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2<*T9*TS %#G9 "ntroduction xi The Solar >odiac i The ;unar >odiac D The 2onstellations 8A The Galaxy EDE "ndices E ? @

" $ilt thou lere of sterres aught F 9lles " wolde thee have told&" Guod he& " the sterres names& lo& #nd al the hevenes signes to& #nd which they ben!" 0an Geoffrey 2haucer s :ous of Famr!

"*T/<0(2T"<*! This list of star-names is published in the endeavor to fill an acknowledged vacancy in our popular astronomical literature! "t is not intended for the professional astronomer& who& as a rule& cares little about the old designations of the objects of his study& H alphabets& numerals& and circles being preferable& indeed needful& for his purposes of identification! 3et great scholars have thought this nomenclature not unworthy their attention& H Grotius& Scaliger& :yde& and our own $hitney& among others& devoting much of their rare talent to its elucidation I while "deler& of a century ago& not without authority in astronomy as in other branches of learning& wrote

as to in+uiry into star-names , This is& in its very nature& coincidently a research into the constellations& and it is so much more worth while learning their history as throughout all ages the spirit of man has concerned itself with a subject that has ever had the highest interest to him& H the starry heavens! <ld Thomas :ood& of Trinity 2ollege& 2ambridge& in 8J@A asserted that they were "for instruction s sake ! ! ! things cannot be taught without names"I and it is certain that knowledge of these contributes much to an intelligent pleasure when we survey the evening sky! For almost all can repeat Thomas 2arlyle s lament , $hy did not somebody teach me the constellations& and make me at home in the starry heavens& which are always overhead& and which " don t half know to this day F

xii "ntroduction *aturally these titles are chiefly from the #rabs& whose 0esert life and clear skies made them very familiar with the stars& as #l .iruni 5 wrote , :e whose roof is heaven& who has no other cover& over whom the stars continually rise and set in one and the same course& makes the beginnings of his affairs and his knowledge of time depend upon them! So that the shaykh "lderim well told .en :ur at the <rchard of %alms , Thou canst not know how much we #rabs depend upon the stars! $e borrow their names in gratitude& and give them in love! .ut many star-names supposed to have originated in #rabia are merely that country s translations of the Greek descriptive terms& adopted& during the rule of the #bbasids& B from 2laudius %tolemy s : 'eydkiK BvvragiL TTfc #orpovofiiag& the Great System of #stronomy& of our second century! For it was early in this khalifate& in the golden prime <f good :aroun #lraschid M#aron the 6ustN& that %tolemy s "vvrafa5 was translated as #l 1itab al 'ijisti& the Greatest .ook! This& in its various editions& substituted among the educated classes a new nomenclature I while& as revised by #l Thabit ibn 1urrah in the latter part of the @th century& it eventually became& through a ;atin version by 2remonaeus MGerard of 2remonaN of the 8 Bth century& the groundwork of the first complete printed #lmagest This& published at 7enice in 8J 8J& so manifestly showed its composite origin that "deler and Smyth always referred to it as the #rabo- ;atin #lmagest! The Greek text of the Syntaxis seems to have been practically unknown in 9urope until translated into ;atin from a 7atican manuscript by Trape)untius Mthe monk George of Trebi)ondN& several editions

iThis was the celebrated 1horasmian #bu /aihan 'uhammad ibn #hmad of #! 0! 8AAA& whose designation in literature came from his birthplace& a birun& or suburb& of 1hwOri)m! :is 7estiges of %ast Generations& a chronology of ancient nations& and his "ndia& are of interest and authority even now! B This first organi)ed government among the #rabs began in DE@& and under " its enlightened and munificent protection .aghdad soon became what #lexandria had long ceased to be!" SThis was subse+uently designated as c 4f l4Py4arij to distinguish it from his smaller astrological work in four books& the TitGafiiflkoc QvvraLtc! <ur word #lmagest is now supposed to be composed of the principal letters of the Greek title!

"ntroduction xiii of this issuing during the 8Cth century! From all these and kindred works have come the barbarous Graeco- ;atin- #rabic words that& in a varied orthography& appear as star-names in modern lists! .ut there were other purely indigenous& and so very ancient& titles from the heathen days of the "shmaelites anterior to 'editerranean influences& perhaps even from the prehistoric " #rab al .aida&" the #rabs of the 0esert& H these titles generally pastoral in their character& as accords with such an origin! So that we find among them the nomads words for shepherds and herdsmen with their maidensI horses& horsemen& and their trappingsI cattle& camels& sheep& and goats I predatory and other animals I birds and reptiles! "t should be remembered& however& that the archaic nomenclature of the #rabs H archaic properly so called& for we know nothing of its beginnings H in one respect is uni+ue! They did not group together several stars to form a living figure& as did their $estern neighbors& who subse+uently became their teachersI single stars represented single creatures& H a rule that seems rarely to have been deviated from& H although the case was different in their stellar counterparts of inanimate objects! 9ven here they used but few stars for their geographical& anatomical& and botanical termsI their tents& nests& household articles& and ornaments I mangers and stalls I boats& biers& crosses& and thrones I wells& ponds& and rivers I fruits& grains& and nutsI H all of which they imaged in the sky! They had& too& still another class of names peculiar to themselves& such as #l Saidak& #l Simak& #l Suha& respectively the Trusted <ne& the ;ofty <ne& the *eglected <ne I their 2hangers& 0rivers& Followers& and $ardens I their Fortunate& or (nfortunate& <nes& and their Solitary <nes& etc! *one of these early asterisms& however& were utili)ed by the scientific #rabians& but& with their titles& became merely interesting curiosities to them& as to us! These were known as " of the #rabs&" while %tolemy s figures were " of the astronomers&" H a distinction maintained in this book by the use of " #rab " or "#rabic" for the first& and " #rabian" for the last! The %ersian astronomical writer& the dervish e #bd al /ahman #bu al :usain& now better known as #l Sufi& 8 the 'ystic or Sage& made mention of this early distinction& in

8 #l Sufi also was known as #l /a)i& from his birthplace& #l /ayy& east of Teheran! # French translation of his work was published in 8?DE by the late :! 2! F! 2! Schjellerup of Saint %etersburg! irR

xiv "ntroduction @CE& in his 0escription of the Fixed Stars I 1a)wini following& three centuries later& with the same expressions! The various #rabic titles that we see applied to a single star or group& and the duplicate titles for some that are widely separated in the sky& apparently came from the various tribes& each of which had to a certain extent a nomenclature of its own! The rest of our star-names& with but few exceptions& are directly from Greek or ;atin originals& H many of these& as is the case with the #rabian& although now regarded as personal& being at first only adjectival or merely descriptive of the star s position in the constellation figure I while some are the result of misunderstanding& or of errors in translation and oftrepeated transcription! .ut these are now too firmly established to be discontinued or even corrected! 7ergil wrote in the 8 st Georgic , *avita turn stellis numeros et nomina fecit I and Seneca& the traditional friend of Saint %aul& in his Guaestiones *aturales, Graecia stellis numeros et nomina fecitI both of these heathen authors almost exacdy following the words of the sacred psalmist& who& at least four hundred years before& had sung , :e telle th the number of the stars I :e giveth them all their names& and of the prophet "saiah , :e calleth them all by name! $hile Seneca s statement may have some foundation& and 7ergil s assertion as to the sailor s influence in star-naming may be true in part& yet for most of this we should probably look to the 0esert& where the stars would be as much re+uired and relied upon for guidance as on the trackless ocean& and so necessarily objects of attentive interest and study! "ndeed& 'uljammad told his followers& in the Cth Sura of the 1ur dn , God hath given you the stars to be your guides in the dark both by land and sea!

"ntroduction xv "t seems safe to conclude that they were first named by herdsmen& hunters& and husbandmen& sailors and travelers& H by the common people generally& rather than by the learned and scientific I and that our modern lists are the gradual accumulation of at least three thousand years from various nations& but chiefly from the nomads& as well as the scholars& of #rabia& H those earthly godfathers of heaven slights& That give a name to every fixed star& H and from Greece and /ome! "t may be thought that too much attention has been paid to stellar mythology& now almost a hackneyed subject I but it serves to elucidate the literary history of the stars& and the age of its stories commands at least our interest! "ndeed& we should remember that the stars were largely the source of these stories& H 9usebius& early in our Eth century& asserting in his %raeparatio 'vangelka , The ancients believed that the legends about <siris and "sis& and all other mythological fables Sof a kindred sortK& have reference either to the Stars& their configuration& their risings and their settings& etc! #nd %roctor wrote in his 'yths and 'arvels of #stronomy that the chief charm of this study does not reside in the wonders revealed to us by the science& but in the lore and legends connected with its history& the strange fancies with which in old times it has been associated& the half-forgotten myths to which it has given birth! 3et these myths& old as the present forms of some of them may be& are but modern and trivial when one goes back into the dim past to their probable fountainhead among the :imalayas and on the Ganges& or along the banks of the 9uphrates& where the recent study of mythology discovers their origin in serious connection with the most ancient of earthly religions& long antedating 'oses& H " attempted explanations of natural phenomena&" drawn from observations on the earth and in the sky of the powers of nature and of nature s God! The world-wide field of research that " have endeavored to traverse& containing the records of four or five millenniums& it need hardly be said

xvi "ntroduction demands for its exploration the best efforts& long continued& of the scientist and scholar accomplished in archaeology& astronomy& literature& and philology! *one such& however& has appeared since "deler s day& nearly a cen-

tury ago I so that& with the desire of taking up again this most interesting task& and the hope of thus stimulating others more competent to carry it on& " have done what " could& although frankly confessing that " have fallen very far short of my ideal! <riginality is not claimed for my book 'uch of it has been gathered from widely scattered sources& brought together here for the first time in readily accessible form& although doubtless with errors and certainly with much omission I for while " have sought& as did 'ilton s 44 %enseroso& to sit and rightly spell <f every star that heav n doth show& yet in preparing my material " have seen& as 0octor Samuel 6ohnson wrote in the preface of his 0ictionary& that one en+uiry only gave occasion to another& that book referred to book& that to search was not always to find& and to find was not always to be informed! So that& following him& " set limits to my work& which would in time be ended though not completed! $hile to temper such criticism as may be bestowed upon my efforts& " +uote again from the same source , 0ictionaries 5 are like watches I the worst is better than none& and the best cannot be expected to go +uite true! 0octor 2hristian ;udwig "deler s (ntersuchungen uberden (rsprungund die .edeutung der Sternnamen& dated in .erlin the Bd of #pril& 8?A@& is the main critical compendium of information on stellar names H #rabic& Greek& and ;atin especially! "t is to him that we owe the translation of the 8 "t is greatly to be regretted that our dictionaries are& without exception& singularly unsatisfactory as to star-titles& being always deficient and too often erroneous! The recent 2entury 2yclopedia of *ames& however& contains the most correct& detailed& concise& and scholarly list that we have!

"ntroduction xvii original #rabic text of 1a)wini s 5 0escription of the 2onstellations& written in the 8Tth century& which forms the basis of the Stemnamen& with 'eier s additions and annotations from classical and other sources! From this much information in my book is derived! The .edford 2atalogue in 2aptain Mafterwards 7ice-#dmiralN $illiam :enry Smyth s B 2ycle of 2elestial <bjects& a book of exceptional value as to information on star-names and uni+ue in its racy style& also has been drawn from!

Sir 6oseph *orman ;ockyer s recent 0awn of #stronomy H a most interesting work even if all his deductions are not accepted H has furnished many of the references to 9gypt and its temple worship of various starsI this new study in orientation having been initiated by %rofessor *issen of Germany& although independently so& about the same time& by ;ockyer! %rofessor 0 #rcy $entworth Thompson s Glossary of Greek .irds has been utili)ed as to the ornithological symbolism T on early coinage& sculpturing& etc! I for this& hitherto unintelligible& is now thought to be largely astronomical! The details of star-spectra mainly are from the Spectralanalyse der Gesfime& of 8?@A& by 0octor 6! Scheiner& of the /oyal #strophysical <bservatory of %otsdam& translated by %rofessor 9! .! Frost& of 0artmouth 2ollege& in 8?@E! The matter connected with the astronomy of 2hina is chiefly from 'r! 6ohn $illiams work of 8?D 8& H the <bservations of 2omets from C88 .! 2! to #! 0! 8CEA& extracted from the 2hinese #trnals& H the star-names being 8 :is customary designation is from his birthplace& 1a)win& in northern %ersia& and has been variously given I Smyth abbreviating it to <madu-d-din #bu 3ahya >akariya "bn-'ahmud #nsarf al-1a)wini! The name is correctly written >akariya ibn 'uhammad ibn 'afcmud al 1a)winl! :e was collaborator with his noted fellow-countryman *asr al 0in al Tusi& who! in 8TDA& compiled the "lkhanian Tables& used in %ersia perhaps to the present day! 5 "t is pleasant to us #mericans to know that Smyth was a lineal descendant of 2aptain 6ohn Smith of 7irginia fame I and of interest to all *ew 6ersey people that his father was from the province of 9ast 6ersey& but& as a loyalist in our /evolution& was compelled to flee to 9ngland& where the son was born in 8D??! :e died& in 8?CJ& after a most useful and distinguished career in the .ritish navy and as astronomer and hydrographer! J This subject originally was broached by Gorius& in 8DJA& in his 0e Gemtnis #striferis I and 0upuis treated of it& although in an exaggerated way& a century ago!

xviii "ntroduction from that or from 'r! 6ohn /eeves #ppendix 8 to 7olume "& %art B& of the /everend 0octor /obert 'orrison s 0ictionary& published at 'acao in 8 ? 8@& with .ode s star-numbers! " have also been aided by the /everend 0octor 6oseph 9dkins recent papers in the 2hina /eview& The translations of the names in /eeves list are by %rofessor 1a)utami (kita& of the 0oshisha Theological School of 1yoto& 6apan I but he expresses misgivings as to the correctness of many of them in their stellar application! %rofessor /ichard 6! :! Gottheil& of 2olumbia (niversity& has very kindly supervised the !transcription and translation of the :ebrew and #rabic star-names& and has added the table of the #rabic alphabet and the 9nglish e+uivalents of its letters! .ut his absence abroad while the earlier pages were going through the press will account for some errors&

which& however& " have endeavored to correct in the "ndex! The 9uphratean B titles are from various sources! The star-magnitudes are from the 9stimates of the :arvard %hotometry& a list of EBCA naked-eye stars north of the TAth parallel of south declination& published in 8??E by %rofessor 9dward 2! %ickering& or from the (ranometria #rgentina5 of the late 0octor .enjamin #! Gould& published in 8?D@! The star-maps of the northern sky to which " generally refer are those of 0octor Friedrich $ilhelm #ugust #rgelander in his (ranometria *orFaU published at .erlin& in 8?ET& wl U T B 5V? stars down to the Cth magnitudeI and of 0octor 9duard :eis in his #tlas 2oelestis *ovus of 8?DB! .ut 8 The original of /eeves list is from the T8st volume of the ;euk ;tih 3uen 3uen& in one hundred volumes& issued in the reign of 1ang :i& with 6esuit assistance! The early native titles seem to have been arbitrarily applied to single stars or small groups& with no apparent stellar signification! B The term " 9uphratean " is used throughout these pages in a general way for the material lately discovered in the 9uphrates 7alley& the source of which H Sumerian& #kkadian& .abylonian& 2haldaean& or #ssyrian H is as yet largely undetermined! The references to this material " have taken bodily from the works of :ommel& Sayce& Strassmaier and 9pping& 6ensen& and /obert .rown& 6unior! T This great work is designed to include all stars down to the Dth magnitude in that portion of the sphere within iooW of the south pole& H the favorable atmospheric conditions at2drdoba& whence the observations were made& rendering even that magnitude readily visible! "t comprises& of course& all the southern constellations& with CDTT stars& and those parts of the northern& with @AD stars& that lie below the 8Ath degree of north declination& H CC constellations in all& with DDTA stars!

"ntroduction xix the last-named acute observer includes those to the CKE magnitude l H JEB8 stars from the pole to EAW of south declination& in eight tenths of the heavens! Smyth more conservatively wrote of this oft-mooted point in observational astronomy , The number of those seen by the naked eye at once is seldom much above a thousand I though from their scintillation& and the indistinct manner in which they are viewed& they appear to be almost infinite! "ndeed& albeit the keen glances of experience might do more& the whole number that can be generally perceived by the naked eye& taking both hemispheres& is not greatly above three thousand& from the first to the sixth magnitudes& in about these proportions ,

"

"" """ "7 7 7" BA DA BBA JAA C@A 8JAA&H

TAAA in all! %rofessor 0avid %! Todd& in his *ew #stronomy of 8?@D& increases the number of Jth-magnitude stars to 8EAA& and of those of the Cth magnitude to JAAA& H D8?J in allI but exceptional conditions of eyesight and atmosphere probably must exist for confirmation of this! The star-colors generally are from Smyth s list whenever noted by him I but it should be remembered that even good authorities sometimes differ as to stellar tints& and those assigned here will not be accepted by all& and in the case of minute objects are very doubtful! " have begun my work with brief notices of the >odiacs& H Solar and ;unar& H that necessarily are constantly alluded to in treating of the individual 2onstellations I following these with three chapters on the latter& H their history among the nations& cataloguing and early treatment by authors& and their connection with astrology& art& folk-lore& literature& and religion! The detailed list of the 2onstellations& in alphabetical order& and of their named components follows& with the derivation& signification& and history of their titles& and some facts as to the scientific aspects of the

stars! "n this last feature of my book %rofessor 2harles #! 3oung& of %rinceton (niversity& has& afforded me much valuable assistance& for which& although very inade+uately& " here return my sincere thanks! # chapter on the Galaxy ends the work! 8 :e was enabled to do this by means of special arrangements for shutting off outside light from the field of sky under view I so that the observations& although by the naked eye& were oot unaided!

xx "ntroduction $here thought necessary& the accentuation of the star-titles is given in the "ndices& although in some cases& from the uncertainty of origin& this may be doubtful! "n conclusion& " would acknowledge my obligations for useful suggestions to %rofessor 9dward S! :olden& till lately the 0irector of the ;ick <bservatory I to 'r! #ddison 7an *ame& of the 3ale (niversity ;ibrary& for access to volumes of reference and help in translationsI to 'essrs Theodore ;! 0e 7inne O 2o! Mthe 0e 7inne %ressN& for their accustomed skill in the make-up of my bookI and to 'r! %! 6! 2assidy& for his interest and intelligent care in its proof-reading! ;astly do " thank my young friend 'iss ;ucy *oble 'orris& of 'orristown& for long-continued aid in various ways& especially in her tasteful selection of poetical illustrations! #nd now& with the hope that my work& even with its imperfections& may serve to foster a more intelligent interest in the nomenclature and " archaeology of practical astronomy&" " submit it to all lovers of the stars! /ichard :inckley #llen! 'eadow 7iew& 2hatham& *ew 6ersey& February 8 C& 8?@@!

ST#/-*#'9S #*0 T:9"/ '9#*"*GS

! ! ! a broad belt of gold of wide extent! $herein twelve starry animals are shown& 'arking the boundaries of %hoebus )one! ;ui) de 2amoes <s ;usiadas!

'any theories have been propounded for the birthplace and time of formation of this I but there now seems to be general agreement of opinion that it originated& mainly as we have it& in archaic 9uphratean astronomy& possibly with only the six alternate& signs& Taurus& 2ancer& 7irgo& Scorpio& 2apricornus& and %isces& and later divided because of the annual occurrence of twelve full moons in successive parts of it! 3et Servius& about a! d! EAA& said that for a long time it consisted of but eleven constellations& Scorpio and its claws being a double sign& this characteristic feature descending to Greece and /ome! /iccioli& about 8CJA& cited as a " 2haldean " title :adronitho 0emalusche& or 2ircle of trie SignsI but this must be taken with much allowance& 8 for in his day .abylonian study had not begun& while modern scholars think that it was known to the #kkadians as "nnum& and as %idnu-f ha-Shame& the Furrow of :eaven& ploughed by the heavenly 0irecting .ull& our Taurus& which from about T??A to about 8DTA b! c! was first of the twelve! #lthough our knowledge of that country s astronomy is as yet limited& it is certain that the #kkadian names of the months were intimately connected with the divisions of this great circleI the calendar probably being taken from the stars about BAAA b! c& according to %rofessor #rchibald :enry Sayce& of <xford! Thence it passed to the 6ews through #ssyria and #rarnaea& as the identity of its titles in those countries indicates X and- the eleven& or twelve& signs for a time became with that people objects of idolatrous worship& as is evident from their history detailed in the Bd .ook A4 the 1ings& xxiii& J! "n the .abylonian 2reation ;egend& or 9pic of 2reation& discovered by 8 "n fact the same caution may be exercised in regard to much of the 9uphratean transcription and translation throughout this work& as well as of the 2hinese!

B Star-*ames and their 'eanings George Smith in 8?DBU the signs were 'i)rata& H a very similar word appears for the 'ilky $ay& H generally supposed to be the original of the biblical 'a))aroth I 'a))aloth being the form used in the Targums and later :ebrew writings! This word& although of uncertain derivation& may come from a root meaning " to watch&" the constellations thus marking the watches of the night by coming successively to the meridian I but 0octor Thomas :yde& B the learned translator at <xford in 8CCJ of the >ij& or Tables& of Y6lug .eg& and of #l Ti)ini s work& derived them from 9)or& a Girdle I while the more recent 0illmann referred them to >ahir& from >uhrah& a Glittering Star& and so signifying something specially luminous! Still this .ible word has been variously rendered& appearing for the Greater .ear& Sirius& the planets& or even for the constellations in general I indeed it has been thought to signify the ;unar 'ansions! #nother name with the 6ews for the )odiac was Galgal :amma)aloth&

the 2ircle of the SignsI and .ayer said that they fancifully designated it as <pus %hrygionarnm& the $ork of the %hrygians& ; e! @ of the embroiderers in gold! The 6ewish historian Flavius 6osephus& followed by Saint 2lement of #lexandria& a! d! BAA& surmised that the twelve stones in the breastplate of the high priest might refer to the twelve )odiacal constellations! %hilo 6udaeus& of about the same time& associated the latter with the stars of 6oseph s dream I the modern poet 6ohann 2hristoph Friedrich Schiller& in 0ie %iccolomini& thus alluding to the ancient opinion as to its sacred character , Twelve = twelve signs hath the )odiac& five and seven& The holy numbers include themselves in twelve I while Smyth wrote , The allegorical images of 6acob s blessing have been identified by several writers with the signs of the 7ia Solis& whence God& as bow-man& becomes Sagittarius! :ebrew anti+uaries have long recogni)ed 9noch as inventor of the 0odecatemory divisions I and both .erosus S.erossos as now written& H the 2haldaean historian of about BCA .! cK and 6osephus declare that #braham was famous for his celestial observations& and even taught the 9gyptians! #s to this last people& while our twelve figures appear on the 0enderah 8 This was found on tablets of the reign of #s-sur-ba-ni-pal& CAA .! c& although supposed to have been originally composed about BTJA .! 2, a supposition confirmed by %ere Scheil& who recently has found a fragment of this legend on a tablet bearing the name of #m-mi-)a-du-ga& 1ing of .abylon& B8EA .! c! B "t was this 0octor :yde who first described the wedge-shaped characters of the %ersepolis inscriptions by the term cuneiformes& now a word of universal acceptation!

The Solar >odiac T planisphere doubtless from Greek or /oman influence& we have little knowledge as to what was the )odiac of their native astronomy& although it perhaps represented their twelve chief divinities I and Saint 2lement tells us that the $hite& or Sacred& "bis& "bis aethiopica or religiosa& was its emblem! The 6esuit Father #thanasius 1ircher& 8 8 CAB-8C?A& has left to us its separate 2optic-9gyptian titles in the Greek text& with their supposed significations in ;atin I but these& presumably translations from the originals& are not lexicon words! #mong them& for the )odiac itself& is Ta4ierovpo evreviip.a& whatever that may be! .ut 'iss #gnes '! 2lerke says that when 9gypt adopted the Greek figures it was with various changes that effaced its character as " a circle of living things!" "n #rabia the )odiac was #l 'intakah al .uruj& the Girdle of the Signs&

that .ayer +uoted as #lmantioa seu :itaoI and& more indefinitely& it was #l Falak& the 9xpanse of the Sky! "n Greece it was ra bufie1aTrinopia& the Twelve %arts& and C >udiandg 1v5#oc I but #ristotle& the :umboldt of the Eth century before our era& called it C 1vtckog tOv >gh64 wv& B the 2ircle of ;ittle #nimals& the signs before ;ibra was introduced being all of living creatures! The German Thierkreis has the same signification! %roclus of our Jth century called it C #ofoc 1v5#!oc& the <bli+ue 2ircle& that originally was for the ecliptic I but with #ratos& who regarded the claws as distinct from Scorpio& it was ra 9iSwka dvo1atdeita& the Twelve "mages! #s :omer and :esiod made no allusion to it& we may consider as in some degree correct the statement that another poet& 2leostratos of Tenedos& made it known in Greece about JAA b! c& from his observations on 'ount "da! "n /ome it commonly was >odiacusI the <rbis +ui Graece >iodiatcog dicitur of 2icero s 0e 0ivination5 I and the <rbis ugniferuft& or 2iroulus signifer& of 2icero and 7itruvius& the Sign-bearing 2ircle& that became Signiportant in the ;ivre de 2reatures& the 8Bth-century #nglo-*orman poem of %hilippe de Thaun! %oetically it was 'edia 7ia Solis and <rbita Solifl I the .alteni stellatns of 'aniiius& the Starry .elt I and the varii 'utator 2irenlu anni of ;ucan! .ayer s Sigillariufl probably is a ;ow ;atin word for the ;ittle "mages I and he +uoted ;imbus textilis& the $oven Girdle& and Fascia& the .and& that %tolemy used for the 'ilky $ay! 8 1ircher was a distinguished mathematician and scholar to whom& as also to /oger .acon of four centuries previously& is attributed the invention of the magic lantern! "n Samuel .oteler s celebrated poem :udibras& 8CCT-8CD?& he is alluded to as " the 2optic priest 1ircherus!" "t was he who began the modern study of the 9gyptian hieroglyphics! B This is the first mention of the )odiac by any extant writer!

