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Gupta1
Created by Anil Kumar Kesavarapu B.Tech Electrical Engineering VISVESVARAYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY College Teacher V.S.kale Cross-Checked by
by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT, http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab codes written in it can be downloaded from the Textbook Companion Project section at the website http://scilab.in
1 Funded
Book Description
Title: Generation Of Electrical Energy Author: B. R. Gupta Publisher: S. Chand Publishing, New Delhi Edition: 14 Year: 2011 ISBN: 81-219-0102-2
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the above book. Exa Example (Solved example) Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book) AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular Example of the above book) For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
Contents
List of Scilab Codes 2 LOADS AND LOAD CURVES 3 power plant economics 4 TARIFFS AND POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT 5 SELECTION OF PLANT 7 THERMAL POWER PLANTS 8 hydro electric plants 9 Nuclear Power stations 10 ECONOMIC OPERATION OF STEAM PLANTS 11 HYDRO THERMAL CO ORDINATION 12 parallel operation of alternators 5 12 32 42 63 72 74 85 90 106 113
13 MAJOR ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN POWER PLANTS 119 14 SYSTEM INTERCONNECTIONS 15 NEW ENERGY SOURCES 129 146
163 167
Exa 3.1 Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7
Exa 4.9 Exa 4.10 Exa 4.11 Exa 4.12 Exa 4.13 Exa 4.14 Exa 4.15 Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21
Exa 4.22 Exa 5.1 Exa 5.2 Exa 5.3 Exa 5.4 Exa 7.1 Exa 8.1 Exa 8.2 Exa 8.3
total electricity bill per year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . annual cost operating cost tari . . . . . . . . . . . . . monthly bill and average tari per kWH . . . . . . . . better consumption per year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . avarage energy cost in dierent case . . . . . . . . . . selection of cheeper transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . most economical power factor and rating of capacitor bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . maximum load at unity power factor which can be supplied by this substation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kvar rating of star connected capacitor and capacitance for power factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kva and power factor of synchronous motor . . . . . . parallel operation of synchronous and induction motor under dierent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nding power factor and load on dierent generator . . loss if capacitor is connected in star and delta . . . . . persentage reduction in line loss with the connection of capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kva of capacitor bank and transformerand etc . . . . . MVA rating of three winding of transformer . . . . . . load power and power factor of 3 ph alternator . . . . maintaining of poer factor using capacitor . . . . . . . maintaining of poer factor using capacitor . . . . . . . dierence in annual xed charges of consumer for change in pf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nding annual cost and dierence in annual cost in two units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . slection of plant on criteria of investment other . . . . slection of plant on criteria of investment with out interest and depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calculate the capital cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rate of return method for best plan . . . . . . . . . . . calculation of energy input to the thermal plant and output from thermal plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hydro plant power with parameters of reservoir . . . . STORAGE CAPACITY AND HYDRO GRAPH . . . STORAGE CAPACITY AND HYDRO GRAPH . . . 6
43 43 45 46 46 47 49 49 50 51 52 53 54 56 56 58 58 59 60 60 61 63 65 67 68 72 74 74 76
Exa 8.4 Exa 8.5 Exa 8.6 Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 10.1 10.2
Exa 10.3 Exa 10.5 Exa 10.7 Exa 10.8 Exa 10.9 Exa 10.10 Exa 10.11 Exa 10.12 Exa 10.13 Exa 10.14 Exa 10.15 Exa 10.16 Exa 10.17 Exa 11.1
derevation of mass curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 HYDRO GRAPH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 WATER USED AND LOAD FACTOR OF HYDRO STATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 energy equivalent of matter 1 gram . . . . . . . . . . . 85 mass defect of 1 amu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 binding energy of 1h2 28ni59 92u235 . . . . . . . . . . 86 half life of uranium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 power produced by ssioning 5 grams of uranium . . . 87 fuel requirement for given energy . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 number of collisions for energy change . . . . . . . . . 88 SHARING OF LOAD BETWEEN STATIONS . . . . 90 COST ON DIFFERENT STATIONS ON INCREMENTAL COST METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 SHARING OF LOAD BETWEEN STATIONS WITH PARTICIPATION FACTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 LOSS COEFFICIENTS AND TRANSMISSION LOSS 94 LOSS COEFFICIENTS AND TRANSMISSION LOSS 95 SHARING OF LOAD BETWEEN STATIONS WITH PARTICIPATION FACTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 COST CONDITIONS WITH CHANGE IN LOAD ON PLANT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 SHARING OF LOAD BETWEEN STATIONS WITH ITRATION METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 COST CHARACTERISTIC UNDER COMBAINED STATIONS CONDITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 SHARING OF LOAD BETWEEN STATIONS . . . . 99 ECONOMIC SCHEDULING BETWEEN POWER STATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 ECONOMIC SCHEDULING BETWEEN POWER STATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 ECONOMIC SCHEDULING BETWEEN POWER STATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 COMPARITION BETWEEN UNIFORM LOAD AND DISTRUBTED LOAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 ECONOMIC SCHEDULING BETWEEN POWER STATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 SCHEDULING OF POWER PLANT . . . . . . . . . 106 7
generation schedule and daily water usage of power plant water usage and cost of water by hydro power plant . load sharing between alternators . . . . . . . . . . . . dierent parameters between parallel operation of generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exa 12.3 circulating current between parallel generators . . . . Exa 12.4 dierent parameters between parallel operation of generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exa 12.5 synchronising power per mechanical degree of angular displacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exa 12.6 synchronising power per mechanical degree of angular displacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exa 12.7 load parameters between alternators . . . . . . . . . . Exa 13.1 fault current with dierent generators . . . . . . . . . Exa 13.2 short circuit current parallel generator . . . . . . . . . Exa 13.3 short circuit MVA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exa 13.4 fault MVA in parallel generators . . . . . . . . . . . . Exa 13.5 REATING OF CIRCUIT BREAKER . . . . . . . . . Exa 13.6 ratio of mech stresses on short circuit to mech stresses on full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exa 13.7 percentage drop in bus bar voltage . . . . . . . . . . . Exa 13.8 short circuit MVA on hv and lv side . . . . . . . . . . Exa 13.9 limiting the MVA with reactance . . . . . . . . . . . . Exa 13.10 fault current with dierent circuit . . . . . . . . . . . Exa 13.11 fault level and fault MVA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exa 14.1 speed regulation and frequency drop in alternator . . . Exa 14.2 frequency deviation in alternator . . . . . . . . . . . . Exa 14.3 speed regulation in sharing alternator . . . . . . . . . Exa 14.4 static frequency drop for change in load . . . . . . . . Exa 14.5 primary ALFC loop paramers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exa 14.6 frequency drop and increased generation to meet the increase in load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exa 14.7 frequency deviation before the value opens to meet the load demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exa 14.8 largest change in step load for constant duration of frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exa 14.9 frequency responce and static frequency error in the absence of secondary loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
110 112 113 114 115 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 122 124 125 125 126 127 127 129 129 130 131 131 132 133 133 134
Exa 14.10 change in frequency in transfer function . . . . . . . . Exa 14.11 stactic frequency drop and change in power line with perameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exa 14.12 change in frequency and change power in dierent area Exa 14.13 steady state change in tie line power if step change in power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exa 14.14 capacitance of shunt load capacitor to maintain voltage constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exa 14.15 maintaining voltage costant by tapping transformer . . Exa 14.16 output voltage with reactive power . . . . . . . . . . . Exa 14.17 generation at each station and transfer of power of different plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exa 14.18 current transfer between two station . . . . . . . . . . Exa 14.19 current in interconnector with dierent power factor . Exa 15.1 open circuit voltage internal resistance maximumpower in MHD engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exa 15.2 open circuit voltage gradiant in duct due to load in MHD engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exa 15.3 losses in duct power delivered to load eciency current density in duct in MHD generator . . . . . . . . . . . Exa 15.4 output voltage maximum power output in MHD generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exa 15.5 power collected by surface of collector and temperature rise in photo generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exa 15.6 peak watt capacity of PV panel and number of modules of photo voltaic cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exa 15.7 power available power density torque at maximum power of wind mills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exa 15.8 dierence pressure in pascals and other unit of wind mill Exa 15.9 output surface area of reservoir in tidal power plant . Exa 15.10 comparison between tidel and coal plant . . . . . . . . Exa 17.1 CAPACITY OUTAGE PROBABILITY TABLE . . . Exa 17.2 CAPACITY OUTAGE PROBABILITY TABLE AND CUMMULATIVE PROBABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . Exa 17.3 CAPACITY OUTAGE PROBABILITY TABLE AND CUMMULATIVE PROBABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . Exa 17.4 CAPACITY OUTAGE PROBABILITY TABLEAND EXPECTED LOAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
135 136 137 138 139 141 141 143 143 144 146 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 152 153 155 156 157 161
economic power factor electricity bill . . . . . . . . . . 163 annual cost method present worth method . . . . . . . 164 COST OF DIESEL ENGINE CAPITIVE POWER PLANT 167 GENERATION COST OF CAPITIVE POWER PLANT in suger mill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Exa 23.11.2calculation of wheeling charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
10
List of Figures
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3.1 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 diversity factor conserning dierent loads load deviation curve and load factor . . . mass curve of 24 example . . . . . . . . . daily load factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . load duration curve and mass curve . . . load duration curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 18 20 23 25 28 35 75 77 79 81 107
load factor verses generation cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . STORAGE CAPACITY AND HYDRO STORAGE CAPACITY AND HYDRO derevation of mass curve . . . . . . . . HYDRO GRAPH . . . . . . . . . . . . GRAPH GRAPH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.1 CAPACITY OUTAGE PROBABILITY TABLE AND CUMMULATIVE PROBABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 17.2 CAPACITY OUTAGE PROBABILITY TABLEAND EXPECTED LOAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
11
Scilab code Exa 2.1 connected load demand factor and other load factors connected to the system
1 clc 2 disp ( e x a m p l e =2.1 ) 3 printf ( \ n ) 4 disp ( s o l u t i o n f o r ( a ) ) 5 nb =8; nf =2; nl =2 // g i v e n number o f e q u i p m e n t s
is 8
cl ) ; disp ( s o l u t i o n f o r ( b ) ) disp ( t o t a l w a t t a g e a t d i f f e r e n t t i m e s i s ) t1 =5; t2 =2; t3 =2; t4 =9; t5 =6; fr =[0 1 0] // 12 t o 5am p e r i o d o f d u r a t i o n 5 h s =[0 2 1] // 5am t o 7am p e r i o d o f d u r a t i o n 2h t =[0 0 0] // 7am t o 9am p e r i o d o f d u r a t i o n 2h fo =[0 2 0] // 9am t o 6pm p e r i o d o f d u r a t i o n 9 h fi =[4 2 0] // 6pm t o 12pm p e r i o d o f d u r a t i o n 6h w =[ fr ; s ; t ; fo ; fi ] wt =[100* w (: ,1) ,60* w (: ,2) ,100* w (: ,3) ] 12
28 29
30 31 32
33
(4 ,:) ) ; sum ( wt (5 ,:) ) ] printf ( \t%dW\ n \t%dW\ n \t%dW\ n \t%dW\ n \t%dW , wtt (1) , wtt (2) , wtt (3) , wtt (4) , wtt (5) ) printf ( \ n t h e maximum demand i s %dW\ n , max ( wtt ) ) m = max ( wtt ) disp ( s o l u t i o n f o r ( c ) ) printf ( \ ndemand f a c t o r =%3f \ n ,m / cl ) disp ( s o l u t i o n f o r ( d ) ) // e n e r g y consumed i s power m u l t i p l y by c o r r e s p o n d i n g t i m e energy =[ wtt (1 ,1) * t1 ; wtt (2 ,1) * t2 ; wtt (3 ,1) * t3 ; wtt (4 ,1) * t4 ; wtt (5 ,1) * t5 ] printf ( \t%dWh\ n \t%dWh\ n \t%dWh\ n \t%dWh\ n \t%dWh , energy (1) , energy (2) , energy (3) , energy (4) , energy (5) ) e = sum ( energy ) printf ( \ n t o t a l e n e r g y consumed d u r i n g 24 h o u r s = %dWh+%dWh+%dWh+%dWh+%dWh=%dWh\ n , energy (1) , energy (2) , energy (3) , energy (4) , energy (5) ,e ) disp ( s o l u t i o n f o r ( e ) ) ; ec = cl *24; printf ( \ n i f a l l d e v i c e s a r e u s e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e day t h e e n e r g y consumed i n Wh i s %dWh \ n \ t \ t% . 2 fkWh ,ec , ec /1000) // f o r 24 h o u r s o f max . l o a d
13
14
6 7
8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26
// mca=maximum demand o f c o n s u m e r a ; c l a=c o n n e c t e d l o a d o f a ; mcb= maximum l o a d o f c o n s u m e r b ; c l b=c o n n e c t e d l o a d o f consumer b printf ( maximum demand o f c o n s u m e r A =%1fkW \ n \ ndemand f a c t o r o f c o n s u m e r A =%2f \ n \ nmaximum demand o f c o n s u m e r B =%dkW\ n \ ndemand f a c t o r o f c o n s u m e r B = %2f ,mca , mca / cla , mcb , mcb / clb ) disp ( ( b ) ) printf ( The v a r i a t i o n i n demand v e r s u s t i m e c u r v e s a r e p l o t t e d and shown i n F i g T h i s i s known a s c h o n o l o g i c a l load curve . ) A =[100* ones (1 ,5) ,1100* ones (1 ,1) ,200* ones (1 ,2) ,0* ones (1 ,9) ,500* ones (1 ,7) ] B =[0* ones (1 ,7) ,300* ones (1 ,1) ,1000* ones (1 ,2) ,200* ones (1 ,8) ,600* ones (1 ,5) ,0* ones (1 ,1) ]; // t i m e l i n e o f d i f f e r e n t p e r i o d s by a and b c o n s u m e r s t =1:1:24 ; // f o r 24 h o u r s p l o t i n g ma = max ( A ) ; mb = max ( B ) ; subplot (121) ; // m a t r i x p l o t t i n g plot2d2 (t ,A ,1) ; plot2d2 (t ,B ,2) ; xtitle ( l o a d c u r v e s o f A and B/ f i g 1 , t i m e , l o a d watts ) C=A+B; subplot (122) ; plot2d2 (t ,C ,1) ; xtitle ( c h r o n o l o g i c a l l o a d o f g r o u p / f i g 2 , t i m e , load watts ) mg = max ( C ) ; //maximum demand o f g r o u p disp ( ( c ) ) printf ( maximum demand o f t h e g r o u p i s %dW , mg ) ; gd =( ma + mb ) / mg ; printf ( g r o u p d i v e r s i t y f a c t o r = %3f , gd ) ; // g r o u p d i v e r s i t y f a c t o r i s sum o f i n d i v i d u a l maximum c o n s u m a e r l o a d t o t h e g r o u p max l o a d disp ( ( d ) ) sa = sum ( A ) 15
27 28
29 30 31 32
33 34 35 36 37 38
printf ( e n e r g y consumed by A d u r i n g 24 h o u r s i s = %dWh , sa ) printf ( \ n i t i s s e e n t h a t e n e r g y consumed by A i s e q u a l to the area under the c h r o n o l o g i c a l load c u r v e o f A \ n e n e r g y consumed by B d u r i n g 24 hours i s ) sb = sum ( B ) ; printf ( 300 x1 +100 x2 +200 x8 +600 x5=%dWh , sb ) ; disp ( ( e ) ) ; printf ( maximum e n e r g y which A c o u l d consume i n 24 h o u r s = %. 2 fkWh \ nmaximum e n e r g y which B consume i n 24 h o u r s i s =%. 2 fkWh , mca *24 , mcb *24 ) ; disp ( ( f ) ) ; printf ( a c t u a l e n e r g y /maximum e n e r g y ) ; mca = mca *10^3; mcb = mcb *10^3 aemea = sa /( mca *24) aemeb = sb /( mcb *24) printf ( \ n f o r A = %d/%d =%f \ n f o r b =%d/%d =%f ,sa , mca *24 , sa /( mca *24) ,sb , mcb *24 , aemeb ) ;
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
, fm= f l o u r m i l l , sm=saw m i l l , l =l a u n d r y , c i =c i n e m a complex . mdea = cola * dfa printf ( maximum demand o f e a c h a p p a r t m e n t =%. 2 fkWh \ n , mdea ) mda =( na * mdea ) / gdfa printf ( maximum demand o f 600 a p a t m e n t s =%. 2 fkW \ n , mda ) ; datsp = mda / pdfa printf ( demand o f 600 a p a r t m e n t s a t t i m e o f t h e s y s t e m peak =%dkW \ n , datsp ) ; mdtcc =(( cls * ns * dfs ) +( clfm * dffl ) +( clsm * dfsm ) +( cll * dfl ) +( clci * dfci ) ) / gdfc printf ( maximum demand o f t o t a l c o m m e r t i a l c o m p l e x= %dkW \ n , mdtcc ) dcsp = mdtcc / pdfc printf ( demand o f t h e c o m m e r t i a l l o a d a t t h e t i m e o f t h e peak = %dkW\ n , dcsp ) ; dsltsp = nsl * clsl printf ( demand o f t h e s t r e e t l i g h t i n g a t t h e t i m e o f t h e s y s t e m peak =%dkW , dsltsp ) ; ispd = datsp + dcsp + dsltsp printf ( \ n i n c r e a s e i n s y s t e m peak deamand =%dkW , ispd )
Scilab code Exa 2.4 load deviation curve and load factor
1 clc 2 disp ( e x a m p l e 2 . 4 ) 3 printf ( \ n ) 4 printf ( t h e c h r o n o l o g i c a l
18
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
f i g 1 the d u r i t i o n o f l o a d s i s as under : ) lc =[20* ones (1 ,5) ,40* ones (1 ,4) ,80* ones (1 ,9) ,100* ones (1 ,4) ,20* ones (1 ,2) ] ldc = gsort ( lc ) ; [ mm , nn ]= size ( ldc ) printf ( \ n ) for i =1: nn printf ( \t%dW , ldc ( i ) ) ; // a r r a n g i n g a c c e n d i n g o r d e r end e = sum ( ldc ) printf ( \ n t h e l o a d d u r a t i o n c u r v e i s p l o t e d i n 2 t h e e n e r g y p r o d u c e d by p l a n t i n 24 h o u r s \ n =100 x4 +80x (13 4) +40(17 13) +20(24 17)=%dMWh \ n ,e ) ; lff = e /(24* max ( ldc ) ) ; printf ( l o a d f a c t o r =1420/2400= %f=%f i n p e r s e n t ,lff , lff *100) t =1:1:24 subplot (121) ; plot2d2 (t , lc ) ; xtitle ( c h r o n o l o g i c a l c u r v e , t i m e , l o a d M W ) ; subplot (122) ; plot2d2 (t , ldc ) ; xtitle ( l o a d d u r a t i o n c u r v e , t i m e , l o a d M W ) ;
i n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y , ml=maximum l o a d , c f=c a p a c i t y f a c t o r , u f= u t i l l i z a t i o n f a c t o r 19
// g i v e n
t i m e and l o a d 20
5 k = size ( time ) 6 k = k (1 ,2) 7 timed (1 ,1) = time (1 ,1) 8 for x =2: k 9 10 end 11 [ m n ]= gsort ( loadt )
//
decresing order
12 for x =1: k 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
