Nhng thnh tu ch yu ca vn minh Lng H c i

Nhm 8 : Lng Xun B Hong Hng c Phm Hng Hnh Nguyn Th H Linh V Minh Phng Nguyn H Phng Bi Th Trang Nguyn Th Tuyt Trinh Cao Th Tho Vn

Nm trn vng
chy qua ca hai con sng ln l Tigris v Euphrates.

L mt trong nhng ci ni ca nn vn minh nhn loi, vn minh Lng H c i c nhiu thnh tu ng gp v cng to ln, c nhiu nh hng ti nn vn minh ca cc quc gia Ty v nn vn minh Hy-La...

Ch vit Vn hc Tn gio Lut php Ngh thut to hnh

Khoa hc t nhin

Ch vit

Ngi Sumer sng pha Nam Lng H sng to ra mt trong nhng h thng ch vit sm nht th gii.

Ch vit u tin ca ngi Lng H do ngi Sumer sng to vo cui th k IV TCN. Trong thi ki u ch vit ca ngi Lng H cng l ch tng hnh.

Biu th cc khi nim, ng tc ngi ta dng phng php biu . Dng hnh v mn m thanh.

Cht liu dng vit l cc tm t st cn t v que vt nhn. Qua thi gian, ch vit thay i v cc k hiu cng pht trin hn. Loi ch ny c gi l ch tit hnh hay ch hnh nm. n khong nm 1500 TCN ch tit hnh thnh vn t ngoi giao quc t

S pht trin ca ch vit

Khong 3100 TCN, con ngi bt u ghi li s lng cc loi cy trng. La mch l mt trong nhng loi cy trng quan trng nht Nam Lng H.

Ngi nng dn mang la mch ti cc kho cha n. Bn ghi chp ghi li s lng la mch nhp vo v xut ra.

Bn cnh k hiu la mch thng c mt s ch s lng la mch c cho vo kho hoc ly ra.

K hiu la mch thay i hnh dng khi nhng ngi vit s dng cng c vit c u cnh thay v u nhn nh trc y.

u ca cng c vit c hnh dng nh vy biu th hnh nm trn cc tm t st.

Bt trm lm bng cy sy l cng c vit chnh.

Loi k hiu ny c gi l ch hnh nm.

K hiu la mch c biu th bng nhiu hnh nm.

H thng ch vit ca ngi Sumer trong sut giai on u c s thay i lin tc.
T trn xung di thnh t tri sang phi (khong 300 TCN). Cc k hiu u b quay 90 ngc chiu kim ng h. Cc k hiu ban u th hp di v u nt , trong , cc nt bt to cc k hiu thng v cong. Nhng bt u t sau nm 3000 TCN, cc nt bt bt u pht trin thnh cc hnh nm, v vy, thay i kiu dng ca k hiu t nt k thnh hnh nm.

Bng ch ci hnh nm c chun ha

Ch hnh nm vit hoa

c khc vo triu i ca vua Darius ca Persia (522 482 TCN), chng bao gm cc nguyn bn ng nht trong ba ngn ng : Old Persian, Babylonian v Elamite. Nhng kin thc v ch hnh nm gn nh b chn vi, ch n nm 1835, khi Henry Rawlinson, mt s quan qun i Anh, tm thy mt vi bn ghi trn vch Behistun Persia. Sau khi dch ting Persia, Rawlinson bt u gii m nhng ci khc. n nm 1851, ng c c 200 k hiu ca Babylon.

Vn hc
Ni dung : thng gn lin vi tn ngng v phn nh i sng ngi dn lao ng.

Vn hc dn gian
Gm c cch ngn, ca dao, truyn ng ngn

S thi (anh hng ca)

Ra i t thi Sumer, n thi Babylon chim mt v tr rt quan trng. Chu nh hng ca tn gio rt mnh.

Phn nh cuc sng lao ng ca nhn dn v cch c x i.

Ch thng ca ngi cc thn.