E Star-*ames and their 'eanings 2haucer s line in Troilus and 2riseyde H and Signifer his candeles shewed brighte H was borrowed from 2laudian s "n /ufinum& and referred to the sky I but the #strolabe had This forseide hevenish )odiak is cleped the cercle of the signes! 9lsewhere he called the )odiac figures 9yrish bestes and the 2ercle of the .estes& for )odia in langage of Greek sowneth bestes in ;atin tonge I

ZJa& the original word in The /evelation& iv& C& being translated " beasts " in our #uthori)ed 7ersion and " living creatures " in the /evised! 2haucer s terms may have been taken from <vid s Formas+ue ferarum! "n manuscripts of the #nglo-Saxons it is 'ielan circul )odiacum& the Great >odiacal 2ircle& and Twelf Tacna& the Twelve Signs I but their descendants& our 9nglish ancestry of four or five centuries ago& knew it as the .estiary& <ar ;adye s $aye& and as the Girdle of the Sky I while the ecliptic was the 3oke of the Sky& or Thwart 2ircle& and the prime meridian& the *oonsteede& or *oonstead& 2ircle! 'ilton& in %aradise ;ost& thus accounts for the obli+uity of the earth s axis& as if by direct interposition of the 2reator , Some say& he bid his angels turn askance The poles of earth twice ten degrees or more From the sun s axle I they with labour push d <bli+ue the centric globe , some say& the sun $as bid turn reins from th e+uinoctial road ;ike distant breadth to Taurus with the seven #tlantic Sisters& and the Spartan Twins& (p to the Tropic 2rab I thence down amain .y ;eo& and the 7irgin& and the Scales& #s deep as 2apricorn& to bring in change <f seasons to each clime! %ope& in his 9ssay on 'an& called it the Solar $alk& and& before his day& its various divisions were the :ouses of the Sun& and the 'onthly #bodes of #pollo! 0ante #lighieri& 8 BCJ-8TB8& designated it The obli+ue circle which conveys the planets& and called it /nbecohio& the Tuscan word for a 'ill-wheel whose various cogs were represented by the various signs& an image often made use of by

The Solar >odiac J the great poet! ;ongfellow translated this the >odiac s 6agged $heel! .ut many centuries& perhaps millenniums& before 0ante the /ig 7eda of "ndia had The twelve-spoked wheel revolves around the heavens I DBA children in pairs S[ TCA days -f- TCA nightsK abide in it! #nd again& The fellies are twelve I the wheel is oneI within it are collected TCA SspokesK!

# common title for it in "ndia was .an ohakra! "n the neighboring %ersia& the .undehcsh y or 2osmogony& in the %ahlavi dialect& of about the ?th or @th century& a +ueerly mixed farrago of %ersian and Semitic words& mentions our )odiacal divisions as the Twelve #khtars that lead the army of <rmu)d& while the seven #svahtars& or planets Mincluding a meteor and a cometN& fight for #ryaman! .ut the twelve signs of that country& as also those of 2hina and "ndia& were gathered into four great groups marking the four +uarters of the heavens& each with a /oyal Star or Guardian I and the #ves4a& or 0ivine ;aw& of >oroaster is thought to mention a heavenly circle of figures e+uivalent to our )odiac! 'r! /obert .rown& 6r!& says that in 2hina the 1ung& or )odiacal signs& are the Tiger MSagittariusNI the :are MScorpioNI the 0ragon M;ibraNI the Serpent M7irgoNI the :orse M;eoNI the /am M2ancerNI the #pe MGeminiNI the 2ock MTaurusNI the 0og M#riesNI the .oar M%iscesNI the /at M#+uariusNI the <x M2apricornusN! This is a )odiac indeed I but although the latest research Snotably by the late 0octor Terrien de ;acouperieK points to a more western origin of 2hinese civili)ation Sas of about EAAA years agoK& and even Ma most interesting factN to the original identity of the 2hinese pictorial writing with the #kkadian 2uneiform& as both springing from one prior source& yet the 2hinese >odiac is evidently independent& and none the less so because it happens to include the /am and the .ull& which& however& are not #ries and Taurus! "t is well shown on the Temple 'oney& 8 a full set of which& of uncertain age& is in my possession! This 2hinese )odiac& however& progressed in reverse order from our own& opposed to the sun s annual course in the heavens& and began with the /at! "t was known as the 3ellow $ay& the date of formation being assigned to some time between the BDth and Dth centuries before our era& and the twelve symbols utili)ed to mark the twelve months of the year! "t was borrowed& too& by the neighboring nations ages ago& some of its features being still 8 These are sharply minted coins& somewhat smaller than an #merican dime& apparently ot silver and copper alloy& with a s+uare perforation similar to that in the tsien or cash!

C Star-*ames and their 'eanings current among them! #fter the establishment in 2hina of the 6esuits in the 8 Cth century our )odiac was adopted& its titles being closely translated and now in current use! "n 9ngland the 7enerable .ede& CDT-DTJ& substituted the eleven apostles for eleven of the early signs& as the 2orona sen 2irculua sanctorum #postolonun& 6ohn the .aptist fitly taking the place of #+uarius to complete the

circle! Sir $illiam 0rummond& in the 8Dth century& turned its constellations into a do)en .ible patriarchsI the /everend G! Townsend made of them the twelve 2aesarsI and there have been other fanciful changes of this same character! "ndeed& the Tree of ;ife in the #pocalypse has been thought a type of the )odiac& as bearing twelve manner of fruits& yielding its fruit every month! %robably every nation on earth has had a solar )odiac in some form& generally one of animals! 9ven in /hodesia& the aboriginal 'ashona 8 ;and of South #frica& there has recently been found a stone tablet thirty-eight inches in diameter& with the circle of the )odiacal signs on the edge I and early 'andaean tradition makes its figures children of their creative spirits (r and /uha! The introduction of the twelve figures into the walls or pavements of early churches& cathedrals& and public edifices& as well as& sometimes& private houses& is often to be noticed in 9urope& and still more fre+uently in the temples of the 9ast I B while all visitors to the *ew 3ork State .uilding in the $orld s 2olumbian 9xposition of 2hicago in 8?@T will recall the striking octagonal )odiac T designed by 'essrs! 'c1im& 'ead& and $hite& and laid in brass in the floor of the entrance hall& which& although not astronomically correct& greatly added to the interior effect of that beautiful structure! The )odiacal constellations being of une+ual extent& :ipparchos more scientifically divided the ecliptic circle into twelve e+ual spaces of TA each& the twelve signs still in almanac use I but these are not now coincident with the similarly named constellations& having retrograded about TT on the sphere since their formation! The constellation north or south of the one of the )odiac that rose or set synchronically with it in Greece was known& in later days& as its paranatellon! 8 This word is #nglici)ed from #mashuina& the .aboons& the nickname given by the 'atabele to their neighbors the 'akalanga& the natives of 'ashona ;and! B 'iss 2lerke has much information as to this in her interesting article on the )odiac in the 9ncyclopaedia .ritannka& as has .rown in the EDth volume of #rthacologia! T This is now in the .oston %ublic ;ibrary!

Their number is& if you want to count them& Twenty stars& and a number ? after them! #n # rabic /hyme +uoted by #l .iruni!

\Le Qunat Gttanaione once bore an important part in observational astronomy& especially in that of #rabia& 2hina& and "ndia& and of 1hiva H the ancient 1horasmia H and .okhara H the ancient SogdianaI while recent research finds them well established in the 9uphrates valley& 2optic 9gypt and %ersia& perhaps originating in the first! They lay for the most part along the celestial e+uator or in the )odiac& varying in extent& although theoretically each was supposed to represent the length of the moon s daily motion in its orbit! They sometimes were twenty-seven& but usually twenty-eight in number& the lunar month being between twenty-seven and twenty-eight days& and possibly long antedated the general constellations& or even the solar )odiac! They seem to have been among the earliest attempts at stellar scienceI indeed with the 1horasmians& to whom #l .iruni attributed great knowledge of the stars& an astronomer was called #khtar $enik& ;ooking to the ;unar StationsI and they have largely been made use of in the astrology of all ages& as well as in early poetry and prose& even in #rabic doggerel! Their astrological characters were various& eleven being considered fortunate& ten the reverse& and seven of uncertain influenceI but each& at least in "ndia& was associated with some occurrence of life! Their anti+uity is proved by the fact that there& and probably elsewhere& the list began with the %leiades& when those stars marked the vernal e+uinox& although this was changed about the beginning of our era& owing to precession& to stars in #ries& the BDth of the early series& and further from the fact that many of their titles occur in the most ancient books of 2hina& and are positively claimed there as of at least BJAA b! c! $hile these lunar asterisms in the main agree as to their component stars& Heighteen are coincident& H some of the :indu and 2hinese are located in our #ndromeda& #+uila& .ootes& 2rater& 0elphinus& :ydra& ;yra& <rion& and %egasus& outside of the moon s course! *or are their titles similar& except in the 8Cth& 8Dth& and B?th of 2hina and #rabiaI but our great Sanskrit scholar $hitney thought that this can hardly be fortuitous& and claimed& D

? Star-*ames and their 'eanings from this and other points of resemblance& that they are " three derivative forms of the same original!" They have been much disputed about& l yet no substantial agreement has been reached as to the date of their formation& or their place of origin! $hitney s rQsumQ of the discussion appears in his ;unar >odiac& his conclusion being that the moon stations were adopted into "ndia& perhaps everywhere& from 'esopotamia& their birthplace!

.iot& early in this century& said that they were of 2hinese origin& and Sedillot& that they came from #rabia I but 'iss 2lerke considers "ndia as their source& and that they were first published in #rabia& in #l Ferghani s 9lements of #stronomy& under the 1halif #l 'amun& in the early part of the @th century& when :indu cultivation in art& literature& and the sciences was much looked up to by the #rabians! 3et in the year 8AAA #l .iruni wrote& in his "ndia& about its astronomers , " never came across any one of them who knew the single stars of the lunar stations from eyesight& and was able to point them out to me with his fingers! The :indus knew them as .akihatras& #sterisms& the 6ufOr of #l .iruni& and thought them influential in their worship& and selected from the list the names of their months I but& although in some form or other they were very ancient in "ndia& they do not seem to have been fully recogni)ed there until the Dth or ?th century before 2hrist& when they appeared in the .rahmanas& (nlike their counterparts in #rabia and 2hina& each seems to have been represented by some special figure& in no way associated with the title! "n #rabia they were #l *ujum al #fidh& the Stars of 9ntering& and #l .ibatat& the /oadside "nns& although better known as #l 'ana)il al 9amr& the 'ansions& or /esting- %laces& of the 'oonI man)il& in the singular& signifying the noonday halt of camel and rider in the desert! /eaders of .en :ur will recall this in connection with .althasar& the 9gyptian& at the meeting of the 'agi in their search for :im " that is born 1ing of the 6ews&" after they saw his star in the east& and are come to worship him! They are alluded to in the 8Ath Sura of the 1urgan& where& referring to the moon& it says that God 8 %rofessors $hitney and *ewton have done the most to elucidate the subject in all its details by their article of 8?J? in the 6ournal of the #merican <riental Society on the Surra Siddhanta& the Straight Mor StandardN .ook of the Sun& the most important astronomical book of "ndia& and claimed by the :indus to be of divine origin& although #l .iruni asserted that it was composed by ;ata!

The ;unar 'ansions @ hath appointed her stations& that ye might know the number of years& and the computation of time I but long before the %rophet the authors of the 2haldaean 2reation ;egend and of Genesis wrote similarlyI while in the 8AE' %salm& that noble nature-psalm for $hitsunday& we read , :e appointed the moon for seasons!

"n 2hina they were Sieu& :ouses& the series commencing with 1io& H a and f 7irginis& H at the September e+uinox I and some are disposed to regard them there not merely as lunar divisions& but also as determinant points in reference to the movements of the sun and planets! 0iffering& however& from the analogous divisions of other nations& they generally were located along the e+uator! "n the legends of that country they were the sky representatives of twenty-eight celebrated generals! They also were introduced into 6apan at an early day& and the chronicler of 'agellan s voyage in 8JB 8 found them familiarly known in the 'alay #rchipelago& and their astrological influence well recogni)ed! These :indu& #rabic& and 2hinese lunar asterisms have long been familiar to us& but the %ersian have more recently been found in the .undehesh& and .rown has only lately published transcriptions and translations of the 2haldaean& 1horasmian& and Sogdian titles&5 H the originals of the last two from #l .iruni& H as also the significations of the 2optic and %ersian! Their names and locations are given in connection with their component stars throughout this work I and they have been charted in detail by $illiams and by *ewton! <ther divisions of the sky& somewhat analogous to these& were the 0ecU ana of the 2haldaeans& 9gyptians& and Greeks& " belts of stars extending round the heavens& the risings of which followed each other by ten days or so&" but of much greater extent north and south than the ;unar 'ansions& and thirty-six in number instead of twenty-eight! 'iss 2lerke writes of them , The 2haldaeans chose three stars in each sign to be the " councillor gods " of the planets! These were called by the Greeks " decans&" because ten degrees of the ecliptic and ten days of the year were presided over by each! The college of the decans was conceived as moving& by their annual risings and settings& in an " eternal circuit " between the infernal and supernal regions! They are mentioned by 'anilius as 0ecania& by others as 0ecaniea& 0ecane& 0ecanon& 0egane& 0eganae& and 0ecima I while the lords of the decans were known as 0ecani and their titles have been preserved to us

8A Star-*ames and their 'eanings by 'aternus 6ulius Firmicus& the prose writer of 2onstantine s reign! They appear in representations of ancient )odiacs on temple walls and astrological monuments in 9gypt& as probably elsewhere!

The sky domed above us with its heavenly frescoes painted by the thought of the Great #rtist! #llen Throckmorton s Sketches!

>]t ton.ttttation.N

now designated by arbitrary lines outside and entirely independent of the figures& in ancient times were confined within the outlines of the forms that they were supposed to represent& although any resemblance was only occasionally noticeable! #ll stars adjacent to but beyond these were called by the Greeks aiiopGuroi& unformed& and frnopadec& scattered& which ;atin authors followed in their extra& informes& dispersae& disseminatae& and sparsi(sI and the #rabians in their # " :drij min # " Surah& <utside of the "mage! "n our day& however& every star is within the limits of some one of the constellations& although the boundaries of these are not in all cases agreed upon by astronomers! Still those adopted by #rgelander are generally accepted for the northern figures& as those of Gould are for the southern I Gould s boundaries largely agreeing with the suggestions of Sir 6ohn :erschel& i! e!& formed by arcs of meridians and parallels of declination for a given epoch! The figures were variously known by the Greeks as lifjUara and Teipea y SignsI BuVfiara& .odiesI >udia& #nimalsI and as 'crt opa& Things in :eaven& our word 'eteors! :ipparchos said #aTepiopot & as did %tolemy& but also alluded to them as 'opAaVaPc& Semblances& and lxw aTa i Figures! %liny and other ;atins called them #stra& Sidera& and Signa& while later on 2onste(atio appeared& that in the 8J 8J #lmagest is StellatioI and the #rabians knew them as #l Suwar& Figures!

The 2onstellations 8 8 #ratos& in the Gau ofieva of BDA b! a& mentioned forty-five& but many of these probably had been formed millenniums previously by the 2haldaeans& or even by their predecessors I in fact& he is not supposed to have invented any that he described! 9ratosthenes& nearly a century after #ratos& reduced the number to forty-two in the 1araorepiopoi that were attributed to his authorship until .ernhardy s timeI as did Gaius 6ulius :yginus :istoria& about the beginning of our era& in his reputed work& the %oeticon #stronomicon & and 0ecimus 'agnus #usonius& the 2hristian poet of nearly four centuries later! The 2atalogue of :ipparchos& now lost except as preserved by %tolemy& is said to have contained forty-nine constellations with 8A?A starsI but his 2ommentary on 9udoxos and #ratosU that we still have& mentions only fortysix! "t was of this great astronomer that %liny wrote in the year D?& as translated by %hilemon :olland& in 8CTE& in his :istorie of the $orlde,

The same man went so farre that he attempted Ma thing even hard for God to performN to deliver to posteritie the just number of starres I and asserted that this was induced by the appearance& in 8TE b! c& of the bright nova& or temporary star& in Scorpio! The observations of :ipparchos seem to have been made between 8CB and 8BD b! c! %liny& although but a poor cosmographer& devoted two chapters to astronomy in the :istoria *aturalis& and& according to the usual rendering& mentioned seventy-two 8 asterisms with 8CAA starsI but this& if the original be correctly understood& could have been only by separately counting parts of the old figures& for nowhere does he allude to any that are new& unless it be his Thronos 2aesaris& probably the Southern 2ross! %tolemy scientifically followed with those now known as the ancient forty-eight& in the Dth and ?th books of the Syntaxis& twelve of the )odiac with twenty-one northern and fifteen southern& made up by 8AB? stars& including 8AB d^iCp_puNToi& all probably from :ipparchos& although with some acknowledged alterations by himselfI for in the Jth chapter of his Dth book he wrote , we employ not the same Figures of the 2onstellations that those before us did& as neither did they of those before them& but fre+uently make (se of others that more truly represent the Forms for which they are drawn! :is catalogue was supposed to comprise all the stars above the JEth de8 "n 2hilraead s Treatise is an attempted explanation of this& from Scaliger s 2ommentaries on #fattiiius, "that he might untie this knot& reads those words of %liny thus ! ! ! discrtta in dnode ;! signa& c7r!& where for seventy two& hee would have it to be wanting two , which is E?! the just number reckoned by %tolemy!"

8B Star-*ames and their 'eanings gree of south declination& his earliest recorded observations being in a! d! 8BD and the last in 8J8 I and we find with him the first comparative list of star magnitudes! "n the year 8BJB 9urope resumed its old position in astronomical work by the compilation of ;os ;ibros del Saber de #stronomia& the celebrated #lfonsine Tables& by #rabian or 'oorish astronomers& at Toledo& under the patronage of the "nfante& afterward 1ing #lfonso Y& 9l Sabio& the $ise& and the #stronomer& of ;eon and 2astile& who " abandoned the crown for the astrolabe and forgot the earth for the sky!" These Tables and their ;atin translations are strongly #rabici)ed& as plainly appears in our modern star-titles drawn from them I while the whole work is in the main only copied from %tolemy with some necessary corrections! .ut it probably fairly represents the science of the 'iddle #ges& and was in use until at least the 8Cth centuryI for 9den& 8 in 8JJJ& +uoted

from Gemma %hrysius <n the 'atter of Fyndynge the ;ongitude, "Then eythcr by the 1phemerides or by the tables of #lphonsus !!!" 7arious editions have been printed , the first in 8E?T& two hundred years after #lfonso s deathI again& in 8E@B and 8JB8& all at 7enice and in ;atinI in 8JEJB8 %arisI in 8CE8 at 'adridI and& lastly& splendidly reproduced therein 8?CT8?CD& in the earliest accessible Spanish text& with illustrations& supposed copies of the original! "t was this #lfonso who has so often been condemned for his remark, :ad " been present at the 2reation& " would have given some useful hints for the better ordering of the universe I but as he was speaking of the absurd %tolemaic system& it does not seem so irreverent now as it did before 2opernicus day! 2arlyle +uoted it in his :istory of Fritttrkh " " of %russia& H that it seemed a crank machineI that it was pity the 2reator had not taken advice= and said that this& and this only& of his many wise sayings is still remem"kmxh" by mankind! From %tolemy s timc ] with the exception of the #lfonsine Tables& no advance was made in astronomical science for 8TAA years& and the Syntaxis continued to be the standard of the world s astronomy& " a sort of astronomical ttt$c& from which nothing was taken& and to which nothing material in principle `V as added!" t /xthanl5 Fden P5_ one of the r5nn_-ip5l authors of the reign of 'ary Tudor& and the uav!v1uoi ot the writings ot l3ter 'amr on the e5rlv naxigmrors 7espucci& 2orsati& %igafetta& andoihorv :tR P57!t5v_ P5 v tkt R55v wR-PjV 45X wx5 4P555 mas the third 9nglish book on `PwR# oi 7tmomx' an he ca(od ``! pu'iVheti ,n ;UnPion in 8JJJ-

The 2onstellations 8T "n the 8Jth century& however& it was corrected and copied under the auspices of the celebrated (lug .eg& grandson of the great Tatar con+ueror& Timur i ;eng& Timur the ;ame& our Tamerlane& and& as his Tables & was published at Samarkhand& with the date of the Jth of 6uly& 8ETD! The constellation descriptions in these are from #l Sufi s translation of five centuries previously& the titles of a few groups being changed I and the intrinsic excellence of the work& as well as the deservedly great reputation of its author as an astronomer& supported by many able assistants& made it a standard authority for nearly two centuries! Following (lug .eg& but from 9urope& came in 8JE?-J8 the globes of Gerardus 'ercator MGerhard 1ramerN& on which were located fifty-one asterisms with @TE stars& besides numerous inform es! #bout this time 2opernicus 8 great work laid the foundations of modern astronomy& and was soon followed! by Tycho .rahe s posthumous catalogue of 8CAB& with forty-six constellations& but only DDD stars& the mystic number& and so perhaps by design& for the author& although the

first real observer of modern days& was still under the influence of astrology! "n the succeeding year appeared the (ranometria of 6ohann .ayer& the great %rotestant lawyer of #ugsburg& a work also much tinctured with the occult science& in which the author probably followed Tycho! This contained spirited drawings& after 0iirer& of the ancient forty-eight figures& with a list of 8DA@ stars and twelve new southern asterisms! These last were its noticeable feature& with the fact that in the plates of the ancient constellations for the first time formally appeared Greek and /oman letters to indicate the individual stars& and so conveniently taking the place of the cumbersome descriptions till then in vogue! 8 #lthough this lettering did not come into general use until the succeeding century& .ayer had been anticipated in it fifty years before by %iccolomini of Siena& and even the %ersians and :ebrews are said to have had something similar! 0r! /obert $ittie& of ;ondon& in his <vpavoo1onla of 8C? 8& wrote of this last people , #ben 9)ra tells that they first divided the Stars into 2onstellations& and expressed them all by the :ebrew ;etters& which when they had gone through& they added a second ;etter to express the shape& and oft-times a third to set forth the *ature of the 2onstellation! #fter .ayer new constellations were published in the %lanisphaerium Stdlatum of 8CBE by 6akob .artsch M .artschiusN I in the /udolphitie Tables of 8CBD& 1epler s edition of Tycho s catalogueI in #ugustin /over s work of 8CD@I and in the 2atalogue of Southern Stars of the same year& by 0octor 9dmund :alley& from his observations at Saint :elena! The %rodromus #stronomiae of 8C@A& by 6ohann :ewel& or :oevelke M:eveliusN& and its 8 *o lettering& however& was applied by .ayer to stars of the twelve new southern figures!

8E Star-*ames and their 'eanings appendix with plates& the Firmamentum Sobieseianum& also gave new figures& as did the :istoria 2oelestis .ritannica of the /everend 0octor 6ohn Flamsteed& completed in 8DB@ by 2rosthwait and Sharp after Flamsteed s death in 8D 8@! This comprised fifty-four constellations& the stars being consecutively numbered in the order of their right ascension I the companion #tlas following in 8DJT& and again in 8D?8! The #b$ *icolas ;ouis de ;a 2aille& "the true 2olumbus of the southern sky&" 8 in his #ft moires of 8DJB and his 2oelum Stelliferum of 8DCT& introduced fourteen new groups& " to which he assigned the names of the principal implements of the sciences and fine arts"I while a few others were formed by %ierre 2harles ;e 'onnier from 8DE8 to 8DJJ& and by 6oseph 6erome ;e Francais Sdit de ;a ;andeN from 8DDC to 8D@B& the Td edition of ;a ;ande s #stronomie containing a total of eighty-eight constellations! ;astly& in 8?AA& 6ohann 9liert .ode published nine new figures in his (ranographia& although some of these were by ;a ;ande I a Bd edition& entitled 0ie Gestirne& being issued in 8?AJ! .ut none of these inventions of the last three authors are now recogni)ed! The greater part of the new constellations were of course in the south&

a +uarter of the heavens which& although alluded to by a writer of the time of %haraoh *eku& who sent a %hoenician fleet to circumnavigate #frica about CAA b! c& practically was unknown till the discovery of the *ew $orld stimulated the efforts of the early voyagers at the beginning of the 8 Cth century! Some of these have left records of their stellar observations H among them the "talians 2orsali& %igafetta& and 7espucci& and the 0utch %ieter Theodor of 9mbden M9mbdanusN& alias %ieter 0ircks) 1eyser& and Friedrich :outmann! .ut the results did not formally appear till a century later in the works of .ayer and 1epler& although they were mentioned in the 0ecades of %eter 'artyr B and in 9den s translations of it and similar works I and some of the figures were inserted on the now almost unknown globes of 9meric 'ollineux& 6odocus :ondius& and 6ansenius 2aesius M$illem 6ansson .laeuN& of 8J@B and the years following! The hitherto unfigured space around the south pole& the object of these observations& was an eccentric one as to the pole& although in itself circular& reaching from #rgo& #ra& and 2entaurus& now within BA of that point on 8 "t is interesting to know that ;a 2aille s observations were made with a half-inch glass! B %eter 'artyr H not the great reformer 7ermigli H was %ietro 'artire d #nghiera& #ngleria& or #ngliera& from his supposed birthplace near 'ilan! :is work 0e /ebus <ceanic is et <rbe *ovo& issued from 8J88 to 8JB8& is a most interesting source of information on the eariy voyages to our country& largely derived from 2olumbus!