end tim (1 ,1) = timed1 (1 ,1) for x =2: k tim (1 , x ) = timed1 (1 , x ) + tim (1 ,x -1) end lo (1 ,1) =24* min ( m ) m ( k +1) =[] printf ( t h e e n e r g y a t d i f f e r e n t l o a d l e v e l s i s a s under : ) printf ( \ n l o a d= %dMW, e n e r g y=%dMWh ,m ( k ) , lo (1 ,1) ) y =2 for x =k -2: -1:1 lo (1 , y ) = lo (1 ,y -1) +( tim (1 , x ) ) *( m ( x ) -m ( x +1) ) t = m ( x ) ; l = lo (1 , y ) printf ( \ n l o a d= %dMW, e n e r g y=%dMWh ,t , l ) y = y +1 end for x =1: k for y = x +1: k if m (1 , x ) == m (1 , y ) then m (1 , y ) =[] end end end pop = gsort (m , g , i ) subplot (121) 21
39 40 41 42 43
44 45 46 47
plot ( lo , pop ) xtitle ( e n e r g y l o a d c u r v e , e n e r g y , l o a d ) // t i m e =[5 9 18 22 2 4 ] // l o a d t =[20 40 80 100 2 0 ] printf ( \ n t h e e n e r g y l o a d c u r v e i s p l o t t e d i n f i g 1 \ n t h e e n e r g y s u p p l i e d up t o d i f f e r e n t t i m e s o f t h e day i s a s u n d e r : ) et (1 ,1) = time (1 ,1) * loadt (1 ,1) for x =2: k printf ( \ n e n e r g y s u p p l i e d u p t o %d i s %dMWh , time (1 ,x -1) , et (1 ,x -1) ) et (1 , x ) = et (1 ,x -1) + loadt (1 , x ) *( time (1 , x ) - time (1 ,x -1) )
factor ; utility factor disp ( ( a ) ) lf = cf / uf ; // l o a d f a c t o r i s r a t i o o f c a p a c i t y f a c t o r to the u t i l i t y factor printf ( l o a d f a c t o r = c a p a c i t y f a c t o r / u t i l i s a t i o n f a c t o r =%f , lf ) disp ( ( b ) ) pc = md / uf ; // p l a n t c a p a c i t y i s r a t i o o f maximum demand t o u t i l i t y f a c t o r 22
printf ( p l a n t c a p a c i t y = maximum demand / u t i l i s a t i o n factor = %dMW , pc ) disp ( ( c ) ) rc = pc - md ; // r e s e r v e c a p a c i t y i s p l a n t c a p a c i t y minus maximum demand printf ( r e s e r v e c a p a c i t y = %dMW , rc ) disp ( d ) printf ( a n n u a l e n e r g y p r o d u c t i o n =%dMWh , md * lf *8760)
23
11 12 13 14
1) a =[0 5 9 18 20 22 24] // t i m e i n m a t r i x f o r m a t b =[50 50 100 100 150 80 50] // l o a d i n m a t r i x f o r m a t for x =1:6 z (1 , x ) =(( b (1 , x ) + b (1 , x +1) ) /2) *( a (1 ,( x +1) ) -a (1 , x ) ) end e = sum ( z ) ; printf ( e n e r g y r e q u i r e d r e q u i r e d by t h e s y s t e m i n 24 h r s \ n =50x5MWh+((100+50) / 2 )x4MWh +(100 x9 )MWh +(100+150)MWh+(150+80)MWh+(80+50)MWh \ n =%dMWh , sum ( z ) ) dlf = e /( max ( b ) *24) printf ( \ n d a i l y l o a d f a c t o r = 2 0 6 0 / ( 1 5 0 x24 ) =%f , dlf ) plot (a , b ) xtitle ( l o a d c u r v e , t i m e , M W )
Scilab code Exa 2.9 load duration curve and mass curve
1 clc 2 clear 3 disp ( e x a m p l e 2 . 9 ) 4 disp ( l o a d d u r a t i o n c u r v e i n f i g 1 ) 5 disp ( t h e e n e r g y consumed u p t o d i f f e r e n t
times i s as
)
6 a =[0 5 9 18 20 22 24] // t i m e i n m a t r i x f o r m a t 7 b =[50 50 100 100 150 80 50] // l o a d i n m a t r i x f o r m a t
24
25
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
for x =1:6 z (1 , x ) =(( b (1 , x ) + b (1 , x +1) ) /2) *( a (1 ,( x +1) ) -a (1 , x ) ) end et =0 for x =1:6 et = et + z (1 , x ) ; A = a (1 ,( x +1) ) ett (1 , x ) = et ; q (1 , x ) = a (1 , x +1) printf ( \ nfrom mid n i g h t u p t o %d , e n e r g y=%dMWh ,A , et ) end q (1 , x +1) =[] [ m n ]= gsort ( b ) m (1 ,7) =[]; m (1 ,6) =[]; // r e a r r a n g i n g f o r mass c u r v e disp ( e n e r g y c u r v e i n f i g 2 ) t =[0 3.88 15.88 19.88 23] for j =1:6 k (1 , j ) = a (1 ,( j +1) ) end subplot (121) ; plot (t , m ) ; xtitle ( l o a d d u r a t i o n , h o u r s , M W ) subplot (122) ; plot (q , ett , -9) ; xtitle ( e n e r g y c u r v e , t i m e , MWh )
Scilab code Exa 2.10 reserve capacity of plant with dierent factors
1 clc 2 disp ( e x a m p l e 2 . 1 0 ) 3 egd1 =438*10^4; plp =0.2; pcf =0.15; // a n n u a l l o a d
duration ; annual
4 5 6
factor pml = egd1 /( plp *8760) pc =( pml * plp ) / pcf printf ( a n n u a l l o a d f a c t o r =e n e r g y g e n e r a t e d d u r i n g 1 y e a r / ( max . l o a d ) x 8 7 6 0=%. 1 f \ n maximum l o a d = %dkW ,plp , pml ) printf ( \ n c a p a c i t y f a c t o r =(max . l o a d / p l a n t c a p a c i t y ) x ( l o a d f a c t o r ) \ n p l a n t c a p a c i t y =max . l o a d / 0 . 7 5 = %fMW \ n r e s e r v e c a p a c i t y =3.333 2.5=%fMW ,pc , pc pml )
l o a d f a c t o r ; r a t i o o f maximum demand p = p1 + p2 + p3 + p4 md = p / df ae = md * lf *8760 imd = imdp * md ic = md + imd printf ( sum o f maximum= %dMW ,p ) printf ( \ n maximum demand = sum o f max . demands / d i v e r s i t y f a c t o r =%d/ %f = %fMW ,p , df , md ) printf ( \ n a n n u a l e n e r g y =%fMWh \ n i n c r e a s e i n maximum demand =%fMW \ n i n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y =%fMW ,ae , imd , ic )
27
of d i f f e r e n t
5 lw =[100 150 250 100 250 350 150] 6 aen =[0 5 17 21 24] // g i v e n weakends t i m i n g and 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 for x =2: kld 25 26 ldcq (: , x ) = alw (: , n ( x ) ) 27 if x >1 then 28 ldcq (1 , x ) = ldcq (1 , x ) + ldcq (1 ,x -1) 29 end 30 end 31 32 plot2d2 ( ldcq (1 ,:) , ldcq (2 ,:) ) 33 printf ( l o a d d u r a t i o n \ n 350M W
corresponding len =[100 150 200 150] saw = size ( aw ) ; saen = size ( aen ) sae = saw (1 ,2) -1; saen = saen (1 ,2) -1 for x =1: sae // g e t t i n g d u r a t i o n of load tdw (1 , x ) = aw (1 , x +1) - aw (1 , x ) end for x =1: saen tden (1 , x ) = aen (1 , x +1) - aen (1 , x ) end taw =5* tdw // d u r a t i o n o f e n t a i r week taen =2* tden alw =[ taw taen ; lw len ] lwen =[ lw len ] // a r r a n g i n g l o a d i n a c c e n d i n g order [ m n ]= gsort ( lwen ) kn = size ( lwen ) kld = kn (1 ,2)
4 x5 =20 h o u r s \ n 250M W 20+8 x5 =60 h o u r s \ n 200M W 60+4 x2 =68 h o u r s \ n 150M W 68+6 x5 +15 x2 =128 h o u r s \ n 100M W 128+6 x5+5x2 =168 h o u r s ) 34 disp ( t h e l o a d d u r a t i o n c u r v e i s p l o t t e d i n f i g ) 35 disp ( t h e t o t a l a r e a u n d e r t h e l o a d d u r a t i o n c u r v e 29
36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
i s 3 1 6 0 0MWh which r e p r e s e n t s t h e e n e r g y c o n u m p t i o n i n one week . ) eclw = ldcq (2 ,1) * ldcq (1 ,1) for x =2:1: kld eclw = eclw +( ldcq (2 , x ) *( ldcq (1 , x ) - ldcq (1 ,x -1) ) ) end lf = eclw /( max ( lwen ) *24*7) printf ( t o t a l e n e r g y consumed i s %dWh , eclw ) printf ( \ n t o t a l maximum e n e r g y c o u l d consume %dWh , eclw / lf ) printf ( \ n l o a d f a c t o r =%f , lf )
Scilab code Exa 2.13 annual load factor daily load factor and dierent ratioes
1 clc 2 disp ( e x a m p l e 2 . 1 3 ) 3 dlf =0.825; // d a i l y l o a d f a c t o r 4 lptmlp =0.87; // a v e r a g e d a i l y peak l o a d t o monthly
l o a d peak mlptalp =0.78; // a v e r a g e monthly peak l o a d t o a n n u a l l o a d peak 6 printf ( a n n u a l l o a d f a c t o r =%fx%fx%f=%f . ,dlf , lptmlp , mlptalp , dlf * lptmlp * mlptalp )
5
Scilab code Exa 2.14 peak load on dierent transformers and peak load on feeder
1 clc
30
2 3 4 5
10 11 12
disp ( e x a m p l e 2 . 1 4 ) disp ( ( a ) ) // g i v e n transformer1 . motorload =300; transformer1 . demandfactorm =0.6; tarnsformer1 . commercialload =100; transformer1 . demandfactorc =0.5; transformer1 . diversityfactor =2.3; transformer2 . residentalload =500; transformer2 . demandfactor =0.4; transformer2 . diversitryfactor =2.5; transformer3 . residentalload =400; transformer3 . demandfactor =0.5; transformer3 . diversityfactor =2.0; diversitybtwxmer =1.4 peakloadoftransformer1 =(( transformer1 . motorload * transformer1 . demandfactorm ) +( tarnsformer1 . commercialload * transformer1 . demandfactorc ) ) / transformer1 . diversityfactor peakloadonxmer =( transformer2 . residentalload * transformer2 . demandfactor ) / transformer2 . diversitryfactor peakloadonxmer3 =( transformer3 . residentalload * transformer3 . demandfactor ) /( transformer3 . diversityfactor ) printf ( peak l o a d on t r a n s f o r m e r 1 =(300 x0 . 6 + 1 0 0 x0 . 5 ) / 2 . 3 =%dkW \ npeak l o a d on t r a n s f o r m e r 2 =%dkW \ n peak l o a d on t r a n s f o r m e r 3 =%dkW , peakloadoftransformer1 , peakloadonxmer , peakloadonxmer3 ) disp ( ( b ) ) peakloadonfeeder =( peakloadoftransformer1 + peakloadonxmer + peakloadonxmer3 ) / diversitybtwxmer printf ( peak l o a d on f e e d e r =(100+80+100) / 1 . 4 =%dkW , peakloadonfeeder )
31
Scilab code Exa 3.1 annual plant cost and generation cost of two dierent units
1 clc 2 disp ( e x a m p l e 3 . 1 ) 3 totpow =110*10^3 // (kW) 4 uc1 =18000; fcr1 =0.1; cf1 =0.55; fuelcons1 =0.7; fuelcost1 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
=1500/1000; om1 =0.2; utilizationf1 =1; uc2 =30000; fcr2 =0.1; cf2 =0.60; fuelcons2 =0.65; fuelcost2 =1500/1000; om2 =0.2; utilizationf2 =1; // g i v e n uck=u n i t c a p i t a l c o s t k ; f c r k= f i x e d c h a r g e r a t e o f k t h u n i t ; c f k=c a p a c i t y f a c t o r a t k t h u n i t ; omk=a n n u a l c o s t o f o p e r a t i n g l a b o u r ; t o t p o w= t o t a l power r a t i n g o f u n i t s afc1 = fcr1 * uc1 * totpow ; afc2 = fcr2 * uc2 * totpow ; e1 =8760* cf1 * totpow ; e2 =8760* cf2 * totpow ; annualfuel1 = e1 * fuelcons1 ; annualfuel2 = e2 * fuelcons2 ; fc1 = annualfuel1 * fuelcost1 ; fc2 = annualfuel2 * fuelcost2 ; om11 = om1 * fc1 ; om22 = om2 * fc2 ; aoc1 = fc1 + om1 ; aoc2 = fc2 + om2 ; apc1 = aoc1 + afc1 ; apc2 = aoc2 + afc2 ; gc1 = apc1 / fc1 ; gc2 = apc2 / fc2 disp ( s o l u t i o n f o r ( a ) ) 32
printf ( \ n a f c 1=Rs . %d\ n e 1=%dkWh\ n a n n u a l f u a l 1=%fkg \ n f c 1=Rs . %d \ n om1=Rs . %d \ n a o c 1=Rs . %f \ n a p c 1=Rs . %f \ n g c 1=%fkWh \ n , afc1 , e1 , annualfuel1 , fc1 , om11 , aoc1 , apc1 , gc1 ) 17 disp ( s o l u t i o n f o r ( b ) ) 18 printf ( \ n a f c 2=Rs . %d\ n e 2=%dkWh\ n a n n u a l f u a l 2=%fkg \ n f c 2=Rs . %d \ n om22=Rs . %d \ n a o c 2=Rs . %f \ n a p c 2= Rs . %f \ n g c 2=%fkWh \ n , afc2 , e2 , annualfuel2 , fc2 , om22 , aoc2 , apc2 , gc1 ) 19 ogc =( apc1 + apc2 ) /( e1 + e2 )
16 20 21
clear clc disp ( e x a m p l e 3 . 2 ) c =2*10^8; // c o s t s =0.15; // s a l v a g e v a l u e ul =25; // / u s e f u l v a l u e i =0.08; // l i f e o f p l a n t disp ( s o l u t i o n f o r ( a ) ) printf ( \ n a n n u a l s t r a i g h t l i n e d e p r e c i a t i o n r e s e r v e =Rs .%. 1 e p e r y e a r \ n ,c *(1 - s ) / ul ) disp ( s o l u t i o n f o r ( b ) ) it =( i +1) ^25 -1 iit = i / it asdr = c *(1 - s ) * iit *100 printf ( \ n a n n u a l s i n k i n g f u n d d e p r e c i a t i o n r e s e r v e i s =Rs% . 3 e p e r y e a r , asdr )
33
Scilab code Exa 3.3 solving accumulated depreciation clear clc disp ( e x a m p l e 3 . 3 ) cost =2*10^8 sal =0.15 use =25 t =(1 -( sal ^(1/ use ) ) ) printf ( r a t e o f d e p r e t i o n by f i x e d p e r c e n t a g e method =% f p e r s e n t ,t *100) 9 rd = cost *(1 - t ) ^10 10 printf ( \ n r e m a i n i n g d e p r e c i a t i o n a t t h e end o f 10 t h y e a r =Rs . %f=Rs . %fx10 8 ,rd , rd /(10^8) ) 11 printf ( \ n a c c u m u l a t e d d e p r e c i a t i o n a t t h e end o f 10 y e a r i s Rs . %f =Rs . %fx10 8 , cost - rd ,( cost - rd ) /10^8)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
units
utilisation factor is 1 n = size ( lm ) fc = fc * ones (1 , n (2) ) op = rg *100* ones (1 , n (2) ) for i =1: n (2) negp (1 , i ) = lm ( i ) *8760 fcgp (1 , i ) = fc ( i ) *10000/ negp ( i ) tgc (1 , i ) = fcgp ( i ) + op ( i ) end plot2d4 ( lf , tgc ) printf ( l o a d f a c t o r ) disp ( lf ) printf ( l o a d M W\ n ) fcgp = fcgp /100; op = op /100; tgc = tgc /100 printf ( %dMW\t%dMW\t%dMW\t%dMW\t%dMW , lm (1) , lm (2) , lm (3) , lm (4) , lm (5) ) 35
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
disp ( f i x e d c o s t ) printf ( Rs%d \ tRS%d \ tRs%d \ tRs%d \ tRs%d , fc (1) , fc (2) , fc (3) , fc (4) , fc (5) ) disp ( number o f KW h r s o f e n e r g y g e n e r a t e d i n p a i s e per unit of energy ) printf ( %dkWh\ t%dkWh \ t%dkWh \ t%dkWh \ t%dkWh , negp (1) , negp (2) , negp (3) , negp (4) , negp (5) ) disp ( f i x e d c o s t i n p a i s e p e r u n i t o f e n e r g y ) printf ( Rs% . 3 f \ tRS% . 3 f \ tRs% . 3 f \ tRs% . 3 f \ tRs% . 3 f , fcgp (1) , fcgp (2) , fcgp (3) , fcgp (4) , fcgp (5) ) disp ( o p e r a t i n g c o s t i n p a i s e p e r u n i t o f e n e r g y ) printf ( Rs% . 3 f \ tRS% . 3 f \ tRs% . 3 f \ tRs% . 3 f \ tRs% . 3 f , op (1) , op (2) , op (3) , op (4) , op (5) ) disp ( t o t l a g e n e r a t i o n c o s t i n p a i s e p e r u n i t o f energy ) printf ( Rs% . 3 f \ tRS% . 3 f \ tRs% . 3 f \ tRs% . 3 f \ tRs% . 3 f , tgc (1) , tgc (2) , tgc (3) , tgc (4) , tgc (5) )
clear clc disp ( e x a m p l e 3 . 5 ) ic =120 // i n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y ccppkw =40000 // / c a p i t a l c o s t o f p l a n t iand =0.15 // i n t e r e s t and d e p r e c i a t i o n fco =0.64 // f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n fc =1.5 // f u e l c o s t oc =50*10^6 // o p e r a t i n g c o s t pl =100 // peak l o a d lf =0.6 // l o a d f a c t o r al = lf * pl // a v a r r a g e l o a d printf ( a v e r a g e l o a d %dMW , al ) 36
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
eg = al *8760*10^3 // e n e r g y g e n e r a t e d printf ( \ n e n e r g y g e n e r a t e d =%ekWhr , eg ) ti = ic * ccppkw // t o t a l i n v e s t i m e n t printf ( \ n t o t a l i n v e s t e m e n t Rs . %e , ti ) ind = ti * iand *10^3 // i n t e r e s t and d e p r e c i a t i o n printf ( \ n i n v e s t e m e n t amd d e p r e s s i o n i s Rs . %e , ind ) fcons = eg * fco // f u a l c o n s u m p t i o n printf ( \ n f u e l c o n s u m t i o n i s %ekgper y e a r , fcons ) fcost = fcons * fc // f u e l c o s t aco = ti + fcost + ind + oc // a n n u a l c o s t printf ( \ n f u e l c o s t Rs . %eper y e a r \ n a n n u a l p l a n t c o s t Rs%eper y e a r \ n g e n e r a t i o n c o s t Rs%fper y e a r , fcost , aco , aco / eg )
clear clc disp ( e x a m p l e 3 . 6 ) md =50*10^3; //maximum demand i n kW ecy =0 pst =600* md +2.5* ecy // p u b l i c s u p p l y t a r i f f e q u a t i o n lfr =0.5; // l o a d f a c t o r rc =20*10^3; // r e s e r v e c a p a c i t y cik =30000; // c a p i t a l i n v e s t i m e n t inad =0.15; // / i n t e r e s t and d e p r e c i a t i o n fuc =0.6; fuco =1.4; oct =0.8 // f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n // f u e l c o s t // o t h e r c o s t avl = md * lfr ; // a v e r a g e l o a d ecy = avl *8760 // e n e r g y c o s u m p t i o n p e r y e a r disp ( s o l u t i o n o f ( a ) ) printf ( a v e r a g e l o a d = %dkW \ n e n e r g y consumton = %dkWh\ n a n n u a l e x p e n d i t u r e i s Rs%dperyear \ n ,avl , 37
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
ecy , pst ) disp ( ( b ) p r i v a t e steam p l a n t ) ict = md + rc ; // i n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y caint = cik * ict ; // c a p i t a l i n v e s t i m e n t iande = inad * caint ; // i n t e r e s t and d e p r e c i a t i o n fuelcon = ecy * fuc ; // f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n fucost = fuelcon * fuco ; // f u e l c o s t opwe = oct * ecy // o t h e r e x p e n d i t u r e totex = iande + fucost + opwe // t o t a l e x p e n d i t u r e printf ( \ n i n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y i s Rs%d \ n c a p i t a l i n v e s t i m e n t i s Rs%d \ n i n t e r e s t and d e p r e c i a t i o n i s Rs . %d \ n f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i s Rs . %f \ n f u e l c o s t i s Rs . %f p e r y e a r \ n wage , r e p a i r and o t h e r e x p e n s e s a r e Rs%f p e r y e a r \ n t o t a l e x p e n d i t u r e i s Rs%e p e r y e a r ,ict , caint , iande , fuelcon , fucost , opwe , totex )
Scilab code Exa 3.7 overall generation cost per kWh for thermal and hydro plant
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 3 7 ) md =500 // g i v e n maximum demand lf =0.5 // l o a d f a c t o r hp =7200; he =0.36 // o p e r a t i n g c o s t o f h y d r o p l a n t tp =3600; te =1.56 // o p e r a t i n g c o s t o f t h e r m a l p l a n t teg = md *1000* lf *8760 // t o t a l e n e r g y g e n e r a t e d printf ( t o t a l e n e r g y g e n e r a t e d p e r y e a r %2 . 2eW , teg ) t =( hp - tp ) /( te - he ) // t i m e o f o p e r a t i n g u s e i n g ( de / dp ) ph = md *(1 - t /8760) // from t r i a n g l e a d f pt = md - ph et = pt * t *1000/2 38
cost plife =25; // p l a n t l i f e ir =0.16; // i n t e r e s t r a t e ond =1.5*10^ -2; // o and mof c a p i t a l c o s t gr =0.5*10^ -2 // g r n e r a l r e s e r v e o f c a p i t a l c o s t calv =4158 // c a l o r i f i c v a l u e k j p e r kg coalcost =990 // c a o l c o s t p e r t o n heat =2500 // h e a t r a t e k c a l /kWh retur =0.08 // r e t u r n salvage =0 plf =0.69 ; auxcons =0.075 // a u x i l i a r y c o n s u m p t i o n disp ( c o s t c a l c u l a t i o n ) disp ( u s i n g s i n k i n g f u n d d e p r e c i a t i o n ) ande =( ir /(( ir +1) ^( plife ) -1) ) *100 afixcost = ccost *( ir + ond + retur + gr +( ande /100) ) 39
22 23
24 25 26 27 28
afcppc = afixcost / pc printf ( a n n u a l d e p r e t i o n r e s e r v e i s % f p e r s e n t \ n a n n u a l f i x e d c o s t Rs%f \ n a n n u a l f i x e d c o s t p e r Rs%dkWh , ande , afixcost , afcppc ) fclco =( heat * coalcost ) /( calv *1000) engepc =24*365* plf enavil = engepc *(1 - auxcons ) gencost =( afcppc / enavil ) + fclco printf ( \ n f u e l c o s t Rs . %f /kWh \ n e n e r g y g e n e r a t e d p e r kW o f p l a n t c a p a c i t y Rs . %fkWh \ n e n e r g y a v a i l a b l e bus b a r %fkWh \ n g e n e r a t i o n c o s t Rs%f perkWh , fclco , engepc , enavil , gencost )
Scilab code Exa 3.17 to nd the generation cost and total annual cost
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
clear clc disp ( d a t 3 . 1 7 ) pco =120*10^3 // 3 u n i t s o f 40M W caco =68*10^8 // 6 y e a r o f c o n s u m p t i o n inr =0.16 // i n t r e s t r a t e de =2.5*10^ -2 // d e p r e c i a t i o n oanm =1.5*10^ -2 //OandM ger =0.5*10^ -2 // g e n e r a l r e s e r v e pllf =0.6 // p l a n t l o a d f a c o t aucon =0.5*10^ -2 // a u x i l i a r y c o n s u m p t i o n tac = caco *( inr + de + oanm + aucon ) // / t o t a l c o s t engpy = pco * pllf *24*365 // e n e r g y g e n e r a t e d p e r y e a r eabb = engpy *(1 - ger ) // e n e r g y a v a i l a b l e a t bus b a r geco = tac / eabb // g e n e r a t i o n c o s t printf ( t o t a l a n n u a l c o s t s i s Rs%e p e r y e a r \ n e n e r g y g e n e r a t e d p e r y e a r =%ekWh/ y e a r \ n e n e r g y a v a i l a b l e a t bus b a r %ekWh/ y e a r \ n g e n e r a t i o n 40
41
clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 4 1 ) day =30 // d a y s pll =40; nll =5; tll =3 // l i g h t l o a d pfl =100; nfl =3; tfl =5 // f a n l o a d prl =1*1000 // r e f r i g e r a t o r pml =1*1000; nml =1 // m i s c . l o a d t1 =2.74; t11 =15 // t a r i f f t2 =2.70; t22 =25 // t a r i f f on 25 u n i t s tr =2.32; // r e a m a i n i n g u n i t s tc =7.00; // c o n s t a n t c h a r g e dis =0.05 // d i s c o u n t f o r prompt payment te =( pll * nll * tll + pfl * nfl * tfl ) * day + prl * day + pml * day tee = te /1000 mb = tc + tr *( tee - t11 - t22 ) + t1 * t11 + t2 * t22 nmb = mb *(1 - dis ) 42
18
clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 4 2 ) l =100; // c o n n e c t e d l o a d md =80; //maximum demand wt =0.6; // w o r k i n g t i m e c =6000; // c o n s t a n t c o s t t =700; // c o s t on p e r kW re =1.8; // r a t e ec = l * wt *8760 // e l e c t r i c i t y c o n s u m p t i o n p e r y e a r teb = c + md * t + re * ec // t o t a l e l e c t r i c i t y b i l l p e r y e a r printf ( e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n %dkWh \ n t o t a l e l e c t r i c i t y b i l l p e r y e a r Rs%d ,ec , teb )
i n s u r a n c e and t a x e s
