. arr :
; ]int arr[2
; arr[0] = 10
; arr[8] = 20
.
:
; ]int arr[2
; arr[0] = 10
; arr[1] = 20
113
.
.
\0
. gets .
,,:
. )
.(gets
. )
(.
. ! Hello, World
) (
.-
puts
114
C .

. )
( .
:
:,,
.
,, :Pointer Type

. int, float, double,
.long, short, unsigned, signed, char,
,, :Pointer Name
:
.
.
....
% # { )... _(.
115
.
.

:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;int *ptr, i
;i = 10
;ptr = &i
;)printf("*ptr = %d\n", *ptr
}
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
ptr i i
ptr i &Variable_Name
*ptr ptr
.ptr
ptr i i
ptr :
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;int *ptr, i
;i = 10
;ptr = &i
;*ptr = 100
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
ptr i
i . :
116
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;int *ptr, i
;i = 10
;ptr = &i
;)printf("i = %d\n", i
;)printf("&i = %p\n", &i
;)printf("ptr = %p\n", ptr
}
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
:,, )(
i ptr
)
(
i ptr %p pointer
. :
,, :
:,,
) ++(
. :
117
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;]int arr[2
;int *ptr
;arr[0] = 10
;arr[1] = 20
;]ptr = &arr[0
;)]printf("%d\n", ptr[0
;)]printf("%d\n", ptr[1
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
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ptr
.ptr :
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;]int arr[2
;int *ptr
;*(arr+0) = 10
;*(arr+1) = 20
;)ptr = &*(arr+0
;))printf("%d\n", *(ptr+0
;))printf("%d\n", *(ptr+1
:,,
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>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;]int arr[2
;int *ptr
;arr[0] = 10
;arr[1] = 20
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118
;]ptr = &arr[0
;)printf("%d\n", *ptr
;)printf("%d\n", *++ptr
}
:,, )(
:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;]int arr[2
;int *ptr
;arr[0] = 10
;arr[1] = 20
;]ptr = &arr[0
;)printf("%d\n", arr
;)printf("%d\n", ++arr
:,,
10
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,, :
:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;"!char *str = "Hello, World
;)printf("%s\n", str
:,,
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8

:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;char *str
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119
;)" printf("Enter a string:

;)scanf("%s", str
6
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10
:,, )(
str
str
str :
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;char *str
;char adr_str
;str = &adr_str
;)scanf("%s", str
:,, )(
1
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str &
. & scanf :
>#include<stdio.h
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>#include<stdio.h
1
2
)(main
{
;]char arr[255
;)scanf("%s", arr
;)printf("%s\n", arr
:,, )(
:
120
)(main
{
;}int arr[3] = {10, 20, 30
;int *ptr
;int i
;ptr = arr
)for(i=0;i<=2;i++
;)]printf("ptr[%d] = %d\n", i, ptr[i
}
:,, )(
.arr = ptr
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,, :reference
:
>#include<stdio.h
;ref
;*ptr
;= 10
;= &ref
:,,
{)(main
int
int
ref
ptr
}
1
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8
ptr &ref . &

.reference
,, :void
void
void :
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;void *p_void
/* can't use void v_void; */
;(int)p_void = 10
;)printf("(int)p_void = %d\n", p_void
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121
;'(char)p_void = 'H
;)printf("(char)p_void = %c\n", p_void
;"(char *)p_void = "Hello
;)printf("(char *)p_void = %s\n", p_void
:,,
11
12
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16
void
void (Type)Pointer_Name Type

.
,, :
:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;]int *arr[2
;int a = 10, b = 20
;)printf("A = %d, ", a
;)printf("B = %d\n", b
;arr[0] = &a
;*arr[0] = 5
;arr[1] = &b
;*arr[1] = 10
;)printf("A = %d, ", a
;)printf("B = %d\n", b
}
:,,
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.
:
>#include<stdio.h
{)(main
;}"char *arr[] = {"Text 1", "Text 2", "Text 3
;)]printf("arr[0] = %s\n", arr[0
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122
,, :
:,, )(
.
:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;int p
;int *pt
;int **ptr
;p = 10
;)printf("p = %d\n", p
;pt = &p
;ptr = &pt
;**ptr = 5
;)printf("p = %d\n", p
}
:,,
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.
:
>#include<stdio.h
{)(main
;char *AdrPtr
;char **ptr = &AdrPtr
;"ptr[0] = "Text 1
;"ptr[1] = "Text 2
;"ptr[2] = "Text 3
;)]printf("ptr[0] = %s\n", ptr[0
:,, )(
int *****ptr .
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123
,, :
. :
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;int *ptr
;*ptr = 10
;)printf("%d\n", *ptr
:,,
1
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9
:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;int *ptr
;int i
;*ptr = i
:,,
1
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9
. :
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;int *ptr
;int i
;i = ptr
:,,
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,,:
. :
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
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{
char usr_name[255];
int i;
i = 0;
printf("Your Fullname: ");
scanf("%s", &usr_name);
while(usr_name[i]!='\0')
{
printf("%i: %c\n", i+1, usr_name[i]);
++i;
}
}
printf("%s = %d characters\n", usr_name, i);
:,,
125
.
subroutine
. :
:,,
.
:
! World
Hello,
>#include<stdio.h
)(void Func_HelloWorld
{
}
)(main
{
;)(Func_HelloWorld
}
:,,
1
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11
) (prototype
:
>#include<stdio.h
;)(void Func_HelloWorld
1
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126
)(main
{
;)(Func_HelloWorld
}
{
}
4
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:,, )(
.
:
>#include<stdio.h
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>#include<stdio.h
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)(main
{
;)(Func_HelloWorld
}
{
}
:,, )(
prototype Func_HelloWorld
C .
void .
:
;)void Func_Print(const char *str

)(main
{
;)"Func_Print("Func_Print:\n
;)"Func_Print("Hello, World!\n
}
)void Func_Print(const char *str
{
;)printf("%s", str
}
:,,
127

:
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36
#include<stdio.h>
void
void
void
void
Func_Add(const
Func_Sub(const
Func_Mul(const
Func_Div(const
main()
{
Func_Add(30,
Func_Sub(30,
Func_Mul(30,
Func_Div(30,
}
int
int
int
int
num1,
num1,
num1,
num1,
const
const
const
const
int
int
int
int
num2);
num2);
num2);
num2);
10);
10);
10);
10);
void Func_Add(const int num1, const int num2)

{
printf("%d + %d = %d\n", num1, num2, num1+num2);
}
void Func_Sub(const int num1, const int num2)
{
printf("%d - %d = %d\n", num1, num2, num1-num2);
}
void Func_Mul(const int num1, const int num2)
{
printf("%d * %d = %d\n", num1, num2, num1*num2);
}
void Func_Div(const int num1, const int num2)
{
printf("%d / %d = %d\n", num1, num2, num1/num2);
}
:,,
:
1
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9
#include<stdio.h>
void Func_(const int num1, const char sign, const int num2);
main()
{
Func_(30, '+', 10);
Func_(30, '-', 10);
Func_(30, '*', 10);
128
;)Func_(30, '/', 10
}
)sign, const int num2
;)num1, sign, num2, num1+num2

;)num1, sign, num2, num1-num2
;)num1, sign, num2, num1*num2
;)num1, sign, num2, num1/num2
void Func_(const int num1, const char

{
)switch(sign
{
case '+':
printf("%d %c %d = %d\n",
;break
case '-':
;break
case '*':
;break
case '/':
;break
default:
;)"printf("ERROR!\n
;break
}
:,,
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34
,, :Function Type
int
.float
return :
>#include<stdio.h
;)int Int_Func(const int num
)(main
{
;))printf("%d\n", Int_Func(5
}
)int Int_Func(const int num
{
;return num
}
:,,

num
1
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13
int Int_Func printf
void
129
.
C int :
>#include<stdio.h
;)Int_Func(const int num
)(main
{
}
)Int_Func(const int num
{
;return num
}
:,,
1
2
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5
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8
9
10
11
12
13
:
>#include<stdio.h
;)Int_Func(const int num
)(main
{
}
)Int_Func(num
;const int num
{
;return num
}
:,,
1
2
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14
:
>#include<stdio.h
;)int Int_Func(const int num
)(main
{
}
{
;return num
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130
13
1
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:,,
:short
#include<stdio.h>
short Short_Func(const short num);
main()
{
printf("%d\n", Short _Func(5));
}
short Short _Func(const short num)
{
return num;
}
short
:,,
char unsigned signed double float long

:
1
2
3
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5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
#include<stdio.h>
char Char_Func(const char ch);
main()
{
printf("%c\n", Char_Func('C'));
}
char Char_Func(const char ch)
{
return ch;
}
char
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
#include<stdio.h>
int Int_Func(const int num);
main()
{
int i = Int_Func(5);
printf("i = %d\n", i);
}
131

{
;return num*2
}
:,,
11
12
13
14
15
>#include<stdio.h
{)char *string(char *str
;return str
}
)(main
{
;))"!printf("%s\n", string("Hello, World
}
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
*char
,, :Function Name
:
.
.
....
% # { )... _(.
.
.
,, :Function Parameters

][ .long, int, float, double, char, char*, char
.
, signed, short,
,,:
.main
unsigned
132
,, :macros
macros :
>#include<stdio.h
)#define Add(a, b) (a+b
)(main
{
;int a, b
;a = 50
;b = 100
;))printf("%d + %d = %d\n", a, b, Add(a, b
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
.#define
:
>#include<stdio.h
)#define PrintF_(String) printf("%s", String
)(main
{
;)"PrintF_("Macro...\n
}
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
,, :
C Procedure
void int
float .
,, :
:
>#include<stdio.h
;))void CallFunc(void Func_Name(void
1
2
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133
4
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13
14
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16
17
void Function();
main(){
CallFunc(Function);
}
void CallFunc(void Func_Name(void)){
printf("Call Function:\n");
Func_Name();
}
void Function(){
printf("This is a function!\n");
}
:,,

: .
1
2
3
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9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
#include<stdio.h>
void CallFunc(void Func_Name(int a, int b));
void Function(int a, int b);
main(){
CallFunc(Function);
}
void CallFunc(void Func_Name(int a, int b)){
printf("Call Function:\n");
Func_Name(10, 20);
}
void Function(int a, int b){
printf("%d + %d = %d\n", a, b, a+b);
}
:,,
: ,,
: .
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
#include<stdio.h>
void Function();
main()
{
}
Function();
void Function();
134
{
/*Empty Funtion;*/
:,,
11
12
13

