Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHAIN OF INFECTION
Disease caused by an infectious agent that are transmitted directly
or indirectly to a well person through an agency, vector or inanimate
object
CONTAGIOUS DISEASE
Disease that is easily transmitted from one person to another
INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Disease transmitted by direct inoculation through a break in the
skin
INFECTION
-Entry and multiplication of an infectious agent into the tissue of the INFECTIOUS AGENT
host Any microorganism capable of producing a disease
INFESTATION RESERVOIR
- Lodgement and development of arthropods on the surface of the
body
Environment or object on which an organism can survive and
multiply
PORTAL OF EXIT
ASEPSIS
- Absence of disease – producing microorganisms The venue or way in which the organism leaves the reservoir
SEPSIS MODE OF TRANSMISSION
- The presence of infection The means by which the infectious agent passes from the portal of
exit from the reservoir to the susceptible host
MEDICAL ASEPSIS PORTAL OF ENTRY
-Practices designed to reduce the number and transfer of pathogens Permits the organism to gain entrance into the host
-Clean technique SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
SURGICAL ASEPSIS A person at risk for infection, whose defense mechanisms are
-Practices that render and keep objects and areas free from unable to withstand invasion of pathogens
microorganisms
STAGES OF THE INFECTIOUS PROCESS
-Sterile technique
Incubation Period – acquisition of pathogen to the onset of signs
and symptoms
CARRIER – an individual who harbors the organism and is capable
of transmitting it without showing manifestations of the disease Prodromal Period – patient feels “bad” but not yet experiencing
actual symptoms of the disease
CASE – a person who is infected and manifesting the signs and Period of Illness – onset of typical or specific signs and symptoms
symptoms of the disease
of a disease
Convalescent Period – signs and symptoms start to abate and
SUSPECT – a person whose medical history and signs and client returns to normal health
symptoms suggest that such person is suffering from that particular
disease MODE OF TRANSMISSION
CONTACT – any person who had been in close association with an CONTACT TRANSMISSION
infected person Direct contact – involves immediate and direct transfer from
person-to-person (body surface-to-body surface)
HOST Indirect contact – occurs when a susceptible host is exposed to a
- A person, animal or plant which harbors and provides nourishment contaminated object
for a parasite DROPLET TRANSMISSION
RESERVOIR Occurs when the mucous membrane of the nose, mouth or
- Natural habitat for the growth, multiplication and reproduction of conjunctiva are exposed to secretions of an infected person within a
microorganism distance of three feet
VEHICLE TRANSMISSION
ISOLATION Transfer of microorganisms by way of vehicles or contaminated
- The separation of persons with communicable diseases from other items that transmit pathogens
persons AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION
QUARANTINE
- The limitation of the freedom of movement of persons exposed to
Occurs when fine particles are suspended in the air for a long time
communicable diseases or when dust particles contain pathogens
VECTOR-BORNE TRANSMISSION
Transmitted by biologic vectors like rats, snails and mosquitoes
STERILIZATION – the process by which all microorganisms
including their spores are destroyed TYPES OF IMMUNIZATION
DISINFECTION – the process by which pathogens but not their ACTIVE – antibodies produced by the body
spores are destroyed from inanimate objects NATURAL – antibodies are formed in the presence of active
CLEANING – the physical removal of visible dirt and debris by infection in the body; lifelong