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on c a p i t a l i n v e s t i m e n t // f i x e d m a n a g e r i a l and g e n e r a l maintanance c o s t ol =236*10^6 // o p e r a t i n g l a b o u r , m a i n t a n a n c e and suppies cm =90*10^6 // c o s t o f m e t e r i n g , b i l l i n g and c o l l e c t i o n eca =0.05 // e n e r g y consumed by a u x i l l a r y el =0.15 // e n e r g y l o s s and m a i n t a n a n c e p =0.25 lf =0.8 // l o a d f a c t o r ap =0.5 // a d d i t i o n e n e r g y f o r p r o f i t disp ( a ) printf ( c a p i t a l c o s t o f p l a n t Rs%e \ n t o t a l c a p i t a l c o s t Rs%e \ n i n t e r e s t , d e p e r e i a t i o n s y s t e m Rs%e , ccp * ic *10^3 , ccp * ic *10^3+ ctds ,( ccp * ic *10^3+ ctds ) * idi ) printf ( \ n sum o f maximum demand o f c o n s u m e r s e n e r g y p r o d u s e d %dMW \ n e n e r g y p r o d u c e d %ekWh \ n e n e r g y consumed by a u x i l l i r i e s %ekWh\ n e n e r g y o u t p u t %ekWH \ n e n e r g y s o l d t o c o n s u m e r %ekWh\ n , md * dfc , md *8760* lff *10^3 , md *8760* lff * eca *10^3 , md *8760* lff *10^3*(1 - eca ) , md *8760* lff *10^3*(1 - eca ) *(1 - el ) ) disp ( ( b ) f i x e d c o s t ) idetc =( ccp * ic *10^3+ ctds ) * idi tot = idetc + fmc ; printf ( i n t e r e s t , d e p r e c i t i o n e t c Rs%e p e r y e a r \ n m a n a g e r i a l and m a i n t e n c e Rs% . e p e r y e a r \ n t o t a l \ t Rs%e , idetc , fmc , tot ) pro = p * tot gtot = tot + pro printf ( \ n p r o f i t @ % d \ tRs%eper y e a r \ n g r a n d t o t a l Rs%e p e r y e a r ,p *100 , pro , gtot ) disp ( O p e r a t i n g c o s t ) tot2 = ol + cm pro2 = tot2 * p gtot2 = tot2 + pro2 printf ( O p e r a t i n g l a b o u r , s u p p l i e s m a i n t e n a n c e e t c 44
32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
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Rs . %eper y e a r \ n m e t e r i n g , b i l l i n g e t c Rs%eper y e a r \ n t o t a l \ t \ tRs%e p e r y e a r \ n p r o f i t \ t Rs%eper y e a r \ n g r a n d t o t a l \ t Rs%e p e r y e a r ,ol , cm , tot2 , pro2 , gtot2 ) disp ( t a r i f f ) co = gtot /( md * dfc *1000) es = md *8760* lff *10^3*(1 - eca ) *(1 - el ) cs = gtot2 / es printf ( c o s t p e r kW \ tRs%e \ n c o s t p e r kWh \ tRs%e , co , cs ) disp ( ( b ) ) ep = md *1000*8760* lf printf ( e n e r g y p r o d u c e d %ekWh \ n e n e r g y consumed by a u x i l i a r i e s %ekWh/ y e a r \ n e n e r g y o u t p u t o f p l a n t %ekWh \ n e n e r g y s o l d t o c o n s u m e r %ekWh ,ep , ep * eca , ep *(1 - eca ) , ep *(1 - eca ) *(1 - el ) ) estc = ep *(1 - eca ) *(1 - el )
Scilab code Exa 4.4 monthly bill and average tari per kWH
1 clc 2 clear 3 disp ( e x a m p l e 4 4 ) 4 v =230; ec =2020; // v o l t a g e // e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n 5 i =40; pf =1; t =2; c =3.5; rc =1.8; mon =30; // c u r r e n t / power 6 7 8 9
f a c t o r / t i m e / c o s t / r e a m i n i n g c o s t / month ecd = v * i * pf * t * mon /1000 // e n e r g y c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o maximum demand cost = ecd * c ren = ec - ecd rcost = ren * rc 45
%dkWh \ n c o s t o f a b o v e e n e r g y Rs%d \ n r e m a i n i n g e n e r g y %dkWh \ n c o s t o f r e a m a i n i n g e n e r g y Rs% . 1 f \ n t o t a l monthly b i l l Rs .%. 1 f \ n a v a r a g e t a r i f f Rs% . 3 f p e r kWh ,ecd , cost , ren , rcost , tmb , at )
clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 4 5 ) t1 =3000; t11 =0.9 // c o s t e q u a t i o n t2 =3; // r a t e x = t1 /( t2 - t11 ) printf ( i f e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n p e r month i s more t h a n %. 1 fkWh , \ n t a r i f f i s more s u i t a b l e ,x )
clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 4 6 ) aec =201500 // a n n u a l e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n lf =0.35 // l o a d f a c t o r c o n s t n t t =4000 // t a r i f f tmd =1200 // t a r i f f f o r maximum demand t3 =2.2 lfb =0.55 // l o a d f a c t o r i m p r o v e d ecd =0.25 // e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n r e d u c e d 46
md = aec /(8760* lf ) yb = t + md * tmd + t3 * aec mdb = aec /(8760* lfb ) ybb = t + mdb * tmd + t3 * aec ne = aec *(1 - ecd ) md3 = ne /(8760* lf ) ybc = t + md3 * tmd + t3 * ne aeca = yb / aec aecb = ybb / aec aecc = ybc / ne disp ( a ) printf ( maximum demand %. 2 fkW \ n y e a r l y b i l l Rs . %d p e r y e a r \ n ( b ) \ n maximum demand %. 2 fkW \ n y e a r l y b i l l Rs . %dper y e a r ,md , yb , mdb , ybb ) 23 disp ( c ) 24 printf ( new e n e r g y %dkWh \ n maximum demand %. 2 fkW \ n y e a r l y b i l l Rs . %dper y e a r \ n a v e r a g e e n e r g y c o s t i n c a s e a Rs% . 4 f p e r kWh \ n a v e r a g e e n e r g y c o s t i n c a s e b Rs% . 3 f p e r kWh\ n a v e r a g e e n e r g y c o s t i n c a s e c Rs% . 3 f p e r kWh ,ne , md3 , ybc , aeca , aecb , aecc )
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// d u r a t i o n
5 pl2 =10; pf2 =0.8; t2 =1000 // l o a d i n MVA // power f a c t o r
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for f i r s t and s e c o n d t r a n s f o r m e r ftl =120; stl =90 // c o r e l o s s inKW f o r f i r s t and second transformer cst =200000; // c o s t o f s e c o n d t r a n s f o r m e r w i t h compared w i t h f i r s t t r a n s f o r m e r aid =0.15; // a n n u a l i n t e r e s t and d e p r e c i a t i o n ce =0.8 // c o s t o f e n e r g y tfl = pt *(1 - fte ) *1000 // t o t a l f u l l l o a d fle = tfl - ftl // f u l l l o a d c o p p e r l o s s elc = fle * t1 +( fle * t2 /( pt / pl2 ) ^2) +( fle * t3 /( pt / pl3 ) ^2) // e n e r g y l o s s due t o c o p p e r l o s s eli = ftl *( t1 + t2 + t3 ) // e n e r g y l o s s due t o i r o n l o s s celo =( elc + eli ) * ce // c o s t o f e n e r g y l o s s disp ( f i r s t t r a ns f o r me r ) printf ( t o t a l f u l l l o a d l o s s e s %dkW \ n f u l l l o a d c o p p e r l o s s e s %dkW \ n e n e r g y l o s s due t o c o p p e r l o s s e s %dkWh/ y e a r \ n e n e r g y l o s s due t o i r o n l o s s e s %dkWh/ y e a r \ n c o s t o f e n e r g y l o s s e s Rs%dper y e a r ,tfl , fle , elc , eli , celo ) stfl = pt *(1 - ste ) *1000 // t o t a l f u l l l o a d sle = stfl - stl // f u l l l o a d c o p p e r l o s s selc = sle * t1 +( sle * t2 /( pt / pl2 ) ^2) +( sle * t3 /( pt / pl3 ) ^2) // e n e r g y l o s s due t o c o p p e r l o s s seli = stl *( t1 + t2 + t3 ) // e n e r g y l o s s due t o i r o n l o s s scelo =( selc + seli ) * ce // c o s t o f e n e r g y l o s s disp ( second tr a n s fo r m e r ) printf ( t o t a l f u l l l o a d l o s s e s %dkW \ n f u l l l o a d c o p p e r l o s s e s %dkW \ n e n e r g y l o s s due t o c o p p e r l o s s e s %dkWh/ y e a r \ n e n e r g y l o s s due t o i r o n l o s s e s %dkWh/ y e a r \ n c o s t o f e n e r g y l o s s e s Rs%dper y e a r , stfl , sle , selc , seli , scelo ) aidc = stfl * aid *1000 tybc = aidc + scelo printf ( a d d i t i o n a l i n t e r e s t and d e p r e c i a t i o n due t o h i g h e r c o s t o f s e c o n d t r a n s f o r m e r Rs%d \ n t o t a l y e a r l y c h a r g e s f o r s e c o n d t r a n s f o r m e r Rs%d p e r 48
y e a r , aidc , tybc )
Scilab code Exa 4.8 most economical power factor and rating of capacitor bank
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clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 4 8 ) p =500 // l o a d pf =0.8 // power f a c t o r t =400 // t a r i f f md =100 //maximum demand t a r i f f ccb =600 // c o s t o f c a p a c i t o r bank id =0.11 // i n t e r e s t and d e p r e c i s t i o n sd = ccb * id / t // s i n ( ph2 ) d2 = asind ( sd ) pf2 = cosd ( d2 ) kva = p *( tand ( acosd ( pf ) ) - tand ( d2 ) ) printf ( t h e most e c o n o m i c power f a c t o r %. 3 f l a g g i n g \ n k v a r r e q u i r e m e n t %. 2 fkVAR ,pf2 , kva )
Scilab code Exa 4.9 maximum load at unity power factor which can be supplied by this substation
1 clc 2 clear 3 disp ( e x a m p l e 4 9 ) 4 l1 =300; // l o a d and power f a c t o r
loads 49
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pf1 =1; l2 =1000; pf2 =0.9; l3 =1500; pf3 =0.8 printf ( f o r %dkW u n i t power f a c t o r l o a d \ n power f a c t o r a n g l e %. f \ n r e a c t i v e power %. f k v r ,l1 , acosd ( pf1 ) , l1 *( tand ( acosd ( pf1 ) ) ) ) printf ( \ n f o r %dkW u n i t power f a c t o r l o a d \ n power f a c t o r a n g l e %. 2 f \ n r e a c t i v e power %. 2 f k v r ,l2 , acosd ( pf2 ) , l2 *( tand ( acosd ( pf2 ) ) ) ) printf ( \ n f o r %dkW u n i t power f a c t o r l o a d \ n power f a c t o r a n g l e %. 2 f \ n r e a c t i v e power %. 2 f k v r ,l3 , acosd ( pf3 ) , l3 *( tand ( acosd ( pf3 ) ) ) ) tl = l1 + l2 + l3 tt = l3 *( tand ( acosd ( pf3 ) ) ) + l2 *( tand ( acosd ( pf2 ) ) ) + l1 *( tand ( acosd ( pf1 ) ) ) printf ( \ n t o t a l kW \t%dkW\ n t o t a l kVAR %. 1 fkVAR \ n t o t a l kVA %. 2 fkVA \ n o v e r a l l power f a c t o r %. 3 f l a g g i n g ,tl , tt ,( tl ^2+ tt ^2) ^0.5 , tl /( tl ^2+ tt ^2) ^0.5) printf ( \ n t h e maximum u n i t y power f a c t o r l o a d which yhe s t a t i o n can s u p p l y i s e q u a l t o t h e kVA i . e .% . 2 fkVR ,( tl ^2+ tt ^2) ^0.5)
Scilab code Exa 4.10 kvar rating of star connected capacitor and capacitance for power factor
1 clc 2 clear 3 disp ( e x a m p l e 4 10 ) 4 v =400 // v o l t a g e 5 i =25 // / c u r r e n t
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pf =0.8 // a t power f a c t o r pf2 =0.9 // o v e r a l l power f a c t o r kw = v * i * pf * sqrt (3) /1000 printf ( kw r a t i n g o f i n d u c t i o n motor %. 2 fkW , kw ) dm = acosd ( pf ) rp = kw * tand ( dm ) printf ( \ n power f a c t o r a n g l e %. 2 f \ n r e a c t i v e power %. 2 fkVR ,dm , rp ) fdm = acosd ( pf2 ) rp2 = kw * tand ( fdm ) printf ( \ n f i n a l power f a c t o r %. 2 f \ n f i n a l r e a c t a n c e power %. 2 fkVR ,fdm , rp2 ) ckvb = rp - rp2 cc = ckvb *1000/( sqrt (3) * v ) vc = v / sqrt (3) xc = vc / cc f =50 cec =1*10^(6) /( xc *2* %pi * f ) printf ( \ n k v a r r a t i n g o f c a p a c i t o r bank %. 4 f \ n c u r r e n t t h r o u g h e a c h c a p a c i t o r %. 2 fA \ n v o l t a g e a c r o s s e a c h c a p a c i t o r %. 2 f \ n r e a c t a n c e o f e a c h c a p a c i t o r %. 2 fohm \ n c a p a c i t a n c e o f e a c h c a p a c i t a n c e %. 2 f u f , ckvb , cc , vc , xc , cec )
Scilab code Exa 4.11 kva and power factor of synchronous motor
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clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 4 11 ) v =400 // l i n e v o l t a g e i =50 // l i n e c u r r e n t pf =0.8 // a t power f a c t o r pf2 =0.95 // o v e r a l l power f a c t o r 51
8 sm =25 // hp o f s y n c h r o n o u s motor 9 e =0.9 // e f f i c i e n c y 10 kwri = v * i * pf * sqrt (3) /1000 11 kvari = v * i * sqrt (3) /1000 12 karri =( - kwri ^2+ kvari ^2) ^0.5 13 kwsm = sm *735.5/( e *1000) 14 tkw = kwri + kwsm 15 printf ( kw r a t i n g o f i n s t a l l a t i o n %. 1 fkW \ n kVA
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r a t i n g o f i n s t a l l a t i o n %. 2 f k v a \ n kVAR r a t i n g %. 2 f k v a r \ n kw i n p u t t o s y n c h r o u n o u s motor %. 2 fkw \ n t o t a l kw=%. 2 f \ n , kwri , kvari , karri , kwsm , tkw ) pd = acosd ( pf2 ) tkr = tkw * tand ( pd ) krsm = tkr - karri kasm =( kwsm ^2+ krsm ^2) ^0.5 pfsm = kwsm / kasm if krsm <0 then ch = char ( c a p a c i t o r ) ich = char ( l e a d i n g ) else ch = char ( i n d u c t i v e ) ich = char ( l a g g i n g ) end printf ( o v e r a l l power f a c t o r a n g l e %. 2 fkw \ n t o t a l k v a r %. 2 f k v a r \ n k v a r o f s y n c h r o u n o u s motor %. 2 f k v a r %c \ n kva o f s y n c h r o u n o u s motor %. 2 f k v a \ n power f a c t o r o f s y n c h r o u n o u s motor %. 2 f %c ,pd , tkr , krsm , ch , kasm , pfsm , ich )
Scilab code Exa 4.12 parallel operation of synchronous and induction motor under dierent 52
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clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 4 12 ) psm =100 // power o f s y n c h r o u n o u s m o t o r s pim =200 // power o f i n d u c i o n motor v =400 // v o l t a g e pff =0.71; pp = -1 // power f a c t o r rsm =0.1 // r e s i s t a n c e o f s y n c h r o u n o u s motor rt =0.03 // r e s i s t a n c e o f c a b l e pf (1) =1; p (1) =1 // power f a c t o r i n a pf (2) =0.8; p (2) =1 // power f a c t o r i n b pf (3) =0.6; p (3) =1 // power f a c t o r i n c i1 = pim *1000/( v * pff * sqrt (3) ) i11 = i1 *( complex ( pff , pp * sind ( acosd ( pff ) ) ) ) i2f = psm *1000/( v * sqrt (3) ) ch =[ a b c ] for i =1:3 printf ( \ n ( %c ) , ch ( i ) ) d = acosd ( pf ( i ) ) it ( i ) = i11 (1) + complex ( i2f ,( p ( i ) * i2f * tand ( d ) ) ) opf ( i ) = cosd ( atand ( imag ( it ( i ) ) / real ( it ( i ) ) ) ) clsm =3*(( i2f ) ^2) * rsm clt =3*( abs ( it ( i ) ) ^2) * rt /1000 printf ( \ n t o t a l c u r r e n t %. 2 f %. f j A \ n o v e r a l l power f a c t o r %. 3 f l a g g i n g \ n c o p p e r l o s s e s i n s y n c h r o u n o u s motor %. fW \ n c o p p e r l o s s e s i n c a b l e %. 2 fKW , it ( i ) , imag ( it ( i ) ) , opf ( i ) , clsm , clt ) 25 end 26 disp ( ( d ) ) 27 printf ( c o p p e r l o s s o f s y n c h r o n o u s motor t h i s i s e v i d e n t l y minimum when t a n d=%d c o s d=%d ,0 ,1)
Scilab code Exa 4.13 nding power factor and load on dierent generator
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clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 4 13 ) p =2 // c o n s t a n t o u t p u t i n M W pf =0.9 // power f a c t o r pa =10 // l o a d pb =5 pfb =0.8 // power f a c t o r a t l o a d o f 5M W td = tand ( acosd ( pf ) ) go = p *(1 - td * %i ) op =0.8 tp = tand ( acosd ( pfb ) ) printf ( power f a c t o r o f i n d e c t i o n g e n e r a t o r i s l e a d i n g t h e r e f o r i n d u c t i o n g e n e r a t o r o u t p u t %d%. 2 fiMVA / n ( a ) \ n , real ( go ) , imag ( go ) ) tl = pa *(1+ tp * %i ) sg = tl - go da = atand ( imag ( sg ) / real ( sg ) ) printf ( t o t a l l o a d %d+%. 1 fiMW \ n s y n c h r o n o u s g e n e r a t o r l o a d %d+%. 3 fiMW \ n \ t \ t=%. 2fMW a t a n g l e %. 2 f \ n power f a c t o r o f s y n c h r o n o u s g e n e r a t o r i s %. 2 f l a g g i n g , real ( tl ) , imag ( tl ) , real ( sg ) , imag ( sg ) , abs ( sg ) ,da , cosd ( da ) ) tl1 = pb *(1+ tp * %i ) sg1 = tl1 - go da1 = atand ( imag ( sg1 ) / real ( sg1 ) ) disp ( ( b ) ) printf ( t o t a l l o a d %d+%. 1 fiMW \ n s y n c h r o n o u s g e n e r a t o r l o a d %d+%. 3 fiMW \ n \ t \ t=%. 2fMW a t a n g l e %. 2 f \ n power f a c t o r o f s y n c h r o n o u s g e n e r a t o r i s %. 2 f l a g g i n g , real ( tl1 ) , imag ( tl1 ) , real ( sg1 ) , imag ( sg1 ) , abs ( sg1 ) ,da1 , cosd ( da1 ) )
54
Scilab code Exa 4.14 loss if capacitor is connected in star and delta
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24 25
clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 4 14 ) c =40*10^( -6) // bank o f c a p a c i t o r s i n f a r a d s v =400 // l i n e v o l t a g e i =40 // / l i n e c u r r e n t pf =0.8 // power f a c t o r f =50 // l i n e f r e q u e n c y xc =1/(2* %pi * f * c ) ic = v /( sqrt (3) * xc ) il = i *( pf - sind ( acosd ( pf ) ) * %i ) til = il + %i * ic od = atand ( imag ( til ) / real ( til ) ) opf = cosd ( od ) nlol =( abs ( od ) / i ) ^2 disp ( ( a ) ) printf ( l i n e c u r r e n t o f c a p a c i t o r bank %. 1 fA \ n l o a d c u r r e n t %d%diA \ n t o t a l l i n e c u r r e n t %d%. 1 f j A \ n o v e r a l l p . f %. 3 f \ n new l i n e l o s s t o o l d l i n e l o s s %. 3 f ,ic , real ( il ) , imag ( il ) , real ( til ) , imag ( til ) ,opf , nlol ) pcb =( v / xc ) printf ( \ n p h a s e c u r r e n t o f c a p a c i t o r bank %. 3 fA , pcb ) lcb = pcb * sqrt (3) printf ( \ n l i n e c u r r e n t o f c a p a c i t o r bank %. 1 fA , lcb ) tcu = il + lcb * %i printf ( \ n t o t a l c u r r e n t %d%. 1 f j A =%. 2 fA a t an a n g l e %. 2 f ,tcu , imag ( tcu ) , abs ( tcu ) , atand ( imag ( tcu ) / real ( tcu ) ) ) pf2 = cosd ( atand ( imag ( tcu ) / real ( tcu ) ) ) printf ( \ n power f a c t o r %. 1 f \ n r a t i o o f new l i n e l o s s t o o r i g i n a l l o s s %. 3 f ,pf2 ,( abs ( tcu ) / i ) ^2)
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Scilab code Exa 4.15 persentage reduction in line loss with the connection of capacitors
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clc clear all disp ( e x a m p l e 4 15 ) p =30 // b . h . p o f i n d u c t i o n motor f =50 // l i n e f r e q u e n c y v =400 // l i n e v o l t a g e e =0.85 // e f f i e n c y pf =0.8 // power f a c t o r i = p *746/( v * e * pf * sqrt (3) ) i = i * complex ( pf , - sind ( acosd ( pf ) ) ) ccb = imag ( i ) / sqrt (3) xc = v / ccb c =10^6/(2* f * %pi * xc ) prl =(( abs ( i ) ^2 - real ( i ) ^2) / abs ( i ) ^2) *100 printf ( c u r r e n t drawn by motor i s %. 1 fA \ n t h e l i n e l o s s w i l l be minimum when i i s munimum . t h e minimum v a l u e o f i i s %dA and o c c u r s when t h e c a p a c i t o r bank draws a l i n e c u r r e n t o f %djA \ n c a p a c i t o r C %. 2 f u f \ n p e r c e n t a g e l o s s r e d u c t i o n %d , abs ( i ) ,i , imag ( i ) , abs ( c ) , prl )
Scilab code Exa 4.16 kva of capacitor bank and transformerand etc
1 clc 2 clear
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disp ( e x a m p l e 4 16 ) po =666.66 // power f =50 // f r e q u e n c y v =400 // v o l t a g e pf =0.8 ; p = -1 // power f a c t o r pf2 =0.95; p2 = -1 // i m p r o v e d power f a c t o r vc =2200 // c a p a c i t o r v o l t a g e rc = vc il = po *1000/( v * pf * sqrt (3) ) il1 = il *( complex ( pf , p * sind ( acosd ( pf ) ) ) ) i2c = il * pf tad = tand ( acosd ( pf2 ) ) i2 = complex ( i2c , i2c * tad * p2 ) printf ( l o a d c u r r e n t i 1 %. 2 f% . 2 fA \ n l o a d c u r r e n t c u r r e n t on i m p r o v e d power f a c t o r %. 2 f% . 2 f j A ,il1 , imag ( il1 ) ,i2 , imag ( i2 ) ) disp ( ( a ) ) ic = abs ( il1 - i2 ) ilc = ic * v / vc pic = ilc / sqrt (3) xc = vc / pic ca =10^6/(2* %pi * f * xc ) printf ( l i n e c u r r e n t o f %dV c a p a c i t o r bank %. 2 fA \ n l i n e c u r r e n t o f %d c a p a c i t o r bank %. 2 fA \ n p h a s e c u r r e n t o f c a p a c i t o r bank %. 2 fA \ n r e a c t a n c e %. 2 f \ n c a p a c i t a n c e %. 2 fF 10( 6) ,v , ic , vc , ilc , pic , xc , ca ) disp ( ( b ) ) kr =3* vc * pic /1000 printf ( kVA r a t i n g %. 1 fkVA \ n kVA r a t i n g o f t r a n s f o r m e r t o c o n v e r t %dV t o %dV w i l l be t h e same a s t h e kVA r a t i n g o f c a p a c i t o r bank ,kr ,v , vc ) pl =100*( abs ( il1 ) ^2 - abs ( i2 ) ^2) / abs ( il1 ) ^2 printf ( p e r c e n t a g e r e d u c t i o n i n l o s s e s %d p e r c e n t , pl ) disp ( ( d ) ) pi = ic / sqrt (3) 57
Scilab code Exa 4.17 MVA rating of three winding of transformer clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 4 17 ) v1 =132 // l i n e v o l t a g e a t p r i m a r y v2 =11 // l i n e v o l t a g e a t s e c o n d a r y p =10 // power pf =0.8 // power f a c t o r mva = p *( complex ( pf , sind ( acosd ( pf ) ) ) ) printf ( MVA r a t i n g o f s e c o n d a r y = %dMVA =%d+%djMVA \ n ,p , mva , imag ( mva ) ) 10 printf ( \ n s i n c e t h e power f a c t o r a t p r i m a r y t e r m i n a l s i s u n i t y , r a t i n g o f p r i m a r y n e e d be %dMVA o n l y \ n t h e t e r t i a r y w i l l s u p p l y c a p a c i t o r c u r r e n . s i n c e p . f i s t o be r a i s e d t o 1 , t h e mav c o m p e n s a t i o n n e e d e d i s 6MVA s o r a t i n g o f t e r i t i a r y i s %dMVA ,mva , imag ( mva ) )
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Scilab code Exa 4.18 load power and power factor of 3 ph alternator
1 clc
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clear disp ( e x a m p l e 4 18 ) v =11 // l i n e v o l t a g e f =50 // l i n e f r e q u e n c y l =400 // l o a d o f a l t e r n a t o r pf =0.8 // power f a c t o r e =0.85 // e f f i c i e n c y p = l / pf lo = l + p * sind ( acosd ( pf ) ) * %i disp ( a ) printf ( when p f i s r a s e d t o 1 t h e a l t e r n a t o r can s u p p l y %dkW f o r t h e same v a l u e o f a r m t u r e c u r r e n t h e n c e i t can s u p p l y %dKW t o s y n c h r o n o u s motor ,p ,p - l ) disp ( b ) printf ( b . h . p =%. 2 fHP ,100* e /0.746) kvam =p - lo td = atand ( imag ( kvam ) / real ( kvam ) ) pff = cosd ( td ) printf ( \ n c o s d=%. 3 f l e a d i n g , pff )