Cc tc phm s thi in hnh : Khai thin lp a, Nn hng thy, Gingamet .

Thin anh hng ca Gingamet - tc phm tiu biu nht ca vn hc Lng H v l bn s thi c xa nht th gii.

Vn hc Lng H t c nhng thnh t ng k v c nh hng ln i vi khu vc Ty .

Nhng truyn Khai thin lp a, sng to ra loi ngi, Nn hng thy trong kinh thnh u bt ngun t nn vn hc Lng H.

Tn gio
Ngi Lng H theo a thn gio. H th nhiu thn nh: thn t nhin, thn ng vt, thn thc vt,

Shamash, thn Mt tri, xut hin vo bui sng t cc ngn ni pha ng gia (bn tri) thn Ishtar (Sumer : Inanna), n thn ca nhng ngi sao bui sm v (ngoi cng bn tri) thn Ninurta, thn sm, vi cung tn v s t v (bn phi) thn Ea (Sumer : Enki), thn nc, cng vi t tng ca mnh, khun mt th hai Usmu.

Cc thn lc t nhin ch yu
Thn Anu : thn tri cha v vua ca cc v thn. Thn Enlil : thn t . Thn Ea : thn nc. Thn Shamash : thn Mt tri.

Ngoi ra cn nhiu thn thuc cc lnh vc khc nh : thn sm st l lt Adad, n thn sinh v s mnh Nintu, thn tr tu Tutu, thn n dch Ira

Danh sch mt s thn, n thn, yu qui v qui vt ca ngi Lng H

(Tn gi ca ngi Akkad, trong ngoc l tn gi ca ngi Sumer)

Th ngi cht
Vic th ngi cht cng rt c coi trng. Ngi Lng H rt ch n l mai tng. Khi cht h thng chn theo n l, nhng th qu gi, thc n v xy dng cc lng m ln

Lng m ca hong gia Assyria.

Sng bi d th
Tn d ca vic sng bi cc d th c biu hin vic th hin hnh tng cc thn nh thn Marduk, thn Nergal
Qui vt na rn na chim d

Qui vt mt ngi c sng b, trn lng c lng, c cnh, c mnh ca s t v c bn chn

Do s pht trin ca tn gio tng lp thy cng c hnh thnh.

Chia lm 30 loi, trong thy cng c ba ch v thy cng on tng lai c trng vng nht.

Lut php
Lng H l khu vc c nhng b lut sm nht. T thi vng triu III ca thnh bang Ur (th k XXII n XXI TCN) Vo khong th k XX TCN nc Etnuna ng Bc Babylon cng ban hnh mt b lut. B lut ny vit trn 2 tm t st, c pht hin Irag, nay c trng by vin bo tng Bagdad. B lut quan trng nht ca Lng H c i l b lut Hammurabi.

B lut Hammurabi
Vn bn lut c nht c bo tn tt, c to ra vo khong thp nin 1760 TCN Babylon c i.
N c v vua th su ca Babylon l Hammurabi ban hnh.

Ch cn mt phn ca b lut ny tn ti cho ti nay c khc trn mt bia bazan cao khong 2,44m c i kho c Php pht hin c Xuda (pha ng Lng H), nay trng by vin bo tng Luvro (Php).

B lut Hammurabi
Phn trn ca bia l hnh chm ni thp thng ca ngi Babylon (hoc l Marduk hoc l Shamash), vi vua Babylon ang b kin thng v tay phi ca ng a ln ming nh du hiu ca lng tn knh.

Vn bn ca b lut chim phn di, c vit bng vn t hnh nm trong ting Babylon c.

B lut Hammurabi
Phn m u ni v s mng thing ling, uy quyn ca Hammurabi v mc ch ban hnh b lut. Phn ni dung chnh gm 282 iu lut, cp n cc vn nh th tc kin tng cc ti hnh s nh trm cp, gy thng tch, hoc lm cht ngi, cc vn dn s nh hn nhn, quyn s hu ti sn, thu ngi lm, quyn li v ngha v ca binh lnh, ch rung t, t thu, n l... Phn kt lut nhc li uy quyn, cng c ca vua v tnh hiu lc ca b lut.