washing contaminated surfaces ARTIFICIAL – antigens are administered to stimulate antibody
production
CONCURRENT PASSIVE – antibodies are produced by another source
- Done immediately after the discharge of infectious materials / NATURAL – transferred from mother to newborn through placenta
secretions or colostrum
TERMINAL ARTIFICIAL – immune serum (antibody) from an animal or human
- Applied when the patient is no longer the source of infection is injected to a person
BACTERICIDAL SEVEN CATEGORIES OF ISOLATION
- A chemical that kills microorganisms
STRICT- prevent highly contagious or virulent infections
BACTERIOSTATIC
- An agent that prevents bacterial multiplication but does not kill Example: chickenpox, herpes zoster
microorganisms CONTACT – spread primarily by close or direct contact
Example: scabies, herpes simplex
RESPIRATORY – prevent transmission of infectious distances
over short distances through the air
CD-Bucud 1
Example: measles, mumps, meningitis Place the patient in a supine position, flex his leg at the hip and knee
TUBERCULOSIS – indicated for patients with positive smear or then straighten the knee; pain and resistance indicates meningitis
chest x-ray which strongly suggests tuberculosis
ENTERIC – prevent transmission through direct contact with feces
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF MENINGOCOCCEMIA
Example: poliomyelitis, typhoid fever
DRAINAGE – prevent transmission by direct or indirect contact with
purulent materials or discharge
Ex. Burns DIC
UNIVERSAL – prevent transmission of blood and body-fluid borne
pathogens
URTI: Micro-
Vasculitis:
Example: AIDS, Hepatitis B cough, sore thrombosis
petechial
throat,
rash in the Purpura
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM fever,
trunk and
headache, Hypotension
extremities
ENCEPHALITIS MENINGITIS MENINGO- nausea and
COCCEMIA vomiting Shock
Virus enters neural cells 5-10 years old < 5 years old 6 months–5
years old
DIAGNOSTIC EXAM
Disruption in Perivascular Inflammatory Informed consent
cellular congestion reaction Empty bowel and bladder
functioning Fetal, shrimp or “C” position
Spinal canal, subarachnoid space between L3-L4 or L4- L5
Lethargy After: bedrest
Headache Fever
Convulsions Flat on bed to prevent spinal headache
Photophobia Sore throat
Seizures ENCEPHALITIS MENINGITIS MENINGO-
Vomiting COCCEMIA
Stiff neck
TREATMENT MODALITIES
Dexamethasone Ceftriaxone
Mannitol Penicillin
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF MENINGITIS
Anticonvulsants Chloramphenicol
Antipyretics
PREVENTION
CD-Bucud 2
ENCEPHALITIS MENINGITIS MENINGO- Recovery within 72 hours and the disease passes by unnoticed
COCCEMIA PRE-PARALYTIC OR MENINGETIC TYPE
NURSING MANAGEMENT Slight involvement of the CNS
1. Side boards Pain and spasm of muscles
1. Comfort: quiet, 1. Respiratory 2. Close contacts Transient paresis
well-ventilated isolation 24-72 (+) Pandy’s test (increased protein in the CSF)
room hours after onset H – ouse PARALYTIC TYPE
of antibiotic I – nfected person CNS involvement
2. Skin care:
therapy kissing
cleansing bath, Flaccid paralysis
change in 2. Room protected S – ame daycare Asymmetric
position against bright center Affects lower extremities
lights Urine retention and constipation
3. Eliminate S – hare mouth
mosquito instruments (+) HOYNE’S SIGN (when in supine position, head will fall back
3. Safety: side-lying when shoulders are elevated)
breeding sites:
position and 3. Antibiotics as
CULEX
raised side rails prophylaxis
mosquito
INCUBATION PERIOD
POLIOMYELITIS RABIES TETANUS
2-8 weeks
7-21 days Distance of bite to Adult: 3 days-3
COMPLICATION
brain weeks
Paralysis of RESPIRATORY
Extensiveness of the Neonate: 3-30 days DEATH
respiratory muscles FAILURE
bite
Resistance of the
host DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