clc clear kw =100 // l e t kw=100kw pf =0.6 // power f o c t o r pf2 =0.8 // power f a c t o r kvar = kw * tand ( acosd ( pf ) ) kvar2 = kw * tand ( acosd ( pf2 ) ) ckar =(( kvar - kvar2 ) ) /10 ck = round ( ckar ) *10 disp ( e x a m p l e 4 19 ) 59
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printf ( c a p a c i t o r kVAR r e q u i r e d f o r %dkW\ n l o a d f o r same power f a c t o r improvement %dKVAR , round ( ckar ) , ck ) pff =0.95: -0.05:0.4 pff =200* pff n = size ( pff ) z = zeros (1 , n (2) )
clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 4 20 ) p =160 // kva f o r t r a n s f o r m e r pf =0.6 // power f a c t o r el =96 // e f f e c t i v e l o a d eli =120 // e f f e c t i v e l o a d i n c r e a s e rc = eli *( tand ( acosd ( pf ) ) - tand ( acosd ( eli / p ) ) ) opf = eli / p printf ( r e q u i r e d c a p a c i t o r kVAR %dKVAR \ n o v e r a l l power f a c t o r %. 2 f \ n i t i s s e e n t h a t p o i n t d i s on %. 2 f l i n e ,rc , opf , opf )
Scilab code Exa 4.21 dierence in annual xed charges of consumer for change in pf
1 clc
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clear all disp ( e x a m p l e 4 21 ) md =800 //maximum demand pf =0.707 // power f a c t o r c =80 // c o s t p =200 // power e =0.99 // e f f i c i e n c y pff =0.8 // f u l l o a d p f ikva = md / pf iafc =( round ( ikva *100) *( c ) /100) rsm = ikva * pf act = p *(0.7355) / e at = - act * sind ( acosd ( pff ) ) tkw = rsm + act tkvr = rsm + at tkva =( tkw ^2+ tkvr ^2) ^0.5 ikvad = tkva - ikva infc = ikvad * c printf ( i n i t i a l kVA %. 2 fkVA \ n i n i t i a l a n n u a l f i x e d c h a r g e s Rs% . 1 f \ n a f t e r i n s t a l l a t i o n o f s y n c h r o n o u s motor r e a c t i v e power o f i n d u c t i o n motor %dkVars \ n a c t i v e power i n p u t o f s y n c h r o u n o u s motor %. 2 fkW \ n r e a c t i v e power i n p u t t o s y n c h r o u n o u s motor %. 2 fKVAR \ n t o t a l kW %. 2 fKW \ n t o t a l kVars %. 2 fkVARS \ n t o t a l kVA %. 2 fkVA \ n i n c r e a s e i n KVA demand %. 2 fkVA \ n i n c r e a s e i n a n n u a l f i x e d c h a r g e s Rs% . 1 f , ikva , iafc , rsm , act , at , tkw , tkvr , tkva , ikvad , infc )
Scilab code Exa 4.22 nding annual cost and dierence in annual cost in two units
1 clc 2 clear 3 disp ( e x a m p l e 4 22 )
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t =16 // w o r k i n g t i m e d =300 // w o r k i n g d a y s hv =1; hvmd =50 // t a r i f f on h i g h v o l t a g e lv =1.1; lvmd =60 // t a r i f f on low v o l t a g e al =250 // a v a r a g e l o a d pf =0.8 // power f a c t o r md =300 //maximum demand hvec =500 // c o s t o f hv e q u i p m e n t l =0.05 // l o s s o f hv e q u i p m e n t id =0.12 // i n t e r e s t and d e p r e c i s t i o n ter = al * md * t mdv = md / pf printf ( t o t a l e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t %2 . 2 ekWH \ n maximum demand %dKVA ,ter , mdv ) disp ( ( a )HV s u p p l y ) chv = mdv * hvec idc = chv * id ere = ter /(1 - l ) dch = mdv * hvmd ech = round ( ere * hv /1000) *1000 tanc = ech + dch + idc printf ( c o s t o f HV e q u i p m e n t Rs%e \ n i n t e r e s t and d e p r e c i a t i o n c h a r g e s Rs%d \ n e n e r g y r e c e i v e d %ekWh\ n demand c h a r g e s Rs%d \ n e n e r g y c h a r g e s Rs%2e \ n t o t a l a n n u a l c o s t Rs%d ,chv , idc , ere , dch , ech , tanc ) disp ( ( b ) LV s u p p l y ) lvdc = mdv * lvmd lvec = ter * lv lvtac = lvec + lvdc lvdac = lvtac - tanc printf ( demand c h a r g e s Rs%d \ n e n e r g y c h a r g e s Rs%2 . e \ n t o t a l a n n u a l c o s t Rs%d \ n d i f f e r e n c e i n a n n u a l c o s t Rs%d , lvdc , lvec , lvtac , lvdac )
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clear clc disp ( s o l u t i o n o f exp 5 . 1 ) aerpe =100*10^6 md =25*10^3 function [ u ]= ucc ( dd , e ) u =600* dd +0.3* e // r s p e r kW endfunction sc =30*10^3 a . cci =9000 // p e r kW a . shr =4000 b . cci =10500 b . shr =3500 c . cci =12000 c . shr =3000 salc =3000 sal =2280 sh =10 63
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tax =0.04 ins =0.5*10^ -2 cir =0.07 hv =5000 // l c a l p e r kg fuc =225 // r s p e r t o n acsnm =150000 // f o r e a c h p l a n pl =20 dr = cir /(( cir +1) ^ pl -1) tfcr = cir + dr + tax + ins printf ( d e p r e c i a t i o n r a t e %f \ n t o t a l f i x e d r a t e =%f ,dr , tfcr ) a . ci = a . cci * sc ; b . ci = b . cci * sc ; c . ci = c . cci * sc a . afca = a . ci * tfcr ; b . afca = b . ci * tfcr ; c . afca = c . ci * tfcr a . afuc = a . shr * fuc *10^8/( hv *10^3) b . afuc = b . shr * fuc *10^8/( hv *10^3) c . afuc = c . shr * fuc *10^8/( hv *10^3) ass =12*( salc + sh * sal ) tota = a . afca + ass + a . afuc + acsnm totb = b . afca + ass + b . afuc + acsnm totc = c . afca + ass + c . afuc + acsnm printf ( \ n a n n u a l f i x e d c o s t o f a i s Rs%d fuel c o s t o f p l a n a i s Rs%d and t o t a l c o s t o f a i s Rs%d ,a . afca , a . afuc , tota ) printf ( \ n a n n u a l f i x e d c o s t o f b i s Rs%d fuel cost o f p l a n b i s Rs%d and t o t a l c o s t o f b i s Rs%d ,b . afca , b . afuc , totb ) printf ( \ n a n n u a l f i x e d c o s t o f c i s Rs%d fuel cost o f p l a n c i s Rs%d and t o t a l c o s t o f c i s Rs%d ,c . afca , c . afuc , totc )
utility ppt )
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Scilab code Exa 5.2 slection of plant on criteria of investment with out interest and depreciation
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clear clc disp ( e x a m p l e 5 . 2 ) aer =100*10^6 md =25*10^3 function [ u ]= ucc ( dd , e ) u =600* dd +0.3* e // r s p e r kW endfunction p =30*10^3 ap =9000 // p e r kW ahr =4000 bp =10500 bhr =3500 cp =12000 chr =3000 salc =3000 sal =2280 sh =10 t =0.04 i =0.5*10^ -2 r =0.07 hv =5000 // l c a l p e r kg fuc =225 // r s p e r t o n mc =150000 // f o r e a c h p l a n n =20 dr = r /(( r +1) ^n -1) pwf = r /(1 -( r +1) ^( - n ) ) printf ( p e r s e n t o f worth f a c t o r i s %f , pwf ) afc = ahr * fuc *10^8/( hv *10^3) 65
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bfc = bhr * fuc *10^8/( hv *10^3) cfc = chr * fuc *10^8/( hv *10^3) ass =12*( salc + sh * sal ) aaoc = ass + mc + afc baoc = ass + mc + bfc caoc = ass + mc + cfc ai = ap * p ; bi = bp * p ; ci = cp * p atac =( t + i ) * ap * p + aaoc btac =( i + t ) * bp * p + baoc ctac =( i + t ) * cp * p + caoc uts = ucc ( md , aer ) apw = atac / pwf ; bpw = btac / pwf ; cpw = ctac / pwf ; utss = uts / pwf ta = apw + ai ; tb = bpw + bi ; tc = cpw + ci printf ( \ n a n n u a l c o s t e x c l u d i n d i n g i n t e r e s t and \ n d e p r e c i a t i o n o f a \ t \ tRs%d \ n p e r s e n t worth f a c t o r \ t \ t %f \ n p r e s e n t worth a n n u a l c o s t o f a i s Rs%d \ n i n v e s t e m e n t o f a i s \ tRs%d \ n t o t a l p e r s e n t worth o f a i s \ t%d , atac , pwf , apw , ai , ta ) printf ( \ n \ n a n n u a l c o s t e x c l u d i n d i n g i n t e r e s t and \ n d e p r e c i a t i o n o f b \ t \ tRs%d \ n p e r s e n t w o r t f a c t o r \ t \ t%f \ n p r e s e n t worth a n n u a l c o s t o f b i s Rs%d \ n i n v e s t e m e n t o f b i s \ tRs%d \ n t o t a l p e r s e n t worth o f b i s \ t%d , btac , pwf , bpw , bi , tb ) printf ( \ n \ n a n n u a l c o s t e x c l u d i n d i n g i n t e r e s t and \ n d e p r e c i a t i o n o f c \ t \ tRs%d \ n p e r s e n t w o r t f a c t o r \ t \ t%f \ n p r e s e n t worth a n n u a l c o s t o f c i s Rs%d \ n i n v e s t e m e n t o f c i s \ tRs%d \ n t o t a l p e r s e n t worth o f c i s \ t%d , ctac , pwf , cpw , ci , tc ) printf ( \ n \ n a n n u a l c o s t e x c l u d i n d i n g i n t e r e s t and \ n d e p r e c i a t i o n o f u t i l i t y s e r v i c e \ tRs%d \ n p e r s e n t w o r t f a c t o r \ t \ t \ t%f \ n p r e s e n t worth a n n u a l c o s t o f u t i l i t y s e r v i c e i s Rs%d \ n i n v e s t e m e n t o f u t i l i t y s e r v i c e i s \ t \ t n i l l \n t o t a l p e r s e n t worth o f u t i l i t y s e r v i c e i s %d ,uts , pwf , utss , utss ) printf ( \ n \ n \ t s i n c e t h e p r e s e n t worth o f t h e u t i l i t y s e r v i c e i s t h e minimum , i t i s t h e o b v i o u s c h o i c e \ nout o f the o t h e r plans , plan A i s the b e s t s i n c e 66
i t h a s t h e l o w e s t p r e s e n t worth )
clear clc disp ( e x a m p l e 5 . 3 ) aer =100*10^6 // from e x a m p l e 5 . 1 md =25*10^3 function [ u ]= ucc ( dd , e ) u =600* dd +0.3* e // r s p e r kW endfunction p =30*10^3 ap =9000 // p e r kW ahr =4000 bp =10500 bhr =3500 cp =12000 chr =3000 salc =3000 sal =2280 sh =10 t =0.04 i =0.5*10^ -2 r =0.07 hv =5000 // l c a l p e r kg fuc =225 // r s p e r t o n mc =150000 // f o r e a c h p l a n n =20 dr = r /(( r +1) ^n -1) pwf = r /(1 -( r +1) ^( - n ) ) uts = ucc ( md , aer ) afc = ahr * fuc *10^8/( hv *10^3) 67
bfc = bhr * fuc *10^8/( hv *10^3) cfc = chr * fuc *10^8/( hv *10^3) ass =12*( salc + sh * sal ) aaoc = ass + mc + afc baoc = ass + mc + bfc caoc = ass + mc + cfc aw =([[ dr + t + i ]* ap * p + aaoc ]/ r ) + ap * p bw =([[ dr + t + i ]* bp * p + baoc ]/ r ) + bp * p cw =([[ dr + t + i ]* cp * p + caoc ]/ r ) + cp * p utt = uts / r + p printf ( \ n p l a n A i s \ t \ tRs . %d \ n p l a n B i s \ t \ tRs . %d \ n planC i s \ t \ tRs . %d \ n u t i l i t y s e r v i c e s i s \ tRs%d ,aw , bw , cw , utt ) 41 disp ( t h e u t i l i t y s e r v i c e h a s t h e l o w e s t c a p i t a l i z e d c o s t and i s t h e o b v i o u s c h o i c e . Out o f t h e o t h e r plans , plan A i s the best )
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Scilab code Exa 5.4 rate of return method for best plan
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clear clc disp ( e x a m p l e 5 . 4 ) aer =100*10^6 md =25*10^3 utse =6600*10^4 p =30*10^3 ap =9000 // p e r kW ahr =4000 bp =10500 bhr =3500 cp =12000 chr =3000 salc =3000 68
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
sal =2280 sh =10 t =0.04 i =0.5*10^ -2 r =0.07 hv =5000 // l c a l p e r kg fuc =225 // r s p e r t o n mc =150000 // f o r e a c h p l a n n =20 dr = r /(( r +1) ^n -1) pwf = r /(1 -( r +1) ^( - n ) ) afc = ahr * fuc *10^8/( hv *10^3) bfc = bhr * fuc *10^8/( hv *10^3) cfc = chr * fuc *10^8/( hv *10^3) ass =12*( salc + sh * sal ) aaoc = ass + mc + afc baoc = ass + mc + bfc caoc = ass + mc + cfc sol . a . totalannualcost =( t + i ) * ap * p + aaoc sol . b . totalannualcost =( i + t ) * bp * p + baoc sol . c . totalannualcost =( i + t ) * cp * p + caoc sol . a . pinvestement = ap * p ; sol . b . pinvestement = bp * p ; sol . c . pinvestement = cp * p sol . a . annuity = utse - sol . a . totalannualcost ; sol . b . annuity = utse - sol . b . totalannualcost ; sol . c . annuity = utse - sol . c . totalannualcost ; sol . a . ratioaandp = sol . a . annuity / sol . a . pinvestement ; sol . b . ratioaandp = sol . b . annuity / sol . b . pinvestement ; sol . c . ratioaandp = sol . c . annuity / sol . c . pinvestement ; function [ R ]= alt ( r ) R = abs ( r /(1 - wr ) ) endfunction ra = round (( sol . a . ratioaandp ) *100) rb = round (( sol . b . ratioaandp ) *100) 69
52 rc = round (( sol . c . ratioaandp ) *100) 53 for x = -0.12:0.001: -0.07 // f o r i t r a t i o n 54 wr =(1+ x ) ^ n 55 re = alt ( x ) 56 re =( round ( re *100) ) 57 if re == ra then 58 sol . a . return =( abs ( x ) *100) 59 end 60 if re == rb then 61 sol . b . return =( abs ( x ) *100) 62 end 63 if re == rc then 64 sol . c . return =( abs ( x ) *100) 65 end 66 end 67 disp ( f o r ( a ) ) 68 printf ( t o t a l a n n u a l c o s t Rs . %d\ n i n v e s t e m e n t Rs . %d\
69 70
71 72
73 74 75 76 77
n a n n u i t y Rs%d \ n r a t i o o f a and b %f \ n r a t e o f r e t u r n %. 1 f p e r c e n t , sol . a . totalannualcost , sol . a . pinvestement , sol . a . annuity , sol . a . ratioaandp , sol . a . return ) disp ( f o r ( b ) ) printf ( t o t a l a n n u a l c o s t Rs . %d\ n i n v e s t e m e n t Rs . %d\ n a n n u i t y Rs%d \ n r a t i o o f a and b %f \ n r a t e o f r e t u r n %. 1 f p e r c e n t , sol . b . totalannualcost , sol . b . pinvestement , sol . b . annuity , sol . b . ratioaandp , sol . b . return ) disp ( f o r ( c ) ) printf ( t o t a l a n n u a l c o s t Rs . %d\ n i n v e s t e m e n t Rs . %d\ n a n n u i t y Rs%d \ n r a t i o o f a and b %f \ n r a t e o f r e t u r n %. 1 f p e r c e n t , sol . c . totalannualcost , sol . c . pinvestement , sol . c . annuity , sol . c . ratioaandp , sol . c . return ) sb = sol . b . annuity - sol . a . annuity sc = sol . c . annuity - sol . b . annuity ib = sol . b . pinvestement - sol . a . pinvestement ic = sol . b . pinvestement - sol . a . pinvestement rcb = sb / ib ; rcc = sc / ic ; 70
78
printf ( \ n s a v i n g i n a n n u a l c o s t e x c l u d i n g i n t e r e s t and d e p r e c i a t i o n B o v e r A \ t %d C o v e r A \ t %d , sb , sc ) 79 printf ( \ n a d d i t i o n a l i n v e s t e m e n t P i s \ t \ t \ t \ tB o v e r A \ t %d C o v e r A \ t %d ,ib , ic ) 80 printf ( \ n r a t e o f s a v i n g t o i n v e s t e m e n t \ t \ t \ t \ tAoverB \ t \ t %f BoverC \ t%f ,rcb , rcc ) 81 printf ( \ n r a t e o f r e t u r n on c a p i t a l i n v e s t e m e n t \ n e v i d e n t l y p l a n A i s t h e b e s t \ t \ t \ t \ tA o v e r B \ tNegative B over C \ tNegative )
71
Scilab code Exa 7.1 calculation of energy input to the thermal plant and output from thermal plant
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
clear clc disp ( e x a n p l e 7 . 1 ) pow =100*10^6 calv =6400 threff =0.3 elceff =0.92 kcal =0.239*10^ -3 eo = pow *3600 ei = eo /( threff * elceff ) eikc = ei * kcal colreq = eikc /6400 printf ( e n e r g y o u t p u t i n 1 h o u r i s printf ( \ n e n e r g y i n p u t i n one h o u r s e c \ n , ei ) 15 printf ( e n e r g y i n p u t i n 1 h o u r i s 16 printf ( \ n c o a l r e q u i r e d i s %. 3 f k g ; 72
73
Scilab code Exa 8.1 hydro plant power with parameters of reservoir
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
clear clc disp ( e x a m p l e 8 . 1 ) h =100 // g i v e n h e i g h t q =200 // d i s c h a r g e e =0.9 // e f f i c i e n c y p =(735.5/75) * q * h * e printf ( \ npower d e v e l o p e d by h y d r o p l a n t i s %ekW ,p )
74
75
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 xtitle ( h y d r o g r a p h , months , run i n cu m/ s e c ) 15 disp ( h y d r o g r a p h i s p l o t e d i n f i g u r e ) 16 for x =1:12 17 t = flow (1 , x ) 18 a = avg 19 if t < a | t == avg then 20 t =0 21 else 22 t =t -1000 23 end 24 flow1 (1 , x ) = t ; 25 end 26 sto = sum ( flow1 ) 27 printf ( \ n s t o r a g e c a p a c i t y o f g i v e n p l a n t i s %dsec m
flow =[0 1000 800 600 400 400 1200 2400 2400 1000 400 400 1000] // f l o w i n m a t r i x from i n t h e o r d e r o f months y =0:12 h =150 e =0.85 avg = sum ( flow ) /12 printf ( \ n a v e r a g e r a t e o f i n f l o w i s %dcum/ s e c , avg ) p =(735.5/75) * avg * h * e printf ( \ npower d e v e l o p e d i s %fkW ,p ) plot2d2 (y , flow )
month , sto )
clear 76
77
2 clc 3 disp ( e x a m p l e 8 . 3 ) 4 flow =[1500 1000 500 500 500 1200 2900 2900 1000 400
600 1600]
5 cod =1000 // c o n s t a n t demand 6 plot2d2 ( flow ) 7 xtitle ( h y d r o g r a p h f o r exp 8 . 3 , months , run o f f 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 t =0 15 else 16 t = cod - t 17 end 18 flow1 (1 , x ) = t ; 19 end 20 21 else 22 for x =1:12 23 t = flow (1 , x ) 24 a = cod 25 if t > a | t == avg then 26 t =0 27 else 28 t =t - cod 29 end 30 flow1 (1 , x ) = t ; 31 end 32 end 33 34 sto = sum ( flow1 ) 35 printf ( s t o r a g e c a p a c i t y o f p l a n t
in
m3/ s e c ) avg = sum ( flow ) /12 if cod < avg then for x =1:6 t = flow (1 , x ) if t > cod | t == avg then
i s %dsec m month ,
sto )
78
600 1600] cod =1000 // c o n s t a n t demand [ m n ]= size ( flow ) mf (1) =1500 for i =2: n mf ( i ) = mf (i -1) + flow ( i ) 79
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
end plot ( mf ) dd =1: cod : mf ( n ) avg = sum ( flow ) /12 if cod < avg then for x =1:6 t = flow (1 , x ) if t > cod | t == avg then t =0 else t = cod - t end flow1 (1 , x ) = t ; end else for x =1:12 t = flow (1 , x ) a = cod if t > a | t == avg then t =0 else t =t - cod end flow1 (1 , x ) = t ; end end sto = sum ( flow1 ) printf ( s t o r a g e c a p a c i t y o f p l a n t i s %dsec m month , sto )
80
81
month ) fd = gsort ( flow ) subplot (212) plot2d2 ( fd ) xtitle ( f l o w d u r e t i o n , months , run o f f ) t =1:12 for x =2:10 d = fd (1 , x ) ad = fd (1 ,( x -1) ) if d == ad then t (1 , x ) =[] t (1 ,x -1) = t (1 ,x -1) +1 fd (1 , x ) =[] end end ffw =[ fd ; t ] disp ( l o a d d u r a t i o n d a t a i s a s u n d e r ) disp ( ffw ) mf = sum ( flow ) *10^6/(30*24*3600) disp ( ( a ) ) printf ( meanflow i s %fm3 s e c , mf ) disp ( ( b ) ) p =(735.5/75) * mf * h * e 82
32
Scilab code Exa 8.6 WATER USED AND LOAD FACTOR OF HYDRO STATION
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23
clear clc disp ( e x a m p l e 8 . 6 ) mh =205 // mean h e i g h t a =1000*10^6 // i n m i t e r s r =1.25 // a n n u a l r a i n f a l l er =0.8 // e f f i c i e n c y lf =0.75 // l o a d f a c t o r hl =5 // head l o s s et =0.9 // e f f i c i e n c y o f t u r b i n e eg =0.95 // e f f i c i e n c y o f g e n e r a t o r wu = a * r * er /(365*24*3600) printf ( \ n w a t e r u s e d i s \ t \ t%fm 3/ s e c , wu ) eh = mh - hl printf ( \ n e f f e c t i v e head i s \ t%dm , eh ) p =(735.5/75) *( wu * eh * et * eg ) printf ( \ npower g e n e r a t e d i s \ t%fkW =\t%fMW ,p , p /1000) pl = p / lf printf ( \ npeak l o a d i s \ t \ t%fMw \ n t h e r e f o r e t h e M W r a t i n g o f s t a t i o n i s \t%fMW , pl /1000 , pl /1000) if eh <=200 then printf ( \ n f o r a head a b o v e 200m p e l t o n t u r b i n e i s s u i t a b l e ,\ n f r a n c i s turbine i s s u i t a b l e in the r a n g e o f 30m 200m. , \ nhowever p e l t o n i s most s u i t a b l e ) else printf ( o n l y p e l t o n t u r b i n e i s most s u i t a b l e ) 83
24 end
84
clear clc disp ( e x a m p l e 9 . 1 ) m =1*10^ -3 // mass o f 1 grm i n k g s c =3*10^8 e = m * c ^2; E = e /(1000*3600) printf ( e n e r g y e q u i v a l e n t o f 1 gram i s %dkWh ,E )
85
5 6 7 8 9
17
clear clc disp ( e x a m p l e 9 . 3 ) hm =2.0141 hp =1.007825 hn =1.008665 nm =58.9342 np =28 nn =59 um =235.0439 up =92 un =235 hmd = hp + hn - hm ; nmd = np * hp +( nn - np ) * hn - nm ; umd = up * hp +( un up ) * hn - um ; hbe =931* hmd ; nbe =931* nmd ; ube =931* umd ; ahbe = hbe /2; anbe = nbe / nn ; aube = ube / un ; printf ( \ t ( a ) \ n mass d e f e c t i s f o r h y d r o g e n %famu \ n t o t a l b i n d i n g e n e r g y f o r h y d r o g e n s %fMev \ n a v e r a g e b i n d i n g e n e r g y f o r h y d r o g e n i s %fMeV ,hmd , hbe , ahbe ) printf ( \ n \ t ( b ) \ n mass d e f e c t i s f o r n i c k e l %famu \ n t o t a l b i n d i n g e n e r g y f o r n i c k e l i s %fMev \ n a v e r a g e b i n d i n g e n e r g y f o r n i c k e l i s %fMeV ,nmd , 86
nbe , anbe ) 18 printf ( \ n \ t ( c ) \ n mass d e f e c t o f uranium i s %famu \ n t o t a l b i n d i n g e n e r g y uranium i s %fMev \ n a v e r a g e b i n d i n g e n e r g y uranium i s %fMeV ,umd , ube , aube )
clear clc disp ( e x a m p l e 9 . 4 ) no =1.7*10^24 hl =7.1*10^8 t =10*10^8 lm =0.693/( hl ) lmda = lm /(8760*3600) ia = lmda * no n = no *( exp ( - lm * t ) ) printf ( ( lamda ) d i s i n t e g r a t i o n s p e r s e c i s %ebq \ n i n i t i a l a c t i v i t y i s lamda na i s %ebq \ n f i n a l number o f atoms i s %eatoms , lmda , ia , n )