.
. .
,,:
. StrLen
.*str
. abs
.value
char
const
int
135
stdio.h conio.h
.
.h
functions.h :
/*Functions Header file*/
)int Add(int num1, int num2
{
;return num1+num2
}
)int Sub(int num1, int num2
{
;return num1-num2
}
)int Mul(int num1, int num2
{
;return num1*num2
}
)int Div(int num1, int num2
{
;return num1/num2
}
:,,
1
2
3
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7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
functions.h
:
>#include<stdio.h
"#include"functions.h
)(main
{
;int num1 = 30, num2 = 10
;))num2
;))num2
;))num2
;))num2
Add(num1,
Sub(num1,
Mul(num1,
Div(num1,
num2,
num2,
num2,
num2,
num1,
num1,
num1,
num1,
%d\n",
%d\n",
%d\n",
%d\n",
:,,
=
=
=
=
%d
%d
%d
%d
+
*
/
printf("%d
printf("%d
printf("%d
printf("%d
}
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
136
functions.h
functions.h main.c
:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<functions.h
)(main
{
;int num1 = 30, num2 = 10
;))num2
;))num2
;))num2
;))num2
Add(num1,
Sub(num1,
Mul(num1,
Div(num1,
num2,
num2,
num2,
num2,
num1,
num1,
num1,
num1,
%d\n",
%d\n",
%d\n",
%d\n",
:,,
=
=
=
=
%d
%d
%d
%d
+
*
/
printf("%d
printf("%d
printf("%d
printf("%d
1
2
3
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5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
include
functions.h )stdio.h
include (.
,, :

/ ? : & \ * " < > | # % :
.
,, :

math.h
design.h graphics.h
.
,, :
. .
137
,,:
. math.h abs
abs .
138
(.
,, :
)(
.
:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;FILE *File
;]char FileName[255
;]char String[255
;)" printf("Enter the name of file(with type)\n[MAX Character 255]:
;)gets(FileName
;)"printf("Creating File...\n
;)"File = fopen(FileName, "w
;)"printf("File Created.\n
;)"printf("TEXT:\n
;)gets(String
;)printf("Save Text to the file %s...\n", FileName
;)fprintf(File, "%s", String
:,,
1
2
3
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5
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7
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9
10
11
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13
14
15
16
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20
21
FILE .FILE
.
.
. gets scanf
:
139
scanf
test.txt scanf test
gets .
File fopen file open
w write
.
gets .
fprintf printf printf
fprintf file print format printf
printf
. )
( . fileio.h :
test
/*fileio.h header file

for files functions*/
#include<stdlib.h> /*for exit() fonction*/
void CreateFile(const char *FileName, /*for the name of file*/
)const char *String
/*for text of file*/
{
;FILE *FileOut
)'if(*FileName == '\0
{
;)"printf("Error in the name of file!\n
;)exit(1
}
{)if((FileOut = fopen(FileName, "w"))==NULL
;)"printf("Can't create file!\n
;)exit(1
{}else
;)fprintf(FileOut, "%s", String
}
;)fclose(FileOut
:,,
1
2
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11
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13
14
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16
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20
21
22
23
140
stdlib.h standard library

)( exit . CreateFile
.

.
FileOut NULL NULL:
#define NULL 0
NULL ><

. exit
true false
. fclose file close
. fileio.h
:main.c
>#include<stdio.h
"#include"fileio.h
)(main
{
;]char FileName[255
;]char String[255
;)"printf("Enter the name of file(with type)\n
;)" printf("[MAX Character 255]:
;)gets(FileName
;)"printf("TEXT:\n
;)gets(String
;)"printf("Creating File and save text...\n
;)CreateFile(FileName, String
:,, CreateFile
,,, :fopen
}
fileio.h
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
141
stdio.h
) ( :
,,, :fclose
:,,
stdio.h
* FILE
.
,,, :exit
stdlib.h
.
,, :

. w fopen
a :
{)if((FileOut = fopen(FileName, "w"))==NULL
16
:
{)if((FileOut = fopen(FileName, "a"))==NULL
16
142
a .appending
,, :
.
fileio.h :
)void DisplayFile(const char *FileName
{
;FILE *FileIn
;]char String[1024
)'if(*FileName == '\0
{
;)"printf("Error in name of file!\n
;)exit(1
}
{)if((FileIn = fopen(FileName, "r"))==NULL
;)"printf("Can't Open file!\n
;)exit(1
{}else
;)fgets(String, 1024, FileIn
;)printf("%s", String
}
;)fclose(FileIn
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
.
.
. fopen r w r .read
fgets stdio.h file get string
.FILE *FileIn fgets
) (
.
)( main :main.c
;)"printf("/////////Reading\\\\\\\\\n
;)DisplayFile(FileName
1
2
143
.
,, w+
a+
:r+
) w( ) a ( ) r (
:
,,, :w+
,,, :a+

.
,,, :r+
.
t r s b d .
,, :
stdio.h
:
,,, fprintf :fscanf
fprintf fscanf scanf file scan file

:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;FILE *FileOut
1
2
3
4
5
144
;]char Str[100
;int Var
;)"FileOut = fopen("fscanf.txt", "w+
;)fprintf(FileOut, "%s %d", "Hello", 255
;)fseek(FileOut, 0, SEEK_SET
;)fscanf(FileOut, "%s", Str
;)fscanf(FileOut, "%d", &Var
;)printf("%s\n", Str
;)fclose(FileOut
:,, fprintf
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
fscanf
FILE .FileOut
. .
.
Hello . fseek
stdio.h file seek
FILE
:
SEEK_SET . .
SEEK_CUR . .
SEEK_END . .
SEEK_SET
.
Str .Hello
.Var .
,,, fgets :fputs
145
fgets fputs puts

file put string puts
:fputs
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;FILE *FileOut
;)"FileOut = fopen("fputs.txt", "w
;)fputs("Hello, World!\n", FileOut
;)fclose(FileOut
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
fputs
fputs
FileOut .
,,, fgetc :fputc
fgetc fputc :
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;FILE *FileOut
;FILE *FileIn
;char ch
;)"FileOut = fopen("fputc.txt", "w
;)"FileIn = fopen("fputc.txt", "r
;)fputc('A', FileOut
;)fclose(FileOut
;)ch = fgetc(FileIn
;)fclose(FileIn
;)printf("%c\n", ch
:,, fgetc
fputc
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
146
fclose .
:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;FILE *FileInOut
;char ch
;)"FileInOut = fopen("fputc.txt", "w
;)fputc('A', FileInOut
;)fclose(FileInOut
;)"FileInOut = fopen("fputc.txt", "r
;)ch = fgetc(FileInOut
;)fclose(FileInOut
;)printf("%c\n", ch
}
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:,, fgetc () fputc

.C
,, :
,,:
. results.dat
.
147
)(

C
.
struct
)( :
:,,
,, :Struct Name
:
.
.
....
% # { )... _(.
.
.
:
148
>#include<stdio.h
struct _2D
{
;int x
;int y
;}
)(main
{
;struct _2D Struct_2D
;int x, y
;)" printf("Enter X:
;)scanf("%d", &Struct_2D.x
;)" printf("Enter Y:
;)scanf("%d", &Struct_2D.y
)for(x=0;x<=Struct_2D.x;x++
{
;)printf("%c", 219
)for(y=0;y<Struct_2D.y;y++
;)printf("%c", 219
;)"printf("\n
}
:,,
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.
._2D x y ._2D
struct _2D Struct_2D
_2D Struct_2D struct
_2D _2D Struct_2D .
. :
;struct _2D Struct_2D_1, Struct_2D_2
Struct_2D_1 .Struct_2D_2
:
struct _2D
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{
int x;
int y;
}Struct_2D;
:
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struct _2D
{
int x;
int y;
}Struct_2D_1, Struct2D_2;
:
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#include<stdio.h>
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#include<stdio.h>
struct _2D
{
int x;
int y;
}Struct_2D;
main()
{
int x, y;
printf("Enter the position X: ");
scanf("%d", &Struct_2D.x);
printf("Enter the position Y: ");
scanf("%d", &Struct_2D.y);
for(x=0;x<=Struct_2D.x;x++)
{
printf("%c", 219);
for(y=0;y<Struct_2D.y;y++)
printf("%c", 219);
printf("\n");
}
}
() :,,
:
struct _Value
150
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#include<stdio.h>
int x;
float y;
char *Str;
}Value;
main()
{
Value.x = 10;
Value.y = 10.00;
Value.Str = "Hello, World";
printf("%d\n", Value.x);
printf("%f\n", Value.y);
printf("%s\n", Value.Str);
() :,,
:
struct _Value
{
int x;
float y;
char *Str;
}Value = {10, 10.00, "Hello, World"};
main()
{
printf("%d\n", Value.x);
printf("%f\n", Value.y);
printf("%s\n", Value.Str);
}
:,,
:
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struct _Value
{
int x = 10;
float y = 10.00;
char *Str = "Hello World";
};
:_ Value
1
2
#include<stdio.h>
151
;int x = 10
;float y = 10.00
;"char *Str = "Hello World
)(main
{
;)printf("%d\n", x
;)printf("%f\n", y
;)printf("%s\n", Str
}
:,,
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,, :union
union
struct union union
struct :
>#include<stdio.h
union _Union
{
;int x
;int y
;}Union
)(main
{
;Union.x = 10
;Union.y = 15
;)printf("Union.x = %d\n", Union.x
;)printf("Union.z = %d\n", Union.y
:,,
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union
:
>#include<stdio.h
union _Union
{
;int x
;int y
;}Union
)(main
{
;Union.y = 15
;Union.x = 10
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printf("Union.x = %d\n", Union.x);

printf("Union.z = %d\n", Union.y);
() union :,,
struct
union
:
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#include<stdio.h>
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#include<stdio.h>
union _Union
{
int x1, x2;
int y1, y2;
}Union;
main()
{
Union.x1 = 10;
printf("Value
printf("Value
printf("Value
printf("Value
of
of
of
of
printf("Address
printf("Address
printf("Address
printf("Address
Union.x1
Union.x2
Union.y1
Union.y2
of
of
of
of
=
=
=
=
Union.x1
Union.x2
Union.y1
Union.y2
%d\n",
%d\n",
%d\n",
%d\n",
=
=
=
=
Union.x1);
Union.x2);
Union.y1);
Union.y2);
%p\n",
%p\n",
%p\n",
%p\n",
&Union.x1);
&Union.x2);
&Union.y1);
&Union.y2);
() union :,,
: union
union _Union
{
int x;
float y;
}Union;
main()
{
Union.x = 10;
Union.y = 15.00;
printf("Union.x = %d\n", Union.x);

printf("Union.z = %f\n", Union.y);
153
:,, () union
y x
.
,, :

:
>#include<stdio.h
struct _Arr
{
;int x
;]}Arr[2
)(main
{
;Arr[0].x = 10
;Arr[1].x = 20
;)printf("Arr[0].x = %d\n", Arr[0].x
;)printf("Arr[1].x = %d\n", Arr[1].x
:,,
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:
struct _Arr
{
;int x
;}}Arr[2] = {10, 20
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:
;Arr[0].x = 10
;Arr[1].x = 20
1
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#include<stdio.h>
struct _Arr
{
int x;
float y;
char *Str;
}Arr[2] = {
{10, 10.00, "Str1"},
{20, 20.00, "Str2"}
};
main()
{
/*Arr[0] :*/
printf("Arr[0].x = %d\n", Arr[0].x);
printf("Arr[0].y = %f\n", Arr[0].y);
printf("Arr[0].Str = %s\n", Arr[0].Str);
/*Arr[1] :*/
printf("Arr[1].x = %d\n", Arr[1].x);
printf("Arr[1].y = %f\n", Arr[1].y);
printf("Arr[1].Str = %s\n", Arr[1].Str);
() :,,
#include<stdio.h>
struct _ptr
{
int x;
}Addr_ptr, *ptr;
main()
{
ptr = &Addr_ptr;
ptr->x = 10;
printf("ptr->x = %d\n", ptr->x);
/*Or*/
(*ptr).x = 20;
printf("(*ptr).x = %d\n", (*ptr).x);
:,,
155