The 2onstellations 8J one side&! to 2etus and %iscis #ustralis& within CoW on the otherI while its centre& near y :ydri and the *ubecula 'inor& was the pole of BAAA to BEAA b! c& when a 0raconis corresponded to it on the north! From this fact came %roctor s ingenious argument that such was the date of formation of the latest of the ancient constellations! "t is perhaps worthy of notice that the 0uctor in linguas& or Guide into Tongues& the polyglot dictionary of 8C8D-BD& by 6ohn 'insheu M'inshaeusN& at the word #sterisme in the later editions alluded to 9ighty-four in all besides a few found out of late by the 0iscoverers of the South %ole I but he gave no detailed list& and doubtless erred in his statement! "n our day there is discrepancy in the number of constellations accepted by astronomers& few of whom entirely agree in recognition of the modern formations! For& although "deler described 8AC& with allusions to others entirely obsolete& or of which nearly all traces had been lost& #rgelander catalogued only eighty-six& 7ela& %uppis& and 2arina being included under #rgoI and the .ritish #ssociation 2atalogue of 8?EJ only eighty-four! %rofessor 3oung recogni)es sixty-seven as in ordinary use& although he catalogues eighty-four& #rgo being divided into 2arina& %uppis& and 7elaI (p-

ton s Star #tlas& of 8?@C& eighty-five I and the Standard 0ictionary eightynine& but the latter s list of 8?? star-names is disappointing! *or should " forget to mention a very popular book in its day& the Geography of the :eavensU with its #tlas by 9lijah :! .urritt& published in various editions from 8?TT to 8?JC! This described fifty well-recogni)ed constellations visible from the latitude of :artford& 2onnecticut& E8 EC I although his table of those in the entire heavens included ninety-six& most of which appeared in the accompanying maps& the figures being taken from $ollaston s drawings! #lthough not an original work of great scientific value& and erroneous as well as deficient in its stellar nomenclature& it had a sale of over a +uarter of a million copies& and much influence in the dissemination of astronomical knowledge in the generation now passing away! " am glad to pay here my own tribute to the memory of the author& in acknowledgment of the service rendered me in stimulating a boyhood interest in the skies! From eighty to ninety constellations may be considered as now more or less acknowledged I while probably a million stars are laid down on the various modern maps& and this is soon to be increased perhaps to three millions upon the completion of the present photographic work for this object by the international association of eighteen observatories engaged upon it in different parts of the world! The first instalment in print of these ob-

8C Star-*ames and their 'eanings serrations may be expected in a few years I the whole perhaps in twentyfive or thirty years! "t has been the fashion with astronomers to decry this multiplicity of sky figures& and with good reason I for& as 'iss 2lerke writes in her monograph on The :erschels and 'odern #stronomy, 2elestial maps had become " a system of derangement and confusion&" of confusion 55 worse confounded!" *ew asterisms& carved out of old& existed precariously& recognued by some& ignored by others I waste places in the sky had been annexed by encroaching astronomers as standing-ground for their glorified telescopes& +uadrants& sextants& clocks a chemical apparatus had been set up by the shore of the river 9ridanus& itself a meandering and uncomfortable figure I while serpents and dragons trailed their perplexing convolutions through hour after hour of right ascension I with more to the same effect! This condition of things led the /oyal #stronomical Society& in 8?E8& to depute to Sir 6ohn :erschel and 'r! Francis .aily the task of attempting a reform! .ut although improvement was made by the discarding of several figures and the subdivision of others& their changes were too sweeping and were not successful& so that as the constellations stood then& in the main do they stand to-day& and so will they probably remain& at least with the people! The change from the old system of star-designations& however& has been much more thorough& and& except in the popular mind& has been practically accomplished I but now in turn is there confusion in their substitutes& the

various catalogue numbers and letters& even among the astronomers& and certainly with us unscientific star-ga)ers! #s to this 'iss 2lerke graphically continues , pilpib e blunders& unsettled discrepancies& anomalies of all imaginable kinds& survive in an inextricable web of arbitrary appellations& until it has come to pass that a star has often aV many aliases as an accomplished swindler!

""! $hat were the dates of formation and places of origin of the earliest of the present sky figures are +uestions that have often been asked& but till recently ini^VosVi'e to be answered& and now only in part& and that tentatively! Greece and /ome& 1gypt and 2haklaea! 2hina& "ndia& #ethiopia! and %hoenicia& and perhaps other countries& all lay claim to the honor& whi e history& theory& and tradition are all cited in proofI but we may safely aUree with ;a %lace that their forms and names have not been given them bv chance!

The 2onstellations 8D #ratos& 8 the first Greek poetical writer on astronomy now extant& described them as from the most ancient times& and wrote in the %hainomena, Some man of yore # nomenclature thought of and devised& #nd forms sufficient found! So thought he good to make the stellar groups& That each by other lying orderly& They might display their forms! #nd thus the stars #t once took names and rise familiar now! :is sphere& probably identical with that of 9udoxos of a century previous& accurately represented the heavens of about BAAA to BBAA b! c& a fact which has induced many to think it a reproduction from .abylonia I and the disagreement in the poet s description with the sky of his day led :ipparchos& the first commentator on the %hainomenaU to much needless although in some cases well-founded criticism I for #ratos was& as 2icero said& hominem ignarum astronomiae! Still his poem is now apparently our sole source of knowledge as to the arrangement of the early constellations& and has been closely followed in all star-maps as an indispensable guide! "t seems to have been a versification of its now lost prose namesake by 9udoxos& somewhat influenced by the writings of Theophrastus& and had a great run in its day! ;andseer B wrote in his Sabaean /esearches of 8?BT , $hen the poem entitled the %henomena of #ratus was introduced at /ome by 2icero and other leading characters& we read that it became the polite amusement of the /oman

ladies to work the celestial forms in gold and silver on the most costly hangings I and this had previously been done at #thens& where concave ceilings were also embla)oned with the heavenly figures& under the auspices of #nttgonus Gonatas& 1ing of 'acedonia and patron of #ratos! "t has always been much translated& versified& commented upon& and +uoted fromI and we know of thirtyfive Greek commentaries on this work! ""t continued to be used as a practical manual of sidereal astronomy as late as the Cth century of our era!" 2icero translated it in his youth& seventy years before the appearance of 7ergil s #eneidI Germanicus 2aesar did the same about a! d! 8JI and /ufus Festus #vienus versified!it in our Eth century , all commented on by :ugo Grotius in his Syntagma #rateorum of 8CAA! <f several 9nglish 8 #ratos is supposed to have been the +uit alter who& with 2onon& was shown on the Xa beechen bowls& the carved work of the divine #lcimedon&" that 'enalcas wagers with 0amoetasin the Td 9clogue of the .ucolka! 5 6ohn ;andseer& engraver and writer on art& was the father of Thomas and Sir 9dwin ;andseer!

8? Star-*ames and their 'eanings translations the most literal and useful is that of 'r! /obert .rown& 6r!& in 8??J! Saint %aul s supposed +uotation from it in The #cts of the #postles& xvil B?& perhaps made it popular with the 2hristians of his and subse+uent times& for apparent references to it occur in the writings of the early fathers! "t may be assumed that& with the exception of (rsa 'inor& 9+uuleus! and ;ibra in its present shape& the sources of the old forty-eight have been lost in their great anti+uity! 3et %liny asserted that #ries and Sagittarius were formed by 2leostratos at some time between JE? and ETB b! c! I and the rest& with e+ual improbability& have been ascribed by #ristotle s pupil 9udemos to the %ythagorean <inopides of 2hios as of about JAA b! c!&but from 9gyptian dictation! $hatever may be the facts as to all this& we know that a long line of notable Greeks& from :omer and :esiod to %tolemy& were interested in& and have preserved to us& their constellated heavens! <f these the first astronomers were Thales& CEA-JEC b! c& who gave us (rsa 'inorI 9udoxos& who! according to common story& brought the constellations from 9gypt& and! about TCC b! c& was the first to publish them in the original prose %haitiomena ] 2icero calling him the greatest astronomer that ever lived I while :ipparchos& 8 of whom %liny said nun+uam satis laudatus& is the acknowledged founder of our modern science! :is works& however& are now lost& except his 2ommentary and the star-catalogue reproduced by %tolemy! #ll these are mentioned with respect even by the astronomers of to-day I and it is certain that we find in their country the immediate source of most of the

constellations as they now appear on our maps& and of the stories connected therewith! 3et these un+uestionably are in many cases variations of long antecedent& perhaps prehistoric& legends and observations from the 9uphrates& Ganges& and *ileI indeed the Greek astronomers always acknowledged their indebtedness to 2haldaea and 9gypt& but gave most of the credit to the latter! $hile we have few individual star-tides from Greece& the characters of the #rgonautic 9xpedition are largely represented in the heavens I and Saint 2lement& followed by many& H even by the great Sir "saac *ewton&H attributed the invention of the constellations to 2hiron& the reputed preceptor of 6ason& for the latter s use on that celebrated voyage& fixing its date as about 8EBA b! c! #nd& coincidently as to the time of their formation& that good authority Seneca said that they were from the Greeks of about 8JAA b! c& 8 The #barchis and #brachvs of the #rabians!

The 2onstellations 8@ which may be true to the extent that they then adopted them from some earlier nation! .ut the mycologists ascribed them to #tlas& the 9ndurer& the father of the :yades and %leiades& so skilled in knowledge of the skies that he was shown as their supporter I and they had a story fitted to every heavenly figure! .ut much of this is more than unreliable& even childish& and we are only sure that Greece originated our scientific astronomy and gave great attention to it from the times of Thales and #naximanderI this culminating in the work of the #lexandrian School& 8 9gyptian in location& but entirely Greek in character! To the /omans we owe but little in the way of astronomy& H indeed they always were ready to acknowledge the superiority of Greece in this respect& H although we find much of stellar mythology and meteorology in their poetry and prose! *o real astronomer& however& appeared among them I and when 6ulius 2aesar needed such for his reform of the calendar& albeit himself some what skilled in the science& as his 0e #stris shows& he was compelled to call Sosigenes to his aid! The architect 7itruvius M'arcus 7itruvius %ollioN& just before the beginning of our era& apparently was the most scientific among them& and in the @th book of his 0e #rchitecture tells us much of their star-lore in connection with the proper location of sun-dialsI while 2olumella& of our 8st century& in his 0e /e /ustica made many allusions to stars and constellations in their supposed connection with the weather and crops! 'any have maintained that 9gypt was the first to give shapes and names 8A the star-groupsI 0upuis& perhaps inspired by 'acrobius of our Jth century& tracing the present solar )odiac to that country& and placing its date 8T&AAA years anterior to our era& when the flow of the *ile with its conse+uent harvests& and the seasons& coincided with the positions of the sep-

arate figures and the characters assigned to them! "n this he has been followed by others even to our day! The little that we know of 9gypt s early constellations indicates that they apparently were of native origin& and in no respect like those of Greece& which& if adopted at all& were so at a very late time in that history& and from the influence of the dominant Greeks& perhaps aided by recollections " This great school was begun by such men as the two #rystilli and Timochares& under %tolemy Soter& TAA .! 2& the first really scientific astronomers who initiated the observations that are gencra(y supposed to have led :ipparchos to his discovery of the phenomenon of precession I and it was carried on by #ristarchos& 9ratosthenes Mthe inventor of the armillary s phereN& 9uclid Mthe geometricianN& 2onon& Sosigenes& and lastly %tolemy& who ended the famous list in a! 0! 8J8! although the school was nominally maintained till the final destruction of the great #lexandrian ;ibrary in the Dth century!

BA Star-*ames and their 'eanings of 2haldaea! 0iodorus the Sicilian& of the ist century before 2hrist& and ;ucian& of three centuries later& distinctly assert this! The following are among the native stellar groups of 9gypt so far as a, present can be thought assured, Sahu& identified with <rion& although by some limited to the head of that figureI Sept& Set& Sothis& etc!& with SiriusI the :ippopotamus& a part of our 0racoI the Thigh& our (rsa 'ajorI the 0eer& our 2assiopeia& although some place the ;eg here! The doubtful ones were 'ena& or 'enat& an immense figure if /enouf 8 be correct in his statement that it included #ntares and #rcturus I the 'any Stan& our 2oma .erenicesI #rit& that /enouf thought may have been marked by MT #ndromedae I the Fleece& indicated by some stars of #ries I the Goose& by a #rietisI dm& or 2how& the %leiadesI the 2ynooephalus& claimed by;a ;ande for #ra s stars I the Servant& that .rugsch says was our %egasus& although the 0enderah planisphere shows a 6ackal here I the Two Stan& that we may guess were 2astor and %ollux I and the ;ute-.earer& or .epa& the ;ord& perhaps our Spica! Those so far unidentified were the Stan of the $aterI 'ena s :eraldI 'ena s FollowersI *echt& in the vicinity of our 0racoI the ;ion& but not our ;eo I and the :are& with some others that ;a ;ande indefinitely alluded to as lying on the borders of <phiuchus and Scorpio and in #+uarius! # reference is made in 9gypt s veritable history to the vernal e+uinox& then in our Taurus& TB?J b! c! I yet the astronomy of that country was not scientific& and we know little of it except as connected with religion& the worship in the north& about JBAA b! c& of the northern stars being associated with the god #n& #nnu& #nt& or <n& under the supposed government of Set& or Typhon& the god of darkness& recogni)ed under many synonyms! That of the east and west stars was indicated by the Ghi)eh temples and pyramids& about EAAA b! c! I while in southern 9gypt the worship of the southern stars& as early as CEAA b! c& perhaps much earlier& was presided

over by :orus& a southern sun-god& although later he occasionally appeared as a northern divinity! The rising stars represented the youthful goddesses I those setting& the dying gods I while a figure of three stars together symboli)ed divinity! #ssertions as to "ndia being the first home of astronomy& and the birthplace of the constellation figures& have been made by many H notably& a century ago& by Sir $illiam 6ones and 'essrs! 2olebrooke& 0avis& and 7on Schlegel I but modern research finds little in Sanskrit literature to confirm this belief& while it seems to be generally acknowledged that the :indus 8 The eminent 9gyptologist Sir %eter ;e %age /enouf& who died in 8?@D!

The 2onstellations B8 borrowed much from Greece& perhaps beginning with %ythagoras& who is said to have traveled there and even listened to >oroaster s teachings! "ndeed& #ryabhata& of our Jth or Cth century& reckoned by the same signs as :ipparchosI and their most noted later astronomer& 7araha 'ihira& 8 of JAE& in writing of the constellations& used the Grecian titles& changed& however& to suit his native tongue! .ut #rabia also probably exercised influence over them& as over the rest of #sia! %rofessor $hitney s opinion as to this is summed up thus , $e regard the :indu science as an offshoot from the Greek& planted not far from the commencement of the 2hristian era& and attaining its fully developed form in the course of the fifth and sixth centuries I but unfavorably critici)es it& as did #l .iruni! The annals of 2hina& a country never backward in claiming the invention of almost everything& new or old! on earth or in the sky& ascribe the formation of constellations to Tajao& the prime minister of :wang Ti& BCTD b! c& and make much of an observation of the %leiades& BJTD b! c& from an observatory said to have been erected BCA? b! c! .ut real stellar work in that country seems to have begun only about ten or twelve centuries before our era& and then almost solely in the interests of astrology! The attainment of the 2hinese in the science& probably very highly overrated& however& is thought to be largely due to 2haldaea& and later on the #rabians& in the times of the khalifs& apparently exercised influence over themI while all their recent advance is due to the 6esuit missionaries who settled among them in the 8Cth century& during the early years of the present Tsing dynasty& and introduced the knowledge of our $estern figures! These were thenceforward to a great extent adopted& and our own star-titles in the translations which the 2hinese called S)e 1wo 'ing& the $estern *ation *ames& became common& especially in the case of the constellations visible only from south of the parallel of %eking& EA ! The indigenous titles were 2hung 1wo 'ing& the 'iddle *ation *ames& 9dkins saying as to these that there were two great periods of star-naming , the first about BTAA b! c!

by the people& and the second from 88 BA to BBA b! c& during the 2how dynasty& that plainly shows an imperial origin! #nd it was during this period& about CAA b! c& that a chart was drawn with 8ECA stars correctly laid down! This is now in the /oyal ;ibrary of %aris! "n all its history in 2hina astronomy has been under the special care of the state& and the regulator of all affairs of life& public and private! l #l .iruni mentioned this author as an excellent astronomer& and +uoted much from his work the 0rihaisamhita & or 2ollection!

BB Star-*ames and their 'eanings The early 2hinese included the twenty-eight sieu and the twelve kung& or )odiac figures& in four larger e+ual spaces& H Tsing ;ong& the #)ure 0ragon I :enng $oo& the 0ark $arriorI 2hoo *eaou& the /ed .ird& %hoenix! %heasant& or Guail I and %ih :oo& the $hite Tiger! #nd they marked off! in their general constellations& three large yuen& or inclosures& H Tne $ei& the circumpolar stars I Tien She and Tai $ei& containing the rest that were visible to them! $illiams <bservations of 2omets is accompanied by a full set of maps of TJ8 early asterisms traced over Flamsteed s figuresI but& large as is this number& '! Gustave Schlegel& in his (ranographie 2hinoise of 8?DJ& cited CDA that he asserted could be traced back to 8DAAA b! c! = "n the neighboring 6apan some& even of its wise men& thought that the stars were made to guide navigators of foreign peoples& with their tribute& to the land of the 'ikados! #ethiopia s claim to the invention of the constellations probably can be entertained only by considering that country as the 1ush of southwestern #sia& H :omer s eastern #ethiopia& H stretching along the #rabian and %ersian gulfs& whence early migrations across the /ed Sea at the Strait of .abd al 'andab may have carried astronomical knowledge directly to the *ile& or& by a roundabout way& to 'eroe in western #ethiopia& the modern *ubia& and thence northward into 9gypt! <f %hoenician stellar science little is known& and assertions as to its anti+uity rest largely upon the fact that this people was the great maritime nation of ancient times& and hence some knowledge of the heavenly bodies was a necessity with them! 3et Thales& the father of astronomy and a teacher of the Greeks in the science& H indeed one of their Seven Sages& H probably was %hoenician by birthI and Samuel .ochart& the <riental scholar of the 8 Dth century& as well as other authorities& thought that many of our older groups in the sky are merely reproductions of the figureheads on the 2arthaginian& Sidonian& and Tyrian ships, This& if correct& might account for the incompleteness of such as #rgo& %egasus& and Taurus& as well as for the marine character of many of them! .ut the general opinion is that the %hoenicians drew from 2haldaea such astronomy as they may

have had! "deler& in his Sternkunde der 2haldaer of 8? 8J& asserted that the constellations originated on the 9uphrates& H "reduplications of simpler ideas connected with natural phenomena&" H and conviction as to the truth of this seems to be growing with students of stellar archaeology! "ndeed recent discoveries make it apparently safe to say that those of the )odiac at least were first formed in the #kkad country& probably in almost prehistoric

The 2onstellations BT times& and that there& as among all the earliest nations& " their order and harmony is contrasted with and opposed to the supposed disorderly motion of the planets!" "t is also probable that many of the extra-)odiacal groups& in somewhat the same form and location as we have them now& came from the 7alley of the Great /iver& as well as the myths associated with them& originally introduced by *orthern invaders I for .ailly said that the science current in 2haldaea& as well as in "ndia and %ersia& belonged to a latitude higher than that of .abylon& .enares& and %ersepolis! $ith the .abylonians the chief stars represented their chief gods& and they connected the several constellations with particular nations over whose destiny they were thought to dominate! 2uneiform characters arranged in stellar form were the ideograph of "lu& 0ivinity I while& combining business and religion& their 1u-dur-ru& or 0ivision Stones& recently unearthed& that marked the metes and bounds of city lots and farm lands& are often inscribed with some constellation figure& probably the one representing the tutelar god of the owner! .ut whatever may be our conclusions as to the beginning of astronomy in the 9uphrates valley& it can be considered settled that astrology in the present sense of the word had its origin there& and that the modern astrological characters of the sun& moon& and planets are those current on that river and in all ages since! The prophet "saiah& DAA b! c& in pronouncing the #lmighty s judgment on .abylon& contemptuously referred to the astrologers& the starga)ers& the monthly prognosticators I 0aniel& a century later& knew his captors as accomplished in the art& although himself and his companions were " ten times better " I while the terms " .abylonians " and " 2haldaeans " have come down almost to our own time as synonymous with observers of& and diviners from& the stars& whatever their individual nationality! .ut the art became widely spread elsewhere& and especially in vogue in /ome& where its devotees& known as .abylonii& 2haldaei& #stronomi& #strologi& Genethliaci& 'athematici& and %lanetarii& seem to have flourished notwithstanding the efforts made to suppress them and the ridicule cast on them by 2icero& 6uvenal& and others of the time! "ndeed they were driven out of the city by law in 8T@ b! c& and fre+uently afterward& but as often

returned! "n Greece& 9udoxos and #ristarchos of Samos felt it needful to urge their countrymen against it& although .erossos taught it there soon after them ` and its influence everywhere up to two hundred years ago is well known! 0ante s belief in it is fre+uently shown throughout the 0ivina 2ommtdia y while in Shakespeare s day H indeed for a century after him H

BE Star-*ames and their 'eanings reliance upon it was well-nigh universal& and much was made of it in all drama and poetry& 1ent& in 1ing ;ear& only expressing prevalent opinion when he said , "t is the stars& The stars above us that govern our conditions! 2ecil& .aron of .urghley& calculated the nativity of Gueen 9li)abethI ;illy was consulted by 1ing 2harles "& in 8CED& as to his escape from 2arisbrooke 2astle I Flamsteed drew a horoscope of the heavens at the moment of laying the foundation of the /oyal <bservatory& on the 8Ath of #ugust& 8CDJ& although he added to it /isum teneatis amiciI and about the same time astrologers were called into the councils of %arliament! The art still obtained even among the educated classes of the succeeding century I for astrological evidence was received in a court of justice as late as 8DJ?& and Sir $alter Scott made Guy 'annering cast a horoscope for the young laird of 9lian go wan that the latter preserved till of mature age! "t is not unlikely that the decadence of astrology in 9ngland was hastened by the publication of .oteler s :udibras& in which the practice andits great exponent $illiam ;illy& under the title Sidrophel& were so successfully and popularly satiri)ed! #mong its passages we read of its devotee5 I in one case they tell more lies& "n figures and nativities& Than th old 2haldean conjurors "n so many hundred thousand years! 0ean Swift followed in the same vein in his %redictions for the year 8DA? fy "saac .ickerstaffU 9s+! <n the 2ontinent astrology had been still more prevalent& and even men of science were seriously interested in it! Gassendi began his distinguished career in its practiceI Tycho predicted from the comet of 8JDD& and& as it happened& successfully& the achievements and time of death of Gustavo #dolphus I the still greater 1epler prophesied from the stars a coming hard winter& and so it pro veil! 'iss 'aria 'itchell wrote of these two astronomers, .oth of these philosophers leaned to the astrological opinions of their times I and 1epler was certainly a believer in them! :e calculated nativities when pressed for money& and published aVtrological almanacs& though he admitted that such procedures were little better than begging& and his work but 55 wor,hleVV conjectures 5 I

and he plaintively said , The VcRniy rewards of an aVtrvVnomer would not provide me with bread& if men did not entertain hopes of reading the future in the heavens!

The 2onstellations BJ The horoscope of $allenstein by one or the other of these great men is still preserved in the library of the %oulkowa <bservatory! *apoleon s belief in his guiding star is well known! .ut as an occult science astrology practically died out in 9ngland with the astronomers of the 8Dth century! "t still flourishes& however& in the 9ast& especially among the 2hinese and %arsis! The recent advent of a little son to the 2hinese consul-general in *ew 3ork was the occasion of much telegraphing to the chief astrologers of the 2elestial 1ingdom who were to predict his future I and the horoscope of the %arsi even now is carefully preserved during life& burned at his death& and its ashes scattered over the Sacred /iver! "n a measure it lingers among the people everywhere& for its almanacs and periodicals are still published I its advertisements and signs are daily to be seen in our large cities I a society for its study& called the >odiac& was established in *ew 3ork 2ity in 8?@DI and even now there are many districts in Germany where the child s horoscope is regularly kept with the baptismal certificate in the family chest! "t should not be forgotten that astrology& 1epler s " foolish daughter of a wise mother&" originally included astronomy& Seneca being the first in classical times to make distinction between the meanings of the two words I and he was followed in this by Saint "sidore of Seville M"sidorus :ispalensisN& the 9gregius 0octor of the Dth century& and author of the <rigines et 6Sfymo"ogiae I although even as late as the 8Dth century we see confusion in their use& for 'insheu mentioned the " astrologers " as having formed the " asterismes&" and the diarist 6ohn 9velyn wrote of " 'r! Flamsteed the learned astrologer!" 2ontrariwise& and not long previously& the word " astronomer " was applied to those whom we would now call astrologers! Shakespeare devoted his 8E' Sonnet to the subject& beginning thus, *ot from the stars do " my judgment pluck& #nd yet methinks " have astronomy I and in Troilus and 2ressida we read $hen he performs astronomers foretell it! .ut this is a long digression from my subject! #rabia s part in early astronomy was slight& for although the tribes before 'uhammad s day doubtless paid much attention to the heavenly bodies&

this was entirely unscientific& merely observational and superstitious I and only in their subse+uent days of peace and power& after the %rophet had

BC Star-*ames and their 'eanings solidified them into an active nation& did their more cultured class seriously " take up the study of the sky! 9ven this was solely along the lines laid down by %tolemy& and they originated litde! Still we owe them and their j 6ewish assistants much of gratitude for their preservation of the beginnings of modern astronomy during the thousand years of the 0ark and 'ediaeval #ges I while& as we have seen& our star-names are largely due to them! The heathen #rabs were star-worshipers& H Sabaeans& H as still are the %arsis of our own special star& the sun I indeed this worship was very general in anti+uity! "t was universal in earliest "ndia& and constantly alluded to in their sacred books I 9gyptian priests showed to %lutarch stars that had been "sis and <siris I in Greece #ristophanes made special mention of it in his %ax& E8@ b! c& and #ristotle wrote to #lexander, :eaven is fall of the gods to whom we give the name of stars! "n %lato s Timaeus we read of his supreme divinity , #nd after having thus framed the universe& he allotted to it souls e+ual in number to the stars& inserting each in each! ! ! ! #nd he declared also& that after living well for the time appointed to him& each one should once more return to the habitation of his associate star& and spend a blessed and suitable existenceI 0ante adopting this in the %aradiso , %arer tornarsi l anime alle stelle& Secondo la senten)a di %latone I while 7ergil wrote in the Georgus, viva volare Sideris in numerum& at+ue alto succedere codo I 'ilton& in %aradise ;ost, Those argent fields more likely habitants& Translated saints& or middle spirits hold! .etwixt the angelical and human kindI and $ordsworth& almost of our own day& in his 6$ms of the "magination, The stars are mansions built by nature s hand& #nd& haply& there the spirits of the blest 0well clothed in radiance& their immortal vest!

"ndeed this thought has been current in all history and tradition& in civili)ed as in savage life& on every continent& and in the isles of the sea!