clear clc disp ( e x a m p l e 9 . 6 ) pp =235 pe =0.33 lf =1 teo = pp *8760*3600*10^6 ei = teo / pe nfr =3.1*10^10 // f e s s i o n s r e q u i r e d tnfr = nfr * ei t1gu =2.563*10^21 // t o t a l uranium atoms i n 1 grm fure = tnfr / t1gu printf ( t o t a l e n e r g y i n p u t %eWatt s e c \ n e n e r g y i n p u t i s %eWatt s e c \ n t o t a l number o f f i s s i o n s r e q u i r e d i s % e f i s s i o n s \ n f u e l r e q u i r e d i s %e grams %dkg ,teo , ei , tnfr , fure , fure /1000)
clear 88
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
clc disp ( e x a m p l e 9 . 7 ) en =3*10^6 a =12 fen =0.1 Es =2/(12+2/3) re = exp ( Es ) printf ( ( a ) \ n r a t i o o f e n e r g i e s p e r c o l l i s i o n i s %f , re ) rietf = en / fen ldie = log ( rietf ) nc = ldie / Es printf ( ( b ) \ n p a t i o o f i n i i a l t o f i n a l e n e r g i e s i s %e \ n l o g a r i t h e m i c d e c r e m e n t i n e n e r g y i s %f \ n number o f c o l l i s i o n s i s %d , rietf , ldie , nc )
89
clear clc disp ( e x a m p l e 1 0 . 1 ) mp =250 //maximum power function [ ic ]= unit1 ( p1 ) // i c e q u a t i o n o f u n i t 1 ic =0.2* p1 +30 endfunction function [ ic ]= unit2 ( p2 ) // i c e q u a t i o n o f u n i t 2 ic =0.15* p2 +40 endfunction mil =20 // minimum l o a d disp ( minimum l o a d i c i s ) ic =[ unit1 ( mil ) , unit2 ( mil ) ] [m , n ]= max ( ic ) if m == unit2 ( mil ) then for x =20:100 if m == unit1 ( x ) then break end 90
20 21
22 end 23 function [ p1 , p2 ]= un ( ic ) 24 p1 =( ic -30) /0.2 25 p2 =( ic -40) /0.15 26 endfunction 27 printf ( l o a d d i v i s i o n \ n ) 28 me = ceil ( unit2 ( mil ) /10) 29 for x = me *10:5:100 30 ii =0 31 [m , n ]= un ( x ) 32 if m >= mp |n >= mp then 33 if n > mp then 34 p =2 35 end 36 if m > mp then 37 p =1 38 end 39 for y =x -5:0.5: x 40 [c , v ]= un ( y ) 41 m1 =[ c , v ] 42 if mp == m1 ( p ) then 43 ii =1 44 break 45 end 46 end 47 [ pp qq ]= un ( y ) 48 printf ( \ n f o r p l a n t i c %3 . 1fMW \ t t h e n p1= %dMW\ t 49 50 51 52 53 54
p2 = %dMW , unit1 ( pp ) ,pp , qq ) ii =1 break end if ii ==0 then l=m+n printf ( \ n f o r p l a n t i c %dMW \ t t h e n p1 i s %dMW\ t p l a n t 2 i s %dMW and t o t a l i s %dMW , 91
x ,m ,n , l )
55 end 56 end 57 a = unit1 ( mp ) ; b = unit2 ( mp ) 58 printf ( \ n f o r p l a n t i c %dMW \ t t h e n p1 i s %dMW\ t
Scilab code Exa 10.2 COST ON DIFFERENT STATIONS ON INCREMENTAL COST METHOD
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
clear clc disp ( e x a m p l e 1 0 . 2 ) mp =250 // from e x a m p l e 1 0 . 1 function [ ic ]= unit1 ( p1 ) ic =0.2* p1 +30 endfunction function [ ic ]= unit2 ( p2 ) ic =0.15* p2 +40 endfunction mil =20 ttt =225 function [ p1 , p2 ]= un ( ic ) p1 =( ic -30) /0.2 p2 =( ic -40) /0.15 endfunction for x =40:5:60 [e , r ]= un ( x ) if ttt == e + r then printf ( f o r t h e same i n c r e m e n t a l c o s t s u n i t 1 s h o u l d s u p p l y %dMW and u n i t 2 s h o l d s u p p l y %dMW, f o r e q u a l s h a r i n g e a c h u n i t s h o u l d s u p p l y %3 . 1fMW ,e ,r , ttt /2) 92
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
break
end end opo = ttt /2 u1 = integrate ( u n i t 1 , p1 ,opo , e ) u2 = integrate ( u n i t 2 , p2 ,r , opo ) uuu =( u1 + u2 ) *8760 printf ( \ n y e a r l y e x t r a c o s t i s (%3 . 2 f %3 . 2 f ) 8 7 6 0 = %dper y e a r ,u1 , u2 , uuu ) 29 printf ( \ n t h i s i f t h e l o a d i s e q u a l l y s h a r e d by t h e two u n i t s an e x t r a c o s t o f Rs . %d w i l l be i n c u r r e d . i n o t h e r words e c o n o m i c l o a d i n g would r e s u l t i n s a v i n g o f Rs . %dper y e a r ,uuu , uuu )
Scilab code Exa 10.3 SHARING OF LOAD BETWEEN STATIONS WITH PARTICIPATION FACTOR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
clear clc disp ( e x a m p l e 1 0 . 3 ) function [ ic ]= unit1 ( p1 ) ic =0.2* p1 +30 endfunction function [ ic ]= unit2 ( p2 ) ic =0.15* p2 +40 endfunction tol =400 pd =50 u1c =5 u2c =1/0.15 // from e x a m p l e 1 0 1 p1pd = u1c /( u1c + u2c ) p2pd = u2c /( u1c + u2c ) pi = p1pd * pd 93
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
pt = p2pd * pd printf ( p1=%1 . 5fMW\ n p2=%1 . 5fMW ,pi , pt ) p11 = pi + tol /2 p22 = pt + tol /2 up1 = unit1 ( p11 ) up2 = unit2 ( p22 ) printf ( \ n t h e t o t a l l o a d on 2 u n i t s would be %3 . 2 fMW and %3 . 2fMW r e s p e c t e v i l y . i t i s e a s y t o c h e c k t h a t i n c r e m e n t a l c o s t w i l l be same f o r two u n i t s at these loading .\ n incremental cost of u n i t 1 i s %3 . 2 f R s .MW, \ n i n c r e m a n t a l c o s t o f u n i t 2 i s %3 . 2 f R s . /M W ,p11 , p22 , up1 , up2 )
clear clc disp ( e x a m p l e 1 0 . 5 ) i1 =0.8 i2 =1.0 l1 = complex (0.04 ,0.12) l2 = complex (0.03 ,0.1) l3 = complex (0.03 ,0.12) vl =1 i3 = i1 + i2 v1 = vl + i3 *( l1 ) + i1 *( l2 ) v2 = vl + i3 *( l1 ) + i2 *( l3 ) p1 = real ( i1 * v1 ) p2 = real ( i2 * v2 ) cos1 = real ( v1 ) / abs ( v1 ) cos2 = real ( v2 ) / abs ( v2 ) b11 = abs (( real ( l1 ) + real ( l2 ) ) /( v1 ^2* cos1 ^2) ) 94
19 b22 = abs (( real ( l1 ) + real ( l3 ) ) /( v2 ^2* cos2 ^2) ) 20 b12 = abs (( real ( l1 ) ) /( v1 * v2 * cos1 * cos2 ) ) 21 pl =( p1 ^2) * b11 +( p2 ^2) * b22 +2* p1 * p2 * b12 22 printf ( i 1+i 3=%dpu \ nv1=%1 . 3 f+%1 . 3 f p . u \ nv2=%1 . 3 f+%1 . 3
f p . u \ np1=%1 . 3 f p . u \ np2=%1 . 3 f p . u \ n c o s ( ph1 )=%1 . 3 f \ n c o s ( ph2 )=%1 . 3 f \ nb11=%1 . 5 f p . u \ nb22=%1 . 5 f p . u \ nb12= %1 . 5 f p . u \ n p l=%1 . 6 f p . u ,i3 , v1 , imag ( v1 ) ,v2 , imag ( v2 ) ,p1 , p2 , cos1 , cos2 , b11 , b22 , b12 , pl )
clear clc disp ( e x a m p l e 1 0 . 7 ) za = complex (0.03 ,0.09) zb = complex (0.1 ,0.3) zc = complex (0.03 ,0.09) zd = complex (0.04 ,0.12) ze = complex (0.04 ,0.12) ia = complex (1.5 , -0.4) ib = complex (0.5 , -0.2) ic = complex (1 , -0.1) id = complex (1 , -0.2) ie = complex (1.5 , -0.3) il1 =.4 il2 =.6 na1 =1; nb1 =0.6; nc1 =0; nd1 =.4; ne1 =.6 na2 =0; nb2 = -0.4; nc2 =1; nd2 =.4; ne2 =.6 vl =1 // some t h i n g i s m ess ed v1 = vl + za * ia v2 = vl - zb * ib + zc * ic a1 = atan ( imag ( ia ) / real ( ia ) ) 95
23 a2 = atan ( imag ( ic ) / real ( ic ) ) 24 cosa = cos ( a1 - a2 ) 25 cosph1 = cos ( atan ( imag ( v1 ) / real ( v1 ) ) - a1 ) 26 cosph2 = cos ( atan ( imag ( v2 ) / real ( v2 ) ) - a2 ) 27 b11 =( na1 ^2* real ( za ) + nb1 ^2* real ( zb ) + nc1 ^2* real ( zc ) + 28
29 30 31 32
33 34
nd1 ^2* real ( zd ) + ne1 ^2* real ( ze ) ) /( abs ( v1 ) ^2* cosph1 ) b22 =( na2 ^2* real ( za ) + nb2 ^2* real ( zb ) + nc2 ^2* real ( zc ) + nd2 ^2* real ( zd ) + ne2 ^2* real ( ze ) ) /(( abs ( v2 ) ^2) * cosph2 ) bb12 =( abs ( v1 ) * abs ( v2 ) * cosph1 * cosph2 ) ab12 =( na2 * na1 * real ( za ) + nb2 * nb1 * real ( zb ) + nc1 * nc2 * real ( zc ) + nd2 * nd1 * real ( zd ) + ne2 * ne1 *0.03) b12 = cosa * ab12 / bb12 printf ( bus v o l t a g e s a t 2 b u s e s a r e \ nv1=%1 . 3 f+i%1 . 3 f , \ nv2=%1 . 3 f+i%1 . 3 f , real ( v1 ) , imag ( v1 ) , real ( v2 ) , imag ( v2 ) ) printf ( \ n l o s s c o f f e c i e n t s a r e \ nb11=%1 . 5 f p . u \ nb22= %1 . 5 f p . u \ nb12=%1 . 5 f p . u \ n ,b11 , b22 , b12 ) printf ( l o s s c o f f e c i e n t s i n a c t u a l v a l u e s i s \ nb11= %eM(W) 1\ nb22=%eM(W) 1\ nb12=%eM(W) 1\ n , b11 /100 , b22 /100 , b12 /100)
Scilab code Exa 10.8 SHARING OF LOAD BETWEEN STATIONS WITH PARTICIPATION FACTOR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
clear clc disp ( e x a m p l e 1 0 . 8 ) r1 =22; r2 =30; q1 =0.2; q2 =0.15 b22 =0; b12 =0; p1 =100; pl =15 // t r a n s m i s s i o n l o s s e s a r e 0 b11 = pl /( p1 ) ^2 function [ p1 , p2 ]= power ( x ) // m a t h e m a t i c a l c o m p u t a t i o n p1 =( x - r1 ) /( q1 +2* b11 * x ) 96
Scilab code Exa 10.9 COST CONDITIONS WITH CHANGE IN LOAD ON PLANT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
clear clc disp ( e x a m p l e 1 0 . 9 ) r1 =22; r2 =30; q1 =0.2; q2 =0.15 b22 =0; b12 =0; p1 =100; pl =15 // t r a n s m i s s i o n l o s s e s a r e 0 b11 = pl /( p1 ) ^2 function [ p1 , p2 ]= power ( x ) // m a t h e m a t i c a l c o m p u t a t i o n p1 =( x - r1 ) /( q1 +2* b11 * x ) p2 =( x - r2 ) / q2 endfunction [a , b ]= power (60) pt = a +b -( b11 * a ^2)
z = integrate ( q1 u+r 1 , u ,a ,161.80) y = integrate ( q2 v+r 2 , v ,b ,162.5) m=z+y printf ( n e t c h a n g e i n c o s t =Rs . %dper h o u r ,m ) printf ( \ n t h u s s c h e d u l i n g t h e g e n e r a t i o n by t a k i n g t r a n s m i s s i o n l o s s e s i n t o a c c o u n t would mean a s a v i n g o f Rs . %dper h o u r i n f u e l c o s t ,m ) 97
Scilab code Exa 10.10 SHARING OF LOAD BETWEEN STATIONS WITH ITRATION METHOD
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
clear clc disp ( e x a m p l e 1 0 . 1 0 ) b11 =0.001 b12 = -0.0005 b22 =0.0024 q1 =0.08 r1 =16 q2 =0.08 r2 =12 lamda =20 p2 =0 for x =1:4 p1 =(1 -( r1 / lamda ) -(2* p2 * b12 ) ) /(( q1 / lamda ) +2* b11 ) p2 =(1 -( r2 / lamda ) -(2* p1 * b12 ) ) /(( q2 / lamda ) +2* b22 ) end pl = b11 * p1 ^2+2* b12 * p1 * p2 + b22 * p2 ^2 pr = p1 + p2 - pl printf ( t h u s \ t p1=%2 . 1fMW, p2=%2 . 1fMW\ n p l=%1 . 1fMW\ npower r e s e v i e d %2 . 1fMW ,p1 , p2 , pl , pr )
98
Scilab code Exa 10.11 COST CHARACTERISTIC UNDER COMBAINED STATIONS CONDITION
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
clear clc disp ( e x a m p l e 1 0 . 1 1 ) a1 =561; b1 =7.92; c1 =0.001562 a2 =310; b2 =7.85; c2 =0.00194 ce = c1 * c2 /( c1 + c2 ) printf ( \ n c e=%e , ce ) be =(( b1 / c1 ) +( b2 / c2 ) ) * ce printf ( \ nbe=%1 . 4 f , be ) ae = a1 -(( b1 ^2) /4* c1 ) + a2 -(( b2 ^2) /4* c2 ) +(( be ^2) /4* ce ) printf ( a e=%3 . 3 f \ n c o s t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f c o m p o s i t e u n i t f o r demand p t i s \ n c t=%3 . 3 f+%1 . 4 f p1+%ep1 2 ,ae , ae , be , ce )
clear clc disp ( e x a m p l e 1 0 . 1 2 ) a1 =7700; b1 =52.8; c1 =5.5*10^ -3 a2 =2500; b2 =15; c2 =0.05 // g i v e n e q u t i o n plo =200; pup =800 ct =1000 l =[500 ,900 ,1200 ,500]; t =[6 16 20 24] // from g i v e n graph function [ p1 , p2 ]= cost ( y ) p1 =(2* c2 *y -( b1 - b2 ) ) /(2*( c1 + c2 ) ) p2 =y - p1 endfunction ma = max ( l ) 99
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mi = min ( l ) for x =1:3 [ e g ]= cost ( l ( x ) ) if e < plo |g < plo |e > pup |g > pup then if e < plo |g < plo then [v , u ]= min (e , g ) if u ==1 then e = plo g = l ( x ) -e else g = plo e = l ( x ) -g end end end printf ( \ np1=%3 . 2fMW\ t p 2=%3 . 2fMW ,e , g ) end
i t s own
100
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l o a d Rs% . 3 f p e r h o u r , toco ) l = p1 + p2 p11 =( b2 - b1 +2* c2 * l ) /(2*( c1 + c2 ) ) p22 =l - p11 totco = cost ( a1 , b1 , c1 , p11 ) + cost ( a2 , b2 , c2 , p22 ) sav = toco - totco tilo = p11 - p1 disp ( ( b ) ) printf ( \ n t o t a l c o s t when l o a d i s s u p p l i e d i n e c o n o m i c l o a d d i s p a t c h method Rs%d p e r h o u r \ n s a v i n g %. 3 f \ n t i e l i n e l o a d %. 3 f M W , totco , sav , tilo )
clear clc disp ( e x a m p l e 1 0 . 1 4 ) a1 =5000; b1 =450; c1 =0.5; // f o r s y s t e m 1 e1 =0.02; e2 = -0.02 // e r r o r a1c = a1 *(1 - e1 ) ; b1c = b1 *(1 - e1 ) ; c1c = c1 *(1 - e1 ) a2c = a1 *(1 - e2 ) ; b2c = b1 *(1 - e2 ) ; c2c = c1 *(1 - e2 ) tl =200 function [ co ]= cost (a ,b ,c , p ) co = a + b * p + c * p ^2 endfunction p11 =( b2c - b1c +2* c2c * tl ) /(2*( c1c + c2c ) ) p22 = tl - p11 totco = cost ( a1c , b1c , c1c , p11 ) + cost ( a2c , b2c , c2c , p22 ) printf ( \ npower a t s t a t i o n 1 i s %dMW \ t power a t s t a t i o n 2 i s %dMW \ n t o t a l c o s t on e c o n o m i c c r i t i e r i a method Rs%d p e r h o u r ,p11 , p22 , totco ) 101
16 tocoe = cost ( a1c , b1c , c1c , tl /2) + cost ( a2c , b2c , c2c , tl /2) 17 eop = tocoe - totco 18 printf ( \ n e x t r a o p e r a t i n g c o s t due t o e r r o n e o u s
s c h e d u l i n g Rs . %d p e r h o u r , eop )
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clc clear all disp ( e x a m p l e 10 1 5 ) c1 =0.002; b1 =0.86; a1 =20 c2 =0.004; b2 =1.08; a2 =20 c3 =0.0028; b3 =0.64; a3 =36 fc =500 maxl =120 minl =36 tl =200 d =[1 1 1;2* fc * c1 - fc *2* c2 0;0 - fc *2* c2 fc *2* c3 ] p =[ tl ; fc *( b2 - b1 ) ; fc *( b2 - b3 ) ] pp = inv ( d ) * p // m a t r i x i n v e r s i o n method printf ( \ n l o a d s on g e n e r a a t i n g s t a t i o n by e c o n o m i c c r e a t i r i a n method i s %dMW,%dMW,%dMW , pp (1) , pp (2) , pp (3) ) for i =1:3 if pp ( i ) < minl then pp ( i ) = minl printf ( \ n l o a d on g e n e r a t i n g s t a t i o n %d i s l e s s t h e n minimum v a l u e %dMW \ n s o i t i s made e q u a l t o minimum v a l u e %dMW ,i , minl , minl ) e =[1 1; d (2 ,1) -d (3 ,3) ] q =[( tl - pp ( i ) ) ; - p ( i ) ] 102
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qq = inv ( e ) * q // m a t r i x i n v e r s i o n method printf ( \ n l o a d s on g e n e r a a t i n g s t a t i o n by e c o n o m i c c r e a t i r i a n method i s %. 3fMW,%. 3fMW , qq (1) , qq (2) ) end if pp ( i ) > maxl then pp ( i ) = maxl printf ( \ n l o a d on g e n e r a t i n g s t a t i o n %d i s g r e a t e r t h a n maximum v a l u e %dMW \ n s o i t i s made e q u a l t o mmaximum v a l u e %dMW ,i , maxl , maxl ) e =[1 1; d (2 ,1) -d (3 ,3) ] q =[( tl - pp ( i ) ) ; - p ( i ) ] qq = inv ( e ) * q // m a t r i x i n v e r s i o n method printf ( \ n l o a d s on g e n e r a a t i n g s t a t i o n by e c o n o m i c c r e a t i r i a n method i s %. 2fMW,%. 2fMW , qq (1) , qq (2) ) end end
Scilab code Exa 10.16 COMPARITION BETWEEN UNIFORM LOAD AND DISTRUBTED LOAD
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clc clear all disp ( e x a m p l e 1 0 . 1 6 ) // g i v e n ia =32; ib =32; ic =1.68; f =10^5 wt =18; rt =24 - wt p =30 function [ in ]= inpu (a ,b ,c ,f ,t , p ) in =( a + b * p + c * p ^2) * f * t endfunction hi1 = inpu ( ia , ib , ic ,f , wt , p ) ; hi2 = inpu ( ia , ib , ic ,f , rt , p /2) 103
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disp ( ( a ) ) printf ( f o r f u l l l o a d c o n d i t i o n f o r %d h o u r s i s %ekj \ n f o r h a l f l o a d c o n d i t i o n for%d s %ekj \ n t o t a l l o a d %ekj ,wt , hi1 , rt , hi2 , hi1 + hi2 ) disp ( ( b ) ) te = p * wt +( p /2) * rt ul = te /24 hin = inpu ( ia , ib , ic ,f ,24 , ul ) sav = hi1 + hi2 - hin savp = sav /( te *1000) printf ( \ n t o t a l e n e r g y p r o d u c e d \t%dMW \ n u n i f o r l o a d \t%dMW \ n h e a t i n p u t u n d e r u n i f o r m l o a d c o n d i t i o n %ekj \ n s a v i n g i n h e a t e n e r g y %ekj \ n s a v i n g i n h e a t e n e r g y p e r kWh %dkj /kWh ,te , ul , hin , sav , savp )
clc clear all disp ( e x a m p l e 1 0 . 1 7 ) // g i v e n a1 =450; b1 =6.5; c1 =0.0013 a2 =300; b2 =7.8; c2 =0.0019 a3 =80; b3 =8.1; c3 =0.005 tl =800 // t o t a l l o a d ma (1) =600 mi (1) =100 ma (2) =400 mi (2) =50 ma (3) =200 mi (3) =50 104
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c r e a t i r i a n method i s p 1=%fMW, p2=%fMW, p3=%fMW , pp (1) , pp (2) , pp (3) ) for i =1:3 if pp ( i ) < mi ( i ) then pp ( i ) = mi ( i ) end if pp ( i ) > ma ( i ) then pp ( i ) = ma ( i ) end end pp (2) = tl - pp (1) - pp (3) printf ( \ n l o a d s on g e n e r a t i n g s t a t i o n u n d e r c r i t i c a l c o n d i t i o n s p1= %dMW p2= %dMW p3= %dMW , pp (1) , pp (2) , pp (3) )
105
week d a y s wld =[ wlld 0] we =[0 5 17 21 24] // g i v e n week e n d s wed =[100 150 200 150] // g i v e n l o a d i n week e n d s wed =[ wed 0] h =90 // head f =50 // f l o w et =0.97 // i s a v a i l a b l e f o r 97 p e r s e n t eff =0.9 // e f f i c i e n c y tl =0.05 // t r a n s m i s s i o n l o s s pa =735.5* f * h * eff /75 // power a v a i l a b l e nap = pa *(1 - tl ) // n e t a v a i l a b l e power 106
107
he = nap *24/1000 // h y d r o e n e r g y f o r 24 i n M W he1 = round ( he /100) *100 [m , n ]= size ( wd ) [x , y ]= min ( wlld ) [q , r ]= max ( wlld ) for i =1: n -1 fl ( i ) = wd ( i +1) - wd ( i ) end [o , p ]= size ( we ) for i =1: p -1 fll ( i ) = we ( i +1) - we ( i ) end for j = x :10: q pp = wlld - j for l =1: n -1 if pp ( l ) <0 then pp ( l ) =0 end end heq = pp * fl heq = round ( heq /100) *100 if heq == he1 then break end end // r e a r r a n g e i n g f o r p l o t subplot (211) plot2d2 ( wd , wld ) xtitle ( c h r o n o l o g i c a l l o a d c u r v e f o r week day f o r e x a m p l e 1 1 . 1 , h o u r o f day , l o a d M W ) 45 subplot (212) 46 plot2d2 ( we , wed ) 47 xtitle ( c h r o n o l o g i c a l l o a d c u r v e f o r weekend day f o r e x a m p l e 1 1 . 1 , h o u r o f day , l o a d M W )
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printf ( power a v a i l a b l e from t h e h y d r o p l a n t f o r %dMW o f t h e t i m e i s %. 2fMW , et *100 , pa /1000) 50 printf ( \ n n e t a v a i l a b l e h y d r a power a f t e r t a k i n g t r a n s m i s s i o n l o s s i n t o a c c o u n t %. 2fMW , nap /100) 108
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printf ( \ nhydro e n e r g y a v a i l a b l e d u r i n g 24 h o u r s %. 2 fMW , he ) printf ( \ n t h e m a g n i t u d e o f h y d r o power i s %dMW \ n t o t a l c a p a c i t y o f h y d r o p l a n t r e q u i r e d on week d a y s %dMW ,q -j ,( q - j ) /(1 - tl ) ) printf ( c a p a c i t y o f t h e r m a l p l a n t on week d a y s %dMW ,q ) printf ( \ n t h e s c h e d u l e f o r h y d r o p l a n t i s on week days ) for i =1: n if wd ( i ) >12 then wd ( i ) = wd ( i ) -12 end end disp ( wd ) disp ( round ( pp /(1 - tl ) ) ) disp ( t h e s c h e d u l e f o r t h e r m a l p l a n t i s on week d a y s ) disp ( wd ) disp ( wlld - pp ) [m , n ]= size ( we ) [x , y ]= min ( wed ) [q , r ]= max ( wed ) for j = x :10: q pp = wed - j for l =1: n -1 if pp ( l ) <0 then pp ( l ) =0 end end pp ( n ) =[] heq = pp * fll heq = floor ( heq /100) *100 if heq == he1 then break end end printf ( \ n t h e m a g n i t u d e o f h y d r o power i s %dMW \ 109
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n t o t a l c a p a c i t y o f h y d r o p l a n t r e q u i r e d on week e n d s %dMW ,q -j ,( q - j ) /(1 - tl ) ) printf ( c a p a c i t y o f t h e r m a l p l a n t on week e n d s %dMW ,q ) printf ( \ n t h e s c h e d u l e f o r h y d r o p l a n t i s on week ends ) for i =1: n if we ( i ) >12 then we ( i ) = we ( i ) -12 end end disp ( we ) disp ( round ( pp /(1 - tl ) ) ) disp ( t h e s c h e d u l e f o r t h e r m a l p l a n t i s on week d a y s ) disp ( we ) pp ( n ) =0 disp ( wed - pp )
Scilab code Exa 11.2 generation schedule and daily water usage of power plant clc clear all disp ( e x a m p l e 1 1 . 2 ) // g i v e n l1 =700; t1 =14; l2 =500; t2 =10 ac =24; bc =0.02 // v a r i a b l e s o f c o s t e q u a t i o n aw =6; bw =0.0025 // v a r i a b l e s o f w a t e r e q u a n t i t y equation 8 b22 =0.0005 // l o s s c o e f f i c i e n t 9 r2 =2.5 10 lam =1:0.001:40 110
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11 gg =1; q =1 12 for lam =25:0.001:40 13 a =[2* bc 0;0 r2 * bw *2+2* b22 * lam ] 14 b =[ lam - ac ; lam - aw * r2 ] 15 p = inv ( a ) * b 16 g = round ( p (1) + p (2) ) 17 l = round ( l1 + b22 * p (2) ^2) 18 lq = round ( l2 + b22 * p (2) ^2) 19 if g >= l then 20 printf ( \ n f o r l o a d c o n d i t i o n %dMW \ n then , \
21 22 end 23 end 24 for lam =25:0.001:40 25 a =[2* bc 0;0 r2 * bw *2+2* b22 * lam ] 26 b =[ lam - ac ; lam - aw * r2 ] 27 pq = inv ( a ) * b 28 g = round ( pq (1) + pq (2) ) 29 lq = round ( l2 + b22 * pq (2) ^2) 30 31 if g >= lq then 32 printf ( \ n f o r l o a d c o n d i t i o n %dMW \ n then , \
n \ t lamda %f \ t p1=%fMW \ n \ t p2=%fMW \ t p l=%fMW ,l1 , lam , p (1) ,p (2) ,2* b22 * p (2) ) break
n \ t lamda %f \ t p1=%fMW \ n \ t p2=%fMW \ t p l=%fMW ,l2 , lam , pq (1) , pq (2) ,2* b22 * pq (2) ) break
]*3600 37 doc =[( ac + bc * p (1) ) * p (1) * t1 +( ac + bc * pq (1) ) * pq (1) * t2 ] 38 printf ( \ n d a i l y w a t e r u s e d %fm3 \ n d a i l y o p e r a t i n g c o s t o f t h e r m a l p l a n t Rs%f ,dwu , doc )
111
Scilab code Exa 11.3 water usage and cost of water by hydro power plant