. ptr .Adrr_ptr
x > - .
,, :

x y:
>#include<stdio.h
struct _line
{
struct _point
{
;int x
;int y
;}point_1, point_2
;}line
;= 10
;= 10
;= 100
;= 10
:,,
)(main
{
/*point 1:*/
line.point_1.x
line.point_1.y
/*point 2:*/
line.point_2.x
line.point_2.y
}
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_point _line _point

x .y
,, :
. :
>#include<stdio.h
struct Struct
{
;int x, y
;}
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:,,
)(main
{
;Struct.x = 10
;Struct.y = 20
}
8
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. .
,,:
. time hh, mm, ss int
time
.HH :MM :SS
157
scanf &
:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;int i
;)scanf("%d", &i
:,,
1
2
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8
scanf
i scanf
.
,, :void
void:
>#include<stdio.h
;)Function(void
)(main
{
}
)Function(void
{
:,,
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void
:
)main(void
{
:,, () void
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158
void

void :
>#include<stdio.h
;)(Function
)(main
{
}
)(Function
{
:,, () void
)(main
{
:,, () void
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1
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,, :static
static :
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;int x
)for(x=0; x<10; x++
{
;static int Static = 0
;Static++
;)printf("%d\n", Static
}
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159
:,,
14
static
static Static
Static .
static Static
. static :
>#include<stdio.h
;)int Test_static(int a
)(main
{
;int i
)for(i=0;i<=10;i++
;))printf("%d * %d = %d\n", i, i, Test_static(i
}
)int Test_static(int a
{
;static int c = 0
;int a_c = a*c
;c++
;return a_c
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:,, () static
static . static
.
,, :typedef
typedef
:
>#include<stdio.h
;typedef int Decimal
)(main
{
/* or typedef int Decimal; here */
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160
;Decimal Var_1, Var_2
;Decimal Var_3
;Var_1 = 10
;Var_2 = 20
;Var_3 = Var_1 + Var_2
;)printf("%d\n", Var_3
:,,
8
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typedef
int typedef .Decimal

Decimal Var_1 Var_2 Var_3
. int Decimal
. :
>#include<stdio.h
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>#include<stdio.h
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struct _2D
{
;int x, y
;}
)(main
{
;struct _2D A
;struct _2D B
;A.x = 10
;B.y = 20
;)printf("%d\n", A.x
;)printf("%d\n", B.y
:,, () typedef
:
typedef struct _2D

{
;int x, y
;}Struct1, Struct2
)(main
{
;Struct1 S1_1, S1_2
;Struct2 S2_1, S2_2
161
;S1_1.x = 10, S1_2.x = 20
;S2_1.y = 30, S2_2.y = 40
:,, () typedef
: typdef :
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;typedef float PI
;PI = 10.00
;)printf("%f\n", PI
}
:,, () typedef
13
14
15
1
2
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8
,, :
C
:
,,, :
:
:str.h
/*string.h
)strcopy(pointers
*/
{)void strcopy(char *From, char *To
)'while((*To++ = *From++)!='\0
;
}
;)/*strcopy(arrays
{)][void strcopy(char From[], char To
;int i
;i = 0
)'while((To[i] = From[i])!='\0
;++i
:,,
}*/
str.h
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162
:
/*main.c*/
>#include<stdio.h
"#include"str.h
)(main
{
;"char *From = "STRING
;]char Empty[6
;)strcopy(From, Empty
;)printf(Empty
}
:,,
1
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14
From Empty Empty

.
,,, :

:
>#include<stdio.h
)void Change(int *a, int *b
{
;int c
;c = *a
;*a = *b
;*b = c
}
)(main
{
;int a, b
;a = 5
;b = 10
;)printf("a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b
;)Change(&a, &b
;)printf("a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b
}
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163
:,,
*b
*a,
,,, :
:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;const int Const = 10
;int *ptr = &Const
;)printf("Const = %d\n", Const
;*ptr = 5
;)printf("Const = %d\n", Const
}
:,,
1
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12
,,, :

:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<string.h
;)* void Reverse_Str(char
)(main
{
;"!char *str = "Hello, World
;)Reverse_Str(str
}
{)void Reverse_Str(char *String
;int i = strlen(String)-1, j = 0
;char ch
{)while(j<i
;]ch = String[j
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164
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25
String[j] = String[i];
String[i] = ch;
j++, i--;
}
:,,
: ,,,
:
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39
#include<stdio.h>
void ConvertToBinary(int);
main()
{
int Decimal;
printf("Decimal Number: ");
scanf("%d", &Decimal);
printf("%d in Binary = ", Decimal);
ConvertToBinary(Decimal);
}
void ConvertToBinary(int num){
int i = 0, Binary[32];
while(num>0){
if((num%2)==0){
Binary[i]
num /= 2,
}
else
{
Binary[i]
num /= 2,
}
}
= 0;
++i;
= 1;
++i;
--i;
while(i>=0)
{
printf("%d", Binary[i]), --i;
}
printf("\n");
}
:,,
: ,,,
165
:
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#include<stdio.h>
void To_Capital_letter(char ch[]);
main()
{
char *ch = "hello";
printf("Small Letters: %s\n", ch);
To_Capital_letter(ch);
printf("Capital Letters: %s\n", ch);
}
void To_Capital_letter(char ch[])
{
int i=0;
while(ch[i]!='\0'){
if(ch[i]>=97 && ch[i]<=122)
ch[i] = ch[i]-32;
++i;
}
}
:,,
.
:wcsncpy wcscpy ,,
wide character
1
2
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5
6
8
9
10
11
12
13
string.h strcpy wcscpy

: strcpy string copy
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
main()
{
wchar_t *wStr = L"Hello";
wchar_t Empty[20];
wcscpy(Empty, wStr);
wprintf(L"%s\n", Empty);
}
wcscpy
:,,
: string.h strncpy wcsncpy
166
1
2
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7
8
9
10
11
12
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
main()
{
wchar_t Empty[20];
wcsncpy(Empty, wStr, 4);
wprintf(L"%s\n", Empty);
}
wcsncpy
:,,
:wcsncat wcscat ,,
: strncat strcat wcsncat wcscat

1
2
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7
8
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11
12
13
14
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16
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18
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
main()
{
wchar_t *wStr2 = L", World!";
wcscat(wStr, wStr2);
wprintf(L"%s\n", wStr);
/*
wcsncat(wStr, wStr2, 4);
wprintf(L"%s\n", wStr);
*/
wcsncat
wcscat :,,
:putwchar getwchar ,,
get wide
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
stdio.h getchar getwchar

: put wide character putchar putwchar character
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
wchar_t wch;
wch = getwchar();
167
;)putwchar(wch
:,, getwchar
8
9
putwchar
,, _getws :_putws
_getws gets _putws puts stdio.h

ws wide string:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;]wchar_t wch[255
;)_getws(wch
;)_putws(wch
:,, _getws
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
_putws
,, ) ASCII(:
ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange

:
:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;)printf("The number %d is the character %c in ASCII code.\n", 210, 210
}
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
ASCII
)(.
168
,, :
:,,

.
,,, :
:
>#include<stdio.h
/*Local Variable*/
/*Local Variable*/
:,,
)(void Func
{
;int a
}
)(main
{
;int b
}
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
169
a Func b
Func b Func main
.
,,, )(:

:
>#include<stdio.h
/*External Variable*/
/*Use The External Variable ab*/
;int ab
)(void Func
{
;ab = 10
}
)(main
{
;)(Func
printf("%d\n", ab); /*print The External Variable ab*/
}
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
ab ab Func
Func ab .
.
,,, :extern
extern
:
>#include<stdio.h
;int ab
)(void Func
{
;int ab
;ab = 10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
170
;)printf("%d\n", ab
}
:,,
)(main
{
;ab = 5
;)(Func
;)printf("%d\n", ab
}
extern
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
ab Func ab
extern :
>#include<stdio.h
;int ab
)(void Func
{
;extern int ab
;ab = 10
;)printf("%d\n", ab
}
)(main
{
;ab = 5
;)(Func
;)printf("%d\n", ab
}
:,, () extern
ab .ab
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
,,, :auto
auto automatic
static:
>#include<stdio.h
)(void Func
{
;static int Static = 0
;auto int Auto = 0
;)printf("Static = %d\n", Static++
printf("Auto
;)= %d\n", Auto++
1
2
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5
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9
171
}
)(main
{
;int i = 0
{)while(i<=3
;)(Func
;i++
}
:,,
auto
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Auto .auto
,,, :register

register
(Central Processing Unit) CPU:
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;register Reg_Var = 4
;)printf("Reg_Var = %d\n", Reg_Var
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
register
.
,, :sizeof
sizeof
bytes :
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
;]int SizeOfArray[800
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
172
printf("short
;))= %d Byte(s)\n", sizeof(short
printf("int
;))= %d Byte(s)\n", sizeof(int
printf("unsigned
;))= %d Byte(s)\n", sizeof(unsigned
printf("signed
;))= %d Byte(s)\n", sizeof(signed
printf("long
;))= %d Byte(s)\n", sizeof(long
printf("float
;))= %d Byte(s)\n", sizeof(float
printf("double
;))= %d Byte(s)\n", sizeof(double
;))printf("SizeOfArray = %d Byte(s)\n", sizeof(SizeOfArray
:,,
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
sizeof
.
,, :

:
>#include <stdio.h
)void Func(int num
{
;)Func(num+1
}
:,,
)(main
{
;)Func(5
}
1
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7
8
9
10
11
12

int num :
>#include <stdio.h
)void Func(int num
{
)if(num <= 10
{
;)Func(num+1
}
}
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)(main
{
;)Func(5
}
:,, )(
.
12
13
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15
,, :
printf
:
>#include<stdio.h
{)][main(int argc, char *argv
;"!char str[] = "Hello, World
;float flt = 3.1415F
/*String*/
;)printf("%5s\n", str
;)printf("%-5s\n", str
;)printf("%5.5s\n", str
;)printf("%-5.5s\n", str
;)"printf("\n
/*Float number*/
;)printf("%10.0f\n", flt
;)printf("%.1f\n", flt
:,,
.
,, :
,,:
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174
. .
, .............................................................................. Enumeration
, .................................................... Command-line Arguments
, )............................................................... Directives(Preprocessor
, ........................................................................
, ................................................................... Standard Library
: C ) (
176
) (Enumeration int
enum enumeration .
:
:,,
,, :Enumeration Name
:
.
.
....
% # { )... _(.
.
.
,, :
177
.