The 2onstellations BD The 2hristian father <rigen& following the supposed authority of the .ook of 6ob& xxv& J& and perhaps influenced by the ETd verse of chapter xiii of the Gospel of Saint 'atthewU said that the stars themselves were living beings I and 0ionysius 9xiguus& the chronologist of our Cth century& established in the constellations the hierarchies of the genii& assigning to the cherubim the domain of the fixed stars! Shakespeare has many allusions to this stellar attribute! "n 1ing :enry 7f .edford& invoking the ghost of :enry 7& said a far more glorious star thy soul will make Than 6ulius 2aesar I and in %ericles we see :eavens make a star of him! 9ven now& according to 'r! #ndrew ;ang& German folk-lore asserts that when a child dies God makes a new star H a superstition also found in *ew 9ngland fifty years or more ago! The German peasant tells his children that the stars are angels eyes I and the 9nglish cottager impresses it on the youthful mind that it is wicked to point at the stars& though why he cannot tell! "n much the same way #l .lruni cited from 7araha 'ihira , 2omets are such beings as have been on account of their merits raised to heaven& whose period of dwelling in heaven has elapsed and who are then redescending to the earth! 2icero& in 0e *atura 0eorum& asserted that the constellations were looked upon as divine I and Statius& that the sea nymphs were the constellations of the sea& the divine inhabitants of the waters& as the others were of the heavens! 3et this same author elsewhere represented #urora as driving the stars out of heaven with a scourge like so many beasts I and 'anilius called them a flock going on like sheep I while Shelley& in his %rometheus (nbound ` writing of the astronomer s work& said , :eaven s utmost deep Gives up her stars& and like a flock of sheep They pass before his eye& are number d& and roll on! "n (pper "ndia even now women teach their children that the stars are kine& and the moon their keeper! Following the opinion of 6osephus& <rigen said that the constellations were known long before the days of the patriarchs by *oah& 9noch& Seth& and

#dam H indeed were mentioned in the .ook of 9noch as " already named

B? Star-*ames and their 'eanings and divided"I and he claimed that ancient longevity was a blessing specially bestowed to give opportunity for a long-continued period of observation and comparison of the heavenly bodies! "n early 2hristian art a star became the peculiar emblem of sanctity& and often appeared over the heads or on the breasts of representations of the saints! """! Some allusion should be made to what Smyth called the .iblical School and the 'osaicists& who at various times have sought to alter the sky figures to others drawn from sacred history and its interpretation! .eginning with the 7enerable .ede& this school has come to our time& but their efforts& fortunately& have been in vain I for& although their motives may have been praiseworthy& our scheme of the heavenly groups is of too much historical value and too useful and interesting a source of popular instruction for us to wish it discarded! #mong the number of these stellar iconoclasts was the unfortunate Giordano .runo of the 8Cth century& who& in his Spaccio della .estia Trionfante& sought to substitute for the ancient figures the moral virtues& ;aw& 'ercy& %rudence& Truth& (niversal 6udgment& $isdom& etc! I and others& most numerous in the 8Dth century& were 2aesius& 6eremias 0rexelius& *ovidius& %ostellus& .artsch& Schickard& :arsdorffer& and 6ulius Schiller of #ugsburg I while in our day the /everend 0octor 6ohn ;amb& the versifier of #ratos& and %roctor wrote in somewhat the same vein! The recent efforts of 'iss Frances /olleston and the /everend 0octor 6oseph #! Seiss are especially remarkable! %roctor made other changes in constellation titles& although he followed the old lines I but his changes have not been adopted& and& 2hambers says& " were far more barbarous than the originals which he condemned " I indeed in his later works he abandoned the effort as impracticable! The following remarks by %rofessor :olden on the history of the delineation of our stellar figures are interesting , The contribution of #lbrecht 0iirer to astronomy is ! ! ! unknown& " believe& to all his biographers! .ut this statement he subse+uently modified by a reference to Thausing s ;ife of 0iirer& in which this artist s map- work is mentioned, :ipparchus Mb! c! 8BDN and %tolemy Ma! d! 8TCN fixed the positions of stars by celestial latitudes and longitudes& and named the stars so fixed by describing their situation in some constellation figure! The celestial globes of that day have all disappeared& and we have

only a few #rabian copies of them& not more ancient than the Y:"th century& so that re

The 2onstellations B@ may say that the original constellation figures are entirely lost! The situations of the principal stars in each one of the forty-eight classic constellations are verbally described by %tolemy! "n l5a ;ande s .ibliographic #stronomi+ue we find that in #! 0! 8J 8J #lbrecht <arer published two star-maps& one of each hemisphere& engraved on wood& in which the stars of %tolemy were laid down by :einfogel& a mathematician of *uremberg! The stars themselves were connected by constellation figures drawn by 0iirer! These constellation figures of 0iirer& with but few changes& have been copied by .ayer in his (mmometria Ma! d! 8CATNI by Flamsteed in the #tlas 2oe(stis M8DB@NI by #rgelander in the >4nanometria *ova M8?ETNI and by :eis in the #tlas 2oe(stis *ovus M8?DBN& and have thus become classic! "t is a matter of congratulation that designs which are destined to be so permanent should have come down to us from the hands of so consummate a master! " would add to this that %tolemy s catalogue of stars was published at 2ologne in 8JTD& in folio& with the forty-eight drawings by 0iirer! "t seems singular that of the world s artists few& save he and /aphael& have done anything for this most ancient& exalted& and interesting of the sciencesI others& famous or forgotten& introduce the subject into their compositions with generally sad result! 8 <ne instance especially absurd& although not strictly astronomical& is worthy repetition! 'rs! 6ameson& in her Sacred and ;egendary #rt& describes& from an old French fVrint& St! 0enis at :eliopolis& seated on the summit of a tower or observatory& contemplating& through a telescope& the crucifixion of our Saviour seen in the far distance! #nd much the same may be said of most of our authors! %ope thus mistranslated :omer s allusion to Sirius, rises to the sight Through the thick gloom of some tempestuous night I :enry 1irk $hite& in Time& had <rion in his #rctic tower I Shelley& in the $itch of #tlas& wrote of the minor planets as those mysterious stars $hich hide themselves between the earth and 'ars I and in %rince #thanase thus ignored the apparent motion of the stars , far o er southern waves immovably

.elted <rion hangsI 0ickens& in :ard Times& doing the same in his description of Stephen .lackpool s death& comforted the sufferer by a star shining brightly for l This is especially the case with the moon& which is rarely correctly located or drawn!

TA Star-*ames and their 'eanings hours down to the bottom of the <ld :ell Shaft! "n the poor man s own words , <ften as " coom to myseln&and found it shinin on me down there in my trouble& " thowt it were the star as guided to <ur Saviour s home! 2arlyle& who at one time aspired to the position of astronomer at the 9dinburgh (niversity& thus alluded& in his French /evolution& to the scenes in %aris on the night of the @th of #ugust& 8D@B , the night ! ! ! "is beautiful and calm"I <rion and the %leiades glitter down +uite serene& although the former did not rise till daybreakI and again& still more blunderingly , <verhead& as always& the Great .ear is turning so +uiet round .ootesI while 0ickens& in <ur 'utual Friend& made perhaps the worst mistake of all when& in describing the voyage that " brought a baby .ella home&" a revolution of the earth around the sun marks a month instead of a year! $allace& in .en :ur& makes the shaykh "lderim give impossible starnames to the parents of his great team H Sinus& from the hated /oman tongue instead of the beautiful #l Shira of the 0esertI and 'ira& unknown to him& or indeed to any one& till nearly sixteen centuries thereafterI while the unlikely Greek #ntares was given to one of the victorious four! 9rrors as to the moon and planets are notoriously fre+uent& 7enus and the new moon often being made to rise at sunset! Shakespeare& although contemporary with Galileo and 1epler& has many such I yet he seems to have known the action of the moon& his " governess of the floods&" on the tides& 8 for we find in :amlet the moist star (pon whose influence *eptune s empire stands I and in 1ing :enry "7& being governed as the sea is by the moon! 'arryat& sea-captain though he was& wrote of a waning crescent moon

seen in the early evening I and :! /ider :aggard has something similar in 1ing Solomoris 'ines H a book& by the way& that was once ordered for the library of a school of mineralogy = 2harles $olfe& in his .urial of Sir 6ohn 'oore after the battle of 2orunna& 6anuary 8C& 8?A@& said that it was .y the struggling moonbeams 8 misty light& 8 0ante showed similar knowledge in %aradiso& xvi& ?B& ?T!

The 2onstellations T8 whereas the moon did not shine that night& whether misty or clearI and 2oleridge& in the /ime of the #ncient 'ariner& had The horned moon with one bright star $ithin the nether tip! The astronomy of the modern newspaper is notorious H ridiculous were not the fact of such prevalent ignorance lamentable! 2lassical writers abounded in stellar allusions far more than do authors of our dayI in fact& Guintilian& of our 8st century& in his "nstitutio <ratoria& insisted that a knowledge of astronomy was absolutely necessary to a proper understanding of the poets! #nd these allusions generally were correct& at least for their day! The same may be said of 0ante& whose thorough ac+uaintance with the stellar science of the 8Eth century appears everywhere in his works H in fact& the Fteradiso may be called a poetical frame for the %tolemaic system I and it has been well written of 'ilton& " the poetical historian of the astronomy of his day&" that in astronomy the accuracy of his facts fairly divides the honors with the beauty of his language I but he slipped when he located <phiuchus "in th5 #rctic sky&" and it is not till late in his works that we see the abandonment of %tolemy s theories! Tennyson makes many beautiful allusions to stars and planets& and is always accurate& unless we except his " moonless 'ars&" which& however& was before #saph :all s discoveryI while our ;ongfellow and ;owell knew the stars well& and well showed this in their works!

#ndromeda = Sweet woman = why delaying So timidly among the stars , come hither = 6oin this bright throng& and nimbly follow whither They all are going! 6ohn 1eats 9ndymion! MOnbtometa& tLe $oman 2fyxintb&

the #vSpopidrj of #ratos and #vdpopeda of 9ratosthenes& :ipparchos& and %tolemy& represents in the sky the daughter of 2epheus and 2assiopeia& king and +ueen of #ethiopia& chained in exposure to the sea monster as punishment of her mother s boast of beauty superior to that of the *ereids! Sappho& of the Dth century before 2hrist& is supposed to mention her& while 9uripides and Sophocles& of the Jth& wrote dramas in which she was a char-

TB Star-*ames and their 'eanings acter I but she seems to go far back of classical times& and we probably must look to the 9uphrates for her origin& with that of her family and 2etus! Sayce claims that she appeared in the great .abylonian 9pu of 2reation& of more than two millenniums before our era& in connection wit1the story of .el 'arduk and the dragon Tiamat& that doubtless is the foundation of the story of %erseus and #ndromeda! She was noted& too& in %hoenicia& where 2haldaean influence was early felt #s a constellation these stars have always borne our title& fre+uently with the added :ulier 2atenate& the $oman 2hained& and many of the classical ;atins alluded to her as familiar and a great favorite! 2aesar Germanicus called her 7irgo 0evoteI a scholiast& %ertea& as the bride of %erseus I while 'anilius& and Germanicus again& had 2epheii& from her father! "n some editions of the # if on sine Tab4es and #lmagest she is #lOmac& taken from the title of her star yI and #ndromada& described as 'uiier+ui non vidit maritum& evidently from #l .irunl& this reappearing in .ayer s 2arens <mnino viro! #li #ben /eduan M:alyN& the ;atin translator of the #rabian commentary on the Tetrabiblos& had #made& which in the .erlin 2odex reads #nmade et est mulier +uae non habet tivum maritum I these changed by manifold transcription from #larmalah& the $idow& applied by the #rabians to #ndromedaI but the philologist .uttmann said from #nroneda& another erroneous form of our word! The #ntemarda of the :indus is their variation of the classical name! The original figure probably was& as 0urer drew it& that of a young and beautiful woman bound to the rocks& Strabo said at lope& the biblical 6oppaI and 6osephus wrote that in his day the marks of her chains and the bones of her monster foe were still shown on that sea-shore! .ut this author& " who did not receive the Greek mythology& observes that these marks attest not the truth but the anti+uity of the legend!" <thers& who very naturally thought her too far from home at that spot& located lope in #ethiopia and made her a negress I <vid expressing this in his patriae fusca colore suae& although he followed :erodotus in referring her to "ndia! 'anilius& 8 on the contrary& in his version of the story described her as nivea cervice I but the #ethiopia of this legend probably was along the /ed Sea in southwestern #rabia! l 'anilius& author of the %oetico5 #strxynomictm& fre+uently +uoted throughout these pages& flourished under #ugustus and Tiberius& and probably was the first ;atin author to write at

length on astronomy and astrology I but he adhered closely to #ratos5 scheme of the constellations& making no mention of .erenice s :air& 9+auleus& or the Southern 2rown! The text& as we have it& is from a manuscript exhumed in the 8Jth century from an old German library by %oggius! the celebrated Gian Francesco %oggio .racciolini& who rescued so much of our classic literature from the dust of ages!

The 2onstellations TT

#rabian astronomers knew these stars as #l 'ar ah al 'nialnalah& their eMMuivalent of the classical descriptive title& H 2hilmead s #lmara #lmaralsala& H for $estern mythological names had no place in their science& although they were familiar with the ideas! .ut they represented a Sea 2alf& or Seal& 7itulus marinus catenates& as .ayer ;atini)ed it& with a chain around its neck that united it to one of the Fishes I their religious scruples deterring them from figuring the human form! Such images were prohibited by the 1ur5an I and in the oral utterances attributed by tradition to the %rophet is this anathema , $oe unto him who paints the likeness of a living thing, on the 0ay of 6udgment those whom he has depicted will rise up out of the grave and ask him for their souls! Then& verily& unable to make the work of his hands live& will he be consumed in everlasting flames! This still is the belief of the 'uslim& for $illiam :olman :unt was warned of it& while painting his Scape Goat in the $ilderness & by the shaykh under whose protection he was at the time! The Spanish edition of the #lfonsine Tables pictures #ndromeda with an unfastened chain around her body& and two fishes& one on her bosom& the other at her feet& showing an early connection with %iscesI the :yginus& printed at 7enice anno salutifere incarnationis @ Dth of 6une& 8E??& by Thomas de blauis de atexandria& with some most remarkable illustrations& has her standing between two trees& to which she is bound at the outstretched wrists I in the ;ey den 'anuscript x she is partly clothed on the sea beach& chained to rocks on either side! 2aesius B said that she represented the biblical #bigail of The .ooks of SamuelI and 6ulius Schiller& in 8CBD& made of her stars Sepulohrom 2hriiti& T the "new Sepulchre wherein was never man yet laid!" 8 The figures in this old manuscript are spirited& many of them beautiful& and all studded nith stars& but with no attempt at orderly arrangementI and& although in perfect preservation& high anti+uity has been claimed for them as of ancient /oman times! :ugo Grotius reproduced them in his Syntagma #rateorum& and the 'anuscript is still preserved in the (niversity ;ibrary at ;ey den! B The work of 2aesius M%hilip >esenN& the 2oelum #stronomico-%ottuum& published by 6oannes .laeu at #msterdam in 8CCB& is much +uoted by ;a ;ande& and is a most interesting

source of information as to star-names and the mythology of the constellations& with many extracts from Greek and /oman authors! :e mentions sixty-four figures& but some of his war-titles& as also perhaps those of other astronomical writers& would seem merely to be synonyms for the human originals erroneously assumed as for their sky namesakes! 6 This appeared in the 2oelum Steliatum 2hristianum& which& according to its title-page& was he joint production of Schiller and .ayer& an enlarged reprint of the (ranometria of 8CAT I md Gould says that it was in reality the Bd edition of .ayer s work& almost ready for the press P thelatter s death in 8CBJ& but appropriated by Schiller to embody his own absurd constellaWon changes! T

TE Star-*ames and their 'eanings The apparently universal impulse of star-ga)ers to find earthly objects in the heavens is shown in the 2ross which is claimed for some of #ndromeda s stars I 4T& y& and C marking the upright& a and 5 the transverse! .ut a much more noticeable group& an immense 0ipper& is readily seen in following up its y and to the S+uare of %egasus& far surpassing& in extent at least& the better-known pair of 0ippers around the pole! #ndromeda is bounded on the north by 2assiopeia and %erseusI on the east by %erseusI on the south by %isces and Triangulum I and on the west by ;acerta and %egasus! 'ilton s passage in %aradise ;ost& where Satan surveys our world from eastern point <f ;ibra to the fleecy star that bears #ndromeda far off #tlantic seas .eyond th :ori)on& seems to have pu))led manyI but the poet was only seeking to show the comprehensive view had by the arch-fiend east and west through the six signs of the )odiac from the Scales to the /am with the golden fleeceI #ndromeda& above the latter& apparently being borne on by him to the westward& and so& to an observer from 9ngland& over the #tlantic! 1ingsley s #ndromeda well describes her place , " set thee :igh for a star in the heavens& a sign and a hope for the seamen& Spreading thy long whfre arms all night in the heights of the aether& :ard by thy sire and the hero& thy spouse& while near thee thy mother Sits in her ivory chair& as she plaits ambrosial tresses I #ll night long thou wilt shine I these members of the royal family& #ndromeda& 2assiopeia& 2epheus& and %erseus& lying contiguous to each other& wholly or partly in the 'ilky $ay!

The stars that mark her right arm may be seen stretching from a to i and k I f marking the left arm with the end of the chain towards ;acerta I but in early days she was somewhat differently located& and even till recently there has been confusion here I for Smyth wrote , Flamsteed s *os! J8 and JE #ndromedae are f and v %ersei& though placed exactly where %tolemy wished them to be H on the lady s foot , so also a in this asterism has been lettered # %egasi by .ayer& and 6 has been the lucida of the *orthern Fish! #rgelander has ?T stars here& and :eis 8T?! ;a ;ande and 0upuis asserted that the %hoenician sphere had a broad ThrethingRfloor in this spot& with stars of 2assiopeia as one of the Gleaner5

The 2onstellations TJ in the large $heat-field that occupied so much of that people s sky I its exact boundaries& however& being unknown to us!

2t& 0ouble& magnitudes& B!B and 88& white and purplish! #lpherat)& #lpherat& and Sirrah are from the #rabians 8 #l Surrat al Farae& the :orse s *avel& as this star formerly was associated with %egasus& whence it was transferred to the $oman s hairI and some one has strangely called it (mbilicus #ndromedae! .ut in all late #rabian astronomy taken from %tolemy it was described as #l :as al 'ar ah al :usalsalah& the :ead of the $oman in 2hains! #ratos designated it as ]iVvCg afTTfjp& i! t!& common to both constellations& and it is still retained in %egasus as the C of that figure& although not in general use by astronomers! "n 9ngland& two centuries ago& it was familiarly known as #ndromeda s :ead! $ith MT 2assiopeiae and y %egasi& as the Three Guides& it marks the e+uinoctial colure& the prime meridian of the heavens I and& with y %egasi& the eastern side of the Great S+uare of %egasus! "n the :indu lunar )odiac this star& with a& 4T& and y %egasi& H the Great S+uare& H constituted the double nakshatraU H the BEth and BJth& H %urva and (ttara .hadrapadas& the Former and the ;atter .eautiful& or #uspicious& FeetI also given as %roshthapadas& Footstool FeetI while %rofessor $eber of .erlin says that it was %ratishthana& a Stand or Support& which the four bright stars may represent! $ith y %egasi& the determinant star& it formed the BJth sieu %i& or %eih&

a $all or %artition& anciently ;ek& and the man)il #l Fargu& from #l Farigh al 'u ah-h-ar& the :indmost ;oitererI or& perhaps more correctly& the :ind Spout of the $ater-jar& for 1a)wini called it #l Farigh al Thani& the Second Spout I a $ell-mouth and its accompaniments being imagined here by the early #rabs! The %ersian title for this lunar station& :iyan I the Sogdian& .ar Farshat I the 1horasmian& $abir I and the 2optic& #rtulosia& all have somewhat similar meanings! "n astrology o portended honor and riches to all born under its influence! "t comes to the meridian H culminates H at nine o clock l in the evening of the 8Ath of *ovember! 8 #ll culminations mentioned in this work are for this hour!

TC Star-*ames and their 'eanings %& B!T& yellow! 'iraeh was described in the #lfonsine Tables of 8JB 8 as super mirat& from which has been derived its present title& as well as the occasional forms :irao& :erach& :irar& 'irath& 'irax& etc! I mirat probably corning from the 8J TJ # images fs super mi)ar& the #rabic mi )ar& a girdle or waist-cloih! Scaliger& the great critical scholar of the 8Jth century& adopted this 'i)ar as a title& and /iccioli followed him in its use& thus confounding the star with r (rsae 'ajoris! The :irae of Smyth doubtless is a typographical error! although 'irae had appeared in 2hilmead s Treatise x of 8CT@ for the same word applied to (rsae 'ajoris! :ipparchos seems to refer to it in his LCVvt` I and& synonymously& some have termed it 2ingulum I others& 7entrale& from its former position in the figure& although now it is on the left hip! "n later #rabian astronomy it marked the right side of #ndromeda& and so was known as #l 6anb al 'maltalah& the Side of the 2hained $oman! appeared in very early drawings as the lucida of the northern of the two Fishes& and marked the BCth man)i4#l .atn al :ut& the .elly of the Fish& or #l 1alb al :at& the :eart of the FishI and the corresponding sieu Goei& or 1wei& the 'an Striding& or the Striding ;egs& anciently 1wet! "n this location it was #l /ifl'& the .and& 2ord& /ibbon& or Thread& as being on the line uniting the Fishes I but this title now belongs to a %iscium! .rown includes it& with v& A& and ] %iscium& in the 2optic lunar station 1uton& the Thread I and /enouf& in #rit& an asterism indigenous to 9gypt! "t lies midway between a and y& about 8J distant from eachI and in astrology was a fortunate star& portending renown and good luck in matrimony! 3V .inary& H and perhaps ternary& B!T& J!J& and C!J& orange& emerald& and blue!

This is #lamao in the #lfonsine Tables and 8J8J #lmagestI /iccioli s #lamakI Flamsteed s #lamechI now #6mach& #lmak& #lmaaok& and #lmaac or #lmaakI all from #l #nak al #rd& a small predatory animal of #rabia& similar to a badger& and popularly known there as #l .and! Scaliger s conjecture that it is from #l 'auk& the .uskin& although likely enough for a star marking the left foot of #ndromeda& is not accepted I for 8 This book& a ;earned Treatise on Globes& was a translation by 'aster 6ohn 2hilmead& of <xford& ol two early ;atin works by /obert :ues and "o! "sa! %ontanus! "t is an interesting=N +uaint description of the celestial globes of that and the preceding century& with their stellar nomenclature!

The 2onstellations TD (lug .eg& a century and a half previously& as well as #l Ti)ini 5 and the #rabic globes before him& gave it the animal s title in full! .ut the propriety of such a designation here is not obvious in connection with #ndromeda& and would indicate that it belonged to very early #rab astronomy! .ayer said of `t y perperam #lhaimm& an erroneous form of some of the foregoing! /iccioli B also mentioned this name& but only to repudiate it! 'uhammad al #chsasi T al 'uwakkit designated y as #l : Om( al tfa amit& his editor translating this Guinta Struthionum& the Jth one of the <striches I but " have not elsewhere seen the association of these birds with this constellation! :yde gives another #rabian designation for y as #l 9ijl al 'malnalah& the $oman s Foot! "n the astronomy of 2hina this star& with others in #ndromeda and in Triangulum& was Tien Ta Tseang& :eaven s Great General! #strologically it was honorable and eminent! "ts duplicity was discovered by 6ohann Tobias 'ayer of Gottingen in 8DD?I and $ilhelm Struve& E in <ctober& 8?EB& found that its companion was closely double& less than i" apart at a position angle of iooW& and probably binary! The two larger components are io"!E apart with a position " The catalogue of this author& 'uhammad abu .ekr al Ti)ini al 'uwakkit& was published at 0amascus in 8JTT with TAa stars& and from its long list of purely #rabic star-names was regarded as worthy of translation and republication by :yde& in 8CCJ& with the original text! The muwakkit of his title indicates that he was shaykh of the grand mos+ue! 5 This last author& to whom " shall make fre+uent reference& was 6oanne .aptista /iccioli& ot the Society of 6esus& whose #lmagestum *ovum of 8CJ 8 and #stronomia /eformata of 8CCJ were famous in their day& and are interesting in ours& as preserving to us much of the +ueer mediaeval stellar nomenclature& as well as of the general astronomical knowledge of the times! "n the ad volume of this last work is a long list of titles& curiosities in philology& with this heading, *omina Steliarum %eregrinum eV %(rum+ue #rabicaI while the comment thereon& nemirere

;ector& si eidem Stella5 diversa nomina videbis adscripta& pro diversitate 0ialectorum aut codicum fortasse corruptontm t might well have served as a motto for this book! :e is noted& too& as having drawn for his #lmagest the Bd map of the moon&H :evelius preceding him in this by four year5&H and as having given the various names to its various features& more than two hundred of these being still in use& while all but six of those given by his justly more celebrated contemporary have been discarded! :is lunar titles naturally were 6esuitical I nor was he overmodest& for his own name appears first in the list& and that of his colleague Grimaldi immediately succeeding! s The #rabic manuscript of this author& with its star-list of about the year 8CJA& has been reviewed by 'r! 9! .! 1nobel in the 'onthly *otices of the /oyal #stronomical Society for 6une& 8?@J! "t contains 88B stars& perhaps taken from #l Ti)ini s catalogue of the preceding century! The #chsasi of his title was from the village of similar name in the Fayum& doubtlew his birthplace I and& like Ti)ini& he was shaykh of the grand mos+ue in 2airo& where his RorkPras writ ten! E Struve was the first director of the /ussian *ational <bservatory at %oulkowa& where he was succeeded by his son <tto I and two of the grandsons bear names already celebrated in astronomy! T5

T? Star-*ames and their 'eanings angle of CT< T! The contrast in their colors is extraordinarily fine! Sir $illiam :erschel wrote of it in 8?AE, This double Star is one of the most beautiful <bjects in the :eavens! The striking difference in the colour of the two Stars suggests the idea of a Sun and its %lanet& to which the contrast of their une+ual si)e contributes not a littleI but $ebb thought them stationary! "t is readily resolved by a BU-inch glass with a power of forty diameters& and it seems singular that its double character was not sooner discovered! From its vicinity radiate the #ndromedes ""& the .ielid meteors of *ovember& so wonderfully displayed on the BDth of that month in 8?DB and 8??J& and on the BTd in 8?@B& and identified by Secchi and others with the celebrated comet discovered by .iela in 8?BC& which& on its return in 8?TB& almost created a panic in France! The stream completes three revolutions in about twenty years& although subject to great perturbations from 6upiter& and doubtless was that noticed on the Dth of 0ecember& 8D@?& and in 8?T?! These objects move in the same direction as the earth& and so with apparent slowness& H about ten miles a second& H leaving small trains of reddishyellow sparks! The radiant& lying northeast from y& is remarkable for its extent& being from D to 8A degrees in diameter! The 'a)apil iron meteorite which fell in northern 'exico on the BDth of *ovember& 8??C& has been claimed " as being really a piece of .iela s comet itself!" A& 0ouble& T and 8B!J& orange and dusky!