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clc clear all disp ( e x a m p l e 1 1 . 3 ) // g i v e n p =250 // l o a d rt =14 // run t i m e t =24 // t o t a l t i m e ac =5; bc =8; cc =0.05 // v a r i a b l e s o f c o s t e q u a t i o n bw =30; cw =0.05 // v a r i a b l e s o f w a t e r p e r power qw =500 // q u a n t i t y o f w a t e r lam = bc + cc *2* p // lambda a = - qw *(10^6) /(3600* rt ) inn = sqrt ( bw ^2 -4* cw * a ) phh1 =( - bw + inn ) /(2* cw ) // s o l u t i o n o f q u a d r a t i c equation phh2 =( - bw - inn ) /(2* cw ) if phh1 >0 then r = lam /( bw + cw * phh1 ) printf ( h y d r o p l a n t power i s %fMW \ n t h e c o s t o f w a t e r i s %fRs . p e r h o u r /m3/ s e c , phh1 , r ) end if phh2 >0 then r = lam /( bw + cw * phh2 ) printf ( h y d r o p l a n t power i s %fMW \ n t h e c o s t o f w a t e r i s %fRs . p e r h o u r /m3/ s e c , phh2 , r ) end
112
clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 12 1 ) p =4000 // g i v e n kva o f a l t e r n a t o r fnl1 =50 // f r e q u e n c y on no l o a d fl1 =47.5 // f r e q u e n c y on l o a d fnl2 =50 // f r e q u e n c y on no l o a d on s e c o n d a l t e r n a t o r fl2 =48 // f r e q u e n c y on l o a d on s e c o n d a l t e r n a t o r l =6000 // l o a d g i v e n two t o a l t e r n a t o r df1 = fnl1 - fl1 // c h a n g e i n 1 a l t e r n a t o r f r e q u e n c y df2 = fnl2 - fl2 // c h a n g e i n 2 a l t e r n a t o r f r e q u e n c y l1 = df2 *( l ) /( df2 + df1 ) // l o a d on 1 a l t e r n a t o r disp ( a ) l2 =l - l1 printf ( l o a d on 1 a l t e r n a t o r %. 2 fkW \ n l o a d on 2 a l t e r n a t o r %. 2 fkW ,l1 , l2 ) 16 ml1 = df2 * p / df1 // l o a d on 1 machine when machine 2 on f u l l l o a d 17 ll = ml1 + p 113
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Scilab code Exa 12.2 dierent parameters between parallel operation of generator
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clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 1 2 2 ) l1 =3000 // l o a d on 1 machine pf1 =0.8 // p f on 1 machine i2 =150 // c u r r e n t on 2 machine z1 =0.4+12* %i // s y n c h r o n o u r i m p e d e n c e z2 =0.5+10* %i vt =6.6 // t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e al = l1 /2 // a c t i v e l o a d on e a c h machine cosdb = al /( vt * i2 * sqrt (3) ) // c o s db db = acosd ( cosdb ) // a n g l e i n d i g r e e ib = i2 * complex ( cosdb , - sind ( db ) ) // c u r r e n t i n c o m p l e x number it = l1 /( vt * pf1 * sqrt (3) ) // t o t a l c u r r e n t itc = complex ( it * pf1 , - it * sind ( acosd ( pf1 ) ) ) // t o t a l c u r r e n t i n complex ia = itc - ib pfa = atan ( imag ( ia ) / real ( ia ) ) // p f o f c u r r e n t a ea =( vt / sqrt (3) ) + ia *( z1 ) /1000 // v o l t a g e a pha = atand ( imag ( ea ) / real ( ea ) ) // p h a s e a n g l e o f u n i t a printf ( i n d u c e d emf o f a machine a %. 2 f+%. 2 f i =%fkV p e r p h a s e , real ( ea ) , imag ( ea ) , abs ( ea ) ) eb =( vt / sqrt (3) ) + ib *( z2 ) /1000 // v o l t a g e b phb = atand ( imag ( eb ) / real ( eb ) ) // p h a s e a n g l e o f u n i t 114
two m a c h i n e s z1 =2+20* %i ; z2 =2.5+30* %i // i m p e d e n c e o f two s y n c h r o n o u s machine zl =10+4* %i // l o a d i m p e d e n c e e11 = e1 *( cosd ( ph1 ) + sind ( ph1 ) * %i ) e22 = e2 *( cosd ( ph2 ) + sind ( ph2 ) * %i ) is =( e11 - e22 ) * zl /( z1 * z2 +( z1 + z2 ) * zl ) printf ( c u r r e n t i s %. 2 f% . 2 f i A =%. 2 fA , real ( is ) , imag ( is ) , abs ( is ) )
Scilab code Exa 12.4 dierent parameters between parallel operation of generator
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clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 12 4 ) z =10+5* %i // l o a d e1 =250; e2 =250 // emf o f g e n e r a t o r z1 =2* %i ; z2 =2* %i // s y n c h r o n o u s i m p e d e n c e 115
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real ( v ) ) // s u b s t i t u t i o n t h e v a l u e i n e q u a t i o n 12.10 i1 =( z2 * e1 +( e1 - e2 ) * z ) /( z1 * z2 +( z1 + z2 ) * z ) ; iph = atand ( imag ( i1 ) / real ( i1 ) ) // s u b s t i t u t i o n t h e v a l u e i n equation 12.7 pf1 = cosd ( vph - iph ) pd = v * i1 * pf1 printf ( t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e %. 2 fV \ n c u r r e n t s u p p l i e d by e a c h %. 2 fA \ npower f a c t o r o f e a c h %. 3 f l a g g i n g \ npower d e l i v e r e d by e a c h %. 4 fKW , abs ( v ) , abs ( i1 ) , abs ( pf1 ) , abs ( pd ) )
Scilab code Exa 12.5 synchronising power per mechanical degree of angular displacement
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clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 12 5 ) po =5 //mva r a t i n g v =10 // v o l t a g e i n kv n =1500; ns = n /60 // s p e e d f =50 // f r e a q u e n c y pfb =0.8 // power f a c t o r i n b x =0.2* %i // r e a c t a n c e o f machine md =0.5 // m a c h a n i c a l d i s p l a c e m e n t // no l o a d v =1; e =1; p =4 spu = v * e / abs ( x ) ; sp = spu * po *1000; mt =( %pi * p ) /(180*2) spm = sp * mt // s y n c h r o n o u s power i n p e r mech . d e r e e st = spm * md *1000/(2* ns * %pi ) disp ( ( a ) ) 116
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printf ( s y n c h r o n o u s power %dkW \ n s y n c h r o n o u s t o r q u e f o r %. 1 f d i s p l a c e m e n t %dN M ,spm , md , st ) disp ( ( b ) f u l l l o a d ) ee = e + x *( pfb - sind ( acosd ( pfb ) ) * %i ) spb = v * abs ( ee ) * cosd ( atand ( imag ( ee ) / real ( ee ) ) ) / abs ( x ) // s y n c h r o n o u s power sppm = spb * po *1000* mt // s y n c h r o n o u s power p e r mech . degree stp = sppm * md *1000/(2* %pi * ns ) // s y n c h r o u n o u s t o r q u e under load printf ( s y n c h r o n o u s power %dkW \ n s y n c h r o n o u s t o r q u e f o r %. 1 f d i s p l a c e m e n t %dN M , sppm , md , stp )
Scilab code Exa 12.6 synchronising power per mechanical degree of angular displacement
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clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 12 6 ) po =2*10^6; p =8; n =750; v =6000; x =6* %i ; pf =0.8; // g i v e n i = po /( v * sqrt (3) ) e =( v / sqrt (3) ) + i * x *( pf - sind ( acosd ( pf ) ) * %i ) mt = p * %pi /(2*180) cs = cosd ( atand ( imag ( e ) / real ( e ) ) ) ps = abs ( e ) * v * sqrt (3) * cs * mt /(1000* abs ( x ) ) ns = n /60 ts = ps *1000/(2* %pi * ns ) printf ( s y n c h r o n o u s power %. 1 fkW p e r mech . d e g r e e \ n s y n c h r o u n o u s t o r q u e %dNm ,ps , ts )
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g i v e n , c u r r e n t s , power f a c t o r , v o l t a g e , r e a c t a n c e , d e l t a w. r . t steem supply , pf o f a l t e r n a t o r e =( v / sqrt (3) ) +( i * x *( pf - sind ( acosd ( pf ) ) * %i ) ) disp ( a ) ph = atand ( imag ( e ) / real ( e ) ) printf ( open c i r c u i t emf % d v o l t s p e r p h a s e and %. 2 f d e g r e e , abs ( e ) , ph ) d = ds - ph eee = round ( abs ( e ) /100) *100 ic = round ( abs ( eee ) * sind ( d ) / abs ( x ) ) iis =( eee ^2 -( abs ( x ) * ic ) ^2) ^(0.5) is =( iis - v / sqrt (3) ) / abs ( x ) tad = is / ic d = atand ( tad ) ii = ic / cosd ( d ) pff = cosd ( d ) disp ( b . ) printf ( c u r r e n t %. 1 fA \ n power f a c t o r %. 3 f ,ii , pff ) disp ( c . ) ia = ii * pff / abs ( pfc ) printf ( c u r r e n t %. 2 fA , ia )
118
clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 1 3 . 1 ) pg =3000 // kva r a t i n g o f g e n e r a t o r s s i n g l e p h a s e xg =0.1 // 10 % r e a c t a n s e o f g e n e r a t o r vg =11 // v o l t a g e a t t h e t e r m i n a l s o f g e n e r a t o r xbf =5 // r e a c t a n s e o f f e e d e r f r o n bus t o f a u l t pb = pg ; vb = vg ; ib = pg / vg // l e t power and v o l t a g e o f a s r e s p e c t i v e base then c u r r e n t base zb =( vb *10^3) / ib // b a s e i m p e d e n c e xpu = xbf / zb // p e r u n i t r e a c t a n c e o f f e e d e r tx =( xg /2) +( xpu ) // t o t a l r e a c t a n c e sckva = pg / tx // s h o r t c i r c u i t kva i s r a t i o o f p o w e r t o total reactance sci = sckva / vg // s h o r t c i r c u i t c u r r e n t disp ( a ) printf ( p . u . f e e d e r r e a c t o r %. 3 f p . u \ n t o t a l 119
16 17 18 19 20
r e a c t a n c e i s %. 3 f p . u \ n s h o r t c i r c u i t kVA %dkVA \ n s h o r t c i r c u i t c u r r e n t %. 1 fA ,xpu , tx , sckva , sci ) gz = zb * xg // g e n e r a t o r i m p e d e n c e tz =( gz /2) + xbf // t o t a l i m p e d e n c e scc =( vg *10^3) / tz // s h o r t c i r c u i t c u r r e n t i n ampears disp ( b ) printf ( g e n e r a t o r i m p e d e n c e %. 3 fohm \ n t o t a l i m p e d e n c e %. 3 f ohm \ n s h o r t c i r c u i t c u r r e n t %. 1 fA ,gz , tz , scc )
clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 1 3 . 2 ) pa1 =20000 ; pa2 =30000 // kva i n i n 3 ph power va1 =11 ; va2 =11 // v o l t a g e i n k i l o v o l t s pt1 =20000 ; pt2 =30000 // kva o f 3 ph t r a n s f o r m e r vpt1 =11 ; vpt2 =11 // v o l t a g e o f p r i m e r y o f transformer vst1 =132 ; vst2 =132 // v o l t a g e o f s e c o n d a r y o f transformer xg1 =0.5 ; xg2 =0.65 // r e a c t a n c e o f g e n e r a t o r xt1 =0.05 ; xt2 =0.05 // r e a c t a n c e o f t r a n s f o r m e r w i t h t h e i r own kva pb = pa2 ; vbg = va2 ; vbt = vpt2 ; // a s s u m e i n g b a s e q u a n t o t i e s xtn1 = xt1 * pb / pa1 ; xtn2 = xt2 * pb / pa2 // t r a n s f o r m e r r e a c t a n c e w i t h new b a s e xgn1 = xg1 * pb / pa1 ; xgn2 = xg2 * pb / pa2 xn1 = xtn1 + xgn1 ; xn2 = xtn2 + xgn2 // r e a c t a n c e e up t o f a u l t from e a c h g e n e r a t o r xn =( xn1 * xn2 ) /( xn1 + xn2 ) // e q u a l e n t r e a c t a n c e b e t w e e n g e n e r a t o r and f a u l t 120
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
sckva = pb / xn ; // s h o r t c i r c u i t KVA disp ( ( a ) ) printf ( e q u i v a l e n t r e a c t a n c e i s %. 4 f p . u c i r c u i t KVA %dKVA ,xn , sckva ) disp ( ( b ) ) sccb = sckva /( vst1 * sqrt (3) ) sccg1 = sccb *( xn2 /( xn1 + xn2 ) ) * vst1 / vpt1 sccg2 = sccb *( xn1 /( xn1 + xn2 ) ) * vst2 / vpt2 printf ( s h o r t c i r c u i t c u r r e n t on bus b a r \n s h o r t c i r c u i t c u r r e n t o f g e n e r a t o r \n s h o r t c i r c u i t c u r r e n t o f g e n e r a t o r \ n , sccb , sccg1 , sccg2 )
\n s h o r t
s i d e %. 1 fA 1 i s %. 1 fA 2 i s %. 1 fA
clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 1 3 . 3 ) pa1 =20000 ; pa2 =30000 // kva i n i n 3 ph power va1 =11 ; va2 =11 // v o l t a g e i n k i l o v o l t s pt1 =20000 ; pt2 =30000 // kva o f 3 ph t r a n s f o r m e r vpt1 =11 ; vpt2 =11 // v o l t a g e o f p r i m e r y o f transformer vst1 =132 ; vst2 =132 // v o l t a g e o f s e c o n d a r y o f transformer xg1 =0.5 ; xg2 =0.65 // r e a c t a n c e o f g e n e r a t o r xt1 =0.05 ; xt2 =0.05 // r e a c t a n c e o f t r a n s f o r m e r w i t h t h e i r own kva pb = pa2 ; vbg = va2 ; vbt = vpt2 ; // a s s u m e i n g b a s e q u a n t o t i e s xtn1 = xt1 * pb / pa1 ; xtn2 = xt2 * pb / pa2 // t r a n s f o r m e r r e a c t a n c e w i t h new b a s e xgn1 = xg1 * pb / pa1 ; xgn2 = xg2 * pb / pa2 xn1 = xtn1 + xgn1 ; xn2 = xtn2 + xgn2 // r e a c t a n c e e up t o 121
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f a u l t from e a c h g e n e r a t o r xn =( xn1 * xn2 ) /( xn1 + xn2 ) // e q u a l e n t r e a c t a n c e b e t w e e n g e n e r a t o r and f a u l t sckva = pb / xn ; // s h o r t c i r c u i t KVA pf =50000 // f a u l t kva r a t i n g xf = pb / pf // r e a c t a n c e from f a u l t xx = xf * xn1 /( xn1 - xf ) x = xx - xn2 // r e a c t a n c e t o be added bi =( vst1 ^2) *1000/( pb ) xo = x * bi printf ( r e a c t a n c e t o be added i n c i r c u i t o f g e n e r a t o r 2 have %. 1 f p . u . \ n r e a c t a n c e i n ohms % . 1 f ,x , xo )
of
generator
5 x1 = xgb + xb ; 6 x = x1 * x1 * xgb /( x1 * x1 + x1 * xgb + x1 * xgb ) 7 f = pa / x 8 printf ( t o t a l r e a c t a n c e %. 4 f . p . u \ n f a u l t MVA %. 1
fMVA ,x , f )
122
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 1 3 5 ) vb =33 pb =20; zb = vb ^2/ pb // b a s e v o l t a g e and b a s e power pa1 =10; pa2 =10; xa1 =0.08; xa2 =0.08; // g i v e n power and reactance f or d i f f e r e n t branches pbb =20; xb =0.06; pc =15; xc =0.12; pd =20; xd =0.08; xab =2.17; xbc =3.26; xcd =1.63; xda =4.35; xap1 = xa1 * pb / pa1 ; xap2 = xa2 * pb / pa2 ; xap = xap1 * xap2 /( xap1 + xap2 ) xbp = xb * pb / pbb ; xcp = xc * pb / pc ; xdp = xd * pb / pd ; // g e n e r a t o r s r e a c t a n c e i n p e r u n i t xabp = round ( xab *100/ zb ) /100; xbcp = round ( xbc *100/ zb ) /100; xcdp = round ( xcd *100/ zb ) /100; xdap = round ( xda *100/ zb ) /100 // r e a c t a n c e i n p e r u n i t b e t w e e n bus function [ s1 , s2 , s3 ]= del2star ( d12 , d23 , d31 ) dsum = d12 + d23 + d31 s1 = d12 * d31 /( dsum ) s2 = d12 * d23 /( dsum ) s3 = d31 * d23 / dsum endfunction function [ d12 , d31 , d23 ]= star2del ( s1 , s2 , s3 ) d12 = s1 + s2 +( s1 * s2 ) / s3 d23 = s2 + s3 +( s2 * s3 ) / s1 d31 = s3 + s1 +( s3 * s1 ) / s2 endfunction [ xac , xrc , xra ]= star2del ( xcdp , xdap , xdp ) rc = xrc * xcp /( xrc + xcp ) ra = xra * xap /( xra + xap ) [ xpr , xpc , xpa ]= del2star ( xac , rc , ra ) xf1 = xbcp + xpc xf2 = xpr + xabp xf = xf1 * xf2 /( xf1 + xf2 ) xfr = xf + xpa 123
Scilab code Exa 13.6 ratio of mech stresses on short circuit to mech stresses on full load
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 13 6 ) p =150 // g i v e n , power v =11 // g i v e n v o l t a g e xg =0.12 // r e a c t a n c e o f g e n e r a t o r xb =0.08 // r e a c t a n c e o f l i n e scca =1/ xg ms = scca ^2 sccb =1/( xg + xb ) ms1 = sccb ^2 disp ( a ) printf ( s h o r t c i r c u i t c u r r e n t i s %. 3 f p . u \ n r a t i o o f m e c h a n i c a l s t r e s s on s h o r t c i r c u i t t o a e c h . s t r e s s e s on f u l l l o a d %. 2 f , scca , ms ) 14 disp ( b ) 15 printf ( s h o r t c i r c u i t c u r r e n t i s w i t h r e a c t o r %. 3 f p . u \ n r a t i o o f m e c h a n i c a l s t r e s s on s h o r t c i r c u i t t o a e c h . s t r e s s e s on f u l l l o a d w i t h r e a c t o r %. f , sccb , ms1 )
124
clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 1 3 7 ) xf = complex (0 ,0.04) pf =0.8; ph = acosd ( pf ) v =1; i =1; // l e t v and i vb = v + i * xf *( complex ( cosd ( ph ) ,- sind ( ph ) ) ) iv = vb - abs ( v ) ; printf ( bus b a r v o l t a g e %. 4 f . p . u a t a n g l e %. 1 f \ n i n c r e a s e i n v o l t a g e %. 4 f =%. 4 f p e r s e n t , abs ( vb ) , atand ( imag ( vb ) / real ( vb ) ) ,iv , iv *100)
clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 13 8 ) ; p1 =30; x1 =0.3 // power and r e a c t a n c e o f d i f f e r e n t s e t s p2 =30; x2 =0.3 p3 =20; x3 =0.3 l =10 ; xl =0.04 pb = p1 ; xp3 = x3 * pb / p3 tr =( xp3 * x1 * x2 ) /( xp3 * x1 + xp3 * x2 + x1 * x2 ) sc = pb / tr disp ( a )
125
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printf ( t o t a l r e a c t a n c e %. 4 f p . u \ n s h o r t c i r c u i t MVA on l . v . bus %. 2 fMVA ,tr , sc ) disp ( b ) xlp = xl * pb / l trr = tr + xlp scc = pb / trr printf ( t o t a l r e a c t a n c e s e e n from h . v . s i d e o f t r a n s f o r m e r %. 2 f p . u \ n s h o r t c i r c u i t MVA %. 2 fMVA ,trr , scc )
clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 13 9 ) p1 =30; x1 =0.15; p2 =10; x2 =0.125; pt =10; vs =3.3; pm =100 pb = p1 // l e t b a s e a s power o f u n i t 1 x22 = x2 * pb / p2 ; x11 = x1 * pb / p1 xx =1/((1/ x22 ) +(1/ x11 ) +(1/ x11 ) ) xl =( pb / pm ) - xx xt2 = xl * pt / pb bi = vs ^2/ pt xtt = xt2 * bi disp ( a ) printf ( r e a c t a n c e o f t r a n s f o r m e r i s %. 4 f . p . u \ n r e a c t a n c e o f t r a n s f o r m e r on %dMVA b a s e i s %. 5 f p . u . \ n r e a c t a n c e o f t r a n s f o r m e r %. 4 fohm ,xl , pt , xl , xtt )
126
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
f r e q u e n c y / x=r e a c t a n c e / i f f =f e e d e r r e a c t a n c e t a k e off pa =20; va =11; f =50; xa =0.2; pb =30; xb =0.2; pf =10; xf =0.06; iff =0.5 pba =20; vba =11 xap = xa * pba / pb xfp = xf * pba / pf nx = xfp +( xa /2) *( xa /2+ xap ) /( xa + xap ) fcp = nx ^( -1) bc = pba *1000/( va * sqrt (3) ) fc = fcp * bc disp ( a ) printf ( f a u l t c u r r e n t %. 2 fohm , fc ) ic = iff * fcp xtx = ic ^( -1) xn = xtx - nx zb = va ^2/ pba xnn = xn * zb disp ( b ) printf ( r e a c t a n c e r e q u i r e d %. 4 fohm , xnn )
127
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clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 13 11 ) n1 =5; x =0.4; d =0.1; g =20 // g i v e n mva =( g / x ) +( g *( n1 -1) /( x + n1 * d ) ) n2 =10 // g i v e n mva2 =( g / x ) +( g *( n2 -1) /( x + n2 * d ) ) disp ( a ) printf ( f a u l t MVA =(g / x ) +(g ( n 1) / ( x+nd ) ) \ n f a u l t l e v e l i s t o e q u a l t o f a u l t MVA i f n= i n f i n i t y ) disp ( b ) printf ( MVA =%. 2 fMVA i f n=%d \ n MVA=%. 2 fMVA i f n=%d ,mva , n1 , mva2 , n2 ) fl = g *((1/ x ) +(1/ d ) ) disp ( c ) printf ( \ n f a u l t l e v e l %dMVA , fl )
128
Scilab code Exa 14.1 speed regulation and frequency drop in alternator
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 1 4 . 1 ) p =100 // r a t i n g o f a l t e r n a t e r sd =0.04 // s p e e d o f a l r t e r n a t o r d r o p s df = -0.1 // c h a n g e i n f r e q u e n c y and d r o p s s o ve f =50 // f r e q u e n c y i s 50 hz r = sd * f / p // r i n hz /M W dp = -( df ) / r printf ( s p e e d r e g u l a t i o n o f a l t e r n a t o r i s %. 2 fHz /M W \ n c h a n g e i n power o u t p u t %dMW ,r , dp )
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 1 4 . 2 ) p =100 // power o f a l t e r n a t o r f =50 // f r e q u e n c y h =5 // h c o n s t a n t o f machine kW s e c kVA inl =50 // l o a d s u d d e n l y i n c r e a s e by de =0.5 // t i m e d e l a y ke = h * p *10^3 // k i n e t i c e n e r g y lke = inl *10^3* de // l o s s i n k i n e t i c e n e r g y nf =((1 -( lke / ke ) ) ^( de ) ) * f // now f r e q u e n c y fd =(1 - nf / f ) *100 // f r e q u e n c y d e v i a t i o n printf ( k i n e t i c e n e r g y s t o r e d a t r a t e d s p e e d %. 1 e kW s e c \ n l o s s i n k i n e t i c e n e r g y due t o i n c r e a s e i n l o a d %. 1 e kW s e c \ n new f r e q u e n c y %. 3 fHz \ n f r e q u e n c y d e v i a t i o n %. 3 f ,ke , lke , nf , fd )
clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 14 3 ) ar1 =500 // a l t e r n a t o r r a t i n g 1 pl =0.5 // e a c h a l t e r n a t o r i s o p e r a t i n g a t h a l f l o a d ar2 =200 // a l t e r n a t o r r a t i n g 2 f =50 // f r e q u e n c y il =140 // l o a d i n c r e a s e by 140 M W fd =49.5 // f r e q u e n c y d r o p s fdd = - f + fd // f r e q u e n c y d e v i a t i o n dp1 =( ar1 * pl ) - il // c h a n g e i n l o a d a l t e r n a t o r 1 dp2 = -( ar2 * pl ) + il // c h a n g e i n l o a d o f a l t e r n a t o r 2 r1 = - fdd / dp1 r2 = - fdd / dp2 130
15
Scilab code Exa 14.4 static frequency drop for change in load
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 1 4 . 4 ) rc =10000 // r a t e d c a p a c i t y r =2 // r e g u l a t i o n i n a l l u n i t s li =0.02 // l o a d i n c r e a s e f =50 // f r e q u e n c y d = rc /(2* f ) // d= p a r t i a l d e r e v a t i v e w i t h r e s p e c t t o frequency d = d / rc b = d +1/ r m = li * rc /2 mpu = m / rc df = - mpu / b dff = - mpu / d printf ( s t a t i c f r e q u e n c y d r o p %fHz \ n f r e q u e n c y d r o p %dHz ,df , dff )
131
6 h =5 7 r =3 8 cf =1 9 10 11 12 13 14
// i n e r t i a l c o n s t e n t // r e g u l a t i o n // 1 %change i n c o r r e s p o n d s t o 1% c h a n g e i n
load f =50 // f r e q u e n c y d = cac /(2* f ) dpu = d /( cac ) kp =1/ dpu tp =2* h /( f * dpu ) printf ( d=%. 2 f p . u .M W/ hz , \ nkp=%dhz/ p . u .M W \ n t p= %dsecond ,dpu , kp , tp )
Scilab code Exa 14.6 frequency drop and increased generation to meet the increase in load
