Aminoglycoside

An aminoglycoside is a molecule or a portion of a molecule composed of amino-modified sugars. Several aminoglycoside function as antibiotics that are effective against certain types of bacteria. They include amikacin, arbekacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, netilmicin, paromomycin, rhodostreptomycin, streptomycin, tobramycin, and apramycin.

Nomenclature
Aminoglycoside that are derived from bacteria of the Streptomyces genus are named with the suffix -mycin, whereas those that are derived from Micromonospora[ are named with the suffix micin. This nomenclature system is not specific for aminoglycosides. For example, vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic and erythromycin, which is produced from the species Saccharopolyspora erythraea (previously misclassified as Streptomyces) along with its synthetic derivatives clarithromycin and azithromycin, is a macrolide. All differ in their mechanisms of action, however. Streptomycin Ribostamycin Tobramycin Neomycin Kanamycin Spectinomycin Framycetin Amikacin Hygromycin B Paromomycin Arbekacin Gentamicin Bekanamycin Dibekacin Paromomycin sulfate

Netilmicin

Sisomicin

Isepamicin

Verdamicin

Astromicin

Mechanisms of action
Aminoglycosides have several potential antibiotic mechanisms, some as protein synthesis inhibitors, although their exact mechanism of action is not fully known:

They interfere with the proofreading process, causing increased rate of error in synthesis with premature termination. Also, there is evidence of inhibition of ribosomal translocation where the peptidyl-tRNA moves from the A-site to the P-site. They can also disrupt the integrity of bacterial cell membrane. They bind to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit.

There is a significant variability in the relationship between the dose administered and the resultant plasma level in blood. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is necessary to obtain the correct dose. These agents exhibit a post-antibiotic effect in which there is no or very little drug level detectable in blood, but there still seems to be inhibition of bacterial re-growth. This is due to strong, irreversible binding to the ribosome, and remains intracellular long after plasma levels

drop. This allows a prolonged dosage interval. Depending on their concentration, they act as bacteriostatic or bactericidal agents