Ngh thut
Ngh thut to hnh ca Lng H c i bao gm hai mt chnh l kin trc v iu khc, trong c bit l kin trc. Cc cng trnh kin trc ch yu l thp, n miu, cung in, thnh, vn hoa. Cc thnh tu v s pht trin ca ngh thut c th hin qua tng giai on lch s ca Lng H c i. Cc thnh tu ngh thut ca : Ngi Sumer Ngi Akkad Ngi Assyria Ngi Babylon.

Ngh thut ca ngi Sumer

Sumerian Sculpture Marble Statues

T rt sm ngi Sumer c nhng tc phm ngh thut bng cm thch, diorite, vng v xanh da tri.

Tng nh t Tell Asma. (2700 TCN)

Tng nh v ngn.
Cnh tay gp li pha trc. Trn lng khc : Lun lun cu nguyn. Mt m to vi ng t ln. n ng t lu ru di n ngc. Mc vy.

Sumerian Painting: Ur Vase

Cc tc phm iu khc rt cng phu v phc tp.

Ngh thut phn ln c s dng v mc ch tn gio.

Tc phm ngh thut ca thnh bang Ur. (2600 2400 TCN)

S phn cp trong x hi. K chuyn bng ngh thut. Vua xem xt cc k th b nh bi. K th kha thn th hin s tht bi v lm gim gi tr ca k th. Hnh thc lp li.

Cc cng trnh kin trc ch yu l thp, n miu, cung in.

White Temple and Ziggurat, Ur, 3200 -3000 B.C

White Temple and Ziggurat, Ur, 3200 -3000 B.C

Nn thp l mt hnh ch nht di 62,5m rng 43m. Thp gm 4 tng, pha trong l li t, pha ngoi xy gch, mi tng mt mu: Tng 1: mu en, i biu cho th gii di t. Tng 2: mu , i biu cho th gii ca con ngi. Tng 3: mu xanh, i biu cho thin ng. Tng 4: mu trng, i biu cho mt tri. Tng ny ng thi l mt ci n nh. C thp c bc cp bn ngoi i ln n nh.

Ngn thp l ni cng thn ng thi l ni quan st thin vn.

Ziggurat, Ur (2100 B.C.)

Ziggurat, Ur (2100 B.C.)

Ngh thut ca ngi Akkad

Ngi cai tr Akkad s dng cc ngh s gip cng c quyn lc. Cc ngh s khc cc bc tng ca vua Akkad.

Vua Sargon ca Akkad (2369 2314 TCN)

Bia chin thng ca Naram Sin (2230 TCN)

Ngh thut ca ngi Assyria

Cc ph iu phc ha cc vn c hong gia quan tm nh sn bt th vt hoc chin tranh.

Tc phm chm ni Vua Ashurbanipal m s t bng kim.

Tc phm chm ni ca Vua TiglathPileser III Chariot, thch cao tuyt hoa, Nimrud 730 TCN.

Vua Tiglath-Pileser III (744 727 TCN) ci c xe nga v ang gi tay th hin s thng li.

iu khc Anh hng bt s t, thch cao, Khorsabad, Neo-Assyrian, 721-705 TCN

Nhng con b u ngi c cnh cng thnh ca th Sargon II, Khorsabad.

B khng l u ngi c cnh Khorsabad. Tc phm iu khc thuc loi ny thng c t cng vo bo v chng li cc lc lng siu nhin c c.