: enum .
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#include<stdio.h>
enum _COLOR
{
RED = 0,
BLUE,
GREEN
};
main()
{
enum _COLOR Color;
/*Color = RED;*/
Color = BLUE;
/*Color = GREEN;*/
if(Color == RED){
printf("Color = %d\n", Color);
}else if(Color == BLUE){
}else if(Color == GREEN){
}else
printf("Error!\n");
}
enum
:,,
:
1
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18
#include<stdio.h>
enum _COLOR
{
RED = 0,
BLUE,
GREEN
}Color;
main()
{
/*Color = RED;*/
Color = BLUE;
/*Color = GREEN;*/
if(Color == RED){
178
;)printf("Color = %d\n", Color
{)}else if(Color == GREEN
;)printf("Color = %d\n", Color
}else
;)"printf("Error!\n
}
:,, () enum
19
20
21
22
23
24
_COLOR :
;enum _COLOR Color = BLUE
:
enum _COLOR
{
RED = 0,
BLUE,
GREEN
;}Color = BLUE
. enum
enum .
enum .int
RED 0 BLUE GREEN .
RED .
BLUE
RED BLUE GREEN .
:
>#include<stdio.h
enum _COLOR
{
RED = 0,
BLUE,
GREEN
;}
)(main
{
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179
12
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15
enum _COLOR cRed = RED,

cBlue = BLUE,
cGreen = GREEN;
}
() enum :,,
:
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13
#include<stdio.h>
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#include<stdio.h>
1
2
3
#include<stdio.h>
enum _COLOR
{
RED = 0,
BLUE,
GREEN
}cRed = RED, cBlue = BLUE, cGreen = GREEN;
main()
{
}
() enum :,,
:
enum _NUMBER
{
Num = 10,
Num2 = 20
};
main()
{
enum _NUMBER Number = Num;
int i = 0;
printf("i
i = Number;
= %d\n", i);
printf("Number = %d\n", Number);

printf("i
= %d\n", i);
}
enum _COLOR
() enum :,,
:
180
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};
BLACK,
WHITE,
RED,
GREEN,
BLUE
main()
{
enum _COLOR Color;
printf("colors:\n");
printf("0)BLACK\n1)WHITE\n2)RED\n3)GREEN\n4)BLUE\n");
printf("choose a color:");
scanf("%d", &Color);
if(Color == BLACK){
printf("Your choice
}else if(Color == WHITE){
printf("Your choice
}else if(Color == RED){
printf("Your choice
}else if(Color == GREEN){
printf("Your choice
printf("Your choice
}
}
are Black\n");
are White\n");
are Red\n");
are Green\n");
are Blue\n");
() enum :,,
: ,,
: .
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
#include<stdio.h>
enum _NUMBER
{
Zero,
One
};
main()
{
enum _NUMBER = ZERO;
}
:,,
. .
: ,,
181
. _POWER Off On
_POWER Power scanf
Off (On)
Power .
182
.
DOS del
/p /s.
,, :
argc argument count

. del del filename.ext /p
argc del filename.ext
/p argc )
( . :
>#include<stdio.h
)main(int argc
{
;)printf("Program have %d argument(s).\n", argc
}
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
test.c :
test this_is_the_first_argument and_this_is_the_second_argument
:
Program have 3 argument(s).

.argc-1 argc
.argc
183
,, :

argv argument vector
:
>#include<stdio.h
)][main(int argc, char *argv
{
;int i
;)printf("Program have %d argument(s).\n", argc
)for(i=0;i<argc;i++
;)]printf("argv[%d]= %s\n", i, argv[i
}
:,,
1
2
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8
9
10
11
12
:
test this_is_the_first_argument and_this_is_the_second_argument
:
have 3 argument(s):
= C:\...\...\TEST.EXE
= this_is_the_first_argument
= this_is_the_second_argument
Program
]argv[0
]argv[1
]argv[2
:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<conio.h
)][main(int argc, char *argv
{
;char ch
{)if(argc<2
;)"printf("Delete one or more files.\n\n
;)"printf("Usage: DEL FILENAME\n
}
{else
1
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184
;)]printf("Delete %s file, are you sure? (Y/N): ", argv[1
{)'if((ch=getche())=='y' || ch=='Y
;)]printf("\nDeleting %s...\n", argv[1
;)]remove(argv[1
;)]printf("%s deleted.\n", argv[1
}
:,,
}
}
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

.
] argv[1 )].(argv[0
,, :
. argc .
,,:
185
,, :#include

.
:
include
:
>#include<FileName.h
.FileName
:
"#include"FileName.h
>< ) (include
" " . #include
.
,, :#define
#define
Macros #define :
#define Constant_Name Constant_Value
186
Constant_Name Constant_Value .
#define
:
""Hello
''H
3.14
10
String
Character
fNumber
iNumber
#define
#define
#define
#define
1
2
3
4
Macros :
#define Macro_Add(i, j) i+j
) ( i
j :
>#include<stdio.h
{)(main
;int l
;)l = Macro_Add(10, 20
;)printf("%d\n", l
/*or*/
;))printf("%d\n", Macro_Add(10, 20
:,,
1
2
3
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8
9
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15
,, :#undef
#undef #define
#define:
>#include<stdio.h
#define Constant
5
1
2
3
4
187
#undef Constant
#undef Macro_Add
{)(main
printf("%d\n", Constant); /*Error: 'Constant':
undeclared identifier*/
;)Macro_Add(5, 10
/*Errors*/
:,,
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
#undef
Constant
Macro_Add
Constant Macro_Add .
,, #else #elif #if :#endif

if else
#if if #elif else if #else
.else #endif :
>#include<stdio.h
#define dNum
20
#if dNum == 10
"#define Result "dNum = 10
#elif dNum == 20
"#define Result "dNum = 20
#else
"?? = #define Result "dNum
#endif
{)(main
;)printf("%s\n", Result
}
:,, #else #elif #if
1
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#endif
,, #ifdef :#ifndef
#ifdef :
>#include<stdio.h
#define dNum
1
2
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188
4
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7
8
9
10
11
12
13
#ifdef dNum
#define Result "dNum Defined"
#else
#define Result "dNum Undefined"
#endif
main(){
printf("%s\n", Result);
}
:,,
#ifdef
dNum dNum
1
2
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7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Defined
#include<stdio.h>
#define dNum
#if defined dNum
#else
#endif
main(int argc, char *argv[]){
}
#ifdef
:,,
: #ifdef
1
2
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5
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8
9
10
11
12
13
#ifndef
#include<stdio.h>
#define dNum
#ifndef dNum
#else
#endif
main(){
}
#ifndef
:,,
:
189
>#include<stdio.h
#define dNum
#if !defined dNum
"#define Result "dNum Undefined
#else
"#define Result "dNum Defined
#endif
{)(main
;)printf("%s\n", Result
}
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
#ifndef
,, :#line
#line
:
#line LineNumber
LineNumber
:
"#line LineNumber "FileName
" " .
) (.
,, :#error

:
#ifndef dNum
!#error dNum are not declared
#endif
{)(main
}
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
190
:,,
#error
#error dNum .
,, :#pragma
#pragma
.
,, :Predefined Names
Macros Underscore
:
____LINE
____FILE
____TIME
____DATE
____STDC
.C
:,,
:
>#include<stdio.h
{)(main
;)__printf("Line: %d\n", __LINE
;)__printf("File: %s\n", __FILE
;)__printf("Date Of Compilation: %s\n", __DATE
;)__printf("Time Of Compilation: %s\n", __TIME
;)__printf("ANSI C(0=false, 1=true): %d\n", __STDC
}
:,,
,, :
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
191
,,:
192

:
>#include<stdio.h
;)int Add(int a, int b
{)(main
;int a = 10, b = 20, c = 30, d
;)d = Add(a, b, c
;)printf("%d\n", d
}
{)int Add(int a, int b
;return a+b
}
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Add
. printf scanf
printf :
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<stdarg.h
;)void NewPrintf(char *, ...
{)(main
;)NewPrintf("%d\a, %d\a, %d\a\n", 1, 2, 3
;)"NewPrintf("Hello!\n
}
{)void NewPrintf(char *format, ...
;va_list Argument
;char *str
;int Decimal
;)va_start(Argument, format
{)for(str=format;*str;str++
{)'if(*str != '%
;)putchar(*str
;continue
}
1
2
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193
{)switch(*++str
case 'd':
case 'i':
case 'D':
case 'I':
;)Decimal = va_arg(Argument, int
;)printf("%d", Decimal
;break
default:
;)putchar(*str
;break
}
;)va_end(Argument
:,,
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
stdarg.h standard argument

.
NewPrintf ...
. va_list variable list
stdarg.h .NewPrintf
va_start va_list
NewPrintf .format
va_arg variable argument
va_list
Decimal . :
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<stdarg.h
;)int Add(int NumOfArg, ...
{)(main
;int a = 10, b = 20, c = 30, d
;)d = Add(3, a, b, c
;)printf("%d\n", d
{)int Add(int NumOfArg, ...

;va_list Arg
;int sum = 0, i
1
2
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194
;)va_start(Arg, NumOfArg
)for(i=0;i<NumOfArg;i++
;)sum += va_arg(Arg, int
;return sum
:,, )(
,, :
,,:
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
195
C
.
,, :assert.h
assert

macro
assert
assert :
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<assert.h
{)(main
assert(10<20); /*true*/
assert(20<10); /*false*/
}
:,,/
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
assert
assert.h assert
. assert
. assert
assert 20<10 main.c
.
,, :ctype.h
ctype.h
.
,,, :isalnum
type
character
196
is alphanumeric
:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<ctype.h
{)(main
;int c = 1, c2 = 65
;)printf("%d = %c\n", isalnum(c), c
;)printf("%d = %c\n", isalnum(c2), c2
:,,
isalnum
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
ASCII .
A ASCII .
,,, :isalpha
is alphabetic
:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<ctype.h
{)(main
;int c = 49, c2 = 65
;)printf("%d = %c\n", isalpha(c), c
;)printf("%d = %c\n", isalpha(c2), c2
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
isalpha
ASCII .
A ASCII A .
,,, :iscntrl
is control

:
197
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<ctype.h
{)(main
;int c = 65, c2 = 0
;)printf("%d = %c\n", iscntrl(c), c
;)printf("%d = %c\n", iscntrl(c2), c2
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
iscntrl
A ASCII
. .ASCII
,,, :isdigit

ASCII
:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<ctype.h
{)(main
;int c = 65, c2 = 48
;)printf("%d = %c\n", isdigit(c), c
;)printf("%d = %c\n", isdigit(c2), c2
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
isdigit
A ASCII A .
ASCII .
,,, :isgraph

:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<ctype.h
1
2
3
198
{)(main
;int c = 0, c2 = 48
;)printf("%d = %c\n", isgraph(c), c
;)printf("%d = %c\n", isgraph(c2), c2
:,,
4
5
6
7
8
9
isgraph
ASCII .
ASCII .
,,, :islower

:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<ctype.h
{)(main
;int c = 65, c2 = 97
;)printf("%d = %c\n", islower(c), c
;)printf("%d = %c\n", islower(c2), c2
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
islower
A ASCII A
. ASCII a
.
,,, :isprint
ASCII
) (
:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<ctype.h
{)(main
;int c = 1, c2 = 65
1
2
3
4
5
199
;)printf("%d = %c\n", isprint(c), c

;)printf("%d = %c\n", isprint(c2), c2
:,,
6
7
8
9
isprint
ASCII
. A ASCII
.
,,, :ispunct
is punctuation
:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<ctype.h
{)(main
;int c = 44, c2 = 65
;)printf("%d = %c\n", ispunct(c), c
;)printf("%d = %c\n", ispunct(c2), c2
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
ispunct
ASCII
. A ASCII
.
,,, :isspace

:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<ctype.h
{)(main
;int c = 9, c2 = 97
1
2
3
4
5
200
;)printf("%d = %c\n", isspace(c), c

;)printf("%d = %c\n", isspace(c2), c2
:,,
isspace
6
7
8
9
ASCII
. ASCII a
.
,,, :isupper

:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<ctype.h
{)(main
;int c = 65, c2 = 97
;)printf("%d = %c\n", isupper(c), c
;)printf("%d = %c\n", isupper(c2), c2
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
isupper
ASCII A
. ASCII a
.
,,, :isxdigit
is hexadecimal digital
A-F
:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<ctype.h
{)(main
;int c = 70, c2 = 71
1
2
3
4
5
201
;)printf("%d = %c\n", isxdigit(c), c

;)printf("%d = %c\n", isxdigit(c2), c2
:,,
6
7
8
9
isxdigit
F ASCII
.
G ASCII G .
,,, toupper :tolower
toupper tolower
toupper:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<ctype.h
{)(main
;'int c = 'a', c2 = 'B
;))printf("%c = %c\n", c, toupper(c
;))printf("%c = %c\n", c2, tolower(c2
:,, toupper
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
tolower
a toupper
B
tolower .
,, :errno.h
errno.h .
.perror
,,, :perror
202
perror print error .

:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<stdlib.h
>#include<errno.h
{)(main
;FILE *File
;]char FileName[255
;)"perror("situation
;)" printf("Enter The File Name:
;)gets(FileName
;)"File = fopen(FileName, "r
{)if(!File
;)printf("errno = %d\n", errno
;)exit(1
{}else
;)"printf("File Founded!\n
;)fclose(File
}
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
perror
perror situation
.No error perror

errno printf
. errno
:

EINVAL
ERANGE
EBADF
EDOM
EACCES
Invalid argument
Result too large
Bad file descriptor
Domain error
Permission denied
203
Too many open files

File exists
Arg list too long
Improper link
No child processes
Resource temporarily unavailable
Exec format error
Not enough space
No such file or directory
No space left on device
errno
EMFILE
EEXIST
E2BIG
EXDEV
ECHILD
EAGAIN
ENOEXEC
ENOMEM
ENOENT
ENOSPC
:,,
:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
#include<stdio.h>
#include<errno.h>
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
main(){
int i;
for(i=0;i<=42;i++){
errno = i;
printf("%d:", i);
perror("");
}
() perror :,,
: errno.h
EPERM
ENOENT
ESRCH
EINTR
EIO
ENXIO
E2BIG
ENOEXEC
EBADF
ECHILD
EAGAIN
ENOMEM
EACCES
EFAULT
EBUSY
EEXIST
EXDEV
ENODEV
ENOTDIR
EISDIR
EINVAL
ENFILE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
204
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
EMFILE
ENOTTY
EFBIG
ENOSPC
ESPIPE
EROFS
EMLINK
EPIPE
EDOM
ERANGE
EDEADLK
ENAMETOOLONG
ENOLCK
ENOSYS
ENOTEMPTY
EILSEQ
24
25
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
36
38
39
40
41
42
errno.h
:,,
:float.h ,,

2
1
1E+37
128
E
1 +37
1024
6
15
1E-5
1E-9
24
53
1E-37
-125
1E-37
-1021
float.h
FLT_RADIX
FLT_ROUNDS
FLT_MAX
FLT_MAX_EXP
DBL_MAX
DBL_MAX_EXP
FLT_DIG
DBL_DIG
FLT_EPSILON
DBL_EPSILON
FLT_MANT_DIG
DBL_MANT_DIG
FLT_MIN
FLT_MIN_EXP
DBL_MIN
DBL_MIN_EXP
:,,
float.h
.float.h
:limits.h ,,
205

CHAR_BIT
CHAR_MIN
INT_MIN
LONG_MIN
SHRT_MIN
SCHAR_MIN
LONG_MAX
SCHAR_MAX
SHRT_MAX
UCHAR_MAX
UINT_MAX
ULONG_MAX
USHRT_MAX
INT_MAX
CHAR_MAX
8
-128
-32767
-2147483647
-32768
-128
2147483647
127
32767
255
65535
4294967295
65535
32767
127
:,,
limits.h
.limits.h
,, :locale.h
)(
:
0
1
2
3
4
5
LC_ALL
LC_TIME
:,,
LC_ALL
LC_COLLATE
LC_CTYPE
LC_MONETARY
LC_NUMERIC
LC_TIME
LC_MIN
LC_MAX
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
1
2
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5
6
7
8
locale.h
.
locale.h .
,, :math.h
.
:
206
1
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8
9
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13
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
M_E
M_LOG2E
M_LOG10E
M_LN2
M_LN10
M_PI
M_PI_2
M_PI_4
M_1_PI
M_2_PI
M_2_SQRTPI
M_SQRT2
M_SQRT1_2
2.71828182845904523536
1.44269504088896340736
0.434294481903251827651
0.693147180559945309417
2.30258509299404568402
3.14159265358979323846
1.57079632679489661923
0.785398163397448309616
0.318309886183790671538
0.636619772367581343076
1.12837916709551257390
1.41421356237309504880
0.707106781186547524401
math.h
:,,
.math.h
:sin ,,,
sine double sin

:
1
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3
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5
6
7
8
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
main(){
double x = 3.14/2;
printf("sine x = %f\n", sin(x));
}
sin
:,,
:cos ,,,
double cosine cos

:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
main(){
double x = 3.14/2;
}
printf("cosine x = %f\n", cos(x));
207
,,, :tan
:,,
cos
tan tangent double

:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<math.h
{)(main
;double x = 3.14/4
;))printf("tangent x = %f\n", tan(x
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
tan
,,, :exp
exp exponential double

e :
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<math.h
{)(main
;double x = 3.0
;))printf("exponential x = %f\n", exp(x
,,, :log
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
exp
log logarithm double

:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<math.h
{)(main
;double x = 100.0
;))printf("logarithm x = %f\n", log(x
:,,
log
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
208
,,, :pow
pow power double

double :
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<math.h
{)(main
;double x=5.0, y=3.0
;))printf("%f\n", pow(x, y
,,, :sqrt
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
pow
sqrt square double

:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<math.h
{)(main
;double x=9.0
;))printf("%f\n", sqrt(x
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
sqrt
,,, :ceil
ceil double
, ,
,:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<math.h
{)(main
;double x=9.5
;))printf("%f\n", ceil(x
:,,
ceil
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
209
,,, :floor
floor ceil , ,:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<math.h
{)(main
;double x=10.5
;))printf("%f\n", floor(x
:,,
,,, :fabs
fabs
:
absolute
floor
float
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<math.h
{)(main
;double x=-10.5, y=10.5
;))printf("%f\n", fabs(x
;))printf("%f\n", fabs(y
,,, :ldexp
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
fabs
double int
:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<math.h
{)(main
printf("%f\n", ldexp(x, y)); /*y = 2*2*2*2, x = 2; x*y = 32.000000*/
:,,
,,, :fmod
ldexp
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
210
double
:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<math.h
{)(main
;))printf("%f\n", fmod(x, y
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
fmod
,, :setjmp.h
setjmp longjmp setjmp

jmp_buf longjmp
jmp_buf .int setjmp longjmp
goto
) (Global:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<setjmp.h
>#include<stdlib.h
;)void Return(void
;jmp_buf jmp
{)(main
;int value
;)value = setjmp(jmp
{
;)"printf("Block 1:\n
{)if(value==1
;)printf("longjmp = %d\n", value
;)exit(1
}
}
;)"printf("Block 2:\n
;)"printf("Call Return...\n
;)(Return
{)void Return(void
1
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211
;)longjmp(jmp, 1
:,, setjmp
28
29
jmp_buf
,, :signal.h
signal raise .raise
,,, :raise
int

:

SIGABRT
SIGFPE
SIGILL
SIGINT
SIGSEGV
SIGTERM
:,,
abort
raise
,, :stdarg.h
standard argument .
stdarg.h va_list
initialize va_start
va_list .
va_arg val_list

va_list va_end:
>#include<stdio.h
212
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25
#include<stdarg.h>
void Arg_List(int list, ...); /*Function prototype*/
main(){
Arg_List(5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50);
}
void Arg_List(int list, ...){
va_list pList;
int iArg=0, i;
printf("There are %d argument(s)\n", list);
va_start(pList, list); /*initialize the pList pointer*/
for(i=01;i<=list;i++){
iArg = va_arg(pList, int);
printf("argument %d = %d\n", i, iArg);
}
va_end(pList);
}
va_list
va_end va_arg va_start :,,
NULL Standard
#define NULL
:stddef.h ,,
Definition
: size_t
typedef unsigned size_t;
:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stddef.h>
main(){
size_t uInt = 65535;
printf("%u\n", uInt);
}
213
:,,
size_t
ptrdiff_t :
;ptrdiff_t
typedef long
:
;typedef int ptrdiff_t
:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<stddef.h
{)(main
;ptrdiff_t Int = 65535
;ptrdiff_t Long = 2147483647
;)printf("Int = %d\n", Int
;)printf("Long = %d\n", Long
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
ptrdiff_t
,, :stdio.h
Standard Input Output

.
.
,,, :printf

:
>#include<stdio.h
{)(main
1
2
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214
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
int Number = 100;

char Char = 'A';
char String[] = "Hello, World!\n";
printf("%d\n", Number);
printf("%c\n", Char);
printf(String);
}
printf
:,,
:sprintf ,,,

:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
#include<stdio.h>
main(){
char Buffer[255];
sprintf(Buffer, "Number = %d\nCharacter = %c\nString = %s\n",
100, 'A', "Hello, World!");
}
printf(Buffer);
sprintf
:,,
:vprintf ,,,
: va_list printf
1
2
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5
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7
8
9
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13
14
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16
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18
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20
21
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdarg.h>
void ArgLst(char *format, ...);
main(){
int Number = 100;
char Char = 'A';
char String[] = "Hello, World!";
ArgLst("Number = %d\nChar = %c\nStrin = %s\n",\

