Micro reactor Cuc cch mng trong Cng ngh Ha hc Ngy nay, mi khi nhc n ngnh cng ngh

ha cht, c l a s ngi c u lin tng ngay n nhng khu cng nghip no nhit, nhng thit b phn ng v dy chuyn sn xut trn quy m ln, nhng ng khi cao vt, nhng kho bi rng ln, v cn c nhng lng cht thi khng l thi ra sng ngi knh rch! Ko theo l nhng h qu nghim trng v vn sc khe v an ton cho ngi lao ng, nhng nguy c tim n v chy n, nhng mi him ha to ln cho mi trng sinh thi cng nh him ha cn kit ngun ti nguyn thin nhin vn khng phi l v tn. Trong bi cnh , s xut hin ca micro reactor c nh gi l mt cuc cch mng ca ngnh cng ngh ha cht ni chung. Ngc dng thi gian tr li nhng thp nin cui cng ca th k 20, tng v micro reactor xut hin u tin vo nm 1986 c, tuy nhin vn ch mi dng li nhng tng trn giy. Khong hn ba nm sau , cng ti c, nh sn xut Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe cho xut hin ln u tin trong lch s mt micro reactor, tuy nhin h ch tp trung nghin cu v vn truyn nhit v nng lng ni chung. Mi n nm 1995, ng dng ca cc h thng micro reactor trong cng ngh ha hc v c cng ngh sinh hc mi c a ra tho lun Mainz (c), v y c xem l im khi u cho s pht trin thc s ca cc h thng micro reactor. Hai nm sau , hi ngh quc t u tin v cng ngh micro v micro reactor c t chc, v sau tr thnh hi ngh thng nin ca lnh vc ny, t chc hng nm Chu u hoc Hoa K. dng n gin nht v nh nht, micro reactor bao gm mt h thng cc rnh nh c kch thc t 10 n 300 m, c khc vo mt b mt rn lm bng thy tinh, vt liu silicat, hp cht cao phn t, hay bng cc lai hp kim khc nhau. Cc rnh nh ny c kt ni vi mt h thng cc bnh cha nh, l ni cha nguyn liu v sn phm cho qu trnh. Ton b h thng cc rnh v bnh cha ny c kch thc tng cng khong vi cm, thng c gi l mt con chip. Xc tc rn cho qu trnh (nu cn thit) s c np vo cc rnh nh ny. Ha cht c di chuyn trong micro reactor di tc ng ca hin tng in thm, in di, hoc bng cc bm thy lc c kch thc micro. Cc h thng gia nhit hay lm lnh cng s c kt ni vi h thng phn ng, d nhin cng kch thc micro. Cc phn ng ha hc trong micro reactor c th xy ra trong pha lng, hoc lng-hi, hoc l hon ton pha hi, ty vo tng qu trnh c th.

Hnh nh mt micro reactor thy tinh (nh nh) v h thng nghin cu dng chy trong micro reactor (nh ln) ti Khoa K thut & Qu trnh Ha hc, Trng i hc Sheffield, Anh Quc