Tc phm chm ni t Cung in ca Ashurnasirpal II Nimrud ca mt thin ti c cnh u i bng. N cng c gi l lamassu, shedu v "kuribu rt ging vi cc thin s ca ngi Do Thi. Thn Nisroch ca Assyria c miu t nh l mt v thn u i bng c cnh v c bp n nang. Trong tc phm ny t Nineveh, ng ang nh tng git nc thnh. ng cm mt tu nc tay tri v bt bin tay phi. Sennacherib, vua ca Assyria, khi ang cu nguyn trc v thn Nisroch sau khi tr v t chin dch Israel th b m cht. Bi th t trc ch ra rng cc Thin s ca Cha n nh tan qun i ca Assyria.

Ngh thut ca ngi Babylon

Bia lut Hammurabi
Phn trn ca bia l hnh chm ni.

Vng treo Babylon hay cng c gi l vn treo Semiramis, mt trong By kz quan ca th gii.

Vn treo c xy dng bi Vua Nebuchadnezza II khong nm 600 TCN. ng xy dng vn treo ny lm va lng ngi v b bnh ca ng, Amytis ca Media, ngi lun ao c v cc loi cy ci v thc vt c mi thm ging nh qu nh Persia.

Khu vn b ph hy bi cc trn ng t vo th k II TCN

Cng Ishtar, mt trong tm cng ca thnh ph bn trong Babylon, c xy dng di triu i ca Vua Nebuchadnezzar II (604 562 TCN)

Cng Ishtar.
c xy dng vo khong nm 575 TCN, cng kin c th tm ca thnh ph. y l mt trong nhng di tch n tng nht c ti pht hin ti Cn ng c i. Cng Ishtar c trang tr bng cc ph iu gch men theo tng cc hnh con rng v hnh con b c. Cng ny l mt cng i v pha nam l mt tin snh rng ln. Vua Nebuchadnezzar II ca Babylon dnh ring cng Ishtar ln cho N thn Ishtar. y l li chnh i vo Babylon.

Ishtar l mt n thn ca sinh sn, tnh yu, chin tranh v tnh dc.
Trong n Babylon, b l hin thn thn thnh ca sao Kim.

Khoa hc t nhin
Ton hc

Thnh tu ton hc u tin ca c dn Lng H l php m c o ca h.

Thi Sumer ly s 5 lm c s ca php m. Bt ngun t cch m s ngn tay ca mt bn tay. Ln hn 5 th gi l 5+1, 5+2. V sau li ly 60 lm c s. C l v : 60=5 x 12, 5 l 5 ngn tay 12 l 12 thng. ng thi php m thp tin v (ly 10 lm c s) cng c s dng. H thng s lc thp phn

Cch m ny cn gi li n ngy nay trong cch tnh (mt vng trn c 3600, 10 c 60 pht, 1 pht c 60 giy) v cch tnh pht giy thi gian.

Ngi Lng H bit cch lm 4 php tnh, bit lp cc bng cng tr nhn chia gip tnh ton c nhanh.
H cn bit phn s, lu tha, cn bc hai v cn bc 3; ng thi cn bit lp bng cn s.

H cng bit gii phng trnh c 3 n s.

Tnh din tch cc hnh ch nht, hnh tam gic, hnh thang, hnh trn, nhng khi tnh din tch v chu vi hnh trn h ch mi bit s pi = 3. H cng bit tnh th tch hnh chp ct.

YBC 7302 cho thy ngi Babylon tnh ton cho gi tr Pi.

YBC 7289 v mt hnh vung v ng cho ca n. Th hin con s 1,24,51,10 m trong h thp lc phn tng ng vi s 1,414219 (con s gn ng ca cn bc hai 2).

Plimpton 322 dng nh cha cc k t th hin vic tnh ton theo nh l Pithago ging nh cc s tng ng l 3, 4, 5.

Ngy nay pht hin c mt s tc phm ton hc chp trn 44 tm t st. C th coi y l mt bng tng hp cc kin thc ton hc ca c dn Lng H c i.

Khoa hc t nhin
Ton hc Thin vn hc

Thin vn

Ngi Lng H c i cng t c nhng thnh tu quan trng. Cc tng l thng ngi trn cc thp cao quan st thin vn. Trong mt nm, bu tri Lng H thng trong sng c 8 thng gip cho cc nh thin vn vi mt thng cng c th quan st cc tinh t.