.urritt added to the letter for this the title 0elta& perhaps from its forming a triangle with e and a small adjacent star! "t marks the radiant point of the #ndromedes " of the B8st of 6uly! The components are BD"!@ apart& at a position angle of B@@W!T! A& a E! D -magnitude star& with p and A] was the 2hinese Tien 1e& 8 the :eavenly Stable! QR E-@V is #dhil& first appearing in the #lmagest of 8J8J& and again in the # "f an sine Tables of 8JB8& from #l 0hail& the Train of a Garment& the #rabic e+uivalent of %tolemy s ovpfia I but .aily thought the title better applied to the slightly fainter #& which is more nearly in that part of the lady s dressI and 8 The star-names of 2hina that appear in this work are few in comparison with the total in the great number of that country s constellations! " occasionally cite them merely to indicate the general character of 2hinese stellar nomenclature!

The 2onstellations T@ .ayer erroneously gave it to the Cth-magnitude b& claiming H for he was somewhat of an astrologer& although the <s %rotestantium of his day H that& with the surrounding stars& it partook of the nature of 7enus! _p& .inary& E!@ and C!J& yellow and green& and 4& J& in 2hinese astronomy& were 1enn :an :un& the 2amp s South GateI they lie in the train near the star ovppa! The components of _fV were observed by .urnham in 8?D@& o"!T apart& at a position angle of BDBW!E! *! G! 2! 8 BBE& or T8 '!& B the Great :ebula& the Gueen of the *ebulae& just northwest of the star v& is said to have been known as far back as a! d! @AJ I was described by #l Sufi as the Tattle 2loud before @?CI and appeared on a 0utch star-map of 8JAA! .ut otherwise there seems to be no record of it till the time of Simon 'arius M'ayer of Gun)enhausenN& who& in his rare work 0e 'undo 6ovial i& tells us that he first examined it with a telescope on the 8Jth of 0ecember& 8CxB! :e did not& however& claim it as a new discovery& as he is reported to have fraudulently done of the four satellites of 6upiter& T when he gave them their present but rarely used names& "o& 9uropa& Ganymede& and 1allisto& that are now known as "& ""& """& and """"& in the order of their distances from the planet! :alley& however& did so claim it in 8CC8 in favor of .ullialdus M"smail .ouillaudN& who& although he doubtless again brought it into notice as the nebulosa in cingulo #ndromedae y expressly mentioned that it had been observed 8JA years previously by some anonymous but expert

astronomer! :evelius catalogued it in his %rodromus y and Flamsteed inserted it in his ffistoria as nebulosa supra cingulum and nebulosa cinguliI but :ipparchos& %tolemy& (lug .eg& Tycho .rahe& and .ayer did not allude to it& from which some have inferred an increase& or variability& in its lightI but there is no positive evidence as to this& and it does not seem probable! 'arius said that it resembled the diluted light from the flame of a candle seen through horn& E while others of our early astronomers described it differently I discordances probably owing to the different means employed! "ts true character seems as yet undetermined& although astro-photography 8 This is the *ew General 2atalogue of 0octor 6! ;! 9! 0reyer& published in 8??D! B 'essier s 2atalogue! T This planet was known to the Greeks as >ei c& and as %aiOtor& the Shining <ne! E This reminds us of 0ante s beautiful simile in the Faradiso& although of a different object , So that fire seemed it behind alabaster!

E-A Star-*ames and their 'eanings " has proved it to be a vast Satumiform body& a great& comparatively condensed nucleus& surrounded by a series of rings& elliptical as they appear to us& but probably only so from the angle under which they are presented to our view"I "masses of nebulous matter partially condensed into the solid form " H a new and enormous solar system in formation! "ts length& or diameter& about TUW& is estimated at more than thirty thousand times the distance from the earth to the sun! "ts attendant companion& visible as a nebula in the same field if a low-power be used& is the star-cluster *! G! 2! BB8& TB '!& discovered in 8DE@ by ;e Gentil! "t is nearly circular in form& and apparently bfa the si)e of the Great *ebula! Sir $illiam :uggins and others have suggested that the small nebulae near the latter may be planets in process of formation! S #ndromedae& the nova of 8??J that excited so much interest& was first seen about the middle of #ugust& 8C" of arc to the southeast of the nucleus& and& for a brief period& of the Cth to the D th magnitudeI but it soon disappeared to ordinary glasses& and :all last saw it with the BC-inch refractor at $ashington on the 8st of February& 8??C& as of the 8Cth magnitude!

"n dreams it seemed to me " saw suspended

#n eagle in the sky& with plumes of gold& $ith wings wide open& and intent to stoop& #nd this& it seemed to me& was where had been .y Ganymede his kith and kin abandoned& $hen to the high consistory he was rapt! ;ongfellow s translation of 0ante s %urgatorio! _OnftnouA lies in the 'ilky $ay& directly south from the star #ltair I the head of the figure at rj and _r& the rest of the outline being marked by A& 8& 5& #& v& and C& all now in #+uila! Flamsteed omitted a and v from his catalogue& but added 4 ! The constellation is said to have been introduced into the sky& in the year 8TB& by the 9mperor :adrian& in honor of his young .ithynian favorite& whose soul his courtiers had shown him shining in its lucida after the youth s self-sacrifice by drowning in the *ile from his belief that his master s life might thus be prolonged! This was because the oracle at .e)a had asserted that only by the death of the object which the emperor most loved could great danger to the latter be averted! The new asterism& however&

The 2onstellations E8 was little known among early astronomers I and although %tolemy alluded to it& he did so but slightingly in calling half a do)en of the afi<fxpuroi of #+uila e_p uv C dvrivooU! #fter his day it seems unnoticed till 'ercator put it on his celestial globe of 8 JJ 8 with six componentsI .ayer following him in illustrating it with #+uila& although with no distinct list of its stars! Tycho also utili)ed it I but it first separately appeared in print on a plate in 1epler s Stella *ova of 8CAC& and in his /udolphine Tables& ;ongomontanus M2hristian ;ongberg of 0enmarkN had it in his #stronomica 0anica of 8CEAI :evelius included it in the %rodromus& but added a .ow and #rrow& the ancient SagittaI Flamsteed mentioned it in the :istoria 2oelesiis as #+uila #ntinonj& #+uila Tel #ntinona& and #+uila cum #ntinooI and the :ungarian 6esuit #bbQ 'aximilian :ell had it in constant use in his 9phemerides #stronotnicae of 8DC@ and 8DDA! .ode also distinctly catalogued and illustrated it I but #rgelander omitted its title from his (ranometria *ova of 8?ET& although he showed it as a part of #+uila! "t is now hardly recogni)ed& its stars being included with those of the latter constellation! .ayer substituted Ganymedes for #ntinoiis& and others have used both names indiscriminately I Tennyson describing the youth as Flush d Ganymede& his rosy thigh :alf buried in the 9agle s down!

This same name occasionally has appeared for #+uarius& but is given by ;a ;ande& with many other titles& for our #ntinoiis I among these are %uer #drianaeus& .ithynicns& %hryginj& and Troicns I :ovns #egypti 0eus I %uer #+uilae I %inoerna and %ocillator& the 2up-bearer! 2aesius saw in it the .on of the Shnnammite raised to life by the prophet 9lishaI and ;a ;ande said that some had identified it with the bold "thacan& one of %enelope s suitors slain by (lixes! Two of the #rabic globes bear the stars d& A& k& and # #+uilae& which mark the distinguishing rhombus of #ntinoiis& as #l Thalimain& the Two <striches I but "deler assigned this title to t and # I giving A5& tj b and C as #l 'i)an& the Scale-beam! Simone #ssemani said that they were #lkhalimain& that more correctly is #l ftal0ain& the Two Friends& or #l :alimatain& the Two %apillae I but his assertions as to star-names are often unfavorably critici)ed by "deler as " a confused medley& raked together without criticism!" These globes are so fre+uently referred to as indicative of the character and progress of the astronomy of #rabia& that " may be pardoned a brief digression as to them!

EB Star-*ames and their 'eanings <ne& of the year 8BBJ& now rests in the museum established by the 2ardinal .orgia at 7illetri I another& of 8B?@& is in the 'athematical Salon at 0resdenI 'r! #! 7! *ewton claims the early date of the nth century for one lettered in #rabo-2ufic characters& now in the .ibliothe+ue *ationale of %aris& as does Signor F! 'eucci for one in Florence I another& of bron)e& from #rabian times& the stars lettered in silver& but not figured& is in the rooms of the /oyal #stronomical Society of ;ondon I and the 9mperor Frederick "" of "taly& in the 8Tth century& is said to have had one of gold& the stars being shown by inlaid pearls! #ll these seem to have been of comparatively small dimensions& five to eight inches in diameter& a great contrast to the six-foot globe of Tycho .rahe& now in the castle at %rague! Those of 'ercator were about sixteen inches! .ut celestial globes were known long anterior to these! <ne that is considered very correct as to the location of the early constellations& although it does not show the individual stars& is in the Farnese collection of anti+uities& surmounting the statue of #tlas! This globe& supposed to be a copy of the sphere of 9udoxos& and perhaps antedating %tolemy& although somewhat defaced& has preserved to us more than forty of the sky figures of its day I while another& of brass& said to have been constructed by %tolemy himself& H doubtless an apocryphal statement& H was found in 8AET in an old public library in 1ahira& the modern 2airo! %tolemy described the globe of :ipparchos that is illustrated in :alma s edition of the Syntaxis& published with a French translation in %aris in 8?8T-8CI 9udoxos is said to have constructed one TCC b! c& as did #naximander of 'iletus J?E b! c

The actual invention of celestial globes has been credited to Thales& as the mythical was to #tlas I but Flammarion nearly rivals this last when he seriously tells us of 2hiron s sphere H " the most ancient sphere known& constructed about the epoch of the Trojan $ar& 8TAA b! a"I and Sir "saac *ewton& induced by an incorrect translation from 0iogenes ;aertius& asserted that 'usaeus& one of the #rgo s crew& was the first to make a celestial sphere& on which he located the ship and many others of the Greek constellations derived from the story and characters of the #rgonauts!

gtntffo Mpneumattca& f Ae cttr ^pump& is ;a 2attle s 'achine %neumati+ue& at first ;atini)ed as 'achina %nenmatica Mwhich occurs in .urritt& and is the "talian nameNI but astronomers know it as simple #ntlia! "n Germany it is the ;uft %mnpa

The 2onstellations

ET

The constellation lies just south of 2rater and :ydra& bordering on the 7ela of #rgo along the branches of the 'ilky $ay& and culminates on the Cth of #pril I Gould assigning to it eighty-five naked-eye stars! :e thinks that a& the red lucida& may be a variable& as his observers had variously noted it as of from the Eth to the Jth magnitude& and #rgelander entered both of these! ;a 2aille s jT lies within the present limits of :ydra! #lthough inconspicuous& and without any named star& #ntlia is of special interest to astronomers from containing the noted variable 8 S& discovered in 8??? by %aul of $ashington& and confirmed by Sawyer! 2handler gives its maximum as C!D and its minimum as D!T& the period being D hours& EC minutes& E? seconds& H the shortest known until it was supplanted by ( %egasi with a period of LbE hours!

#nd all the stars that shine in southern skies :ad been admired by none but savage eyes! 6ohn 0ryden s <de to 0octor 2harle(m!

c;puA& tLe G.irb of Mparabise&

or #pous& as 2aesius wrote it from the Greek& lies immediately below the Southern Triangle& about 8T from the pole! "t is the French <iseau de %aradiaI the German %aradies 7ogelI and the "talian (ccello %aradi.<! "ts avian original is found only in the %apuan "slands& and the title is from X#ttovc& $ithout Feet& for the ancient Greek swallow& but well applied to this bird that has been thus fabled& as witness 1eats " legless birds of paradise&" in his 9ve of Saint 'ark! .ayer strangely had it #pia "ndioa on his planisphere of the new southern figures& where the typical bird is shown& as also in the corresponding page of text I but the universal consent as to the name #pus& or #vis& and its appearance as #pus "ndica and "ndianischer 7ogel in the abridged German edition of .ayer s work issued in 8DBA& with the fact that he had another& and correct& #pis& would indicate a typographical and engraver s error in the original I but " have not seen this alluded to till now! The drawing always has been of the typical bird of our title& which 2aesius adopted in his %aradiflaeus #les I but it sometimes is #vis "ndioa& the "ndian .ird! 8 2handler s Third 2atalogue of 7ariable Stars! ?th 6uly& 8?@C& describes T@T& to which have been added TC to the 8@th of #ugust& 8?@?&H a total of EB@& not including those still awaiting notation& and those found in star-clusters by the :arvard observers!

EE Star-*ames and their 'eanings The planisphere in Gore s 9nglish edition of Flammarion s #stronomie 6bpulaire has the constellation as the :ouie Swallow& probably taken from early ornithological lists or the lexicons I for our #ndrews- Freund translates #pus as the .lack 'artin& the 9nglish synonym of the :irundo apus of ;innaeus&H the 2ypselus apus of $illiam 3arrell& H not a swallow& however& but a wellknown swift of the <ld $orld& with perfectly formed& although small& legs and feet& yet appropriate enough to its mode of life I and the stellar bird appears in $illis Scholar of Thebet .en 1horat as :irundo with its little company I #nd white-brow d 7esta lamping on her path ;onely and planet-calm I with this explanatory note , #n #rabic constellation placed instead of the %iscis #ustralis& because the swallow arrives in #rabia about the time of the heliacal rising of the Fishes!

" have not met with these hirundine star-titles except in these two instances& and think them both incorrect 'r! $illis idea may have come from the YeYtdCviaL of the )odiacal pair& but he errs in ascribing the figure to #rabia and in considering it a substitute for the Southern Fish& as well as in confusing it with the older %isces! .ut all this poem is beautiful in stellar allusions! :ere is another bit , $here has the %leiad gone F $here have all missing stars found light and home F $ho bids the Stella 'ira go and come F $hy sits the %ole-star loneF #nd why& like banded sisters& through the air Go in bright troops the constellations fair F #pus similarly appears in 2hina as 9 2ho& the 2urious SparrowI and as the ;ittle $onder .ird! Schiller included it with the 2hamaeleon and the Southern Fly in his biblical 9ve! Gould details sixty-seven naked-eye stars in #pus& its lucid a & y& being T!@! "t culminates about the middle of 6uly& but of course is invisible from northern latitudes! This is one of the twelve new southern constellations with which .ayer s name generally is associated& although he only adopted them and& Gould says& took them from one of the globes of 6acob& or #rnold& Florent van ;angrenI but .ayer distinctly attributed their formation to " #mericus 7esputius& #ndreas 2orsalius& %etrus 'edinensis and %etrus Theodoras&" navigators of the early part of the 8Cth century& giving to the last most of the credit of their publication I and Smyth ascribed their invention to "%eter Theodore&"

The 2onstellations EJ and their publication to another sailor& #ndrea 2orsali& in 8J 8C! "n 2hilmead s Treatise they are indefinitely ascribed to " the %ortugals& :ollanders& and 9nglish sea-faring men" $illem 6ansson .laeu& the celebrated globe-maker of #msterdam& 2hilmead s contemporary& credited their introduction to Friedrich :outmann& who observed from the island of SumatraI while the latter& Semler asserted& took his ideas from the 2hinese! #lthough "deler denied this& yet he acknowledged that the latter nation knew %hoenix& "ndus& and #pus as the Fire .ird& the %ersian and the ;ittle $onder .ird& almost exact translations of the $estern titles I and summed up his account of them with the opinion that their origin " is involved in an obscurity that it is scarcely possible to penetrate!"

The son his locks beneath #+uarius tempers& #nd now the nights draw near to half the day& $hat time the hoar frost copies on the ground The outward semblance of her sister white& .ut little lasts the temper of her pen! ;ongfellow s translation of 0ante s "nferno! _L+uartuC& fLe T<tf ernwn& "" #+uario in "taly& le 7erteau in France& der $assennann in Germany& has universally borne this or kindred titlesI "deler assigning as a reason the fact that the sun passed through it during the rainy season! "n connection with this the proximity of other analogous stellar forms is worthy of note, 2apricornus& 2etus& 0elphinus& 9ridanus& :ydra& %isces& and %iscis #ustralis& all the watery shapes in the early heavens& with #rgo and 2rater& are in this neighborhood I some of whose stars #ratos said " are called the $ater"I indeed in 9uphratean astronomy this region of the sky was the Sea& and thought to be under the control of #+uarius! The constellation immemorially has been represented& even on very early .abylonian stones& as a man& or boy& pouring water from a bucket or urn& with an appropriate towel in the left hand& the human figure sometimes being omitted I while the #rabians& who knew of the latter but did not dare to show it& depicted a mule carrying two water-barrelsI and again simply a water-bucket! This last was (lug .eg s idea of it& his original word being rendered by :yde Sitnla& the /oman $ell-bucketI but #l .iruni had it in his astrological charts as #mphora& a Two-handled $ine-

EC Star-*ames and their 'eanings jar& that he may have adopted from #usonius the poet of our Eth century! 9ven 7ercingetorix& 2aesar s foe in Gaul& JB b! c& is said to have put the similar figure on his stateres with the title 0iota& a Two-eared 6ar! <n a /oman )odiac it was a %eacock& the symbol of 6uno& the Greek :ere& in whose month Gamelion H 6anuary-February H the sun was in the sign I and at times it has been shown as a Goose& another bird sacred to that goddess! *ew Testament 2hristians of the 8Cth and 8Dth centuries likened itappropriately enough to 6ohn the .aptist& and to 6udas Thaddaeus the #postle& although some went back to :aaman in the waters of 6ordan& and even to :oses taken out of the water! "ts nomenclature has been extensive but consistent! "n Greek literature it was r T_JpoZCoc& the epic TdpoUoevc& or $ater-pourer& transliterated by 2atullus as :ydrochoiii& and by Germanicus as :ydroehotis I although the

latter also called it #+nitenens and Fnndens latices& saying that it personified 0eucalion of the Greek 0eluge& 8JAA b! c! #usonius had (rnam+ui tenetI 'anilius& #e+uoreus 6nvenis& or simply 6nvenis& and Ganymede5& the beautiful %hrygian boy& son of Tros and cup-bearer of 6ove& of whom Statius wrote in his Thebais , Then from the chase 6ove s towering eagle bears& <n golden wings& the %hrygian to the stars! This title also appeared with 2icero& :yginus& and 7ergil I and with <vid& in the Fasti& as Ganymede 6nvenis& %ner "daens& and "liacus& from his birthplace& and 6nvenis gerens a+uam I while in a larger sense it was said to represent the creator 6ove& the pourer forth of water upon the earth! $e find it& too& as #ristaens& their 9lijah& who brought rain to the inhabitants of 2eos& and 2ecrops& from the cicada nourished by the dew! whose eggs were hatched by the showers I while #ppian& the historian of our Bd century& called it :ydridurns& which reappeared in the 8J8J #lmagest as "drndnms and :anritor a+nae! The great Grecian lyric poet %indar asserted that it symboli)ed the genius of the fountains of the *ile& the life-giving waters of the earth! :orace added to its modern title Tyrannns a+uae& writing of it as " saddening the inverted year&" which 6ames Thomson& 8 DAA-8 DE?& followed in the $inter of his Seasons , fierce #+uarius stains th inverted year I and 7ergil& calling it frigidus& similarly said that when coincident with the sun it closed the year with moisture , X 1xtremo+ue inrorat #+uarius anno!

The 2onstellations ED "n .abylonia it was associated with the nth month Shabatu& the 2urse of /ain& 6anuary-February I and the 9pic of 2reation has an account of the 0eluge in its nth book& corresponding to this the nth constellation I each of its other books numerically coinciding with the other )odiacal signs! "n that country its (rn seems to have been known as Gn& a $ater-jar overflowing& the #kkadian 1u-ur-ku& the Seat of the Flowing $aters I and it also was /amman or .ammanu& the God of the Storm& the still earlier "mma& shown pouring water from a vase& the god& however& fre+uently being omitted! Some assert that ;ord of 2anals is the signification of the #kkadian word for #+uarius& given to it 8J&AAA years ago M=N& when the sun entered it and the *ile flood was at its height! #nd while this statement carries the beginnings of astronomy very much farther back than has generally been supposed& or will now be acknowledged& yet for many years we have seen 9gyptian and 9uphratean history continuously extended into the hitherto dim past I and this theory would easily solve the much discussed +uestion of the origin of the )odiac figures if we are to regard either of those countries as their source& and the seasons and agricultural operations as giving

them names! #ben 9)ra called it the 9gyptians :oniuf& from their muau& or '_T& $ater I 1ircher said that it was their 3Trev.epiav& .rachium benefieum& the %lace of Good Fortune I which .rown& however& limits to its stars a& y& f& and Tf as a 2optic lunar station I and our Serviss writes that " the ancient 9gyptians imagined that the setting of #+uarius caused the rising of the *ile& as he sank his huge urn in the river to fill it!" $ith the #rabians it was #l 0alw& the $ell-bucket I and 1a)wini s #l Sakib al 'a 8 & the $ater- pourerI from the first of which came the 9deleu of .ayer& and the 9ldelis of 2hilmead! The %ersians knew it as 0ol or 'lI the :ebrews& as 0eli M/iccioli s 0alleNI the Syrians& as 0aulo& like the ;atin 0o :um I and the Turks& as 1ugha& H all meaning a $aterbucket! "n the %ersian .undehesh it is 7abik! "n 2hina& with 2apricornus& %isces& and a part of Sagittarius& it constituted the early Serpent& or Turtle& Tien 3uen I and later was known as :iuen 3ing& the 0ark $arrior and :ero& or 0arkly Flourishing <ne& the :fren $u& or :iuen :eaou& of the :an dynasty& which 0upuis gave as :iven l(o! "t was a symbol of the emperor Tchoun :in& in whose reign was a great delugeI but after the 6esuits came in it became %aon %ing& the %recious 7ase! "t contained three of the sieu @ and headed the list of )odiac signs as the .at& which in the far 9ast was the ideograph for " water&" and still so remains in the almanacs of 2entral #sia& 2ochin 2hina& and 6apan! Some of the minor stars of #+uarius& H 8& #& o& and A& H with others of

E? Star-*ames and their 'eanings 2apricornus and %isces& formed the asterism ;uy %eih 2hin& the 2amp with "ntrenched $alls! <n the Ganges& as in 2hina& it began the circle of the )odiacal signsI and #l .iruni said that at one time in "ndia it was 1humba& or 1nmbaba& which recalls the 9lamite divinity of that name& the 1ofi%rj& or Storm God& of :esychios! This& too& was the Tamil title for it I ;a ;ande writing it 2oumbnm! 7araha 'ihira& under the influence of Greek astronomy& called it :ridroga and (druvaga& in which we can see TdpoUooc! $ith the 'agi and 0ruids it represented the whole science of astronomy! The #nglo-Saxons called it se $aeter-gyt& the $ater-pourerI while not long after them 6ohn of Trevisa& the 9nglish translator& in 8T@? thus +uaintly recalled the classical form, The Sygne #+uarius is the butlere of the goddes and yevyth them a water-potte! 9nglish books immediately succeeding had #+uary& #+uarye& and& still later& the +ueer title Skinker! This last& which has pu))led more than one

commentator& is found in the rare book of 8DAT& 'eteorologiae by 'r! 2ock& %hilomathemat , 6upiter in the Skinker opposed by Saturn in the ;ion did raise mighty South-west winds! .ut the passage affords its own explanation that ought not to have been delayed till now I for we know our sign to be the opposite of ;eo& while the dictionaries tell us that this archaic or provincial word signifies a Tapster& or %ourer-out of li+uor& which #+uarius and Ganymede have notably been in all ages of astronomy! #lthough early authors varied in their ascription of the twelve )odiacal constellations to the twelve tribes of "srael& yet they generally were in accord in assigning this to /euben& " unstable as water!" .ut the fountainheads of all this 6ewish banner story& 6acob s death-bed address to his sons in 9gypt& and 'oses dying song on 'ount *ebo& are not clear enough to justify much positiveness as to the proper assignment of any of the tribal symbols& if indeed the "sraelites had any at all! The little that we have on the subject is from 6osephus and the 2haldec %araphrase! 0ante& in the 8@th canto of DD %urgatorio& wrote that here geomancers their Fortuna 'ajor See in the <rient before the dawn /ise by a path that long remains not dim I which ;ongfellow explains in his notes on the passage, Geomancy is divination by points in the ground& or pebbles arranged in certain figures& which have peculiar names! #mong these is the figure called the Fortuna 'ajor& which

The 2onstellations E@ is thus drawn& Q ] and& by an effort of the imagination& can also be formed out of some of the last stars 555 in #+uarius and some of the first in %isces! "n astrology it was the #iry Trigon& Gemini and ;ibra being included& and a sign of no small note& since there was no disputing that its stars possessed influence& virtue& and efficacy& whereby they altered the air and seasons "in a wonderful& strange& and secret manner"I and an illuminated manuscript almanac of 8T?C& perhaps the earliest in our language that has been printed& says of the sign , " "t is gode to byg castellis& and to wed& and lat blode!" $ith 2apricorn it was the :ouse of Saturn& governing the legs and ankles I and when on the hori)on with the sun the weather was always rainy! $hen Saturn was here& he had man completely in his clutches H caput et eollum I while 6upiter& when here& had humeros& pectus et pedes!