Cc qu trnh ha hc thc hin trong micro reactor c nhiu im thun li vt bc so vi cc qu trnh trong cc thit b phn ng thng thng, chng hn v tc phn ng v thi gian phn ng. Mt v d tiu biu l cng b t nhm nghin cu ca Gio s Haswell Trng i hc Hull ca Anh Quc, mt trong nhng nhm nghin cu hng u th gii v cng ngh micro reactor, thc hin phn ng ghp i Kumada gia 4 -bromoanisole vi phenylmagnesium bromide trn xc tc nikel trong micro reactor v c trong bnh phn ng thng thng. Kt qu cho thy tc phn ng trong micro reactor tng mt cch ngon mc, ln hn 3400 ln so vi phn ng thng thng. Bn cnh , thi gian phn ng t 24 h trong bnh phn ng thng thng gim mt cch ng k xung ch cn vi pht trong micro reactor! Tng t nh vy, khi phn ng tng hp dipeptide c thc hin trong micro reactor, 100% hiu sut t c ch sau 20 pht, trong khi phn ng ch t 50% hiu sut sau 24 h khi thc hin theo quy trnh thng thng. Hng lat v d khc c th c tm thy trn tp ch Lab on a Chip ca Hi ha hc Hong gia Anh ni dnh ring cho cc cng trnh v micro reactor, hoc trn cc tp ch quc t c tn tui khc nh Analytical Chemistry ca Hi ha hc Hoa K hay Green Chemistry ca Hi ha hc Hong gia Anh... Nh ni trn, phn ng trong micro reactor c kh nng cho sn phm vi hiu sut cng nh tinh khit cao hn trong mt khong thi gian ngn hn so vi phn ng trong bnh phn ng thng thng, do mt s lng ln cc ha cht mi c th c tng hp ra trong mt thi gian ngn vi mt khi lng va tin hnh cc phn tch cn thit cng nh th hat tnh sinh hc. Hn na, s kt hp nhiu micro reactor khc nhau c th lm tng thm s lng cc ha cht mi mt cch ng k trong cng mt khong thi gian. Chnh v vy, micro reactor c nh gi l c kh nng lm mt cuc cch mng trong cng nghip tng hp ha dc, ni m s lng cc ha cht mi c kh nng c hat tnh sinh hc cn c tng hp ra ngy mt nhiu v trong mt khong thi gian ngn nht c th. Thc t, cng ngh micro reactor l mt phn khng th thiu trong chin lc nghin cu v pht trin ca tp on dc phm danh ting GlaxoSmithKline, ni m hin ti trung bnh mi gi ng h, 300 ngn bng Anh (tng ng trn 550 ngn la M) c chi ra cho vic nghin cu tm ra cc lai thuc mi. n y, s c ngi t cu hi l vi kch thc micro nh vy, nu dng h thng micro reactor th phi mt bao lu sn xut c mt lng ha cht ng k? Trong cng ngh ha hc thng thng, sau khi th nghim thnh cng quy m phng th nghim, h thng thit b s c khuych i (scale-up) ln quy m ln. Nhc im ng k ca qu trnh ny l mi giai on khuch i, u phi iu chnh li thit k ca thit b, cng nh u phi ti u ha li qu trnh. Trong cng ngh micro reactor, scale-up c thay th bng qu trnh gi l scale-out. Ngha l qu trnh ch cn c ti u ha mt ln duy nht trong phng th nghim vi mt micro reactor, sau ch cn tng s lng micro reactor ln c lng sn phm cn thit, m khng thay i kch thc ca micro reactor. Thc t, cng ty Siemens-Axiva (c) chng minh rng bng cch s dng qu trnh scale -out s lng micro reactor, c th sn xut c polyacrylate trn quy m cng nghip. Hoc l cng ty Clariant (Thy S) c th sn xut c 10 tn phm mu diazo mi nm bng h thng micro reactor. Khng nhng th, sn phm ca h thng micro reactor c mu cao