Number, Char, String);
void ArgLst(char *format, ...){

va_list Lst;
va_start(Lst, format);
vprintf(format, Lst);
va_end(Lst);
}
215
vprintf
:,,
:vfprintf ,,,
: vprintf
1
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25
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdarg.h>
main(){
int Number = 100;
char Char = 'A';
ArgLst("Number = %d\nChar = %c\nStrin = %s\n",\

void ArgLst(char *format, ...){

va_list Lst;
FILE *File;
File = fopen("Info.txt", "w");
vfprintf(File, format, Lst);
va_end(Lst);
fclose(File);
}
vfprintf
:,,
:vsprintf ,,,
: vprintf sprintf
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdarg.h>
main(){
int Number = 100;
char Char = 'A';
char buffer[255];
ArgLst(buffer, "Number = %d\nChar = %c\nStrin = %s\n",\
}
printf(buffer);
216
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
void ArgLst(char *buffer, char *format, ...){

va_list Lst;
vsprintf(buffer, format, Lst);
va_end(Lst);
}
vsprintf
:,,
:scanf ,,,
:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
#include<stdio.h>
main(){
char string[255];
printf("Your name, Please: ");

scanf("%s", string);
printf("Nice to meet you %s!\n", string);
scanf
:,,
:fscanf ,,,
:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
#include<stdio.h>
main(){
FILE *File;
char buffer[255];
File = fopen("Info.txt", "r");
fscanf(File, "%s", buffer);
printf("%s\n", buffer);
}
fscanf
:,,
:sscanf ,,,
:
1
2
3
4
#include<stdio.h>
main(){
char buffer[] = "Hello, World! 15";
217
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
char string1[255], string2[255];

int number;
sscanf(buffer, "%s%s%d", string1, string2, &number);
printf("String = %s %s\n", string1, string2);

printf("Number = %d\n", number);
sscanf
:,,
:fgetc ,,,
:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
#include<stdio.h>
main(){
FILE *File;
char ch;
while(feof(File)==0){
ch = fgetc(File);
printf("%c", ch);
}
fgetc
:,,
:fgets ,,,
: fgetc
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
#include<stdio.h>
main(){
FILE *File;
char buffer[255];
fgets(buffer, 255, File);
printf(buffer);
}
}
fclose(File);
fgets
:,,
218
:fputc ,,,
:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
#include<stdio.h>
main(){
FILE *File;
fputc('A', File);
fclose(File);
fputc
:,,
:fputs ,,,
:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
#include<stdio.h>
main(){
FILE *File;
fputs("Hello, World!", File);

fclose(File);
fputs
:,,
:getc ,,,
: fgetc
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
#include<stdio.h>
main(){
FILE *File;
char ch;
ch = getc(File);
printf("%c", ch);
}
fclose(File);
219
15
}
getc
:,,
:getchar ,,,
:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
#include<stdio.h>
main(){
char ch;
printf("Enter a character: ");
ch = getchar();
printf("Your character is: %c\n", ch);
}
getchar
:,,
:gets ,,,
:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
#include<stdio.h>
main(){
char str[255];
printf("Enter a string(Max character 255): ");

gets(str);
printf("Your string are: %s\n", str);
gets
:,,
:putc ,,,
: fputc
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
#include<stdio.h>
main(){
FILE *File;
putc('A', File);
fclose(File);
putc
:,,
220
:putchar ,,,
:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
#include<stdio.h>
main(){
char ch = 'A';
printf("ch = ");
putchar(ch);
putchar('\n');
}
putchar
:,,
:puts ,,,

:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
#include<stdio.h>
main(){
char str1[] = "Line 1: Hello, World!";
char str2[] = "Line 2: Hello, World!";
puts(str1);
puts(str2);
puts
:,,
:ungetc ,,,
:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
#include<stdio.h>
main(){
FILE *File;
ungetc('A', File);
fclose(File);
ungetc
:,,
:fopen ,,,
221

:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
#include<stdio.h>
main(){
FILE *File;
File = fopen("FileName.Ext", "r");
if(File==NULL)
printf("File does not exist!\n");
else
printf("File exist now!\n");
File = fopen("FileName.Ext", "w");
if(File!=NULL)
printf("File Created!\n");
if(File==NULL)
printf("File does not exist!\n");
else
printf("File exist now!\n");
}
fclose(File);
fopen
:,,
:freopen ,,,
stdout stdin FILE fopen
: stderr
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
#include<stdio.h>
main(){
FILE *File;
File = freopen("Info.txt", "w", stderr);
if(!File)
fprintf(stdout, "Error!\n");
else
fprintf(File, "String!");
fclose(File);
}
freopen
:,,
222
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
:fclose ,,,
_fcloseall
#include<stdio.h>
main(){
FILE *File1, *File2, *File3;
File1 = fopen("Info1.txt", "w");
fclose(File1);
printf("%d file(s) closed by _fcloseall()\n",\
_fcloseall());
}
fclose
:,,
:remove ,,,
:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
#include<stdio.h>
main(){
FILE *File;
/*Create temporary.tmp*/
File = fopen("temporary.tmp", "w");
fclose(File);
/*remove temporary.tmp*/
remove("temporary.tmp");
}
remove
:,,
:rename ,,,
:
1
2
3
4
5
6
#include<stdio.h>
main(){
printf("Rename Info.txt To Data.dat...\n");
rename("Info.txt", "Data.dat");
printf("Operation Terminate...\n");
223
,,, :tmpfile
:,,
file
rename
temporary
>#include<stdio.h
{)(main
;FILE *File
;)"printf("Create a Temporary File...\n
;)(File = tmpfile
;)"printf("Temporary File Created...\n
/*At exit*/
;)"printf("Temporary File deleted...\n
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
tmpfile
,,, :fread

FILE:
>#include<stdio.h
{)(main
;FILE *File
;]char buffer[255
;)"File = fopen("Info.txt", "r
;)fread(buffer, sizeof(char), 255, File
;)printf("%s\n", buffer
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
fread
,,, :fwrite
fread fread:
>#include<stdio.h
1
2
224
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
main(){
FILE *File;
char buffer[] = "String!";
fwrite(buffer, sizeof(char), 7, File);

fclose(File);
fwrite
:,,
:fseek ,,,

long FILE

int
: SEEK_END SEEK_SET SEEK_CUR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
#include<stdio.h>
main(){
FILE *File;
char ch_set, ch_cur, ch_end;
/*Beginning of file*/
fseek(File, 0L, SEEK_SET);
printf("SEEK_SET Begin:\n");
ch_set = fgetc(File);
printf("%c", ch_set);
}
printf("\nSEEK_SET End.\n");
/*Current position of file pointer*/
fseek(File, 0L, SEEK_CUR);
printf("SEEK_CUR Begin:\n");
ch_cur = fgetc(File);
printf("%c", ch_cur);
}
printf("\nSEEK_CUR End.\n");
/*End of file*/
fseek(File, 0L, SEEK_END);
printf("SEEK_END Begin:\n");
225
33
34
35
36
37
38
ch_end = fgetc(File);
printf("%c", ch_end);
}
printf("\nSEEK_END End.\n");
}
fseek
:,,
:ftell ,,,
:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
#include<stdio.h>
main(){
FILE *File;
int Position;
char buff[3];
/* Move the pointer of file 3 bytes
by reading character*/
fread(buff, sizeof(char), 3, File);
Position = ftell(File);
printf("Position after read 3 characters is %d\n",\
Position);
}
ftell
: fseek(File,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
:,,
:rewind ,,,
0L, SEEK_SET)
#include<stdio.h>
main(){
FILE *File;
char ch;
fseek(File, 0L, SEEK_END);
printf("fseek(File, 0L, SEEK_END):\n");
ch = fgetc(File);
printf("%c", ch);
}
printf("\n----------------\n");
rewind(File);
226
;)"printf("rewind(File):\n
{)while(feof(File)==0
;)ch = fgetc(File
;)printf("%c", ch
}
;)"printf("\n
:,,
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
rewind
,,, :feof

:
>#include<stdio.h
{)(main
;FILE *File
;)"File = fopen("Info.txt", "r
;)fseek(File, 0L, SEEK_END
)if(feof(File)==0
;)"printf("Position of pointer is in the end of file\n
else
;)"printf("Position of pointer is not in the end of file\n
,, :stdlib.h
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
feof
stdlib Standard Library

)( .
,,, :atof
double
:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<stdlib.h
{)(main
;"char str[3] = "123
;double num
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
227
;)num = atof(str
;)printf("%f\n", num
:,,
8
9
10
11
atof
,,, :atoi
atof int
:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<stdlib.h
{)(main
;"char str[3] = "123
;int num
;)num = atoi(str
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
atoi
,,, :atol
atoi
long:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<stdlib.h
{)(main
;"char str[3] = "123
;long num
;)num = atoi(str
;)printf("%ld\n", num
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
atol
,,, :rand
:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<stdlib.h
1
2
228
{)(main
;int i, j=0
{)for(i=0;i<=10;i++
;j=rand()%100
;)printf("j = %d\n", j
}
}
:,,
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
rand

.
,,, :srand
rand
time:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<stdlib.h
>#include<time.h
{)(main
;int i
;))srand(time(NULL
{)for(i=0;i<=10;i++
;)printf("%d\n", rand()%100
}
:,,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
srand
,,, :abort

:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<stdlib.h
{)(main
;FILE *File
{)))"if(!(File=fopen("FileName.txt", "r
;)"printf("Can't open file\n
;)(abort
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
229
}
;)fclose(File
}
:,,
10
11
12
13
abort
,,, :exit
EXIT_FAILURE
EXIT_SUCCESS :
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<stdlib.h
{)(main
;FILE *File
{)))"if(!(File=fopen("FileName.txt", "r
;)"printf("Can't open file\n
;)exit(EXIT_FAILURE
}else
;)exit(EXIT_SUCCESS
;)fclose(File
,,, :atexit
:,,
1
2
3
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exit
:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<stdlib.h
{)(void AtExit
;)"printf("Program - end\n
}
{)(main
;)atexit(AtExit
;)"printf("Program - start\n
:,,
,,, :system
}
atexit
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230
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#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
main(){
printf("Message!\n");
/*In DOS OS*/
system("cls");
/*In Unix/Linux OS*/
system("clear");
}
system
:,,
:abs ,,,
: int
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#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
main(){
int i=-10, j=20;
printf("absolute value if 'i' is %d\n", abs(i));

printf("absolute value if 'j' is %d\n", abs(j));
:,,
abs
:labs ,,,
: long abs
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#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
main(){
long i=-10, j=20;
printf("absolute value if 'i' is %d\n", labs(i));
printf("absolute value if 'j' is %d\n", labs(j));
}
labs
:,,
:div ,,,
: int
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2
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
231
{)(main
;int a=12, b=6
;))printf("%d/%d = %d\n", a, b, div(a, b
:,,
3
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8
div
,,, :ldiv
long:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<stdlib.h
{)(main
;long a=12, b=6
;))printf("%d/%d = %d\n", a, b, ldiv(a, b
:,,
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ldiv
,, :string.h
string.h str string

mem .memory
.str
,,, strcpy :strncpy
strcpy
. strncpy
strcpy
:
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<string.h
{)(main
;"char str[] = "Hello
;]char empty[5
;]char empty2[5
;)strcpy(empty, str
;)strncpy(empty2, str, 3
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printf("empty = %s\n", empty);

printf("empty2 = %s\n", empty2);
strncpy
strcpy :,,
: empty
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#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
main(){
char str[] = "Hello";
char empty[5] = "empty";
strcpy(empty, str);
}
printf("empty
= %s\n", empty);
() strcpy :,,
:strncat strcat ,,,
strncat strcat
:strcat
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#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
main(){
printf("str = %s\n", str);
strcat(str, ", World");
}
strcat
:,,
:strncat
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#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
main(){