#s 6nnonis astrum it was a diurnal sign& 6uno and 6ove being its guardians& and bore rule over 2ilicia and Tyre I later& over #rabia& Tatary& 0enmark& /ussia& ;ower Sweden& $estphalia& .remen& and :amburg! %roctor s 'yths and 'angels of #stronomy has a list of the astrological colors of the )odiac signs attributing to #+uarius an a+ueous blueI while ;ucius #mpelius& of our Bd century& assigning in his ;iber 'emorialis the care of the various winds to the various signs& intrusts to this the guardianship of 9urus and *otus& which blew from the east& or southeast& and from the south! The astronomers symbol for the sign& -QF& showing undulating lines of waves& is said to have been the hieroglyph for $ater& the title of #+uarius in the *ile country& where a measuring-rod may have been associated with itI indeed .urritt drew such in the hand of the figure as *orma :ilotica& a suggestion of the ancient *ilometer! .rown& in the EDth volume of #rchaeologta y has these interesting remarks on the symbols of the signs , /especting these 'r! 2! $! 1ing observes , " #lthough the planets are often expressed by their emblems& yet neither they nor the signs are ever to be seen represented on anti+ue works by those symbols so familiar to the eye in our almanacs! $herever such occur upon a stone it may be pronounced without any hesitation a production of the cin+ue-cento& or the following century! !!! #s for the source of these hieroglyphics& " have never been able to trace it! They are to be found exactly as we see them in very old medieval 'SS!" I and 'r! 1ing is inclined& in default of any other origin& " to suspect they were devised by #rab sages " H an opinion which " do not follow! The subject is certainly shrouded in great obscurityI and even %rofessor Sayce recently informed me that he had been unable to trace the history of the )odiacal symbols up to their first appearance in $estern literature! E

JA Star-*ames and their 'eanings $hile 'iss 2lerke writes that they are found in manuscripts of about the ioth century& but in carvings not until the 8Jth or 8Cth! Their origin is unknownI but some& if not all& of them have anti+ue associations! :argrave s /osicrucians has an illustration of an object showing an 9gyptian cross and disk with our present symbols of ;eo and 7irgo& or Scorpio& purporting to be from the breast of a mummy in the museum of the ;ondon (niversity! "f this statement be correct& a much earlier origin can be claimed for these symbols 8 than has hitherto been supposed! From his researches into the archaic astronomical symbolism on classic coins& monuments& etc!& Thompson concludes that the great bas-relief of the #siatic 2ybele& now in the :ermitage 'useum at Saint %etersburg& was designed to represent the ancient tropics of #+uarius and ;eo I and that

#+uarius& #+uila& H or more probably the other 7ultur y our ;yra& H ;eo& and Taurus appear in the familiar imagery of Q)ekie4i& 8A& and x& 8E& and of The /evelation iv& D! #+uarius is not conspicuous& being chiefly marked by the stars y& Q 75 T;n U rr& H the (rn& the familiar 3& H called by the Greeks 1d4!DTD4& 1c(ttic& 1a4;DrePr& and Situla& or (rna& by the ;atins& %liny making a distinct constellation of the latter I and by the line of fainter stars& a& _4V& x& 7s AN V anM 5 others indicating the water running down into the mouth of the Southern Fish& or& as it is occasionally drawn& uniting with the river 9ridanus! Spence& commenting on this figure on the Farnese globe and its description by 'anilius& #d juvenemU aeternas fundentetn %iscibus undas& and Fundentis semper #+uariiy wrote, Ganymedes& the cup-bearer of 6upiter! :e holds the cup or little urn in his hand& inclined downwardsI and is always pouring out of it, as indeed he ought to be& to be able from so small a source to form that river& which you see running from his feet& and making so large a tour over all this part of the globe! 'anilius ended his lines on #+uarius with Sic profluit urna& which Spence translated " #nd so the urn flows on "I adding , which seems to have been a proverbial expression among the antients& taken from the ceaseless flowing of this urn I and which might be not inapplicable now& when certain ladies are telling a story I or certain lawyers are pleading! Geminos& in his 9ioayioyrN& about DD b! c& made a separate constellation of this stream as Yvoig vdarog& the %ouring Forth of $aterI but #ratos also had called it this as well as the $ater& although in the latter he included 2eti and the star Fomalhaut! 2icero gave it as #+uaI and the l#n interesting article on the symbols appears in .ailly s :istotre de 7 #stronomic #ncienne& %aris& 8DDJ!

The 2onstellations J8 scholiast A88 Germanicus& as 9ffdaio a+uaeI while 9ffosor and Fusor a+uae were common titles! The modern .urritt has Fluviufl #+narii and 2ascade! The stars marking the ribs of the figure in this constellation are& in some maps& mingled with c and others in 2apricorn! #lthough of astronomical importance chiefly from its )odiacal position and from its richness in doubles& clusters& and nebulae& it also is interesting from the fact that one of its three stars tp was occulted by the planet 'ars on the 8 st of <ctober& 8CDB! This occupation was predicted by Flamsteed& and& on his suggestion& observed and verified in France and by /icher at 2ayenneI and the several independently accordant results are considered reliable& although made more than two centuries ago! These have enabled our modern astronomers& especially ;everrier& accurately to ascertain the mean

motion of 'ars& and materially aid them in calculating the mass of the earth and our distance from the sun! #+uarius lies between 2apricornus and %isces& the sun entering it on the 8Eth of February& and leaving it on the 8Eth of 'arch! #rgelander catalogues here @D naked-eye starsI :eis& 8EC! ;a ;ande& citing Firmicus and the 9gyptian sphere of %etosiris& 8 wrote in " #stronomic, #+uarius se ltve t avec un autre constellation +u(lnomme #+uarius 'inor avec la Faulx& ( ;oup& le ;ikvre _JrR %#utelI but elsewhere " find no allusion to this ;esser $aterman& and the statement is incorrect as to the other constellationsI indeed the Faulx is entirely unknown to us moderns! 2t& T!B& pale yellow! ?adalmelik is from the #rabic #l Sad al 'alik& the ;ucky <ne of the 1ing& sometimes given as #l Sa d al 'nlk& the ;ucky <ne of the 1ingdom& under which last title 1a)wini and (lug .eg combined it with o! "t similarly was Sidm %austum /egis with the astrologers! .urritt called it 9l 1elik and %hard& but this last seems unintelligible! The /ucbah of the 2entury 2yclopedias erroneous for this star H indeed was intended for a Sagittarii! Sadalmelik lies on the right shoulder of the figure& iW south of the celestial e+uator& and has a distant nth-magnitude gray companion! $ith e and %egasi it made up the BTd sieu Goei& or $ei& Steep& or 0anger& anciently GuiI but .rown says that the word signifies Foundation! P was the determinant star of this lunar station! 8 %etosiris& the philosopher of *ecepsos& the astronomical 1ing of Sais& was an almost mythical character to the Greeks I for %tolemy termed him uU46toc& although he is generally assigned to the period of @AA-DAA .!c&

JB Star-*ames and their 'eanings Gould called it red& and of B!D magnitude! "t culminates on the @th of <ctober! From between a and i` radiate the 9ta #+uarids& the meteors visible from #pril B@th to 'ay Bd! p& T!8& pale yellow! Sadalsuud H not Sund nor Saud& as fre+uently written H is from #l Sa d al Su ud& liberally translated the ;uckiest of the ;ucky& from its rising

with the sun when the winter had passed and the season of gentle& continuous rain had begun! This title also belongs to the BBd man)il& which included the star with f of #+uarius and c of 2apricornus! p and Q also constituted the %ersian lunar station .nnda and the similar 2optic (puineuti& the Foundation I but alone marked the sieu :en& :ra& or :ii& 7oid& anciently 1o& the central one of the seven sieu which& taken together& were known as :eung $n& the .lack $arrior& in the northern +uarter of the sky! "t is found in :indu lists as 1alpeny& of unknown signification! <n the 9uphrates it was 1akkab :ammaU& the Star of 'ighty 0estiny& that may have given origin to the title of the man)il& as well as to the astrologers name for it H Fortuna Fortnnarun; #l Firu)abadi of 1horasan& editor of #l /amus& the great #rabic dictionary of the 8Eth century& called some of the smaller stars below this #l #u a& the plural of *au & a Star& but without explanation& and they certainly are inconspicuous! 3V E-5V greenish& on the right arm at the inner edge of the (rn& and the westernmost star in the 3& is Sadachbia& from #l Sa d al #fibiyah& which has been interpreted the ;ucky Star of :idden Things or :iding-places& because when it emerged from the sun s rays all hidden worms and reptiles& buried during the preceding cold& creep out of their holes= .ut as this word #h biyah is merely the plural of : iba & a Tent& a more reasonable explanation is that the star was so called from its rising in the spring twilight& when& after the winter s want and suffering& the nomads tents were raised on the freshening pastures& and the pleasant weather set in! This idea renders %rofessor $hitney s " Felicity of Tents " a happy translation of the original! Q 5FR anM 5 5 are included with y under this designation by (lug .eg H Q& in the centre& marking the top of the tentI 1a)wini& however& considered this central star as #l Sa d& and the three surrounding ones his tents! #ll these stars& with a& formed the BTd man)il& bearing the foregoing title! y& f& DD& t& and r were the 2hinese %un 'o& the Tomb!

The 2onstellations JT "t was near y that the 2apuchin friar of 2ologne& Schyraelus de /heita& 8 in 8CET& thought& that he had found five new satellites attendant upon 6upiter& which he named Stellae (rbani <ctavi in compliment to the reigning pontiffI and a treatise& 0e novcm Stellae circa 6avem& was written by ;obkowit) upon this wonderful discovery! " The planet& however& soon deserted his companions& and the stars proved to be the little group in front of the (rn!" ? V TE&

the Scheat of Tycho& and Seheat 9delen of /iccioli& is Skat in modern lists& and variously derived , either from #l Shi at& a $ish& said to be found for it on #rabic globesI or from #l Sak& the Shin-bone& near which it is located in the figure! .ut :yde& probably following Grotius& said that it was from #l Sa d of the preceding stars! <n the 9uphrates it seems to have been associated with :asisadra or Yasisadra& the 8Ath antediluvian king and hero of the 0elugeI while& with 6& k& and others adjacent& it was the lunar station #pin& the 2hannel& and individually the Star of the Foundation! The corresponding stations& 1hataar in %ersia& Shawshat in Sogdiana& and :ashtawand in 1horasmia& were also determined by this star! The 2hinese knew it& with r& xV tne three stars i4V& and some in %isces& as 3u lin 1eun& the "mperial Guard! From near C issues a meteor stream& the 0elta #+uarids& from the BDth to the B@th of 6uly& and not far away 'ayer noted as a fixed star& on the BJth of September& 8DJC& the object that nearly twenty-five years later Sir $illiam :erschel observed as a comet& but afterwards ascertained to be a new planet& our (ranus! Q V T-E& was #l .ali& the brightest one of the B8st man)i4&#l Sa d al .ula & the Good Fortune of the Swallower& which included n and v I these last also known as #l .nlaan in the dual! 1a)wini said that this strange title came from the fact that the two outside stars were more open than a and of 2apricorn& 8 pe /heita is more deservedly famous as a supposed inventor& in 8CJA& of the planetarium& an honor also claimed for #rchimedes of the Td century before 2hrist& for %osidonius the Stoic& mentioned by 2icero in 0e *atvta 0eorum& and for .oetius about the year #! 0! J8A! This instrument is the orrery of modern days& named by Sir /ichard Steele after 2harles .oyle& 9arl of <rrery& for whom one was made in 8D8J by /owley& from designs by the clockmaker George Graham! %rofessor /oger ;ong constructed one eighteen feet in diameter& in 8DJ?& for %embroke :all& 2ambridge& where it probably still remains I and 0octor $illiam 1itchiner mentioned one by #rnold& annually exhibited in ;ondon about the year 8?BJ& that 5as 8TA feet in circumference& EZ

JE Star-*ames and their 'eanings so that they seemed to swallow& or absorb& the light of the other = The corresponding situ& 'o& 'u& :iu& :fi& or $oo :en& a $oman& anciently written :ok& was composed of these stars with the addition of another& unidentified& e being the determinant I and the same three were the 9uphratean lunar asterism 'unaga& the Goat-fish& and the 2optic (peuritos& the 0iscoverer!

.ayer mentioned for it 'antellum and 'antile& marking the *apkin or Towel held in the youth s hand I but in some early drawings this was shown as a .unch of Grain Stalks! Grotius had #ncha and %yxis& but neither appropriate I while in our day the former is applied only to A& and the latter is never seen as a stellar title except in ;a 2aille s %yxis *autica in #rgo! 9astward from e& near v& is the Saturn *ebula& *! G! 2! DAA@& that the largest telescopes show somewhat like the planet! G& .inary& E and E!8& very white and white! #lthough unnamed& this is an interesting star at the centre of the 3 of the (rn& and almost exactly on the celestial e+uator! 'ayer discovered its duplicity in 8DDD& and its binary character& first noted by :erschel in 8?AE& was confirmed by his son in 8?B8 I but the period is not yet determined& although it is very long! The components are T"!T apart& and the position angle TB B ! is #ncha& the :ip& although on most modern atlases the star lies in the belt on the front of the figure! The word is from the ;atin of the 'iddle #ges& and still appears in the French banc he& our haunch! /eeves says that in 2hina it was ;ei& a Tear! 5V J-JSitula is applied to this& from the classical ;atin term for a $ater-jar or -bucket& the later #rabian word being the somewhat similar Sail& and the earlier #l 0alw! Gassendi& however& derived it from sitis& thirst& the $aterman s (rn having been figured by some as an <ven = Theon the 3ounger& father of the celebrated :ypatia of our Jth century& termed this star <ivoxoeia& the <utpouring of $ine& as if by Ganymede X and others& 1a#rr+& and (rna& the southern edge of which& near the outflow it marks!

The 2onstellations JJ 1eats& in ";rtdymion& very fancifully wrote of this (rn, 2rystalline brother of the belt of heaven& #+uarius = to whom 1ing 6ove has given Two li+uid pulse streams stead of feather d wings& Two fan-like fountains& H thine illuminings For 0ian play!

"n 2hina 5 was :en ;eang& the 9mpty .ridge! 1 T- ? R red R is the most prominent of the first stars in the Stream! %roclus followed #ratos in calling it "3top& the $aterI and others& "9k`Iu_j5c& the <utpouringI #ratos describing it& ;ike a slight flow of water here and there Scattered around& bright stars revolve but small I although these titles& appropriated by .ayer for #& originally were for the whole group set apart as the Stream! V&& with about 8AA stars surrounding it& was the BTd nakshatra 2atabhishaj& the :undred %hysician& whose regent was 7aruna& the goddess of the waters and chief of the #dityas& the various early divinities of :indu mythology& and all children of #diti& the Sky and the :eavens! $ith Q& a& and A& it was the 2hinese asterism ;ny %rill 2hin& the 2amp with "ntrenched $allsI but this included stars in 2apricornus and %isces! o& E!D& a little to the southwest of a& was associated with it under the title #l Sad al :ulk! "n 2hina it was 1ae (h& the /oof! tt& E!?& was called Seat by Grotius& as one of the group #l Sa d al #h biyah! Sundry other four or five small stars in #+uarius were given by /eeves as %oo 3ne& the :eadsman s #x!

si +uaeritis astra Tunc oritur magni praepes adunca 6ovis! <vid s Fasti! 6ove for the prince of birds decreed& #nd carrier of his thunder& too& The bird whom golden Ganymede Too well for trusty agent knew! Gladstone s translation of :orace s <dts! LEuifo& i]t Mgftgfe& the French #igle& the German #dler& and the "talian #+nila& next to and westward from the 0olphin& is shown flying toward the east and across

JC Star-*ames and their 'eanings the 'ilky $ayI its southern stars constituting the now discarded #ntinous! 9arly representations added an arrow held in the 9agle s talonsI and :evelius included a bow and arrow in his description I but on the :eis map the 3outh is held by #+uila& for the Germans still continue this association in their combined title der #dler mit dem #ntinous! <ur constellation is supposed to be represented by the bird figured on a 9uphratean uranographic stone of about 8BAA b! c& and known on the tablets as "dUu >amama& the 9agle& the ;iving 9ye! "t always was known as #+uila by the ;atins& and by their poets as 6ovii #les and 6ovis 7ntrix& the .ird& and the *urse& of 6ove I 6ovis #rmiger and #rmiger #les& the #rmor-bearing .ird of 6ove in this god s conflict with the giants I while Ganymedes /aptrix and Servant #ntino:m are from the old stories that the 9agle carried Ganymede to the heavens and stood in attendance on 6ove! <vid made it 'erops& 1ing of 2os& turned into the 9agle of the skyI but others thought it some #ethiopian king like 2epheus& and with the same heavenly reward! #s the eagles often were confounded with the vultures in Greek and /oman ornithology& at least in nomenclature& #+uila also was 7ultur volans& the stars and y& on either side of a& marking the outstretched wings I this title appearing even as late as Flamsteed s day& and its translation& the Flying <rype& becoming the <ld 9nglish name& especially with the astrologers& who ascribed to it mighty virtue! #eroc& the 9agle& in a much varied orthography& was used for our constellation by all the GreeksI while poetically it was #toc "<pvtc& the .ird of >eusI and %indar had <ivOv .aai#evc& the 1ing of .irds& which& ornithologically& has come to our day! ;ater on it was .doavog& .aoavtofioc& and .aoav:6Tfjpiov& all kindred titles signifying Torture& referred by :yde to the story of the eagle which preyed on the liver of %rometheus! Similarly we find #+uila %romethei and Tortor %romethei I but "deler said that this idea came from a confounding by Scaliger of the #rabic "kab& Torture& and <kab& 9agle! 0upuis fancifully thought that its name was given when it was near the summer solstice& and that the bird of highest flight was chosen to express the greatest elevation of the sun I and he asserted that the famous three Stymphalian .irds of mythology were represented by #+uila& 2ygnus& and 7ultur cadens& our ;yra& still located together in the sky I the argument being that these are all paranatellons of Sagittarius& which is the fifth in the line of )odiacal constellations beginning with ;eo& the *emean lion& the object of :ercules first labor& while the slaying of the birds was the fifth! #ppropriately enough& like so much other stellar material& these creatures

The 2onstellations JD

came from #rabia& migrating thence either to the "nsula 'artis& or to ;ake Stymphalis& where :ercules encountered them! Thompson thinks that the fable& in Greek ornithology& of the eagle attacking the swan& but defeated by it& is symbolical of " #+uila& which rises in the 9ast& immediately after 2ygnus& but& setting in the $est& goes down a little while before that more northern constellation!" # similar thought was in the ancient mind as to the eagle in opposition to the dolphin and the serpent I their stellar counterparts& #+uila& 0elphinus& and Serpens& also being thus relatively situated! "n connection with the story of Ganymede& the eagle appeared on coins of 2halcis& 0ardanos& and "lia I and generally on those of ' alios in 2ilicia and of 2amarinaI while it is shown perched on the 0olphin on coins of Sinope and other towns& chiefly along the .lack Sea and :ellespont! <ne& bearing the prominent stars& was struck in /ome& @E b! c& by 'anius #+uilius *epos& 8 the design being evidently inspired by his name I and a coin of #grigentum bears #+uila& with 2ancer on the reverse& H the one setting as the other rises! To the #rabians the classical figure became #l <kab& probably their .lack 9agle& 2hilmead citing this as #lhhakhab I while their #l 7ap al Tiir& the Flying 9agle& was confined to a& %& and y I although this was contrary to their custom of using only one star for a sky figure! Grotius called the whole #ltair and #loairI .ayer said #lcar and #tair! #l #chsasi& however& mentioned it as #l Ghnrab& the 2row& or /aven& probably a late #rabian name& and the only instance that " have seen of its application to the stars of our #+uila! %ersian titles were #lnb& Gherges& and Shahin tara )ed& the Star-striking Falcon of #l *asr al 0in& but now divided for and y! "n the "lkhanian Tables as perhaps elsewhere& it was 7vrfN DrcroUcvoc& the Flying 7ulture I the Turks call it Taushaugjil& their :unting 9agleI H all these for the three bright stars! The :ebrews knew it as 1eshr& an 9agle& Falcon& or 7ulture I and the 2haldee %araphrase asserted that it was figured on the banners of 0anI but as these tribal symbols properly were for the )odiac& Scorpio usually was ascribed to 0an! This confusion may have originated from the fact& asserted by Sir $illiam 0rummond& that in #braham s day Scorpio was figured as an 9agle! 2aesius said that #+uila represented the 9agle of military /ome& or the 9agle of Saint 6ohnI but 6ulius Schiller had already made it Saint 2atherine the 'artyrI and 9rhard $eigel& a This was the consul defeated and captured by 'ithridates& who put him to death by pouring molten gold down his throat in punishment for his rapacity!

J? Star-*ames and their 'eanings

professor at 6ena in the 8Dth century& started a new set of constellations& based on the heraldry then so much in vogue& among which was the .ran5 denburg 9agle& made up from #+uila& #ntinoiis& and the 0olphin! :evelius said that the stellar 9agle was a fitting representation of that bird on the %olish and Teutonic coats of arms! The 2hinese have here the 0raught <xen& mentioned in the book of odes entitled She 1ing& compiled JAA years before 2hrist by 1 ung fu tsu& 1ung the %hilosopher M2onfuciusN& H the passage being rendered by the /everend 0octor 6ames ;egge , .rilliant show the 0raught <xen& .ut they do not serve to draw our carts I and the three bright stars are their 2owherd& for whom the 'agpies .ridge gives access to the Spinning 0amsel& our ;yra& across the /iver of the Sky& the 'ilky $ay! This story appears in various forms I stars in the Swan sometimes being substituted for those in the 9agle& ;yra becoming the $eaving Sisters! The 1orean version& with more detail& turns the 2owherd into a %rince& and the Spinster into his .ride& both banished to different parts of the sky by the irate father-in-law& but with the privilege of an annual meeting if they can cross the /iver! This they accomplish through the friendly aid of the good-natured magpies& who congregate from all parts of the kingdom during the Dth moon& and on its Dth night form the fluttering bridge across which the couple meet& lovers still& although married! $hen the day is over they return for another year to their respective places of exile& and the bridge breaks up I the birds scattering to their various homes with bare heads& the feathers having been worn off by the trampling feet of the %rince and his retinue! .ut as all this happens during the birds moulting-time& the bare heads are not to be wondered at I nor& as it is the rainy season& the attendant showers which& if occurring in the morning& the story-tellers attribute to the tears of the couple in the joy of meeting I or if in the evening& to those of sorrow at parting! Should a magpie anywhere be found loitering around home at this time& it is pursued by the children with well-merited illtreatment for its selfish indifference to its duty! *or must " forget to mention that the trouble in the royal household originated from the %rince s unfortunate investment of the paternal sapekes in a very promising scheme to tap the 'ilky $ay and divert the fluid to nourish distant stars! #nother version is given by the /everend 0octor $illiam 9lliot Griffis in his 6apanese Fairy $orld& where the Spinning 0amsel is the industrious princess Shokujo& separated by the :eavenly /iver from her herd-boy lover&

The 2onstellations J@ 1injin! .ut here the narrator makes 2apricorn and the star $ega repre-

sent the lovers! The native #ustralians knew the whole of #+uila as Totyarguil& one of their mythical personages& who& while bathing& was killed by a kelpie I their stellar 9agle being Sinus! "t was in the stars of our constellation& to the northwest of #ltair& that %rofessor 9dward 9! .arnard discovered a comet from its trail on a photograph taken at the ;ick <bservatory on the 8Bth of <ctober& 8?@B H the first ever found by the camera! #rgelander catalogued ?B naked-eye stars in #+uila& including those of #ntinousI :eis gives 8BT! 2t& 8!T& pale yellow! #ltair is from a part of the #rabic name for the constellation I but occasionally is written #lthair& #thair& #ttair& and #tairI this last readers of .en :ur will remember as the name of one of the shaykh "lderim s horses in the chariot race at #ntioch! #nd the word has been altered to #lcair& #lchayr& and #lcar! "n the Syntaxis it was #eroc& one of %tolemy s few stellar titles& probably first applied to a& and after the formation of the figure transferred to the latter& as in other instances in the early days of astronomy! 9ven six or seven centuries before %tolemy it was referred to as #utoF where the chorus in the %jb_toc& until recently attributed to 9uripides& says, $hat is the star now passingF the answer being , The %leiades show themselves in the east& The 9agle soars in the summit of heaven! "t is supposed that long antecedent to this it was the 9uphratean "dZu& the 9agle& or 9rigu& the %owerful .ird& inscriptions to this effect being +uoted by .rown& who thinks that it also was the %ersian 'uni& the .ird I the Sogdian Shad 'aflhir& and the 1horasmian Sadmasij& the *oble Falcon! "n 'r! 6! F! :ewitt s 9ssays on the /uling /aces of %rehistoric Times it is asserted that later >end mythology knew #ltair as 7aliant& the $estern Guarter of the heavens& which earlier had been marked by our 2orvus! $ith % and y it constituted the twenty-first nakshatra Gravana& the 9ar& and probably was at first so drawn& although also known as Grona& ;ame& or as #G3attha& the Sacred Fig Tree& 7ishnu being regent of the asterism I these stars representing the Three Footsteps with which that god strode through the heavens& a Trident being the symbol!

CA Star-*ames and their 'eanings "n 2hina a& A& and y were :o 1oo& a /iver 0rum! "n astrology #ltair was a mischief-maker& and portended danger from reptiles! %tolemy& who designated the degrees of star brilliancy by Greek letters& applied ST to this as being of the Bd magnitude& whence some think that it has increased in light since his day! "t is now the standard 8st magnitude according to the %ogson& or " absolute&" photometric scale generally adopted by workers in stellar photometry& and is largely used in determining lunar distances at seaI while Flamsteed made it the fundamental reference star in his observations on the sun and in the construction of his catalogue! "ts parallax& 8 o"!BiE& considered by 9lkin as nearly or +uite exact& indicates a distance of about 8J Q light years! "ts spectrum is of %ickering s class Yb of Secchi s first type& but peculiar& with very ha)y solar lines between the broad hydrogen lines! #ltair has the large proper motion of o"!CL annuallyI and Gould thought it slightly variable! "t marks the junction of the right wing with the body& and rises at sunset about the 8Jth of 6une& culminating on the 8st of September! *ear it appeared& in a! d! T?@& an object& whether a temporary star or a comet is not now known& said by 2uspinianus to have e+ualed 7enus in brilliancy& which vanished after three weeks visibility I and there is record of another& of sixty years previous& in this constellation! J to the eastward of #ltair& according to 0enning& lies the radiant point of the #+uilidi& the meteor stream visible from the Dth of 6une to the 8Bth of #ugust! ] T-@R % ale orange! #lflhain is from Shahin& a portion of the %ersian name for the constellation I but #l #chsasi termed it #l (nuk al Ghurab& the /aven s *eck! "t is the southern of the two stars flanking #ltairI yet& although it bears the second letter& is not as bright as y or C! 3 F T& pale orangeTara)ed& or Taraiad& from the same %ersian title& lies north of #ltair! These three stars constitute the Family of #+uila& the line joining them being J in length! l # parallax of 8" represents a distance from the earth of T!BC light yearsI a light year& the

astronomers unit in measuring stellar distances&H light traveling 8?C&TTD miles in a second of time&H being about CT&AAA times the distance of the earth from the sun! .ut no star thus far investigated has so large a parallax I that of the nearest& a 2entauri& being only o"!DJ!