MODE OF TRANSMISSION 1. Throat washings 1. Blood exam
1. Stool culture
- Direct contact with 2. Flourescent rabies
infected feces 2. CSF culture antibody (FRA)
Bite of an infected Direct inoculation
- Direct contact with 3. Negri bodies
respiratory secretions
animal through a broken
skin ISOLATION PRECAUTION
- Indirect with soiled
linens and articles
Enteric isolation Respiratory
POLIOMYELITIS RABIES TETANUS isolation
CD-Bucud 3
POLIOMYELITIS RABIES TETANUS BIRD FLU SARS
COMPLICATIONS
NURSING MANAGEMENT Severe viral pneumonia Severe viral
1. Adequate airway pneumonia
1. Enteric isolation 1. Isolation Acute respiratory distress
syndrome
2. Proper disposal 2. Optimum 2. Quiet, semi-dark
of secretions comfort environment Hypoxemia
Fluid accumulation in
3. Moist hot packs 3. Restful 3. Avoid sudden alveolar sacs
4. Firm / environment stimuli and light Respiratory failure
nonsagging bed 4. Emotional Severe breathing difficulties
5. Suitable body support
alignment 5. Concurrent Multiple organ failure
6. Comfort and and terminal
safety disinfection
DEATH
POLIOMYELITIS RABIES TETANUS BIRD FLU SARS
TREATMENT MODALITIES
PREVENTION 1. Aseptic
1. If the dog is
1. Amantadine/Rimantadine 1. No definitive treatment
Salk vaccine healthy handling of for SARS
umbilical cord - Generic flu drugs
2. If the dog dies or
- Inactivated shows signs - H5N1 developed resistance 2. Antiviral drugs
polio vaccine suggestive of 2. Tetanus toxoid (normally used to treat
rabies immunization 2. Oseltamivir (TAMIFLU) AIDS)
- Intramuscular Zanamavir (RELENZA)
3. If dog is not 3. Antibiotic - RIBAVIRIN
Sabin vaccine available for prophylaxis - Primary treatment
- Oral polio
observation - Within 2 days at onset of 3. Corticosteroids
- Penicillin symptoms
vaccine 4. Have domestic
dog 3 months to - Erythromycin - 150 mg BID x 2 days
- Per orem 1 year old
immunized - Tetracycline
Episodes of sore throat • Luzon – San Lazaro Hospital (Quiricada St., Sta. Cruz,
Manila)
Fever • Visayas – Vicente Sotto Memorial Medical Hospital
(Cebu City)
High fever >38’Celsius • Mindanao – Davao Medical Center (Bajada, Davao City)
SARS
Chills SUSPECT CASE
1. A person presenting after 1 November 2002 with a history of:
High fever >38 0C AND
Cough or breathing difficulty AND
CD-Bucud 4
WOUND OR CUTANEOUS DIPHTHERIA
One or more of the following exposures during the 10 days
• Yellow spots or sores in the skin
prior to the onset of symptoms:
Close contact, with a person who is a suspect or PERTUSSIS
probable case of SARS CATARRHAL STAGE
History of travel, to an area with recent local • Lasts for 1 to 2 weeks
transmission of SARS • Most communicable stage
Residing in an area with recent local transmission of • Begins with respiratory infection, sneezing, cough and
SARS fever
2. A person with an unexplained acute respiratory illness resulting
in death after 1 November 2002, but on whom no autopsy has been
• Cough becomes more frequent at night
performed : PAROXYSMAL STAGE
AND • Lasts for 4 to 6 weeks
One or more of the following exposures during the 10 days • Aura: sneezing, tickling, itching of throat
prior to the onset of symptoms: • Cough, explosive outburst ending in “whoop”
Close contact, with a person who is a suspect or • Mucus is thick, ends in vomiting
probable case of SARS
• Becomes cyanotic
History of travel, to an area with recent local
•With profuse sweating, involuntary urination and
transmission of SARS
exhaustion
Residing in an area with recent local transmission of CONVALESCENT STAGE
SARS • End of 4th-6th week
PROBABLE CASE • Decrease in paroxysms
1. A suspect case with radiographic evidence of infiltrates consistent
with pneumonia or respiratory distress syndrome on Chest x-ray.
DIPHTHERIA PERTUSSIS
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
2. A suspect case of SARS that is positive for SARS coronavirus by
one or more assays.