strncat(str, ", World", 3);
strncat
:,,
233
,,, strcmp :strncmp
strcmp
strncmp

:strcmp
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<string.h
{)(main
;"char str1[] = "Hello
;"char str2[] = "Hello2
;)int cmp = strcmp(str1, str2
)if(cmp>0
;)"printf("str1 > str2\n
else
;)"printf("str1 < str2\n
:,,
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strcmp
:strncmp
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<string.h
{)(main
;"char str1[] = "Hello
;"char str2[] = "Hello2
;)int cmp = strncmp(str1, str2, 3
)if(cmp>0
;)"printf("str1 > str2\n
else
;)"printf("str1 < str2\n
:,,
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strncmp
,,, strchr :strrchr
strchr
strrchr strchr
:
>#include<stdio.h
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#include<string.h>
main(){
char str[] = "Hello", *strdest;
char ch = 'l';
int result;
printf("%s\n", str);
printf("12345\n");
strdest = strchr(str, ch);
result = (int)(strdest-str+1);
printf("First '%c' in position %d\n", ch, result);
strdest = strrchr(str, ch);
result = (int)(strdest-str+1);
printf("Last '%c' in position %d\n", ch, result);
}
strrchr
strchr :,,
:strcspn strspn ,,,
strspn
strcspn
:
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#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
main(){
char str1[] = "HHHeeelllooo";
char str2[] = "He";
char str3[] = "lllooo";
int result;
result = strspn(str1, str2);
printf("There are %d character(s) of '%s' in string '%s'\n",\
result, str2, str1);
result = strcspn(str1, str3);

printf("First '%s' in string '%s' is start at character %d\n",\
str3, str1, result);
strcspn
strspn :,,
.
:strpbrk ,,,
235
strpbrk
:
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#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
main(){
char *result = strpbrk(str, "l");
}
printf("%s\n", result);
strpbrk
:,,
:strstr ,,,
: strchr strstr
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#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
main(){
char str1[] = "Hello, World!", str2[] = "World";
char *strdest = strstr(str1, str2);
int result;
result = (int)(strdest-str1+1);
printf("The word '%s' is at position %d in string '%s'\n",\
str2, result, str1);
}
strstr
:,,
:strlen ,,,
:
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#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
main(){
int result = strlen(str);
printf("'%s' = %d character(s)\n", str, result);
}
strlen
:,,
:strerror ,,,
236
:
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#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
main(){
char str[10];
printf("Enter a string (Max 10 characters): ");
if((strlen(gets(str)))>10){
printf("%s\n", strerror(12));
exit(1);
}else
printf("'%s' = %d character(s)\n",\
str, strlen(str));
}
strerror
:,,
.
:strtok ,,,
: strtok
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#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
main(){
char *string,
str[] = "(Hello, World)",
tok[] = " (),I";
int i;
string = strtok(str, tok);
for(i=0;i<2;i++){
printf("%s\n", string);
string = strtok(NULL, tok);
}
}
strtok
:,,
:time.h ,,
time.h
: tm
237
tm
{
;tm_sec
;tm_min
;tm_hour
;tm_mday
;tm_mon
;tm_year
;tm_wday
;tm_yday
;tm_isdst
struct
int
int
int
int
int
int
int
int
int
;}
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clock_t time_t :
;typedef long time_t
;typedef long clock_t
.time.h
,,, :clock

CLOCKS_PER_SEC CLK_PER_SEC :
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<time.h
{)(main
{);;(for
;)printf("%d\n", clock()/CLOCKS_PER_SEC
)if((clock()/CLOCKS_PER_SEC)==5
;break
}
}
:,,
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clock

. :
>#include<stdio.h
>#include<time.h
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void delay(int second);

main(){
int waitsec;
printf("wait(in seconds): ");
scanf("%d", &waitsec);
delay(waitsec);
printf("Time terminated...\n");
}
void delay(int second){
int sec;
for(;;){
sec = clock()/CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
if(sec==second)
break;
}
:,,
:time ,,,
: :
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#include<stdio.h>
#include<time.h>
main(){
time_t Seconds, Minutes, Hours, Days;
Seconds
Minutes
Hours
Days
=
=
=
=
time(NULL);
Seconds/60;
Minutes/60;
Hours/24;
printf("%ld\tseconds since 01/01/1970.\n", Seconds);

printf("%ld\tminutes since 01/01/1970.\n", Minutes);
printf("%ld\t\thours since 01/01/1970.\n", Hours);
printf("%ld\t\tdays since 01/01/1970.\n", Days);
}
time
:,,
NULL Seconds time

:
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#include<stdio.h>
#include<time.h>
main(){
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time_t Seconds, Minutes, Hours, Days;

time(&Seconds);
Minutes = Seconds/60;
Hours
= Minutes/60;
Days
= Hours/24;
printf("%ld\tseconds since 01/01/1970.\n", Seconds);

printf("%ld\tminutes since 01/01/1970.\n", Minutes);
printf("%ld\t\thours since 01/01/1970.\n", Hours);
printf("%ld\t\tdays since 01/01/1970.\n", Days);
() time :,,
:difftime ,,,
time_t

:
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#include<stdio.h>
#include<time.h>
main(){
time_t Start, End;
int i;
Start = time(NULL);
for(i=0;i<=40000;i++){
printf("%d\n", i);
}
End = time(NULL);
printf("Loop taken %.0f seconds to terminate...\n",\

difftime(End, Start));
difftime
:,,
:localtime ,,,
: tm
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#include<stdio.h>
#include<time.h>
main(){
time_t Seconds;
int Year, Month, Day, Hour, Minute, Second;
struct tm* Time;
time(&Seconds);
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20
Time = localtime(&Seconds);
Year = Time->tm_year+1900, Month= Time->tm_mon+1,
Day = Time->tm_mday;
Hour = Time->tm_hour, Minute = Time->tm_min,
Second = Time->tm_sec;
printf("Date: %.4d/%.2d/%.2d\n",Year, Month, Day);
printf("Time: %.2d:%.2d:%.2d\n", Hour, Minute, Second);
}
localtime
:,,
:asctime ,,,
DDD MMM D HH :MM :SS
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13

: YYYY
#include<stdio.h>
#include<time.h>
main(){
time_t Seconds;
struct tm* Time;
time(&Seconds);
Time = localtime(&Seconds);
printf("Date/Time: %s", asctime(Time));
}
asctime
:,,
:ctime ,,,
DDD MMM D HH :MM :SS
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time()
: YYYY
#include<stdio.h>
#include<time.h>
main(){
time_t Seconds;
time(&Seconds);
}
printf("Date/Time: %s", ctime(&Seconds));

ctime
:,,
241
) (
.
...
:
C++ ) Assembly( :
C++

.
.C++
.
)(
........................................................................... C
, ..................................................................................
:,, ........................................................
, .................................................................................... C
.......................................................................... block :,,
, ................................................... Variables and Constants
:,, .................................... real mode
:,, ..........................................................
:,, ..........................................................
, ............................................................................ Comments
, ................................................................................... input
, .............................................................................. Operators
:,, ................................................................
:,, ..................................................................
:,, | ........................................................... OR
:,, & .......................................................... AND
:,, ^ ............................................................ XOR
, ....................................................................... if, else, elseif
:,, .................................................
:,, ................................................
:,, if ............................................................. else
, ...................................................................................... C
, ................................................................
:,, .......................................................... printf
:,, .......................................................... scanf
....................................................................... () C
, .................................................................................... Switch
, .................................................................. Repeated loop

:,, ........................................................... while
:,, ...................................................... dowhile
:,, .............................................................. for
:,, .................................. goto
:,, ...................................... goto
:,, .................................................... while
:,, ................................................ dowhile
:,, ...................................................... for
for :,, ..............................................................
, ................................................................................ Arrays
:,, ......................................................
:,, ..............................................
, ............................................................................... Pointers
:,, ........................................................
:,, ..............................................................
, ................................................................................ Functions
:,, ..........................................................
, ..................................................................... Header files
, .......................................................... Files I/O
:,, ................................................................
, ............................................................................. structures
:,, ..........................................................
, .................................................................
:,, ..................................................................
.............................................................................. C
, ........................................................................... Enumeration
:,, .....................................................

, ......................................................................
........................................................................... C
, ..................................................................................
, .................................................................................... C
:,, .......................................................
, ............................................................................ Comments
, ................................................................................... input
, .............................................................................. Operators
, ....................................................................... if, else, elseif
, ...................................................................................... C
:,, ......................................................... C
:,, .............................................................
....................................................................... Trigraphs :,,
:,, .............................................................. C
, ................................................................
:,, ................................................................ printf
:,, ................................................................ scanf
....................................................................... () C
, .................................................................................... Switch
, .................................................................. Repeated loop
, ................................................................................ Arrays
, ............................................................................... Pointers
, ................................................................................ Functions
, ..................................................................... Header files
, .......................................................... Files I/O
, ............................................................................. structures
, .................................................................
.............................................................................. C
, ........................................................................... Enumeration
:,, ..................................................................
, ......................................................................
:,, ......................................................... errno
:,, ..................................................... float.h
:,, .................................................... limits.h
:,, ....................................... raise
........................................................................... C
, ..................................................................................
, .................................................................................... C
:,, .......................................................... C
:,, ...................................................... () C
:,, ...................................................... () C
:,, ...................................................... () C
:,, ...................................................... () C
:,, ...................................................... () C
:,, ...................................................... () C
:,, ...................................................... () C
:,, ...................................................... () C
:,, .................................................. () C
:,, .................................................. () C
:,, .................................................. () C
:,, ..............................................................
:,, ................................................................
:,, ...................................................................
:,, ....................................................................
:,, .....................................................
:,, ..................................................................
:,, ).............................................................. (
:,, ....................................................................
:,, )................................................................ (
:,, .......................................................................
:,, .....................................
:,, .....................................
:,, )................................. (
:,, )................................. (
:,, )................................. (
:,, ...........................................
:,, ....................................
:,, .................................................
:,, .....................................
:,, ...........................................
:,, .......................................
:,, .........................
:,, ...............................................................
:,, ..............................................................
:,, .......................................................
:,, ....................................
:,, ........................................................
:,, )................................................... (
:,, )................................................... (
, ............................................................................ Comments
:,, ......................................................
:,, ...............................................................
:,, .........................................................
:,, ........................................................................
:,, ........................................................................
, ................................................................................... input
:,, scanf .................................
:,, scanf ........................................