The 2onstellations C8 6ust north of y is ir& the only pretty and fairly easy double in the constellation! The components& of C and C!? magnitudes& i"!J apart& are at a position angle of iBoW!D! d& DD& and A& of Td to Eth magnitudes& in #ntinous& were #l 'i)an& the Scale-beam& of early #rabia& from their similar direction and nearly e+ual distances apart! S& E!T& and 2& T!T& green! 9ach of these is known as 0eneb& from #l 0hanab al <kab& the 9agle s Tail& which they mark! "n 2hina they were $oo and 3ue& names of old feudal states! DD& in #ntinoiis& is a noteworthy short- period variable of the Bd type& discovered by %igott in 8D?E& yellow in tint& and fluctuating in brilliancy from T!J to E!D in a period of about seven days and four hours& and thus a convenient and interesting object of observation for midsummer evenings! "ts spectrum is similar to that of our sun& and ;ockyer and .elopolsky think it a spectroscopic binary! : was the 2hinese Tseen Foo& the :eavenly /aft! "& E!T& and Y& T!C& were #l Thai 8 main& the Two <striches& by some confusion with the not far distant stars of like designation in SagittariusI but the Grynaeus Syntaxis of 8JT? gave _5& with some others unlettered& as belonging to the 0olphin! 4& with cf& DK& and ir& was Tew 1e in 2hina& the /ight Flag I p being Tso 1e& the ;eft Flag! 4& with vfr& g& and some stars in Scutum& was Tseen %een& the :eavenly 2as+ue! X #nd this you note but little time aloft I For opposite .ear-watcher doth it rise! #nd whilst his course is high in air& "t +uickly speeds beneath the western sea!

/obert .rown& 6unior s& translation of the %hainomena of #ratos! ctra& fLe Gftat& , _ #ltar in Germany& #ltare in "taly& #ntel and 9noensoir in France! "t is located as #ratos described it H neath the glowing sting of that huge sign The Scorpion& near the south& the #ltar hangs I

CB Star-*ames and their 'eanings and in classical times was intimately associated with 2entaurus and ;upus! which it joined on the west before *orma was formed! The ;atins knew it under our title& often designated as #ra 2entaury #ra Thymiamatis& and as Thymele& the altar of 0ionysus I and occasionally in the diminutive #rala! "t also was #ltare& #pta #ltaria& #ltarinmI Saorarinm and SaorisI #oerra& the small altar on which perfumes were burned before the dead I .atillus& an "ncense %an I %ranaram 2oaceptaculam& a .ra)ier I Focus& ;ar& and "gnitabulum& all meaning a :earth I and 9_rria& or 7esta& the goddess of the hearth! Thuribulum and Tarribalam& a 2enser& more correctly Taribulua& were customary titles down to the 8?th century! %haros also appears& altars often being placed upon the summits of temple towers and thus serving the ancients as lighthouses& of which the #lexandrian %haros was the great example! The #lfonsine Tables added to some of these tides %atens& a %itI Stcrarias& and Templum& a Sacred %lace I but represented it as a typical altar! The ;ey den 'anuscript made it a tripod censer with incense burningI the illustrated editions of :yginus of 8E?? and 8JTJ& an altar from which flames ascend& with demons on either sideI and an illustrated German manuscript of the 8Jth century showed the %it with big demons thrusting little ones into the abyss! This recalls the story of 6ove s punishment of the defeated giants after he had& as 'anilius wrote& /ais d this #ltar& and the Form appears $ith "ncense loaded& and adorn ' with Stars I the occasion being the war with the Titans& when the gods needed an altar in heaven for their mutual vows! That poet also described it as ara ferens turns& stellis imitantibus ignem& which would show that the flame was conceived of as rising northwards through the 'ilky $ay& or that the latter itself was the smoke and flameI

and it was so thought of and represented by the ancients& and down to the times of #rabic globes and 'iddle #ge manuscripts! .ut from .ayers day to ours it has been shown in an inverted position& which for a southern constellation is appropriate! #ratos called it <rnjUor I others! <tto acrrjjpior& both signifying an #ltarI %roclus and %tolemy& <iwn-MflVior ] a 2enserI and .ayer cited 9Zapa that should be 5hV`_i4xi ] a .ra)ier I "lrUim-i4& not a lexicon word I and #i.avuric& b` which he doubtless intended the #uiarurpic5 or 2enser& where the votive

The 2onstellations CT plant was burned! 9ratosthenes had *t 4rrap rI GvTtjpiov& which "deler and Schaubach& however& did not understand& and thought a corrupted reading! "ts varied classical names show disagreement as to its form& yet great familiarity with its stars& on the part of early observers& with whom it was of importance as portending changes in the winds and weather I #ratos devoting twenty-eight linesH a large proportionate space H of the %hainomena to this character of #ra! "n #rabia it was #l 'ijmarah& a 2enser& which& being its only title in that country& implies that it was unformed there before the introduction of Greek astronomy! 0erivations from this word are found in the #lmegnunith of /iccioli and the #lmugamra of 2aesius! This last author said that #ra represented one of the altars raised by 'oses& or the permanent golden one in the Temple at 6erusalem I but others of the biblical school considered it the #ltar of *oah erected after the 0eluge! 9uphratean research seems to show a stellar #ltar differently located& which .rown says probably was the lost )odiacal sign subse+uently represented by the 2laws and afterwards by the .alance I and identifies it with the Dth #kkadian month and sign Tul-1u& the :oly #ltar& or the "llustrious 'ound& perhaps a reference to the mound-altar of the Tower of .abel! X $hen these changes were accomplished this early )odiacal #ltar was removed to its present position& and its diversified altar-censer form retained from the 9uphratean figuring! This recollection of the first #ltar will perhaps account for the otherwise strange prominence given in classical times to our visually unimportant #ra& when 'anilius called it 'nndi

Templnm I this last word also having another stellar signification& for 7arro used it to indicate a division of the sky! <ther details of this early 9uphratean #ltar are noted under ;ibra! #ra is not wholly visible now north of the BTd degree of latitudeI and its brief period above the hori)on H only about four hours H explains #ratos allusion in our motto I his hori)on being about the same as that of the city of *ew 3ork! Gould catalogues in it eighty-five stars& from B!? to the Dth magnitudeI but none seem to be named except in 2hina! There a& B!@ magnitude& was 2hoo& a 2lub or StaffI and with 4T& y& and t& ;ow& Trailing! $ith it marks the top of the #ltar s frame& culminating& on the BEth of 6uly& just above the hori)on in the latitude of *ew 3ork& H EAW EB ET" at the 2ity :all! .ayer s map carries the latter star several degrees too far to the southwestI similar errors being found in others of his constellation figures of the southern heavens!

CE Star-*ames and their 'eanings %& a B!?-magnitude& y& C5& e& and f mark the flame rising toward the south! "n 2hina _J& T!D& with Q was Tseen 3in& the 0ark SkyI e& a Eth-magnitude& was Tso 1ang& the ;eft $atch I and e CAB of /eeves was Tseen A& :eaven s /idge! ;a ;ande stated that a constellation was supposed to exist here& containing #ra s stars& that was represented on the 9gyptian sphere of %etosiris as a 2ynocephalns!

So when the first bold vessel dar d the seas& :igh on the stern the Thracian rais d his strain $hile #rgo saw her kindred trees 0escend from %elion to the mgin! Transported demi-gods stood round!

%ope s <de on St! 2ecilia5 s 0ay! ]t]5 M6(fri.& ffle QLF ]5_LV& generally plain #rgo& H erroneously #rgus& from confusion with its genitive case& H and *avis& is the German Schiff& the French *avixe #rgo& and the "talian *ave #rgo! "t lies entirely in the southern hemisphere& east of 2anis 'ajor& south of 'onoceros and :ydra& largely in the 'ilky $ay& showing above the hori)on of *ew 3ork city only a few of its unimportant stars I but it covers a great extent of sky& nearly seventy-five degrees in length& H 'anilius calling it nobilis #rgo& H and contains ?B@ naked-eye components! The centre culminates on the 8st of 'arch! ;a 2aille used for it nearly 8?A letters& many of them of course duplicated& so that although this notation was adopted in the .ritish #ssociation 2atalogueU recent astronomers have subdivided the figure for convenience in reference& and now know its three divisions as 2arina& the 1eel& with BC? stars& %uppis& the Stern& with T8T& and 7ela& the Sail& with BE?! This last is the German Segel! ;a 2aille& moreover& formed from stars in the early subordinate division 'ains& the 'ast& %yxis :antioa& the *autical .ox or 'ariner s 2ompass& the German See 2ompass& the French .onssole or 2ompas de :er& and the "talian .ussola I and this is still recogni)ed by some good astronomers as %yxis!

The 2onstellations CJ From other stars .ode formed ;ochium Funis& his ;ogleine& our ;og and ;ine& now entirely fallen into disuse! The Ship appears to have no bow& thus presenting the same sectional character noticeable in 9+uuleus& %egasus& and Taurus& and generally is so shown on the maps! "t was in reference to this that #ratos wrote , Sternforward #rgd by the Great 0og s tail "s drawn I for hers is not a usual course& .ut backward turned she comes& as vessels do $hen sailors have transposed the crooked stern <n entering harbour I all the ship reverse& #nd gliding backward on the beach it grounds! Sternforward thus is 6ason s #rgo drawn! This loss of its bow is said to have occurred when #rgo pass d Through .osporus betwixt the justling rocks H

the Symplegades& the 2yanean Ma)ureN& or the %lanctae /ocks at the mouth of the 9uxine Sea! 3et #ratos may have thought it complete& for he wrote , #ll #rgo stands aloft in sky& and %art moves dim and starless from the prow (p to the mast& but all the rest is bright I and it has often been so illustrated and described by artists and authors! The #lfonsine Tables show it as a complete double-masted vessel with oars& and ;ubienit)ki& in the Theatrum 2ometicum of 8CCD& as a three-masted argosy with a tier of ports and all sails set full to the wind! 'ythology insisted that it was built by Glaucus& or by #rgos& for 6ason& leader of the fifty #rgonauts& whose number e+ualed that of the oars of the ship& aided by %allas #thene& who herself set in the prow a piece from the peaking oak of 0odona I the #rgo being " thus endowed with the power of warning and guiding the chieftains who form its crew!" She carried the f araous expedition from "olchis in Thessaly to #ea in 2olchis& 8 in search of ,he golden fleece& and when the voyage was over #thene placed the boat ra the sky! #nother Greek tradition& according to 9ratosthenes& asserted that our constellation represented the first ship to sail the ocean& which long before 8 2olchis was the district along the eastern shore of the 9uxine Sea& now 'ingrelia! J

CC Star-*ames and their 'eanings 6ason s time carried 0anaos with his fifty daughters from 9gypt to /hodes and #rgos& and& as 0ante wrote& Startled *eptune with the aid of #rgo! 9gyptian story said that it was the ark that bore "sis and <siris over the 0elugeI while the :indus thought that it performed the same office for their e+uivalent "si and "swara! #nd their prehistoric tradition made it the ship #rgha for their wandering sun& steered by #gastya& the star 2anopus! "n this Sanskrit argha we perhaps may see our titleI but ;indsay derives #rgo from arek& a Semitic word& used by the %hoenicians& signifying "long&" this vessel having been the first large one launched! Sir "saac *ewton devoted much attention to the famous craft& fixing the date of its building about @TC b! c& forty-two years after 1ing Solomon!

$ith the /omans it always was #rgo and *avis& 7itruvius writing *avis +uae nominator #rgo I but 2icero called it #rgolica *avis and #rgolica %uppisI Germanicus& #rgoa %uppisI %ropertius& the elegiac poet of the 8st century before our era& "asonia 2arina I <vid& %agasaea 2arina and %agasaea %uppis& from the Thessalian seaport where it was built I 'anilius& 9atis :eronm& the :eroes /aft& which now midst Stars doth sail I and others& *avis 6asonis& or <siridis& 2elo) 6aaonis& 2arina #rgoa& #rgo /atis& and *avigium %raedatorinm& the %irate Ship! $hile somewhat similar are 2urnu 'aris& the Sea 2hariot& the 2nrrm 7olitans of 2atullus& who said that in 9gypt it had been the 7ehienlum ;unae! "t also was 9+uua *eptunins I indeed %tolemy asserted that it was known as a :one by the inhabitants of #)ania& the modern #jan& on the northeastern coast of #frica& south of 2ape Gardafui! The #rabians called it #l Safmah& a Ship& and 'arkab& something to ride upon& that two or three centuries ago in 9urope were transcribed #liephina and :erkeb! Grotius mentioned 2autel as a title for %uppis& "from the Tables&" but he added :oc +uid sit ncseio! The biblical school of course called it *oah s #rk& the #roa *oacfci& or #rena :oae as .ayer wrote it I 6acob .ryant& the 9nglish mythologist of the last century& making its story another form of that of *oah! "ndeed in the 8Dth century the #rk seems to have been its popular title! "n :ewitt s 9ssays we find a reference to " the four stars which marked the four +uarters of the heavens in the >enda vesta& the four ;oka-palas& or nourishers of the world&" of the :indus I and that author claims these for

The 2onstellations CD Sirius in the east& the seven stars of the Greater .ear in the north& 2orvus in the west& and #rgo in the south! :e gives the tatter s title as Sata 7aesa& the <ne :undred 2reatorsI all these imagined as forming a great cross in the sky! The differing %ersian conception of this appears in the remarks on /egulus& H a ;eon is! The 2hinese asterism Tien 'eaon probably was formed from some components of #rgo! The constellation is noticeable in lower latitudes not only from its great extent and the splendor of 2an opus& but also from possessing the remarkable variable r` and its inclosing nebula! *ear the star ) 2arinae appeared& between 'arch J and #pril ?& 8?@J& a

nova with a spectrum similar to those of the recent novae in #uriga and *orma! ! ! ! like a meadow which no scythe has shaven& $hich rain could never bend or whirl-blast shake& $ith the #ntarctic constellations paven& 2anopus and his crew& lay the #ustral lake! %ercy .yssfae Shelley s Th5 $itch A4 #tlas! <t 2arinae& H A!E& white! 1dvcjpos& in the early orthography of the Greeks& apparently was first given to this star by 9ratosthenes& but 1dvwroF later on by :ipparchos! %tolemy used the former word& among his few star-names& which :alley and Flamsteed transcribed into 2anobnsI but now it universally is 2anopus& #l Sufi s translator having 1anupus as an #rabian adaptation of the Greek! #ratos& 9udoxos& and :ipparchos also& designated it as (rjdd4aov& the /udder& 2icero s Gnbernaculuin& #ratos writing , The slackened rudder has been placed beneath The hind-feet of the 0og! #ncient ships had a rudder on each side of the stern& in one of which our star generally was figured& thus differing from the modern maps that locate it in the bank of oars! Strabo& the geographer of the century preceding our era& said that its title was " but of yesterday&" which may have been true of the word that we now know it byI but an 9gyptian priestly poet of the time of Thothmes """ H 8JAA years before Strabo H wrote of it as 1arbana& the star $hich pours his light in a glance of fire& $hen he disperses the morning dew I

C? Star-*ames and their 'eanings and this still was seen a millennium later in the 1abarnit of #s-sur-ba-ni-pal s time! <ur name for it is that of the chief pilot of the fleet of 'enelaos& who& on his return from the destruction of Troy& 88?T b! c& touched at 9gypt& where& twelve miles to the northeastward from #lexandria& 2anopus died and was honored& according to Scylax& by a monument raised by his grateful master& giving his name to the city 8 and to this splendid star& which at that time rose about jjEW above that hori)on!

The foregoing derivation of the word 2anopus is an early and popular oneI but another& perhaps as old& and more probable& being on the authority of #ristides& is from the 2optic& or 9gyptian& 1ahi :ub& Golden 9arth! "deler& coinciding in this& claimed these words as also the source of other titles for 2anopus& the #rabic $arn& $eight& and :adar& GroundI and of the occasional later %onderous and Terrertris! #lthough " find no reason assigned for the appropriateness of these names& it is easy to infer that they may come from the magnitude of the star and its nearness to the hori)on I this last certainly made it the nepiyeiof of 9ratosthenes! Similarly the universal #rabic title was Suhail& written by $estern nations Suhel& Snhil& Suhilon& Sohayl& Sohel& Sohil& and Soheil& Sahil& ?ihei& and SibilI all taken& according to .uttmann& from #l Sahl& the %lain! This word also was a personal title in #rabia& and& 0elit)sch says& the symbol of what is brilliant& glorious& and beautiful& and even now among the nomads is thus applied to a handsome person! <ur word 2anopus itself apparently had a somewhat similar use among early writers I for 9den translated from 7espucci s account of his third voyage and <f the %ok #ntartike and the Starres abowt the Same I #monge other& " sawe three starres cauled 2anopi& wherof two were exceadynge cleare& and the thyrde sumwhat darke I and again& after describing the " foure starres abowte the pole " , $hen these are hydden& there is scene on the lefte syde a bryght 2anopus of three starres of notable greatnesse& which beinge in the myddest of heaven representeth this figureI & I with more to the same effect in connection with the *ubeculae I for it is to 8 #ncient 2anopus is now in ruins& but its site is occupied by the village of #l .ekur& or #boukir& famous from ;ord *elson s .attle of the *ile& #ugust i& 8D@?& and from *apoleon s victory over the Turks a year afterwards I and it is interesting to remember that it was here& from the terraced walls of the Serapeum& the temple of Serapis& that %tolemy made his observations! Serapis was the title of the great <siris of 9gypt as god of the lower world I his incarnation as god of the upper world being in the bull #pis!

The 2onstellations C@ these 2louds that the 2anopus of 7espucci would seem to refer in much of his description! .ut " have never seen any explanation of this title as used by him& and 7espucci s fame certainly does not rest upon his knowledge of the skies! The great *ew 9nglish 0ictionary erroneously +uotes some of the foregoing as being references to our a 2arinae& strangely ignoring this different use of the star s title!

#mong the %ersians Suhail is a synonym of wisdom& seen in the wellknown #l #nwar i Suhaili& the ;ights of 2anopus! # note to :umboldt s 2osmos tells us that this name was given to other stars in #rgo& and :yde asserted the same as to its use for stars in neigh"wring constellations! Thus he found Suhel #lfard& Suhel #ldabaran& and Suhel Sinus I in fact this last star& 1arsten *iebuhr l said& was commonly known thus in #rabia a century and more ago! The #lfonsine Tables had Suhel ponderosus& that appeared in a contemporary chronicle as Sibil ponderosa& a translation of #l Suhail al $ain! "n the 8J8J #lmagest it was SubhelI and in the Graeco- %ersian Tables of 2hrysococca Mthe 8Eth-century Greek astronomer& author& and physician resident in %ersiaN& edited by .ullialdus in his #stronomia %hilolaica& it was >oalY lapavrj! This was from the #rabs #l Suhail al 3amaniyyah& the Suhail of the South& or perhaps an allusion to the old story& told in connection with our %rocyon& that Suhail& formerly located near <rion s stars& the feminine #l 6au)ah& had to flee to the south after his marriage to her& where he still remains! <thers said that Suhail only went a- wooing of #l 6au)ah& who not only refused him& but very unceremoniously kicked him to the southern heavens! #nother occasional early title was #l Fahl& the 2amel Stallion! #llusions to it in every age indicate that everywhere it was an important star& especially on the 0esert! There it was a great favorite& giving rise to many of the proverbs of the #rabs& their stories and superstitions& and supposed to impart the much pri)ed color to their precious stones& and immunity from disease! "ts heliacal rising& even now used in computing their year& ripened their fruits& ended the hot term of the summer& and set the time for the weaning of their young camels& thus alluded to by Thomas 'oore in his 9venings in Greece , # camel slept H young as if wean d $hen last the star 2anopus rose! #nd in a general way it served them as a southern pole-star! l This *iebuhr was the noted 0anish traveler in the 9ast between 8DC8 and 8DCD& and subse+uently the father of the great historian! :is discoveries at %ersepolis gave the clue to the decipherment of cuneiform inscriptions!

DA Star-*ames and their 'eanings "t was worshiped by the tribe of Tai& as it probably still is by the wilder of the .adawiyy I and in this connection 2arlyle wrote of it in his :eroes and :ero $orship, 2anopus shining-down over the desert& with its blue diamond brightness Mthat wild& blue& spirit-like brightness far brighter than we ever witness hereN& would pierce into the heart of the wild "shmaelitish man& whom it was guiding through the solitary waste there! To

his wild heart& with all feelings in it& with no speech for any feeling& it might seem a little eye& that 2anopus& glancing-out on him from the great& deep 9ternity I revealing the inner splendour to him! 2annot we understand how these men worshipped 2anopus I became what we call Sabeans& worshipping the stars F ! ! ! To us also& through every star& through every blade of grass& is not a God made visible& if we will open our minds and eyes F $e do not worship in that way now , but is it not reckoned still a merit& proof of what we call a X5 poetic nature&" that we recogni)e how every object has a divine beauty in it I how every object still verily is 55 a window through which we may look into "nCoitude itself" F 'oore wrote of it in ;alla /ookh , The Star of 9gypt& whose proud light& *ever hath beam d on those who rest "n the $hite "slands of the $est I again alluding to it& in the same poem& as the cause of the unfailing cheerfulness of the >ingians! 8 #nd& as the constellation was associated on the *ile with the great god <siris& so its great star became the Star of <uris I but& later on& 2apella and the scholiast on Germanicus called it %tolemaeon and %tolemaeni& in honor of 9gypt s great king %tolemy ;agos I and at times it has been Subilon& but the appropriateness of this " have been unable to verify! The SdUTi#oc& cited by :yde as from 1ircher& and so presumably 2optic& is e+ually unintelligible! $hile all this knowledge of 2anopus is ancient& it seems " but of yesterday " when we consider the star s history in worship on the *ile! ;ockyer tells us of a series of temples at 9dfu& %hilae& #mada& and Semneh& so oriented at their erection& CEAA b! c& as to show 2anopus heralding the sunrise at the autumnal e+uinox& when it was known as the symbol of 1hons& or 1honsu& the first southern star-god I and of other similar temples later! #t least two of the great structures at 1arnak& of B8AA and 8DAA b! c& respectively& pointed to its setting I as did another at *aga& and the temple of 1hons at Thebes& built by /ameses """ about 8TAA b! c& afterwards restored and en8 The inhabitants of>inge! a large village forty miles northeast of 'osul& in 1urdistan& and not far from 1a)win!

The 2onstellations D8 larged under the %tolemies! "t thus probably was the prominent object in the religion of Southern 9gypt& where it represented the god of the waters! Some of the /abbis have asserted H and 0elit)sch in modern times H

that this star& and not <rion& was the :aLil of the .ible& arguing from the similarity in sound of that word to the Suhail of #rabia& and from other reasons fully explained& although not accepted& by "delerI while& coincidently& there are able commentators who have thought that the 1esilim of "saiah xiii& 8A& now translated " 2onstellations&" means the brightest stars& which often are those now referred to in the use of the word Suhail! 0elit)sch& in his commentary on the .ook of 6ob& +uotes much& from $et)stein and others& of this identity of 2anopus with :asil& illustrating it with stellar stories and proverbs of the present-day #rabs of the :auran& the patriarch s traditional home! The :indus called it #gastya& one of their /ishis& or inspired sages& H and helmsman of their #rgha& H a son of 7aruna& the goddess of the watersI and Sanskrit literature has many allusions to its heliacal rising in connection with certain religious ceremonies! "n the #vesta it is mentioned as " pushing the waters forward" H governing the tides MFN! The late George .ertin identified it with Sugi& the 9uphratean 2hariot 3oke I but others claim that title for some stars in the )odiac as yet perhaps unascertained& but probably the lucidae of ;ibra! "n 2hina it was ;aou 6in& the <ld 'an& and an object of worship down to at least 8AA .! c! Since the Cth century it has been the Star of ?aint 2atharine& appearing to the Greek and /ussian pilgrim devotees as they approached her convent and shrine at Sinai& on their way from Ga)a& their landing-place! "n early German astronomical books it was the ?chif-5tern& or Ship-star! $ith #chernar and Fomalhaut& corresponding stars in 9ridanus and %iscis #ustralis& it made up the Tre Facelle of 0ante s %urgatorio& symboli)ing Faith& :ope& and 2harity& H those three torches& $ith which this hither pole is all on fire! :ipparchos was wont to observe it from /hodes in latitude TC TA I and& even before him& %osidonius 8 of #lexandria& about the middle of the Td century before 2hrist& utili)ed it in his attempt to measure a degree on the earth s surface on the line between that city and /hodes& making his ob8 This %osidonius should not be confounded with the Stoic philosopher contemporary with 2icero& although the Stoic himself was somewhat of an astronomer& and& it has been said& the inventor of the planetarium!

DB Star-*ames and their 'eanings serrations from the old watch-tower of 9udoxos at 2nidos in the #sian 2aria& H possibly the earliest attempt at geodetic measurement& as this

observatory was the first one mentioned in classical days! 'anilius poetically followed in his path by using it& with the .ear& to prove the sphericity of the earth! The confusion in the titles of 2anopus and 2oma .erenices is noted under that constellation! ;ying JBW T? south of the celestial e+uator& about TJ below Sirius& this star is invisible to observers north of the TDth parallelI but there it is just above the hori)on at nine o clock in the evening of the Cth of February& and conspicuous from Georgia& Florida& and our Gulf States! Sirius follows it in culmination by about twenty minutes! 2anopus is so brilliant that observers in 2hile& in 8?C8& considered it brighter than SiriusI and Tennyson& in his 0ream of Fair $omen& made it a simile of intensest light& H in 2leopatra s words& H lamps which outburn d 2anopus! 3et 9lkin obtained a parallax of only o"!oT& H practically n(V H indicating a distance from our system at least twelve times that of its apparently greater neighbor! "ts spectrum is similar to that of the latter! See discovered& in 8?@D& a iJth-magnitude bluish companion TA" away& at a position angle of 8CA !

B!