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 1 4 . 6 ) rc =10000 // r a t e d c a p a c i t y r =2 // r e g u l a t i o n i n a l l u n i t s li =0.02 // l o a d i n c r e a s e f =50 // f r e q u e n c y d = rc /(2* f ) // d= p a r t i a l d e r e v a t i v e w i t h r e s p e c t t o frequency dd = d / rc b = dd +1/ r m = li * rc /2 mpu = m / rc df = - mpu / b dff = - mpu / dd cf = abs ( df * d ) inc = -( df / r ) *10^4 printf ( t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f f r e q u e n c y d r o p t o meet 132
Scilab code Exa 14.7 frequency deviation before the value opens to meet the load demand clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 1 4 . 7 ) p =100 //MVA o f g e n e r a t e d f =50 // f r e q u e n c y rpm =3000 // no l o a d rpm lad =25 // l o a d a p p l i e d t o t h e m a c h i e n e t =0.5 // t i m e d e l a y h =4.5 // i n e r t i a c o n s t e n t ke = h * p // k i n e t i c e n e r g y i s p r o d u c t o f h p lke = lad * t // l o s s o f ke nf =((( ke - lke ) / ke ) ^ t ) * f // new f r e q u e n c y ((1 l k e / ke ) t )f 13 fd =(1 -( nf / f ) ) *100 // f r e q u e n c y d e v i a t i o n 14 printf ( ke a t no l o a d %dMW s e c \ n l o s s i n k . e due t o l o a d %. 1fMW s e c \ nnew f r e q u e n c y %. 1 fHz \ n f r e q u e n c y d e v i a t i o n %. 1 f p e r c e n t ,ke , lke , nf , fd )
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Scilab code Exa 14.8 largest change in step load for constant duration of frequency
1 clc 2 clear
133
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
disp ( e x a m p l e 1 4 . 8 ) c =4000 // c a p a c i t y f =50 // f r e q u e n c y ol =2500 // o p e r a t i n g l o a d r =2 // s p e e d r e g u l a t i o n h =5 // i n e r t i a l c o n s t a n t dl =0.02 // c h a n g e i n l o a d df =0.01 // c h a n g e i n f r e q u e n c y dff = -0.2 // c h a n g e i n s t e a d y s t a t e f r e q u e n c y d =( dl * ol ) /( df * f ) // dpu = d / c // d i n pu b = dpu +(1/ r ) m = - dff * b printf ( l a r g e s t chang i n l o a d i s %. 3 f p . u .M W = %dMW ,m , m*c) kp =(1/ dpu ) tp =( kp ) *2* h / f tt =( r + kp ) /( r * tp ) // t i m e c o n s t a n t printf ( \ n d f =( d f f ) (1 e %f t ) , tt )
Scilab code Exa 14.9 frequency responce and static frequency error in the absence of secondary loop
1 clc 2 clear 3 disp ( e x a m p l e 1 4 . 9 ) 4 c =4000 // c a p a c i t y o f s y s t e m 5 f =50 // f r e q u e n c y // o p e r a t i n g l o a d=r a t e d a r e a 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
rr = r * f // d =( dl * c ) /( df * f ) dpu = d / c kp =1/ dpu tp =( kp ) *(2* h / f ) tt =( rr + kp ) /( rr * tp ) sfe =( kp * rr * dpu ) /( rr + kp ) ki =(1+( kp / r ) ) ^2/(4* tp * kp ) printf ( d f=%. 5 f (1 e ( %. 1 f ) ) \ n k i=%. 4 f p . u .M W/Hz , sfe , tt , ki )
14 15 16 17 18
clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 1 4 . 1 0 ) tg =0.2 // t i m e c o n s t e n t o f steam t u r b i n e t =2 // t i m e c o n s t a n t o f t u r b i n e h =5 // i n e r t i a c o n s t e n t r =0.04 // g i v e n dl =0.01 // c h a n g e i n l o a d df =0.01 // c h a n g e i n f r e q u e n c y c =1500 // c a p a c i t y f =50 // f r e q u e n c y adl =0.01 //max a l l o w a b l e c h a n g e i n l o a d printf ( \ n t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n o f g o v e r n o r g r= 1/(1+%. 1 f s ) \ n t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n o f t u r b i n e g t =1/(1+%d s ) ,tg , t ) rr = r * f d =( dl * c ) /( df * f ) dpu =( d / c ) kp =(1/ dpu ) tp =( kp *(2* h ) /( f ) ) 135
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27
28 29
30 31 32 33
printf ( \ n t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n o f power s y s t e m \ n Gp=( %d/(1+%d s ) \ n Df=gp / ( 1 + ( 0 . 5 ( g r g t gp ) ) ) ,kp , tp ) ddf = -( kp ) /(1+ kp / r ) dff = df * f m = dff /( ddf ) mm = m * c disp ( ( b ) ) printf ( \ n t h e l a r g e s t s t e p i n t h e l o a d i f t h e f r e q u e n c y c h a n g e by more t h a n %. 2 f i n s t e a d y s t a t e %dMW ,adl , mm ) if mm <0 printf ( \ n t h e minu s i g n i s b e c o s e o f t h e t h a t i f f r e q u e n c y i s t o i n c r e a s e by %f \ n t h e c h a n g e i n l o a d be n e g a t i v e . , adl ) else printf ( \ n t h e l a r g e s t s t e p i n l o a d i f t h e f r e q u e n c y i s t o d e c r e a s e by %f / n t h e c h a n g e i n l o a d be p o s i t i v e , adl ) end disp ( ( c ) ) disp ( when i n t e g r a l c o n t r o l l e r frequency error i s zero ) i s used , s t a t i c
Scilab code Exa 14.11 stactic frequency drop and change in power line with perameters
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
d =0.01 // d i n p . u .M W/Hz dpa =0 // c h a n g e i n power i n u n i t a dpb = -100 // c h a n g e i n power i n u n i t b pbas =10000 // assume b a s e a s 1 0 0 0 0 ra = r * pbas / pa // s p e e d r e g u l a t i o n o f t h e u n i t a da = d * pa / pbas // da o f u n i t b rb = r * pbas / pb // s p e e d r e g u l a t i o n o f u n i t b db = d * pb / pbas // db o f u n i t b ba = da +(1/ ra ) // a r e a f r e q u e n c y r e s p o n s e o f a bb = db +(1/ rb ) // a r e a f r e q u e n c y r e s p o n s e o f b ma = dpa / pbas // c h a n g e i n power a i n p e r u n i t i n unit a mb = dpb / pbas // c h a n g e i n power a i n p e r u n i t i n unit b df =( ma + mb ) /( ba + bb ) // c h a n g e i n f r e q u e n c y dpab =( ba * mb - bb * ma ) /( ba + bb ) // c h a n g e i n power b e t w e e n ab printf ( c h a n g e i n f r e q u e n c y i s %. 5 fHz \ n c h a n g e i n power %. 6 f p . u .M W ,df , dpab )
Scilab code Exa 14.12 change in frequency and change power in dierent area
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 1 4 . 1 2 ) pa =500 // power o f u n i t a pb =2000 // power o f u n i t b ra =2.5 // s p e e d r e g u l a t i o n o f a rb =2 // s p e e d r e g u l a t i o n o f b dl =0.01 // c h a n g e i n l o a d df =0.01 // c h a n g e i n f r e q u e n c y pt =20 // c h a n g e i n t i e l i n e power 137
11 ptl =0 // l e t o t h e r power s t a t i o n h a s z e r o 12 pbas =2000 // assume b a s e a s 2 0 0 0M W 13 f =50 // assume f r e q u e n c y 14 da =( dl * pa ) /( df * f ) // c h a n g e i n power w . r . t f r e q u e n c y 15 dapu = da /( pbas ) // c h a n g e i n power w . r . t f r e q u e n c y 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
in per unit db =( dl * pb ) /( df * f ) // c h a n g e i n power i n u n i t b dbpu = db / pbas // c h a n g e i n power w . r . t f r e q u e n c y in per unit raa = ra * pbas / pa // s p e e d r e g u l a t i o n w i t h p b a s e rbb = rb * pbas / pb // s p e e d r e g u l a t i o n w i t h p b a s e ba = dapu +(1/ raa ) // a r e a f r e q u e n c y r e s p o n s e a bb = dbpu +(1/ rbb ) // a r e a f r e q u e n c y r e s p o n s e b ma = pt / pbas // assume c h a n g e i n power i n u n i t a a l o n e due t o t i e power mb = ptl / pbas // c h a n g e i n power i n u n i t b df = -( ma + mb ) /( ba + bb ) // c h a n g e i n f r e q u e n c y dpp =( ba * mb - bb * ma ) /( ba + bb ) // c h a n g e i n power disp ( ( a ) ) printf ( c h a n g e i n f r e q u e n c y i s %. 3 fHz \ n c h a n g e i n power b e t w e e n ab %. 5 f p . u .M W \ n \ t \ t% . 2fMW ,df , dpp , dpp * pbas ) ma2 = ptl / pbas // assume c h a n g e i n power i n u n i t a a l o n e due t o t i e power mb2 = pt / pbas // c h a n g e i n power i n u n i t b df2 = -( ma2 + mb2 ) /( ba + bb ) // c h a n g e i n f r e q u e n c y dpp2 =( ba * mb2 - bb * ma2 ) /( ba + bb ) // c h a n g e i n power disp ( ( b ) ) dpba = dpp2 * pbas printf ( c h a n g e i n f r e q u e n c y i s %. 3 fHz \ n c h a n g e i n power b e t w e e n ab %. 5 f p . u .M W \ n ,df2 , dpp2 ) printf ( c h a n g e i n power %fMW , dpba )
138
Scilab code Exa 14.13 steady state change in tie line power if step change in power
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18
clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 1 4 . 1 3 ) p =4000 // power a r e a n =2 // number o f u n i t s r =2 // s p e e d r e g u l a t i o n h =5 pt =600 // g i v e n t i e power pan =40 // power a n g l e stp =100 f =50 t =( pt / p ) * cosd ( pan ) wo =((2* %pi * f * t / h ) ^2 -( f /(4* r * h ) ) ^2) ^(0.5) printf ( t h e damped a n g u l a r f r e q u e n c y i s %. 2 f r a d i a n s / s e c i f s p e e d g o v e n o r l o o p i s c l o s e d , wo ) disp ( ( b ) ) printf ( s i n c e t h e two a r e a a r e i m i l i e r , e a c h a r e a w i l l supply h a l f of i n c r e a s e in load . t h i s al so e v i d e n t b e s a u s e ba=bb \ n c h a n g e i n power %dMW \ n s p e e d r e g u l a t i o n i s i n f i n i n y , stp /2) wo1 =(2* %pi * f * t / h ) ^(0.5) // i f g o v e n o r l o o p i s open alpha i s zero printf ( damped a n g u l a r f r e q u e n c y i f s p e e d g o v e r n o r l o o p i s open %. 3 f r a d / s e c , wo1 )
Scilab code Exa 14.14 capacitance of shunt load capacitor to maintain voltage constant
1 clc 2 clear
139
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26
disp ( e x a m p l e 1 4 . 1 4 ) Aa =0.98; Ap =3 // m a g n i t u d e and a n g l e o f c o n s t a n t A Ba =110; Bp =75 // m a g n i t u d e and a n g l e o f c o n s t a n t B p =50 // g i v e n power 50 pf =0.8 // g i v e n power f a c t o r i s 0 . 8 vr =132 // v o l t a g e a t r e s e v i n g s t a t i o n vs =132 // v o l t a g e a t s o u r c e s t a t i o n t o be m a i n t a i n e d vsr1 = p * pf +( Aa *( vr ^2) / Ba ) * cosd ( Bp - Ap ) ph = vsr1 * Ba /( vs * vr ) phh = acosd ( ph ) del = Bp - phh qrr =(( vs * vr / Ba ) * sind ( phh ) ) -(( Aa *( vr ) ^(2) / Ba ) * sind ( Bp - Ap ) ) // r e a c t i v e power t o m a i n t a i n v o l t a g e e q u a l qrre = p * sind ( acosd ( pf ) ) // r e a c t i v e power f o r t h e l o a d qrc = qrre - qrr printf ( t h e r e a c t i v e power s u p p l y and r e s e v i n g power i s %dkV \ n r e a c t i v e power %. 2 fMvar ,vs , qrr ) printf ( \ n t h e r e q u i r e d c o m p e n s a t o r n e t w o r k n e e e d e d % . 2 fMvar , qrc ) disp ( ( b ) ) cosb =( Aa * cosd ( Bp - Ap ) *( vr ) ^(2) / Ba ) *( Ba /( vs * vr ) ) // u n d e r no oad c o n d i t i o n phb = acosd ( cosb ) qrb =( vs * vr * sind ( phb ) / Ba ) -( Aa * vr * vr * sind ( Bp - Ap ) / Ba ) if qrb >0 then printf ( t h u s u n d e r no l o a d c o n d i t i o n t h e l i n e d e l i v e r s %. 2 fMvar a t r e c e i v i n g end . t h e r e a c t i v e power must be a b s o r b e d by s h u n t r e a c t o r a t r e c e v i n g end . t h u s t h e c a p a c i t y o f s h u n t r e a c t o r , f o r no l o a d c o n d i t i o n i s %. 2 fMvar . ,qrb , qrb ) else printf ( t h u s u n d e r no l o a d c o n d i t i o n t h e l i n e a b s o r b s %. 2 fMvar a t r e c e i v i n g end . t h e r e a c t i v e power must be d e l i v e r e d by s h u n t r e a c t o r a t r e c e v i n g end . o r r e a c t i v e must s u p p i l e d by t h e s o u r c e t h u s t h e c a p a c i t y o f s h u n t r e a c t o r , f o r no l o a d c o n d i t i o n i s %. 2 140
// p r i m e r and s e c o n d a r y end t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e s o f t a p p i n g t r a n s f o r m e r zr =20; zi =60 // i m p e d e n c e o f l i n e i n r e a l n d i m a g e n a r y parts p =100 // power a t r e c i e v i n g end i s 100MVA pf =0.8 // power f a c t o r a t r e c i e v i n end t =1 // p r o d e c t o f 2 o f f t e r m i n a l t a p s e t t i n g i s 1 vt =11 // t a p s e t t i n g f o r 11 kv v o l t a g e bus P =( p * pf *10^6) /3 // r e a l power Q =( p * sind ( acosd ( pf ) ) *10^6) /3 // r e a c t a n c e power v1 = v *(10^3) / sqrt (3) ts =(1/(1 -( zr * P + zi * Q ) /( v1 ^2) ) ) ^(0.5) printf ( t a p p i n g r a t i o a t t h e s o u r c e %. 3 f \ n t a p p i n g r a t i o a t t h e r e c e v i n g end %. 2 f ,ts ,1/ ts )
141
// v o l t a g e a t p r i m a r y , s e c o n d a r y
, teritiory
5 pp =75; ps =50; pt =25 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
//MVA r a t i n g a t p r i n a r y , secondary , t e r i t i o r y rpr =0.12; rv =132; rp =75 // r e a c t a n c e power o f p r i m a r y u n d e r r v and r p a s v o l t a g e and power b a s e poa =60; rea =50 // l o a d r e a l and r e a c t i v e power a pva =125; svaa =33 // p r i m a r y and s e c o n d a r y v o l t a g e a svsb =25; pvb =140; svbb =33 // p r i m a r y and s e c o n d a r y v o l t a g e a t no l o a d disp ( ( a ) ) vbas =132 ; mvabas =75 // assume v o l t a g e and MVA b a s e v1pu = pva / vbas // v o l t a g e i n p e r u n i t v1apu = round ( v1pu *1000) /1000 // r o u n d i n g o f f qre = rea / mvabas // r e a c t i v e power i n p e r u n i t vn1a =( v1apu + sqrt ( v1apu ^2 -4* rpr * qre ) ) /2 // v o l t a g e using quadratic equation formulae vn2a =( v1apu - sqrt ( v1apu ^2 -4* rpr * qre ) ) /2 vnaa = vn1a * vbas v12 = pvb / vbas q = svsb / mvabas vn1b =( v12 + sqrt ( v12 ^2 -4* rpr * q ) ) /2 // v o l t a g e u s i n g quadratic equation formulae vn1b = round ( vn1b *1000) /1000 vnbb = vn1b * vbas // vn i n no l o a d c o n d i t i o n printf ( vn=%. 3 f . p . u \ n vn=%. 3 fkV , vn1a , vnaa ) disp ( ( b ) ) printf ( vn=%. 3 f . p . u \ n vn=%. 3 fkV , vn1b , vnbb ) z = vnaa / svaa ; x = vnbb / svbb ; printf ( \ n t r a n s f o r m a t i o n r a t i o u n d e r l o a d c o n d i t i o n %. 3 f \ n t r a n s f o r m a t i o n r a t i o u n d e r no l o a d c o n d i t i o n %. 3 f \ n t h e a c t u a l r a t i o can be t a k e n a s mean o f t h e a b o v e v a l u e i . e .%. 3 f p e r c e n t \ n v a r y i n g by (+/ )%. 3 f p e r c e n t ,z ,x ,( z + x ) /2 ,x -( z + x ) /2)
142
Scilab code Exa 14.17 generation at each station and transfer of power of dierent plants
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 1 4 . 7 ) ca =200 // c a p a c i t y o f u n i t a cb =100 // c a p a c i t y o f u n i t b ra =1.5 // s p e e d r e g u l a t i o n o f u n i t a rb =3 // s p e e d r e g u l a t i o n o f u n i t b f =50 // f r e q u e n c y pla =100 // l o a d on e a c h bus plb =100 raa = ra * f /( pla * ca ) rbb = rb * f /( plb * cb ) pa = rbb *( pla + plb ) /( raa + rbb ) pb = pla + plb - pa tp = pa - pla printf ( g e n e r a t i o n a t t h e p l a n t a i s %dMW and \ n g e n e r a t i o n a t t h e p l a n t b i s %dMW \ n t r a n s f e r power from p l a n t a t o b i s %dMW ,pa , pb , tp )
143
phase angle of t r a n s f r m i n g c u r r e n t
8 vd = complex ( za , zb ) * complex ( i * cosd ( ph ) ,i * sind ( ph ) )
//
Scilab code Exa 14.19 current in interconnector with dierent power factor
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 1 4 . 1 9 ) zaa =3; zbb =9 // i m p e d e n c e g i v e n b e t w e e n l i n e pas =1 // power a t two u n i t s a r e e q u a l t o 1 p . u par =1 pbs =1.05 // power a t s e n d i n g end i s 1 . 0 5 and power a t r e c e i v i n g end i s 1 p . u pbr =1 i =1 // assume c u r r e n t i s 1 p . u los = i * complex ( zaa /100 , zbb /100) csd =(( abs ( los ) ^2) - pas ^2 - par ^2) /(2* pas * par ) // l o a d a n g l e b e t w e e n two s t a t i o n s csa =( pas ^2+ abs ( los ) ^2 - par ^2) /(2* pas * abs ( los ) ) // a n g l e b e t w e e n s o u r c e and l o s s ta =180 - atand ( zbb / zaa ) - acosd ( csa ) // t r a n s f e r i n g power f a c t o r a n g l e printf ( l o a d a n g l e i s %. 2 f \ n , cosd ( csd ) ) 144
19 20 end 21 csd2 =( abs ( los ) ^2 - pbs ^2 - pbr ^2) /(2* pbs * pbr )
// l o a d
a n g l e b e t w e e n two s t a t i o n s 22 csa2 =( pbr ^2 - pbs ^2+ abs ( los ) ^2) /(2* pbr * abs ( los ) ) // a n g l e b e t w e e n s o u r c e and l o s s 23 f =180 - atand ( zbb / zaa ) - acosd ( csa2 ) // t r a n s f e r i n g power f a c t o r a n g l e 24 disp ( ( b ) )
25 26 printf ( l o a d a n g l e i s %. 2 f \ n , cosd ( csd2 ) ) 27 if sind ( f ) <0 then 28 printf ( r e a l power i s %. 3 f p . u \ n r e a c t i v e power %
31 32 end
145
Scilab code Exa 15.1 open circuit voltage internal resistance maximumpower in MHD engine
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 1 5 . 1 ) a =0.1 // p l a t e a r e a b =3 // f l u x d e n s i t y d =0.5 // d i s t e n c e b e t w e e n p l a t e s v =1000 // a v e r a g e g a s v e l o s i t y c =10 // c o n d e c t i v i t y e=b*v*d ir = d /( c * a ) // i n t e r n a l r e s i s t e n c e mapo = e ^2/(4* ir ) //maximum power o u t p u t printf ( E=%dV \ n i n t e r n a l r e s i s t e n c e %. 1 fohm \ nmaximum power o u t p u t %dW =%. 3fMW ,e , ir , mapo , mapo /10^6)
146
Scilab code Exa 15.2 open circuit voltage gradiant in duct due to load in MHD engine
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 1 5 . 2 ) b =4.2 // f l u x d e n s i t y v =600 // g a s v e l o c i t y d =0.6 // d i m e n s i o n o f p l a t e k =0.65 // c o n s t e n t e = b * v * d // open c i r c u i t v o l t a g e vg = e / d // v o l t a g e g r a d i e n t v=k*e // v o l t a g e a c r o s s l o a d vgg = v / d // v o l t a g e g r a d i e n t due t o l o a d v o l t a g e printf ( v o l t a g e E=%dV \ n v o l t a g e g r a d i e n t %dV/m \ n v o l t a g e a c r o s s l o a d %. 1 fV \ n v o l t a g e g r a d i e n t due t o l o a d v o l t a g e %dv ,e , vg ,v , vgg )
Scilab code Exa 15.3 losses in duct power delivered to load eciency current density in duct in MHD generator
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 1 5 . 3 ) b =4.2 // f l u x d e n s i t y v =600 // g a s v e l o c i t y d =0.6 // d i m e n s i o n o f p l a t e k =0.65 // c o n s t e n t sl =0.6 // l e n g t h g i v e n sb =0.35 // b r e a t h g i v e n sh =1.7 // h e i g h t g i v e n c =60 // g i v e n c o n d e c t i v i t y e = b * v * d // open c i r c u i t v o l t a g e 147
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
vg = e / d // v o l t a g e g r a d i e n t v=k*e // v o l t a g e a c r o s s l o a d vgg = v / d // v o l t a g e g r a d i e n t due t o l o a d v o l t a g e rg = d /( c * sb * sh ) vd =e - v // v o l t a g e d r o p i n d u c t i = vd / rg // c u r r e n t due t o v o l t a g e d r o p i n d u c t j = i /( sb * sh ) // c u r r e n t d e n s i t y si = e /( rg ) // s h o r t c i r c u i t c u r r e n t sj = si /( sb * sh ) // s h o r t c i r c u i t c u r r e n t d e n s i t y pd = j * vg // power d e n s i t y p = pd * sl * sh * sb // power pp = e * i // a l s o power pde = v * i // power d e l e v e r e d i s V i los =p - pde // l o s s eff = pde / p // e f f i c i e n c y maxp = e ^2/(4* rg ) printf ( r e s i s t e n c e o f d u c t %fohms \ n v o l t a g e d r o p i n d u c t %. 1 fV \ n c u r r e n t %. 1 fA \ n c u r r e n t d e n s i t y %fA/m2 \ n s h o r t c i r c u i t c u r r e n t %. 1 fA \ n s h o r t c u r r e n t d e n s i t y %fA/m2 \ n power %fMW \ npower d e l i v e r e d t o l o a d %fW \ n l o s s i n d u c t %fW \ n e f f i c i e n c y i s %f \ nmaximum power d e l i v e r e d t o l o a d %dMW ,rg , vd ,i ,j , si , sj , p /10^6 , pde /10^6 , los /10^6 , eff , maxp /10^6)
Scilab code Exa 15.4 output voltage maximum power output in MHD generator
1 clc 2 clear 3 disp ( e x a m p l e 1 5 . 4 ) 4 c =50 // c o n d u n t a n c e 5 a =0.2 // a r e a
148
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
d =0.24 // d i s t e n c e b e t w e e n e l e c t r o d e s v =1800 // g a s v e l o s i t y b =1 // f l u x d e n s i t y k =0.7 ov = k * b * v * d tp = c * d * a * b ^2* v ^2*(1 - k ) eff = k op = eff * tp e=b*v*d rg = d /( c * a ) si = e / rg maxp = e ^2/(4* rg ) printf ( o u t p u t v o l t a g e %. 1 fV \ n t o t a l power %. 4fMW \ n e f f i c i e n c y %. 1 f \ n o u t p u t power %fMW \ n open c i r c u i t v o l t a g e %dV \ n i n t e r n a l r e s i s t e n c e %. 3 fohm \ n s h o r t c i r c u i t c u r r e n t %dA \ n maximum power o u t p u t i s %. 3fMW ,ov , tp /10^6 , eff , op /10^6 , e , rg , si , maxp /10^6)
Scilab code Exa 15.5 power collected by surface of collector and temperature rise in photo generators