SCHICK’S TESTS CBC– increase in
- Susceptibility and immunity to lymphocytes
diphtheria
3. A suspect case with autopsy findings consistent with the
pathology of SARS without an identifiable cause. -ID of dilute diphtheria toxin (0.1
cc)
(+) local circumscribed area of
DIPHTHERIA PERTUSSIS redness, 1-3 cm
MALONEY’S TEST
MAIN PROBLEM
Acute bacterial disease -Determines hypersensitivity to
Repeated attacks of spasmodic diphtheria anti-toxin
characterized by the elaboration coughing
of an exotoxin -ID of 0.1 cc fluid toxoid
ETIOLOGIC AGENT -(+) area of erythema in 24 hours
Corynebacterium diphtheriae or Bordetella pertussis
Klebs-Loeffler bacillus
DIPHTHERIA PERTUSSIS
INCUBATION PERIOD
PAROTITIS
F-ace pain
AMOEBIASIS SHIGELLOSIS
E-arache DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
S-welling of the parotid glands
1. Stool exam
COMPLICATIONS 2. Blood exam
• Orchitis – the most notorious complication of mumps
3. Sigmoidoscopy
• Oophoritis – manifested by pain and tenderness of the
abdomen TREATMENT MODALITIES
• CNS involvement – manifested by headache, stiff neck,
delirium, double vision 1. Metronidazole – drug 1. Cotrimoxazole – drug
• Deafness as a result of mumps
of choice of choice
NURSING MANAGEMENT
1. Prevent complications 2. Tetracycline
− Scrotum supported by suspensory 3. Chloramphenicol
− Use of sedatives to relieve pain
− Treatment: oral dose of 300-400 mg cortisone followed by 100
mg every 6 hours AMOEBIASIS SHIGELLOSIS
− Nick in the membrane
NURSING MANAGEMENT
2. Diet
- Soft or liquid diet 1.Enteric isolation
- Sour foods or fruit juices are disliked
3. Respiratory isolation 2. Boil water for
4. Comfort: ice collar or cold applications over the parotid glands may drinking
relieve pain
5. Fever: aspirin, tepid sponge bath 3. Handwashing
6. Concurrent disinfection: all materials contaminated by these
secretions should be cleansed by boiling 4. Sexual activity
7. Terminal disinfection: room should be aired for six to eight hours
5. Avoid eating
uncooked leafy
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT vegetables
CD-Bucud 6
CHOLERA TYPHOID FEVER CHICKENPOX HERPES ZOSTER
MAIN PROBLEM
MAIN PROBLEM
Acute bacterial disease of the An infection affecting the
GIT characterized by profuse Peyer’s patches of the small
A highly contagious disease An acute viral infection of
characterized by vesicular the sensory nerve
secretory diarrhea intestines
eruptions on the skin and
ETIOLOGIC AGENT mucous membranes
Vibrio cholerae Salmonella typhi ETIOLOGIC AGENT
Varicella zoster virus
INCUBATION PERIOD INCUBATION PERIOD
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
CD-Bucud 7
- Soft palate to mucus membrane
CHICKENPOX HERPES ZOSTER
MEASLES GERMAN MEASLES
TREATMENT MODALITIES
INCUBATION PERIOD
CD-Bucud 9
AIDS SYPHILIS CHLAMYDIA GONORRHEA
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES COMPLICATIONS
Women
1. Antifungals 1. Antivirals
- Fluconazole (Diflucan) - Acyclovir (Zovirax)
- Ketoconazole (Nizoral)
- Imidazole (Nystatin)
- Used for oral thrush
- 48 hours until
symptoms disappear
- Cotrimoxazole
CD-Bucud 11
VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES DENGUE MALARIA
Trans-placentally
SCHISTOSOMIASIS LEPTOSPIROSIS
DENGUE MALARIA
MAIN PROBLEM
VECTOR A slowly progressive disease A zoonotic infectious disease
caused by a blood fluke
Aedes aegypti Anopheles flavirostris
ETIOLOGIC AGENT
(Aedes albopictus)
1. SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM Leptospira interrogans
White stripes on the back and Brown in color - Intestinal tract, endemic in the
legs (Tiger mosquito) Philippines
Urban-based Rural-based
SCHISTOSOMIASIS LEPTOSPIROSIS
DENGUE MALARIA
INCUBATION PERIOD
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS At least 2 months 7 to 19 days
FEVER FEVER
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
HEADACHE CHILLS
Ingestion
MALAISE PROFUSE SWEATING Skin penetration
RASH Contact with the skin
EPISODES OF
BLEEDING
CD-Bucud 12
SCHISTOSOMIASIS LEPTOSPIROSIS SCHISTOSOMIASIS LEPTOSPIROSIS
CD-Bucud 13