hn 20-40% so vi mu diazo sn xut theo quy trnh thng thng. Tp on ha cht Merck (c) cng bt u sn xut mt s ha cht tinh khit bng cc h thng micro reactor trn quy m cng nghip k t nm 1998. Tng t nh vy, h thng micro reactor chuyn dng ca trung tm nghin cu Karlsruhe (o Quc) cng c th t nng sut 1700 kg ha cht/h. Mt u im ht sc hin nhin ca micro reactor l vn an ton chy n cng nh an ton sc khe cho ngi lao ng c khng ch d dng, khi m cc qu trnh u c thc hin trong thit b ch vi kch thc micro. S tip xc ca ngi lao ng, nht l cc cn b nghin cu, vi cc ha cht c hi c gim n mc ti thiu quy m micro. Khng nhng th, nhm nghin cu ca Jensen v cng s chng t rng bng cch s dng micro reactor, cc hp cht peroxide hu c c th c tng hp ra t acid chloride v hydrogen peroxide vi nng vt qua gii hn gy n (explosion limit) m cc qu trnh thng thng khng th t c. Nguyn nhn ca iu ny l do qu trnh truyn nhit khu vc phn ng t hiu qu cao kch thc micro do t l din tch b mt trn th tch c tng n mc ti a, ngn nga c nguy c chy n. Mt v d khc l Vin cng ngh ha hc Fraunhofer (c) thc hin thnh cng qu trnh nitration ca naphtalin vi hiu sut v chn lc cao, iu kin m nu thc hin trong cc thit b phn ng thng thng s chc chn gy ra chy n. Tung t nh vy, nhm nghin cu Vin cng ngh MIT (Hoa K) c th thc hin thnh cng phn ng fluorination ca toluene trc tip bng fluorine trong micro reactor -10 C, trong khi nu tin hnh qu trnh thng thng th nhit cn c khng ch -70 C trnh nguy c chy n. Chnh v phn ng trong micro reactor t hiu qu cao hn so vi cc qu trnh thng thng nn lng tc cht ban u cn s dng cng s c gim i, cng nh lng cht thi c hi cng s gim n mc ti thiu. Bn cnh , khi lng sn phm cn thit c th c iu chnh d dng bng cch thay i s lng micro reactor, v vy qu trnh ch sn xut ra va lng ha cht cn thit cho nhu cu ti thi im . Gim n mc ti thiu nhu cu vn chuyn cng nh tch tr cc ha cht c hi, vn thng ko theo cc nguy c v chy n hay c hi cho mi trng xung quanh. Theo Gio s Haswell ca trng i hc Hull, Anh Quc, hin ti y l ng gp quan trng nht ca micro reactor cho ha hc xanh (green chemistry) ngnh ha hc trong vic s dng hoc to ra cc ha cht c hi c gim n mc thp nht c th hoc c lai b hon ton. Cng ngh micro reactor ch mi pht trn khong mt thp k nay, nht l vo nhng nm u ca th k 21, v vn cn ang giai on khi u ca tin trnh pht trin. V vy vn cn qu sm a ra nhng kt lun sau cng v nhng tin b ca cng ngh micro reactor. Tuy nhin kt qu ca nhng nghin cu v micro reactor trong nhng nm va qua chng t c nhiu ha hn v trin vng ca n trong cng ngh ha hc ni chung. Gio s Seeberger ca Vin Cng ngh Thy S cho rng cng ngh micro reactor th k 21 s gn b v cng mt thit vi cc nh ha hc (nguyn vn: Micro reactor technology the chemists round bottom flasks of the 21st century). Cng mt quan im nh vy, Tin s Wahl, gim c b phn Nghin cu v Pht trin ca tp on ha cht lng danh s mt th gii Sigma-Aldrich cng cho rng cng ngh micro reactor l mt cuc

cch mng trong phng th nghim (nguyn vn: Micro reactor technology the revolution in the lab). Vit Nam, khi nim v micro reactor ni ring cng nh ha hc trn quy m nh (SSC: small scale chemistry) ni chung vn cn kh mi, nht l trong iu kin cc ha cht cao cp u phi nhp t nc ngoi. Tuy nhin, theo quan im ca ngi vit, vic a micro reactor v SSC vo cc phng th nghim ha hc cc trng i hc hay vin nghin cu l kh thi v cn thit. Qua thc t p dng mt s trng i hc Hoa K, v d trng i hc Colorado State nm va qua, so vi phng php c in thng thng, chi ph ha cht dnh cho mt lp hc 25 sinh vin gim t 2731 la xung ch cn 101 la, chi ph dnh cho thit b dng c gim t 26 573 la xung ch cn 1056 la, c bit lng cht thi ra c lai b hu nh hon ton, ch chim 0.001% trn tng s lng cht thi ton trng! Trong iu kin kinh ph cho phng th nghim cn hn hp, cc bin php bo h sinh vin ca chng ta trc s tip xc vi cc ha cht c hi trong cc phng th nghim hu nh cha c quan tm ng mc, thc v bo v mi trng cha c coi trng cng nh ha cht thi ra t cc phng th nghim cc trng i hc cha c x l thch hp, th micro reactor v SSC l mt la chn cn thit. Tuy nhin, iu ny cn s phi hp gia c quan qun l gio dc vi cc trng lin quan, cng nh i ng ging vin lin quan cn phi lm quen vi lnh vc ny.