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 1 5 . 5 ) a =100 // a r e a spd =0.7 // sun l i g h t power d e n s i t y m =1000 // w e i g h t o f w a t e r c o l l e c t o r tp =30 // t e m p e r a t u r e o f w a t e r th2 =60 // a n g l e o f i n c i d e n c e cp =4186 // s p e c i f i c h e a t o f w a t e r sp = spd * cosd ( th2 ) * a // s o l a r power c o l l e c t e d by collector 149
Scilab code Exa 15.6 peak watt capacity of PV panel and number of modules of photo voltaic cell
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 1 5 . 6 ) vo =100 // motor r a t e d v o l t a g e efm =0.4 // e f f i c i e n c y o f motor pump efi =0.85 // e f f i c i e n c y o f i n v e r t e r h =50 // head o f w a t e r v =25 // volume o f w a t e r p e r day ov =18 // pv p a n n e l o u t p u t module pr =40 // power r a t i n g ao =2000 // a n n u a l o u t p u t o f a r r a y dw =1000 // d e n s i t y o f w a t e r en = v * dw * h *9.81 // e n e r g y n e e d e d t o pump w a t e r e v e r y day enkw = en /(3.6*10^6) // e n e r g y i n k i l o w a t t h o u r oe = efm * efi // o v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y epv = round ( enkw / oe ) // e n e r g y o u t o f pv s y s t e m de = ao /365 // d a i l y e n e r g y o u t p u t pw = epv *10^3/ de // peak w a t t a g e o f pv a r r a y rv = vo *( %pi ) / sqrt (2) // rms v o l t a g e nm = rv / ov // number o f m o d u l e s i n s e r i e s nm = ceil ( nm ) 150
22 rpp = nm * pr // r a t e d peak power o u t p u t 23 np = pw / rpp // number o f s t r i n g s i n p a r a l l e l 24 np = round ( np ) 25 printf ( e n e r g y n e e d e d o pump w a t e r e v e r y day %fkWh/
day \ n o v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y %. 2 f \ n e n e r g y o u t p u t o f pv s y s t e m %dkWh/ day , enkw , oe , epv ) 26 printf ( \ n a n n u a l e n e r g y o u t o f a r r a y %dWh/Wp \ n d a i l y e n e r g y o u t p u t o f a r r a y %. 3 fWh/Wp \ n peak w a t t a g e o f pv a r r a y %. 2 fWp \ n rms o u t p u t v o l t a g e %. 2 fV \ nnumber o f m o d u l e s i n s e r i e s %d \ n r a t e d peak power o u t p u t o f e a c h s t r i n g %. 2 fW \ n number o f s t r i n g s i n p a r a l l e l %d ,epv , de , pw , rv , nm , rpp , np )
Scilab code Exa 15.7 power available power density torque at maximum power of wind mills
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clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 1 5 . 7 ) ws =20 // wind s p e e d rd =10 // r o t o r d i a m e t e r ros =30 // r o t o r s p e e d ad =1.293 // a i r d e n s i t y mc =0.593 //maximum v a l u e o f power c o e f f i c i e n t p1 =0.5* ad *( %pi ) *( rd ^2) *( ws ^3) /4 // power p = p1 /10^3 pd = p /(( %pi ) *( rd /2) ^2) // power d e n s i t y pm = p *( mc ) //maximum power mt =( pm *10^3) /(( %pi ) * rd *( ros /60) ) printf ( power %. fkW \ n power d e n s i t y %. 3 fkW/m3 \ nmaximum power %fkW \ n maximum t o r q u e %. 1 fNm ,p , pd , pm , mt ) 151
Scilab code Exa 15.8 dierence pressure in pascals and other unit of wind mill clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 1 5 . 8 ) cp =0.593 d =1.293 s =15 a =2/3 dp =2* d *( s ^2) * a *(1 - a ) dlp =760* dp /(101.3*10^3) // 760 mmhg= 1 0 1 . 3 1 0 3 p a s c a l t h e n p r e s s u r e i n mm o f hg 10 dpa = dlp /760 // p r e s s u r e i n a t m o s p h e r e 11 printf ( p r e s s u r e i n p a s c a l %. 1 f p a s c a l \ n p r e s s u r e i n h e i g h t o f m e r c u r y %. 2 fmmhg \ n p r e s s u r e i n a t m o s p h e r e %. 5 fatm ,dp , dlp , dpa )
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Scilab code Exa 15.9 output surface area of reservoir in tidal power plant
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clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 1 5 . 9 ) ng =50 // number o f g e n e r a t o r r =30 // r a t e d power mah =10 //maximum head mih =1 // minimum head 152
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
tg =12 // d u r a t i o n o f g e n e r a t i o n efg =0.9 // e f f i c i e n c y o f g e n e r a t e d g =9.81 // g r a v i t y le =5 // l e n g h t o f embankment ro =1025 // d e n s i t y ti = r /(0.9) ^2 q = ti *10^(6) /( ro * g * mah ) //maximum i n p u t q = floor ( q *10^2) /10^2 qw = q * ng // t o t a l q u a n t i t y o f w a t e r tcr = qw * tg *3600/2 // t o t a l c a p a c i t y o f r e s e v o i r sa = tcr / mah // s u r f a c e a r e a wbe = sa /( le *10^6) // wash b e h i n d embankment avg = r /2 te = avg * tg *365* ng // t o t a l e n e r g y o u t p u t printf ( q u a n t i t y o f w a t e r f o r maximum o u t p u t %fm3 s e c ,q ) 23 printf ( \ n s u r f a c e a r e a o f r e s e r v o i r %fkm3 , sa /10^6) 24 printf ( \ nwash b e h i n d embankment %fkm \ n t o t a l e n e r g y o u t p u t %eMWh ,wbe , te )
Scilab code Exa 15.10 comparison between tidel and coal plant
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clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 1 5 . 1 0 ) tc =2100 // t o t a l c a p a c i t y o f p l a n t n =60 // number o f g e n e r a e d p =35 // power o f g e n e r a t e d by e a c h g e n e r a t o r h =10 // head o f w a t e r d =12 // d u r a t i o n o f g e n e r a t i o n cee =2.1 // c o s t o f e l e c t r i c a l e n e r g y p e r kWh efft =0.85 // e f f i c i e n c y o f t u r b i n e 153
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effg =0.9 // e f f i c i e n c y o f g e n e r a t o r g =9.81 // g r a v i t y ro =1025 // d e n s i t y acc =0.7 // a s s u m i n g c o a l c o n u m o t i o n pi = p /( efft * effg ) // power i n p u t q = pi *10^6/( h * g * ro ) // q u a n t i t y o f w a t e r tqr = q * n * d *3600/2 // t o t a l q u a n t i t y o f w a t e r i n reservoir avp = tc /2 // a v e r a g e o u t p u t d u r i n g 12 h toe = avp * d // t o t a l e n e r g y i n 12 h o u r s eg = toe *365 // e n e r g y g e n e r a t e d f o r t o t e l y e a r coe = eg * cee *10^3 // c o s t o f e l e c t r i c a l e n e r g y generated sc = eg *10^3* acc // s a v i n g c o s t printf ( t o t a l q u a n t i t y o f w a t e r i n r e s e r v o i r %em3 \ n e n e r g y g e n e r a t e d p e r y e a r %eMW \ n c o s t o f e l e c t r i c a l e n e r g y Rs%e \ n s a v i n g i n c o s t Rs . %e , tqr , eg , coe , sc )
154
clc clear all disp ( e x a m p l e 1 7 . 1 ) // g i v e n n =2 // number o f g e n e r a t i n g s t a t i o n f =0.03 //F . O. R a =1 - f p =40 // g e n e r a t i o n s t a t i o n power function [ y ]= comb (m , r ) y = factorial ( m ) /( factorial (m - r ) * factorial ( r ) ) endfunction for i =0: n pg ( i +1) = comb (n , i ) *(( f ) ^ i ) *(( a ) ^( n - i ) ) printf ( \ nnumber o f u n i t s o u t %d , c a p a c i t y o u t %dMW , c a p a c i t y a v a i l a b l e %dMW , p r o b a b i l i t y %4f ,i , p *i , p *( n - i ) , pg ( i +1) ) 15 end
155
Scilab code Exa 17.2 CAPACITY OUTAGE PROBABILITY TABLE AND CUMMULATIVE PROBABILITY
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20 21 22 23 24 25
clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 17 2 ) // g i v e n n1 =2 // number o f g e n e r a t i n g s t a t i o n f1 =0.03 //F .O . R a1 =1 - f1 p1 =40 // g e n e t a i o n s t a t i o n power n2 =1 // number o f g e n r e t i n g s t a t i o n f2 =0.03 //F .O . R f o r s e c o n d s e t a2 =1 - f2 p2 =30 // g e n e r a t i n g s t a t i o n power i n s e c o n d s e t function [ y ]= comb (m , r ) y = factorial ( m ) /( factorial (m - r ) * factorial ( r ) ) endfunction for i =0: n2 pg2 ( i +1) = comb ( n2 , i ) *(( f2 ) ^ i ) *(( a2 ) ^( n2 - i ) ) co2 ( i +1) = p2 * i ; ca2 ( i +1) = p2 *( n2 - i ) printf ( \ nnumber o f u n i t s o u t %d , c a p a c i t y o u t %dMW , c a p a c i t y a v a i l a b l e %dMW , p r o b a b i l i t y %4f ,i , co2 ( i +1) , ca2 ( i +1) , pg2 ( i +1) ) end printf ( \ n f o r exp 17 1 ) for i =0: n1 pg1 ( i +1) = comb ( n1 , i ) *(( f1 ) ^ i ) *(( a1 ) ^( n1 - i ) ) co1 ( i +1) = p1 * i ; ca1 ( i +1) = p1 *( n1 - i ) printf ( \ nnumber o f u n i t s o u t %d , c a p a c i t y o u t %dMW , c a p a c i t y a v a i l a b l e %dMW , p r o b a b i l i t y %4f ,i , co1 ( i +1) , ca1 ( i +1) , pg1 ( i +1) ) 156
26 end 27 printf ( \ n c o m b i n a t i o n o f 2 s e t o f s t a t i o n s ) 28 tp =1 29 pocg =0 30 for i =0: n1 31 for j =0: n2 32 og = co1 ( i +1) + co2 ( j +1) // now t o t a l s y s t e m 33 34 35 36
c a p a c i t y out cg = ca1 ( i +1) + ca2 ( j +1) // now t o t a l s y s t e m capacity available tp = tp - pocg pocg = pg1 ( i +1) * pg2 ( j +1) // i n d i v i d u a l s t s t e probability printf ( \ n c a p a c i t y o u t %dMW , c a p a c i t y a v a i l a b l e %dMW , i n d i v i d u a l s t a t e p r o b a b i l i t y %. 6 f , c u m u l a t i v e p r o b a b i l i t y %. 6 f ,og , cg , pocg , tp )
37 end 38 end
Scilab code Exa 17.3 CAPACITY OUTAGE PROBABILITY TABLE AND CUMMULATIVE PROBABILITY
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clc clear all disp ( e x a m p l e 17 3 ) // g i v e n n =4 // number o f g e n e r a t i n g s t a t i o n f =0.05 //F . O. R a =1 - f p =50 // g e n e r a t i o n s t a t i o n power 157
158
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18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30 31
mp =150 //maximum a l o w a b l e power lf =50 // l o a d f a c t o r i n p e r s e n t a g e function [ y ]= comb (m , r ) y = factorial ( m ) /( factorial (m - r ) * factorial ( r ) ) endfunction for i =0: n pg ( i +1) = comb (n , i ) *(( f ) ^ i ) *(( a ) ^( n - i ) ) co ( i +1) = p * i ; ca ( i +1) = p *( n - i ) printf ( \ nnumber o f u n i t s o u t %d , c a p a c i t y o u t %dMW , c a p a c i t y a v a i l a b l e %dMW , p r o b a b i l i t y %4f ,i , co ( i +1) , ca ( i +1) , pg ( i +1) ) end ld = mp : - lf :0 [ m n ]= size ( ld ) plot ( ld ) tg (n -1) = round (10000/( n -1) ) /100 tg ( n ) = tg (n -1) *2 tg ( n +1) =100 tg (2) =0; tg (1) =0 //maximum l o a d l i m i t for i =0: n el ( i +1) = pg ( i +1) * tg ( i +1) printf ( \ nnumber o f u n i t s o u t %d , c a p a c i t y o u t %dMW , c a p a c i t y a v a i l a b l e %dMW , p r o b a b i l i t y %4f , t g i n p e r s e n t a g e %. 2 f , e x p e c t e d l o a d %. 6 fMW ,i , co ( i +1) , ca ( i +1) , pg ( i +1) , tg ( i +1) , el ( i +1) ) end lt = sum ( el ) printf ( \ n \ n e x p e c t e d l o s s o f l o a d i s %. 6fMW p e r c e n t o f t i m e . a s s u m i n g 365 d a y s i n a y e a r , t h e n e x p e c t e d l o s s o f l o a d i s %. 3fMW d a y s p e r y e a r ,lt , lt *365/100)
159
160
Scilab code Exa 17.4 CAPACITY OUTAGE PROBABILITY TABLEAND EXPECTED LOAD
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clc clear all disp ( e x a m p l e 17 4 ) // g i v e n n =4 // number o f g e n e r a t i n g s t a t i o n f =0.02 //F . O. R a =1 - f p =50 // g e n e r a t i o n s t a t i o n power mp =150 //maximum a l o w a b l e power minp =30 // minimum power lf =60 // l o a d f a c t o r i n p e r s e n t a g e function [ y ]= comb (m , r ) y = factorial ( m ) /( factorial (m - r ) * factorial ( r ) ) endfunction for i =0: n pg ( i +1) = comb (n , i ) *(( f ) ^ i ) *(( a ) ^( n - i ) ) co ( i +1) = p * i ; ca ( i +1) = p *( n - i ) printf ( \ nnumber o f u n i t s o u t %d , c a p a c i t y o u t %dMW , c a p a c i t y a v a i l a b l e %dMW , p r o b a b i l i t y % . 7 f ,i , co ( i +1) , ca ( i +1) , pg ( i +1) ) end ld = mp : - lf : minp [ m n1 ]= size ( ld ) [ mm m ]= max ( co ) plot ( ld ) tg (1) =0 for i =2: n +1 tg ( i ) =( mp - ca ( i ) ) *100/(2* lf ) // p e r c e n t a g e t i m e end disp ( ) for i =1: n +1 161
30 31
l o s s o f l o a d i s %. 6fMW p e r c e n t o f t i m e . a s s u m i n g 365 d a y s i n a y e a r , t h e n e x p e c t e d l o s s o f l o a d i s %. 3fMW d a y s p e r y e a r , some t i m e s t h e l o s s o f l o a d i s a l s o e x p r e s s e d a s r e c i p r o c a l o f t h i s f i g u r e and t h e n t h e u n i t s a r e y e a r s p e r day t h i s r e s u l t i s %. 4fMW y e a r s p e r day . ,lt , lt *365/100 ,100/( lt *365) )
162
clc clear disp ( e x a m p l e 2 0 . 1 ) lod =1 // i n d u s t r i a l i n s t a l l a t i o n l o a d pf =0.78 // power f a c t o r tf =200 // t a r i f f md =3.5 // e x t r a maximum demand ic =500 // i n s t a l l a t i o n o f c a p a c i t o r id =0.15 // i n t e r e s t and d e p r e c i a t i o n lf =0.8 // l o a d f a c t o r sinp = ic * id / tf ph2 = asind ( sinp ) epf2 = cosd ( ph2 ) ph1 = acosd ( pf ) ph1 = round ( ph1 *10^2) /10^2 ph2 = round ( ph2 *10^2) /10^2 q = lod *( tand ( ph1 ) - tand ( ph2 ) ) q = round ( q *10^4) /10^4 ikva = lod / pf 163
20 ikv = round ( ikva *(10^5) ) /10^2 21 aeu = lod * lf *8760*10^6 22 eb = ikv * tf + aeu * md 23 printf ( ( a ) \ n e c o n o m i c power f a c t o r %. 3 f l a g g i n g \ n ( b )
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\ n c a p a c i t o r kVAr t o i m p r o v e t h e power f a c t o r %. 4 f \ n ( c ) \ n i n i t i a l kVA %. 2 fKVA \ n a n n u a l e n e r g y u s e d %0 . 3 ekWh \ n e l e c t r i c a l b i l l Rs%e p e r y e a r , epf2 ,q , ikv , aeu , eb ) kvc = round (( lod *10^3/( round ( epf2 *1000) /10^3) ) *10^2) /10^2 ebc = kvc * tf + aeu * md aidc = q *10^3* ic * id te = ebc + aidc asc = eb - te printf ( \ n ( d ) \nKVA a f t e r i n s t a l l a t i o n o f c a p a c i t o r s %. 2 fKVA \ n , kvc ) printf ( e n e r g y b i l l a f t e r i n s t a l l a t i o n o f c a p a c i t o r Rs%e p e r y e a r \ n , ebc ) printf ( a n n u a l i n t e r e s t and d e p r e c i a t i o n o f c a p a c i t o r bank Rs% . 1 f p e r y e a r \ n t o t a l e x p e n d i t i o n a f t e r i n s t a l l a t i o n o f c a p a c i t o r s Rs%e p e r y e a r \ n a n n u a l s a v i n g s due t o i n s t a l l a t i o n o f c a p a c i t o r s Rs%d p e r y e a r , aidc , te , asc )
Scilab code Exa 20.2 annual cost method present worth method
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8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
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ec =4.1 // e n e r g y c o s t r =0.13 // i n t e r e s t r a t e dr = r /((1+ r ) ^( n ) -1) // d e p r e c i a t i o n r a t e dr = round ( dr *10^5) /10^5 tfc = r + dr // t o t a l f i x e d c o s t ace = i * tfc // a n n u a l c o s t ace = round ( ace /10^2) *10^2 eb = i * ec // e l e c t r i c a l b i l l w i t h p r e s e n t motor teb = eb *(1 - eer ) // e l e c t r i c a l b i l l w i t h e f f i c i e n c y motor tac = teb + ace // t o t a l a n n u a l c o s t w i t h e f f i c i e n c y cost as = eb - tac // a n n u a l s a v i n g printf ( d e p r e c i a t i o n r a t e %. 5 f \ n t o t a l f i x e d c h a r g e r a t e %f \ n a n n u a l c o s t o f e f f i c i e n c y motor Rs%eper y e a r \ n t o t a l e l e c t r i c a l b i l l w i t h p r e s e n t m o t o r s Rs%eper y e a r \ n t o t a l e l e c t r i c a l b i l l w i t h e f f i c i e n c y motor Rs . %e \ n t o t a l a n n u a l c o s t i f m o t o r s a r e r e p l a c e d by h i g h e f f i c i e n c y m o t o r s Rs%e p e r y e a r \ n a n n u a l s a v i n g Rs%d p e r y e a r ,dr , tfc , ace , eb , teb , tac , as ) disp ( b ) pwf = r /(1 -((1+ r ) ^ - n ) ) // p r e s e n t worth f a c t o r pwf = round ( pwf *10^5) /10^5 pwm = teb / pwf // p r e s e n t worth a n n u a l c o s t w i t h e x i s t i n g motors pwm = round ( pwm /10^4) *10^4 // p r e s e n t worth w i t h e x i s t i n g motors pwem = eb / pwf // p r e s e n t worth w i t h e f f i c i e n c y motor pwem = round ( pwem /10^4) *10^4 pwam = teb / pwf pwam = round ( pwam /10^4) *10^4 tpw = pwam + i // t o t a l p e r s e n t worth printf ( p r e s e n t worth f a c t o r %. 5 f \ n p r e s e n t worth o f a n n u a l c o s t w i t h e x i s t i n g m o t o r s Rs%e \ n p r e s e n t worth o f a n n u a l c o s t w i t h new motor Rs%e \ n t o t a l p r e s e n t worth %e p e r y e a r ,pwf , pwem , pwam , tpw ) 165
166
Scilab code Exa 23.1 COST OF DIESEL ENGINE CAPITIVE POWER PLANT
1 clc 2 clear 3 disp ( e x a m p l e : 2 3 . 1 ) 4 sp =11*10^3; pc =300*10^6; ir =0.15; lp =15; fc =7; eff =0.35;
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
cv =10100; mc =0.02; lf =0.8; er =860 // l e t t h e g i v e n v a r i a b l e be s p= s i z e o f p l a n t , pc=p r o j e c t c o s t , i r = i n t e r e s t r a t e , l p= l i f e o f t h e p l a n t , f c= f u e l c o s t , e f f = e f f i c i e n c y , cv= c a l o r i f i c v a l u e , e r =860 ,mc= m a i n t e n a n c e c o s t , l f =l o a d f a c t o r , cac = pc / sp // l e t t h e v a r i a b l e c a c be c a p t e l c o s t printf ( \ n c a p i t e l c o s t i s %. 1 f /kW , cac ) crfd1 =(1+ ir ) ^( - lp ) crfd =1 - crfd1 crf = ir / crfd // c r f = c a p i t e l c o s t r e c o v e r y f a c t o r printf ( \ nCRF=%. 3 f , crf ) anfc = cac * crf // a n u a l f i x e d c o s t i s p r o d e c t o f 167
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c a p i t e l c o s t and c a p i t e l r e c o v e r y f a c t o r printf ( \ n a n n u a l f i x e d c o s t i s Rs% . 2 f /kW , anfc ) hr = er / eff // h e a t r a t e i s e n e r g y r a t e d i v i d e d by efficiency printf ( \ n h e a t r a t e i s % f c a l /kWh , hr ) gpf = cv / hr ; //kW g e n e r a t e d p e r l i t e r i s d i v i s i o n o f c a l o r i f i c v a l u e to hr printf ( \ nnumber o f kWh g e n e r a t e d p e r l i t e r o f f u e l i s %. 2 fkWh/ l i t r e , gpf ) fcp = fc / gpf // f u e l c o s t p e r u n i t i s f u e l c o s t d i v i d e d by g e n e r a t e d p e r l i t e r printf ( \ n f u e l c o s t p e r u n i t Rs%fper kWh , fcp ) aomc = cac * mc // a n n u a l o p e r a t i o n and m a i n t e n e n c e c o s t printf ( \ n a n n u a l o p e r a t i o n c o s t Rs .%. 4 f /kW , aomc ) afom = anfc + aomc printf ( \ n a n n u a l f i x e d , o p e r a t i o n and m a i n t e n c e c o s t Rs .%. 2 f /kW , afom ) egpy =8760* lf // e n e r g y g e n e r a t e d i s 2 4 1 2 6 0 printf ( \ n e n e r g y g e n e r a t e d p e r y e a r i s %dkWh , egpy ) afomc = afom / egpy printf ( \ n a n n u a l f i x e d o p e r a t i o n and m a i n t e n e n c e c o s t p e r kWh o f e n e r g y %. 4 f /kWh , afomc ) gco = fcp + afomc // g e n e r a t e d c o s t i s sum o f f u e l c o s t and m a i n t e n e n c e c o s t printf ( \ n g e n e r a t e d c o s t i s Rs% . 4 f /kWh , gco )
Scilab code Exa 23.2 GENERATION COST OF CAPITIVE POWER PLANT in suger mill
1 clc 2 clear 3 disp ( e x a m p l e 2 3 . 2 ) 4 sp =25*10^3 // s i z e o f t h e p l a n t
168
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
cc =800*10^6 // c a p i t a l c o s t ir =0.1 // i n t e r e s t r a t e lp =20 // l i f e o f t h e p l a n t mc =0.05 // m a i n t e n c e c o s t lf =0.6 // l o a d f a c t o r sub =0.3 // s u b s i d y nc = cc *(1 - sub ) nck = nc / sp crf = ir /(1 -(1+ ir ) ^( - lp ) ) afc = nck * crf aomc = nck * mc tac = afc + aomc aeg =8760* lf gc = tac / aeg printf ( n e t c a p i t a l c o s t Rs%d 1 0 6 \ n n e t c a p i t a l c o s t p e r KW Rs%f /kW \ n c r f %f \ n a n n u a l f i x e d c o s t Rs%d p e r kW \ n a n n u a l o p e r a t i o n and m a i n t e n a n c e c o s t Rs%dper kW \ n T o t a l a n n u a l c o s t Rs%dper kW \ nAnnual e n e r g y g e n e r a t e d p e r kW o f p l a n t c a p a c i t y %. 1 fkWh \ n g e n e r a t i o n c o s t Rs% . 3 fkWh , nc /(10^6) , nck , crf , afc , aomc , tac , aeg , gc )
clc clear disp ( s a m p l e p r o b l e m i n 2 3 . 1 1 . 2 ) pp =11 // power c a p a c i t y cost =35 // c o s t o f t h e s y s t e m in =0.14 // i n t e r e s t lis =30 // l i f e o f s y s t e m sv =0.15 // s a l v a g e v a l u e es =13.5*10^6 // e n e r g y s e n t los =0.05 // l o s s e s omc =0.02 //O& M charges 169
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
gr =0.006 // g e n e r a l r e v e n u e rd =(1 - sv ) *100/ lis rdd = rd /100 tac = cost *( in + omc + rdd + gr ) ery = es *(1 - los ) wc =( tac / ery ) *10^5 printf ( r a t e o f d e p r e c i a t i o n i s %. 3 f p e r c e n t \ n t o t a l a n n u a l c o s t i s Rs .%. 5 f l a k h s / y e a r \ n e n e r g y r e c e i v e d p e r y e a r %ekWh/ y e a r \ n w h e e l i n g c h a r g e s Rs%f ,rd , tac , ery , wc )
170