:,, scanf )............................. (
:,, scanf )............................. (
, .............................................................................. Operators
:,, ......................................................
:,, ).................................................. (
:,, ).................................................. (
:,, .....................................................
:,, )................................................ (
:,, .................................................
:,, ..................................................
:,, ..................................................
:,, ..........................................................
:,, .........................................................
:,, ........................................................ #
:,, ..................................................... ##
:,, | ................................................... OR
:,, & ................................................. AND
:,, ^ ................................................... XOR
:,, ~ ................................................. NOT
, ....................................................................... if, else, elseif
:,, .............................................................. if
:,, .......................................................... () if
:,, ............................................................ else
:,, ........................................................ elseif
, ...................................................................................... C
:,, ....................................................... Trigraphs
:,, .................................................... () Trigraphs

:,, ..................................................................
:,, .....................................................................
:,, ..................................................................
:,, )............................................................. (
, ................................................................
:,, ...................................................................
:,, ................................................................
:,, ..........................................................
:,, ................................................................
:,, .................................................. putchar
:,, .................................................. getchar
:,, ...................................................... puts
:,, wprint ................................... wscanf
:,, getch ..................................... putch
:,, getch ............................... () putch
:,, ................................................. getche
:,, ...................................... wchar_t
:,, .................................................................. wmain
:,, ................................................................... main
:,, ......................................................
:,, ).................................................. (
:,, ................................................
....................................................................... () C
, .................................................................................... Switch
:,, ................................. if, else, elseif
:,, ............................................. switch
:,, ........................................................................
, .................................................................. Repeated loop
:,, .......................................................... while
:,, ...................................................... () while
:,, ...................................................... () while
:,, ...................................................... () while
:,, ...................................................... dowhile
:,, ................................................. () dowhile
:,, ............................................................. for
:,, ........................................................ () for
:,, ........................................................... goto
:,, ..................................................... () goto
:,, .......................................................... goto
:,, .................................................... () while
:,, ...................................................... () for
:,, ...................................................... () for
:,, ................................................... () while
:,, .................................................... continue
:,, ASCII ...................................
, ................................................................................ Arrays
:,, ...................................................
:,, ...............................
:,, .......................................................
:,, ).................................................. (
:,, ).................................................. (
:,, .......................................
:,, ).................................. (
:,, ......................................
:,, ).................................. (
:,, ............................
:,, ..............................................
:,, ).......................................... (
:,, ............................................
:,, )........................................ (
:,, ................................................................. gets
:,, .............................................................. strcpy
:,, ............................................................ strncpy
:,, ......................................................... () strcpy
:,, .............................................................. strcat
:,, ............................................................. strncat
:,, .............................................
:,, )........................................ (
:,, )........................................ (
, ............................................................................... Pointers
:,, .......................................................
:,, ..........................................................
:,, )..................................................... (
:,, ..........................................
:,, ...............................................
:,, ).......................................... (
:,, ...........................................
:,, ........................................
:,, ).................................... (
:,, ).................................. (
:,, ).................................. (
:,, ).................................. (
:,, .......................................................................
:,, ............................................................. void
:,, ...............................................................
:,, )........................................................... (
:,, .................................................................
:,, )............................................................. (
:,, .....................................................................
:,, .....................................................................
:,, .....................................................................
:,, ...................................................................
, ................................................................................ Functions
:,, .........................................................
:,, ).................................................... (
:,, ).................................................... (
:,, .............................................
:,, ............................................
:,, ...................................
:,, ............................................
:,, .......................................
:,, ...........................................
:,, ....................................
:,, ............................................... short
:,, ................................................. char
:,, ..................................................
:,, *............................................... char
:,, ......................................................
:,, .......................................................
:,, ..................................................
:,, ......................................
:,, .....................................................................
, ..................................................................... Header files
:,, ..............................................................
:,, ..............................................................
:,, .......................................... include
, .......................................................... Files I/O
:,, ...............................................................
:,, ..............................................................
:,, CreateFile .............................. fileio.h
:,, ..............................................
:,, fprintf ............................................ fscanf
:,, ........................................................ fputs
:,, fgetc ......................................... fputc
:,, fgetc .................................... () fputc
, ............................................................................. structures
:,, ...............................................
:,, ).......................................... (
:,, ).......................................... (
:,, ...........................
:,, .................................................
:,, ........................................... union
:,, ...................................... () union
:,, ...................................... () union
:,, ...................................... () union

:,, .......................................................
:,, ).................................................. (
:,, ........................................................
:,, .........................................................
:,, .....................................................................
, .................................................................
:,, .................................................................. scanf
:,, ...................................................... void
:,, .................................................. () void
:,, .................................................. () void
:,, .................................................. () void
:,, ........................................ static
:,, ................................... () static
:,, ...................................... typedef
:,, .................................. () typedef
:,, ................................ () typedef
:,, ................................ () typedef
:,, ......................................................... str.h
:,, ........................................................
:,, ........................................................
:,, ...............................................................
:,, ..........................................................
:,, ...................................
:,, ...............................
:,, ................................................ wcscpy
:,, ............................................... wcsncpy
:,, wcscat .............................. wcsncat

:,, getwchar .......................... putwchar
:,, _getws ............................... _putws
:,, ........................................
:,, ...............................................................
:,, ............................................................
:,, ..................................... extern
:,, ................................. () extern
:,, ........................................ auto
:,, ................................... register
:,, ...................................... sizeof
:,, ..........................................................
:,, )..................................................... (
:,, ................................................
.............................................................................. C
, ........................................................................... Enumeration
:,, .......................................................... enum
:,, ..................................................... () enum
:,, ..................................................... () enum
:,, ..................................................... () enum
:,, ..................................................... () enum
:,, ..................................................... () enum
:,, .......................................................................
:,, ....................................................
:,, .....................................................
:,, .........................................
:,, .........................................................
:,, ................................................ #undef
:,, #else #elif #if .................... #endif
:,, ................................................ #ifdef
:,, ............................................... #ifdef
:,, .............................................. #ifndef
:,, ............................................. #ifndef
:,, .........................................................
, ......................................................................
:,, .............................................
:,, .......................................
:,, ).................................. (
:,,/ ........................................................ assert
:,, .............................................................. isalnum
:,, ............................................................... isalpha
:,, ............................................................... iscntrl
:,, ............................................................... isdigit
:,, ............................................................... isgraph
:,, ............................................................... islower
:,, ............................................................... isprint
:,, ............................................................... ispunct
:,, ............................................................ isspace
:,, .............................................................. isupper
:,, ............................................................ isxdigit
:,, toupper ............................................... tolower
:,, ............................................................... perror

:,, .......................................................... () perror
:,, ............................................... errno.h
:,, .............................................. locale.h
:,, ................................................. math.h
:,, ................................................................... sin
:,, ................................................................... cos
:,, ................................................................... tan
:,, ................................................................... exp
:,, ................................................................... log
:,, ................................................................... pow
:,, .................................................................. sqrt
:,, ................................................................. ceil
:,, ................................................................ floor
:,, ................................................................. fabs
:,, ................................................................ ldexp
:,, .................................................................. fmod
:,, setjmp ............................................ jmp_buf
:,, va_start va_arg va_end ........ va_list
:,, ............................................................... size_t
:,, ........................................................... ptrdiff_t
:,, .............................................................. printf
:,, ............................................................. sprintf
:,, ............................................................. vprintf
:,, ............................................................ vfprintf
:,, ............................................................ vsprintf
:,, ................................................................ scanf
:,, ............................................................... fscanf

:,, ............................................................... sscanf
:,, ................................................................ fgetc
:,, ................................................................ fgets
:,, ................................................................ fputc
:,, ................................................................ fputs
:,, ................................................................. getc
:,, ............................................................. getchar
:,, ................................................................. gets
:,, ................................................................. putc
:,, ............................................................. putchar
:,, ................................................................. puts
:,, ............................................................... ungetc
:,, ................................................................ fopen
:,, ............................................................. freopen
:,, ............................................................... fclose
:,, ............................................................... remove
:,, ............................................................... rename
:,, ............................................................. tmpfile
:,, ................................................................ fread
:,, ............................................................... fwrite
:,, ................................................................ fseek
:,, ................................................................ ftell
:,, ............................................................... rewind
:,, ................................................................. feof
:,, ................................................................. atof
:,, ................................................................. atoi
:,, ................................................................. atol

:,, ................................................................. rand
:,, ................................................................ srand
:,, ................................................................ abort
:,, ................................................................. exit
:,, ............................................................... atexit
:,, ............................................................... system
:,, ................................................................... abs
:,, ................................................................. labs
:,, ................................................................... div
:,, ................................................................. ldiv
:,, strcpy ............................................. strncpy
:,, .......................................................... () strcpy
:,, ............................................................... strcat
:,, .............................................................. strncat
:,, ............................................................... strcmp
:,, .............................................................. strncmp
:,, strchr ............................................. strrchr
:,, strspn ............................................. strcspn
:,, .............................................................. strpbrk
:,, ............................................................... strstr
:,, ............................................................... strlen
:,, ............................................................ strerror
:,, ............................................................... strtok
:,, ................................................................ clock
:,, ...........................................
:,, .................................................................. time
:,, ............................................................. () time

:,, ............................................................ difftime
:,, ........................................................... localtime
:,, .............................................................. asctime
:,, ................................................................ ctime

The C Programming Language Book, Second Edition By Brian Kernighan And Dennis Ritchie [Prentice Hall 1988;
ISBN 0-131-10362-8]
Fundamentals Programming Family Book, First Edition By IBM International 1985
Turbo C Manuel De Rfrence Book, By Borland International 1988 [FR]
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: www.wikipedia.org
CProgramming.com Your resource for C and C++: www.cprogramming.com
C Pocket Reference Book, By Peter Prinz And Ulla Kirch-Prinz [O'Reilly November 2002; ISBN : 0-596-00436-2]
UNIX System Calls and Subroutines using C Book, By Nikos Drakos 1997
Teach Yourself C in 21 Days Book, By Peter Aitken And Bradley L. Jones [Macmillan Computer Publishing]
The End

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.............................................................................................

,, putchar ................................................................... getchar

,,, ............................................................... auto

,,, ....................................................................... isalnum

,,, ....................................................................... printf

,,, ....................................................................... srand

C texts editor compiler .linker

Unix Linux Unix Linux

C C++ gcc .cc

;)"!printf("%s\n", "Hello, World

Random Access Memory RAM

double float double

const int num num

*/ *printf("Enter a value: ");/

) (+) (-) (/ )*(

;)printf("Dec = %d\n", Dec

C : << Left Shift

;)printf("%c%c%c%c%c\n", ch1, ch2, ch3, ch4, ch5

"" AND & :

"" NOT ~ "" AND

;)" printf("the year of your born:

puts gets stdio.h put string .get string

wide scan format

;)"printf("Press any key to exit\n

:,, getch () putch

int, short, long

int, short, long

;)" printf("Enter the first number:

)'if(Char == '+' || Char == '1

switch float )double if .(else

while dowhile while

/* Just in Windows and DOS OS compilers */

;)" printf("\nPress any key(q=exit):

/* Just in Windows and DOS OS compilers */

;)" printf("Press any key(q=exit):

for while dowhile

;}int arr[] = {10, 20, 30

;}}}int arr3d[][2][2] = {{{10, 20},{30, 40}}, {{50, 60},{70, 80

scanf gets gets

,,, strcat :strncat

;)printf("String = %s\n", String

;)" printf("Enter a string:

ptr &ref . &

void (Type)Pointer_Name Type

printf("%s = %d characters\n", usr_name, i);

;)void Func_Print(const char *str

void Func_Add(const int num1, const int num2)

;)num1, sign, num2, num1+num2

void Func_(const int num1, const char

int Int_Func printf

char unsigned signed double float long

)int Int_Func(const int num

/*fileio.h header file

stdlib.h standard library

,,, fprintf :fscanf

fprintf fscanf scanf file scan file

fgets fputs puts

:,, fgetc () fputc

printf("Union.x = %d\n", Union.x);

printf("Union.x = %d\n", Union.x);

_point _line _point

int typedef .Decimal

typedef struct _2D

/ printf("Enter a value: ");/

/Use The External Variable ab/

void ArgLst(char buffer, char format, ...){