Qua mt thi gian di tch ly kinh nghim, ngi Lng H cho rng trong v tr c 7 hnh tinh l mt tri, mt trng v 5 hnh tinh khc. Xc nh c ng hong o v chia hong o lm 12 cung, mi cung c mt chm sao tng ng. H cn bit c chu kz ca mt s hnh tinh

Babylonian Star Calender

Sumerian Star Chart

Akkadian Assyrian Calender

Thi Sumer t ra m lch. 1 nm - 12 thng : 6 thng v 6 thng thiu. Thng 30 ngy, thng thiu 29 ngy 1 nm c 354 ngy, so vi nm mt tri cn thiu hn 11 ngy nn thm thng nhun. C Babylon thng nhun do vua quy nh. Thi Tn Babilon, c 8 nm th nhun 3 ln, sau i thnh 27 nm nhun 10 ln.

Thi Tn Babylon : 1 thng - 4 tun, 1 tun c 7 ngy 7 ngy ng vi 7 hnh tinh v mi ngy c mt v thn lm ch
Thn Mt Tri Thn Mt Trng Thn Sao Ha Thn Sao Thy Thn Sao Mc Thn Sao Kim Thn Sao Th ch nht. th hai th ba th t th nm th su th by.

Ngy bt u t lc mt tri ln. Mi ngy chia lm 12 gi, mi gi 30 pht. Nh vy, mi pht ca ngi Lng H c i bng bn pht ngy nay. Lch ca ngi Babylon c i tuy l m lch nhng r rng l tng i chnh xc.

Khoa hc t nhin
Ton hc Thin vn hc
Y hc

 thy ni n cc bnh u, kh quan h hp, mch mu, tim, thn, d dy, tai, mt, phong thp, ngoi da, bnh ph n...

Hin tng ca bnh trng gi : mm bnh nhn mo xch, mt nhm nghin, mi mm cht, khng ni c". Bnh huyt thi dng : Tai , mt ny om m, v no pha sau rt au,... tim thn thc, chn bn rn".

Chuyn mn ha :khoa Ni, khoa Ngoi, khoa Mt...

Phng php cha bnh : ung thuc, xoa bp, bng b, ty ra, k c gii phu.
Dc liu gm c nc, du, cc loi thuc c ch bin t thc vt, ng vt, khong vt.

D on v tin rng gan l trung tm ca linh hn. Chn on v tin lng bnh bng cch tham kho m hnh gan cu.

M hnh gan cu bng t st, Babylon 1900 1600 TCN, Sippar, min Nam Irag.

Cha thot khi nhng quan nim m tn : nguyn nhn ca bnh tt ngoi vic khng iu ha trong c th cn do ma qy. Cu thn linh, dng ba ch, v dng nhng th nh li chut, mt g, ui ch...

Cc thy thuc khng c cha bnh vo cc ngy 7, 14, 21, 28, 29, v nhng ngy y theo quan nim ca ngi Lng H c i l nhng ngy xu.

Ngi Lng H tin rng cc con sng c quyn lc xua ui t m, nhng con qu tn c.

Nghi l cha bnh din ra trong mt cn chi lm bng cy sy. Con ch ca n thn c cha bnh trn mi chi. Ngi bnh nm thng trn ging, hai linh mc thc hin nghi l. Con du hnh tr t Tel Halaf. Na u ca thin nin k u tin trc cng nguyn.
Chi nh c dng cho cc bnh nhn cnh sng.

Cc thy thuc thng quy nh phi eo dy chuyn tr t trong sut thi gian b bnh hoc b cng thng.

trang sc ca ngi Assyria khng ch mang tnh thm m. mu v thy tinh c xem l c nhng c tnh c li : ngn chn t c v bo v chng li nhng ci c hi.

Ch vit

Vn hc

Tn gio

Lut php

Kin trc v iu khc

Khoa hc t nhin