'iaplacidu5 is thus written in .urritt s Geography of 8?JC& but is placidua in his #tlas of 8?TJ& the meaning and derivation of which " cannot learn& unless it be in part& as :iggins asserts in his brief work on starnames& from 'iyah& the plural of the #rabic 'a& $ater! The original& however& is better transcribed 'i ah! jT lies in the 2arina subdivision and is the a of :alley s /obur 2arolinum& BJ east of 2anopus& and CiW south of #lphard of the :ydraI but .aily said that he could find no star corresponding to this as .ayer laid it down on his map of #rgo! 3V Triple& B& C& and ?& white& greenish white& and purple& was the #rabs #l Suhail al 'uhlif& the Suhail of the <ath& as with Q and a it formed one of the several groups #l 'uhlifain& 'uljtalifaln& or Yulini5 thain& by which reference was made to the statement that at their rising some

The 2onstellations DT mistook them for Suhail& and the conse+uent arguments were the occasion of much profanity among the disputatious #rabs! #s& however& it would seem impossible that 2anopus could be mistaken for any neighboring star& this derivation is as absurd as the proper location of the 'ufclifain was doubtful& for they have been assigned not only to the foregoing& but also to stars in 2anis 'ajor& 2entaurus& and 2olumba! y lies in the 7ela subdivision& and is visible from all points south of EB of north latitude! ;ike jT& it seems to have been incorrectly laid down on the (ranonutria& for .aily wrote that he could not find .ayer s y in the sky! This is the only conspicuous star that shows the $olf-/ayet type of a continuous spectrum crossed with bright lines I and its superb beauty is the admiration of the spectroscopic observer! 9ddie calls it the Spectral Gem of the southern skies! C& B!B& and w& with stars in 2anis 'ajor& were the 2hinese 1oo She& the .ow and #rrow! Q& B!J& at the southeastern extremity of the 9gyptian Y& is the Suhail :agar of #l Sufi& and the :aos& or Ship& of .urritt s #tlas I while& with y and #& it was one of the 'uhllfain! "ts south declination in 8??A was T@ EA & and so it is plainly visible from the latitude of the State of 'aine& coming to the meridian on the Td of 'arch!

Tfr "rregularly variable& V 8 to D!E& reddish& lies in the 2arina subdivision& but is invisible from north of the TAth parallel! This is one of the most noted objects in the heavens& perhaps even so in almost prehistoric times& for .abylonian inscriptions seem to refer to a star& noticeable from occasional faintness in its light& that 6ensen thinks was DD! #nd he claims it as one of the temple stars associated with 9a& or la& of 9ridhu& 8 the ;ord of the $aves& otherwise known as <annes& B the mysterious human fish and greatest god of the kingdom! "n 2hina i` was Tseen She& :eaven s #ltars! l 9ridhu& or 9ri-duga& the :oly 2ity& *unki& or *unpe& one of the oldest cities in the world& even in ancient .abylonia& was that kingdom s flourishing port on the %ersian Gulf& but& by the encroachments of the delta& its site is now one hundred miles inland! "n its vicinity the .abylonians located their sacred Tree of ;ife!

T .crdssds described <annes as the teacher of early man in all knowledge I and in mythology he was even the creator of man and the father of Tarn mu) and "shtar& themselves associated with other stars and sky figures! 6ensen thinks <annes connected with the stars of 2apricorn I ;ockyer finds his counterpart in the god 2hnemu of Southern 9gypt I and some have regarded him as the prototype of *oah!

DE Star-*ames and their 'eanings The variations in its light are as remarkable in their irregularity as in their degree! The first recorded observation& said to have been by :alley in 8CDD& although it is not in his Southern 2atalogue& made r` a Eth- magnitude& but since that it has often varied either way& at longer or shorter intervals& from absolute invisibility by the naked eye to a brilliancy almost the e+ual of Sirius! Sir 6ohn :erschel saw it thus in 0ecember& 8?TD& as others did in 8?ET I but& gradually declining since then& it touched its lowest recorded magnitude of D!C in 'arch& 8??C! "t is now& however& on the increaseI for on the 8Tth of 'ay& 8?@C& it was J!8& or about a halfmagnitude higher than its maximum of the preceding year! The nebula& *! G! 2! TTDB& surrounding this star has been called the 1eyhole from its characteristic features I but the most brilliant portion& as drawn by Sir 6ohn :erschel& seems to have disappeared at some time between 8?TD and 8?D 8! That great observer saw 8BAT stars scattered over its surface! *ear rj is a vacant space of irregular shape that #bbott has called the 2rooked .illet I and there are two remarkable coarse clusters in its immediate vicinity! t& B!@& pale yellow! This was the ;atins Scutulum& or ;ittle Shield& the #rabians Tniaia& probably referring to the ornamental #plustre at the stern of the Ship in the subdivision 2arina I but :yde& +uoting it as Tuxyeish from Ti)ini& said that the original was verbutn ignotum& and suggested that some one else should make a guess at it and its meaning! Smyth wrote of it as " corresponding to the komtiio19 of %tolemy"I but the latter described it as being in the #1poarokiov& Gunwale& and located k& Q o& n& p& a& and t in the f #amCia1e& <r #plustre& where they are shown to-day! The 2entury #tlas follows Smyth in calling 8 #spidiake! "t is visible from the latitude of *ew 3ork 2ity! it& T!@& is 'arkab and 'arkeb& probably from the #l4onsine Tables of 8JB8& where this last word is found plainly applied to it as a proper name! This also is visible from the latitude of *ew 3ork& culminating on the BJth of 'arch! #& B!J& in 7ela is #l Sufi s #l Suhail al $a)n& Suhail of the $eightI and& with y and f& one of the 'uhlifain!

f& T!E& has been called #smidiske by an incorrect transliteration of the #omdio19 where it is located with the star t! 7 5 T5DV m 7ela is given by /eeves as Tseen 1e& :eaven s /ecordI a star

The 2onstellations DJ that he letters #& as :ae Shih& the Sea StoneI and one numbered 8@D 8& as Taeen 1ow& the :eavenly 0og! Grotius mentioned #lphart as the title of some star in *avis& although without locating it& and very correctly added sed hoc ad lucidam :ydra5 pertinet y but as the top of the 'ast is in some maps very close to this 4ucufa& #lphard& the explanation would seem obvious! .aily said that Flamsteed s star 8T #rgus& strangely placed BA from #rgo across 'onoceros& should be Fl! 8J 2anis 'inoris! From stars in #rgo& behind the back of the Greater 0og& was formed by .artsch the small asterism <allus& the 2ook& but it has long since been forgotten!

! ! !the fleecy star that bears #ndromeda far off #tlantic seas .eyond th :ori)on! 'ilton s %aradise ;ett glrtefi& f fle M/am& is#riete in "taly& .flier in France& and $idder in Germany H .ayer s $ider I in the #nglo-Saxon tongue it is /amm& and in the #nglo-*orman of the 8 Bth century& 'uttons! The constellation is marked by the noticeable triangle to the west of the %leiades& CW north of the ecliptic& BA north of the celestial e+uator& and BA due south from y #ndromedae! $ith the Greeks it was 1ptoc& and sometimes #tyoicepwc& although this last was more usual for 2apricorn! "t always was #ries with the /omansI but <vid called it %hrixea <risI and 2olumella& %ecus #thamantidos :elles& %hrixus& and %ortitor %hrixi I others& Fhrixeum %eons and %hrixi 7ector& %hrixus being the hero-son of #thamas& who fled on the back of this /am with his sister :elle to 2olchis to escape the wrath of his stepmother "no! "t will be remembered that on the way :elle fell off into the sea& which thereafter became the :ellespont& as 'anilius wrote , First Golden #ries shines Mwho whilst he swam

;ost part of s Freight& and gave the Sea a *ameN I and ;ongfellow& in his translation from <vid s "ris:a, The /am that bore unsafely the burden of :elle!

DC Star-*ames and their 'eanings <n reaching his journey s end& %hrixus sacrificed the creature and hung its fleece in the Grove of #res& where it was turned to gold and became the object of the #rgonauts +uest! From this came others of #ries titles , <ris aurea and auratus& 2hryflomallus& and the ;ow ;atin 2hrysovellua! The #thamas used by 2olumella was a classical reproduction of the 9uphratean Tammu) 0um-u)i& the <nly Son of ;ife& whom #ries at one time represented in the heavens& as did <rion at a previous date& perhaps when it marked the vernal e+uinox EJAA b! c! 2icero and <vid styled the constellation 2ornus I elsewhere it was 2orniger and ;anigerI 7erves& the $ether I 0ux opulenti gregis I 2aput arietinumI and& in allusion to its position& #e+uinoetialis! 7ernui %ortitor& the Spring-bringer& is cited by 2aesius& who also mentioned #reanua& that may refer to the secret rites in the worship of the divinities whom #ries represented! From about the year 8DTA before our era he was the %rinoepa ngnornm ooelestium& %rinceps )odiaci& and the 0uctor exeratus )odiaci& continuing so through :ipparchos time I 'anilius writing of this , The /am having pass d the Sea serenely shines! #nd leads the 3ear& the %rince of all the Signs! .ut about a! d! EBA his office was transferred to %isces! .rown writes as to the origin of the title #ries& without any supposition of resemblance of the group to the animal , The stars were regarded by a pastoral population as flocks I each asterism had its special leader& and the star& and subse+uently the constellation& that led the heavens through the year was the /am! 9lsewhere he tells us that when #ries became chief of the )odiac signs it took the #kkadian titles 1u& "-ku& and "-ku-u& from its lucida :amal& all e+uivalents of the #ssyrian /ubu& %rince& and very appropriate to the leading stellar group of that date& although not one of the first formations! :e also finds& from an inscription on the Tablet of the Thirty Stars& that the 9uphratean astronomers had a constellation Gain& the Scimetar& stretching from <kda of the Fishes to :amal of #ries& the curved blade being formed by the latter s three brightest components! This was the weapon

protecting the kingdom against the Seven 9vil Spirits& or Tempest %owers! 6ensen thinks that #ries may have been first adopted into the )odiac by the .abylonians when its stars began to mark the vernal e+uinox I and that the insertion of it between Taurus and %egasus compelled the cutting off a

The 2onstellations DD part of each of those figures& H a novel suggestion that would save much theori)ing as to their sectional character! The 6ewish *lsan& our 'arch-#pril& was associated with #ries& for 6osephus said that it was when the sun was here in this month that his people were released from the bondage of 9gypt I and so was the same month *isanu of #ssyria& where #ries represented the #ltar and the Sacrifice& a ram usually being the victim! :ence the prominence given to this sign in anti+uity even before its stars became the leaders of the restI although .erossds and 'acrobius attributed this to the ancient belief that the earth was created when the sun was within its boundariesI and #lbumasar& 8 of the @th century& in his /evolution of 3ears wrote of the 2reation as having taken place when "the seven planets" H the Sun& 'oon& 'ercury& 7enus& 'ars& 6upiter& and Saturn H were in conjunction here& and foretold the destruction of the world when they should be in the same position in the last degree of %isces! 0ante& who called the constellation 'ontone& followed with a similar thought in the "nferno, The sun was mounting with those stars That with him were& what time the ;ove 0ivine #t first in motion set those beauteous things! To come& however& to a more precise date& %liny said that 2leostratos ol Tenedos first formed #ries& and& at the same time& SagittariusI but their origin probably was many centuries& even millenniums& antecedent to this& and the statement is only correct in so far as that he may have been the first to write of them! 'any think that our figure was designed to represent the 9gyptian 1ing of Gods shown at Thebes with ram s horns& or veiled and crowned with feathers& and variously known as #mon& #mmon& :ammon& #men& or #mun& and worshiped with great ceremony at his temple in the oasis #mmonium& now Siwah& J west of 2airo on the northern limit of the ;ibyan desert! 1ircher gave #ries title there as Tafierovpo #povv& /egum #mmonis! .ut there is doubt whether the 9gyptian stellar /am coincided with ours& although 'iss 2lerke says that the latter s stars were called the Fleece!

t This author& known also as #bu 'a shar and 6a phar& was from .alh5 in Turkestan& celebrated as an astrologer and +uoted by #l .iruni& but with the caution that he was a very incorrect astronomer! The ;enox ;ibrary of *ew 3ork has a copy of his <pus introductorii tm astronomic #lhtmataris abalachi& "dus Februarii& 8E?@& published at 7enice with illustrations! "ts similarity to the :yginus of the preceding year would indicate that they issued from the same press!

D? Star-*ames and their 'eanings #s the god #men was identified with >evF and 6upiter of the Greeks and /omans& so also was #ries& although this popularly was attributed to the story that the classical divinity assumed the /am s form when all the inhabitants of <lympus fled into 9gypt from the giants led by Typhon! From this came the constellation s titles 6upiter #mmonI 6ovii Siduf I 'inervae Sidus& the goddess being 6ove s daughterI the 6upiter ;ibyous of %ropertius& 0ew ;ibycus of 0ionysius& and #mmon ;ibycus of *onnus! The :ebrews knew it as Tell& and inscribed it on the banners of Gad or *aphtali I the Syrians& as #mru or 9mm I the %ersians& as .ara& .ore& or .ene I the Turks& as 1uri I and in the %arsi .undehesh it was 7arak, all these being synonymous with #ries! The unexplained #rabib& or #ritib& also is seen for it! The early :indus called it #ja and 1etha& the Tamil 'etham I but the later followed the Greeks in Yriya! #n #rabian commentator on (lug .eg called the constellation #l 1absh al #lif& the Tame /am I but that people generally knew it as #l :antsl& the Sheep& H :ammel with /iccioli& #lchamalo with Schickard& and #lhamel with 2hilmead! #s one of the )odiacal twelve of 2hina it was the 0og& early known as :eang ;ow& or 1iang ;eu I and later& under 6esuit influence& as %ih 3ang& the $hite Sheep I while with Taurus and Gemini it constituted the $hite Tiger& the western one of the four great )odiac groups of 2hinaI also known as the ;ake of Fullness& the Five /eservoirs of :eaven& and the :ouse of the Five 9mperors! 2haucer and other 9nglish writers of the 8Eth& 8Jth& and 8Cth centuries #nglici)ed the title as #riete& which also appeared in the ;ow ;atin of the 8 Dth century! "t was about this time& when it was sought to reconstruct the constellations on .ible lines& that #ries was said to represent #braham s .am caught in the thicket I as also Saint %eter& the bishop of the early church& with Triangulum as his 'itre! 2aesius considered it the ;amb sacrificed on 2alvary for all sinful humanity! #ries generally has been figured as reclining with reverted head admiring his own golden fleece& or looking with astonishment at the .ull rising backward I but in the #lbumasar of 8E?@ he is standing erect& and some early artists showed him running towards the west& with what is probably designed for the )odiac-belt around his body! # coin of 0omitian bears a representation of him as the %rinceps juventutis& and he appeared on

those of #ntiochus of Syria with head towards the 'oon and 'ars H an appropriate figuringI for& astrologically& #ries was the lunar house of that planet! "n common with all the other signs& he is shown on the )odiacal rupees generally attributed to the great 'ogul prince 6ehangir Shah& but

The 2onstellations D@ really struck by *ur 'ahal 'umta)a& his favorite wife& between 8C 8C and 8CBE& each figure being surrounded by sun -rays with an inscription on the reverse! "ts e+uinoctial position gave force to #ratos description of its " rapid transits&" but he is strangely inexact in his faint and starless to behold #s stars by moonlight H

a blunder for which :ipparchos seems to have taken him to task! #ratos however& was a more successful versifier than astronomer! #mong astrologers #ries was a dreaded sign indicating passionate temper and bodily hurt& and thus it fitly formed the :ouse of 'ars& although some attributed guardianship over it to %allas 'inerva& daughter of 6ove whom #ries represented! "t was supposed to hold sway over the head and face I in fact the 9gyptians called it #rnum& the ;ord of the :ead I while& geographically& it ruled 0enmark& 9ngland& France& Germany& ;esser %oland and Swit)erland& Syria& 2apua& *aples and 7erona& with white and red as its colors! "n the time of 'anilius it was naturally thought of as ruling the :ellespont and %ropontis& 9gypt and the *ile& %ersia and SyriaI and& with ;eo and Sagittarius& was the Fiery Trigon! #mpelius said that it was in charge of the /oman #fricus& the Southwest $ind& the "talians #ffrico& or Gherbino I but the #rcher and Scorpion also shared this duty! %liny wrote that the appearance of a comet within its borders portended great wars and wide-spread mortality& abasement of the great and elevation of the small& with fearful drought in the regions over which the sign predominated I while 8 Dth-century almanacs attributed many troubles to men& and declared that " many shall die of the rope " when the sun was in the signI but they ascribed to its influence "an abundance of herbs!" "ts symbol& T& probably represents the head and horns of the animal! The eastern portion is inconspicuous& and astronomers have mapped others of its stars somewhat irregularly& carrying a horn into %isces and a leg into 2etus! #rgelander assigns to it JA naked-eye componentsI :eis& ?A!

The sun now passes through it from the 8Cth of #pril to the 8Tth of 'ay! # nova is reported to have appeared here in 'ay& 8A8B& described by 9pidamnus& the monk of Saint Gall& as oculos verbcrans!

?A Star-*ames and their 'eanings a V B -TV yellow! :amal& from the constellation title& was formerly written :amel& :emal& :anral& and :ammelI /iccioli having :as :ammel from #l .aa al :amal& the :ead of the Sheep! .urritt s Q8 :ath& from #l :atih& the :orn of the .utting <ne& is appropriate enough for this star& but in our day is given to jT Tauri I still .urritt had authority for it& as 1a)wini& #l Ti)ini& (lug .eg& and the #rabic globes all used the word hereI and 2haucer wrote& in 8TDE, :e knew ful wel how fer #lnath was shove ffro the heed of thilke fixe #ries above! The title of the whole figure also is seen in #rietis& another designation for this star& as was often the case with many of the lucidae of the constellations! "n %tolemy s and (lug .eg s descriptions it was "over the head"I but both of these mentioned :ipparchos as having located it over the mu))le& and near to that feature it was restored by Tycho& in the forehead& as we now have it! /enouf identified it with the head of the Goose supposed to be one of the early )odiacal constellations of 9gypt! Strassmaier and 9pping& in their #stronomisches aus .abylon& say that there its stars formed the third of the twenty-eight ecliptic constellations&H #rku-sha-rishu-ku& literally the .ack of the :ead of 1u& H which had been established along that great circle millenniums before our eraI and ;enormant +uotes& as an individual title from cuneiform inscriptions& 0il-kar& the %roclaim er of the 0awn& that 6ensen reads #s-kar& and others 0il-gan& the 'essenger of ;ight! George Smith inferred from the tablets that it might be the Star of the FlocksI while other 9uphratean names have been ;u-lim& or ;u-nit& the /am s 9yeI and Si-mal or Si-mnl& the :orn Star& which came down even to late astrology as the /am s :orn! "t also was #nnv& and had its constellation s titles "-ku and "-ku-u& H by abbreviation 1u& H the %rince& or the ;eading <ne& the /am that led the heavenly flock& some of its titles at a different date being applied to 2apella of #uriga! .rown associates it with #loros& the first of the ten mythical kings of #kkad anterior to the 0eluge& the duration of whose reigns proportionately

coincided with the distances apart of the ten chief ecliptic stars beginning with :amal& and he deduces from this kingly title the #ssyrian #iluv& and the :ebrew #yilI the other stars corresponding to the other mythical kings being #lcyone& #ldebaran& %ollux& /egulus& Spica& #ntares& #lgedi& 0eneb #lgedi& and Scheat!

The 2onstellations ?8 The interesting researches of 'r! F! 2! %enrose on orientation in Greece have shown that many of its temples were pointed to the rising or setting of various prominent stars& as we have seen to be the case in 9gyptI this feature in their architecture having doubtless been taken by the receptive& as well as " somewhat superstitious&" Greeks from the 9gyptians& many of whose structures are thought to have been so oriented six or seven millenniums before the 2hristian era& although our star :amal was not among those thus observed on the *ile& for precession had not yet brought it into importance! <f the Grecian temples at least eight& at various places and of dates ranging from 8J?A to TCA b! c& were oriented to this starI those of >eus and his daughter #thene being especially thus favored& as #ries was this god s symbol in the sky! "t was perhaps this prevalence of temple orientation& in addition to their many divinities and especially C "#yvowroc @eoc& the (nknown God& which furnished an appropriate text for Saint %aul s great sermon on the #reopagus to the " men of #thens&" when& in order to prove our source of being from :im& he +uoted& as in #cts xvii& B?& from the celebrated fifth verse of the %hainomena, tov ydp ko" ytvoc kofuv 8 MFor we are also his offspringN! To this work this +uotation generally is ascribed& and naturally so& for the poet and apostle were fellow-countrymen from 2ilicia I but the same words are found in the :ymn to 6upiter by 2leanthes the Stoic& BCJ b! c! #s Saint %aul& however& used the plural rives in his reference& " certain even of your own poets&" he may have had both of these authors in mind! :amal lies but! little north of the ecliptic& and is much used in navigation in connection with lunar observations! "t culminates on the nth of 0ecember! 7ogel finds it to be in approach to our system at the rate of about nine miles a second! "ts spectrum is similar to that of the sun! %& B!@& pearly white! Sharatan and Sheratan are from #l Sharatain& the dual form of #l Sharat& a Sign& referring to this and y& the third star in the head& as a sign of the opening yearI having marked the vernal e+uinox in the days of

8 The 2hristian fathers 9usebius and 2lement of #lexandria made this same +uotation I while fre+uent references to # rates poem appear in the writings of Saints 2hrysostom and 6erome& and of <ecumenius! The heathen 'anilius similarly wrote& ! ! ! oostrum+ue parentem Stirptiua& to prove the immortality of the soul! C

?B Star-*ames and their 'eanings :ipparchos& about the time when these stars were named! .ayer s Sartai is from this dual word! These were the ist man)il in #l .irum s list& the earlier BDth& but some added a to the combination& calling it #l #ahrat iW the plural I :yde saying that Y also was included! #l *Otty was another name for this lunar station& as the chief components are near the horns of #ries! and y constituted the BDth nakshatra #gvini& the #shwins& or :orsemen& the earlier dual #fviniu and #ovayujau& the Two :orsemen& corresponding to the Gemini of /ome& but figured as a :orse s :ead& a sometimes was added to this lunar station& but always was the junction star with the adjoining .harani! #bout EAA years before our era this superseded 1rittika as leader of the nakshatras! They were the %ersian Fadevar& the %rotecting %airI the Sogdian .ashiah& the %rotectorI and the e+uivalent 2optic %ikutorionI while in .abylonia& according to 9pping& they marked the second ecliptic constellation Yahra-sha-riaha-ka& the Front of the :ead of 1u! a& A& and y were the corresponding sieu ;eu& or ;ow& the Train of a garment& being the determinant! 3& 0ouble& E!J and J& bright white and gray& has been called the First Star in #ries& as at one time nearest to the e+uinoctial point! "ts present title& 'esarthim& or 'esartim& has been connected with the :ebrew 'esharetim& 'inisters& but the connection is not apparentI and "deler considered the word an erroneous deduction by .ayer from the name of the lunar station of which this and were members! ! "n Smyth s index it is 'esartun I and 2aesius had Soartai from Sharatain! a& A& and y may have been the 6ewish Shalisha& H more correctly Sluttish& H some musical instrument of triangular shape& a title also of Triangulum! #nd they formed one of the several #thafiyy& Trivets or Tripods I this #rabic word indicating the rude arrangement of three stones on which the nomad placed his kettle& or pot& in his open-air kitchen I others being in our 0raco& <rion& 'usca& and ;yra!

Gamma s duplicity was discovered by 0octor /obert :ooke while following the comet of 8CCE& when he said of it&" a like instance to which " have not else met in all the heaven " I l but it was an easy discovery& for the components are ?"!? apart& readily resolved by a low-power! The position angle has been about oW for fifty years! l :uygens is said to have seen three stars in Z8 <nonis in 8CJC& and /iccioli two in Q (rsae 'ajoris in 8CJA!

The 2onstellations ?T ?& E!C! .otein is from #l .nLain& the dual of #l .atn& the .elly& probably from some early figuring& for in modern maps the star lies on the tail! $ith Q it was Tain 3in in 2hina! _J& e& and p T generally were considered the B?th man)i4& #l .ntain& but #l .iruni substituted n for p T & and others& f I while still others located this station in our 'usca& the faint little triangle above the figure of the /am! e marks the base of the tail& and is the radiant point of the #rietide& the meteors of the nth to the BEth of <ctober! "t is a double star of Jth and C!J magnitudes& o D4 !s apart& and probably binary! "ts present position angle is about BAA ! Gould thinks it variable! $illiams mentions b& e& A& and ) as the 2hinese Teen :o!

Thou hast loosened the necks of thine horses& and goaded their flanks with affright& To the race of a course that we know not on ways that are hid from our sight! #s a wind through the darkness the wheels of their chariot are whirled& #nd the light of its passage is night on the face of the world! #lgernon 2harles Swinburne s 9rtchlkeus! gisriga& tLe 2fcriofeer or :9dgoner& in early days the $ainman& is the French 2ooher& the "talian 2ocehiere& and the German Fuhrmann! "t is a large constellation stretching northward across the 'ilky $ay from its star y& which also marks one of the .ull s horns& to the feet of 2amelopardalis& about TA in extent north and south and EA east and westI and is shown as a young man with whip in the right hand& but without a chariot& the Goat being supported against the left shoulder and the

1ids on the wrist! This& with some variations& has been the drawing from the earliest days& when& as now& it was important& chiefly from the beauty of 2apella and its attendant stars so prominent in the northwest in the spring twilight& and in the northeast in early autumn! .ut the :yginus of 8E?? has a most absurd 0river in a ridiculously inade+uate four-wheeled car& with the Goat and 1ids in their usual position& the reins being held over four animals abreast H a yoke of oxen& a horse& and a )ebra M=N I while the :yginus of 'icyllus& in 8JTJ& has the 0river in a two- wheeled cart with a pair of horses and a yoke of oxen all abreast! # Turkish planisphere shows

?E Star-*ames and their 'eanings these stars depicted as a 'ole& and they were so regarded by the early #rabs& who did not know H at all events did not picture H the 0river& Goat& or 1ids! "n this form .ayer ;atini)ed it as the 1ului clite(atuf& the 'ole with %anniers! "deler thinks that the original figure was made up of the five stars a&A&e& f& and 8D I the 0river& represented by a& standing on an anti+ue sloping 2hariot marked by AI "the other stars showing the reins! .ut later on the 2hariot was abandoned and the reins transferred to their present position& the Goat being added by a misunderstanding& the word "#iQ& analogous to #tyt t& simply meaning a Storm $ind that& apparently& in all former times the stars a& @D& and fhave portended at their heliacal rising& or by their disappearance in the mists! Still later to a as the Goat were added the near-by 8D and f as her 1ids& the 9picpoi& H an addition that :yginus said was made by 2leostratos! .ut the results of modern research now give us reason to think that the constellation originated on the 9uphrates in much the same form as we have it& and that it certainly was a well-established sky figure there millenniums ago! # sculpture from *imroud is an almost exact representation of #uriga with the Goat carried on the left arm I while in Graeco-.abylonian times the constellation .ukubi& the 2hariot& lay here nearly coincident with our 2harioteer& perhaps running over into Taurus! 9vioxog& the /ein-holder& was transcribed :eniochus by ;atin authors& and personified by Germanicus and others as 9rechtheus& or more properly 9richthoniui& son of 7ulcan and 'inerva& who& having inherited his father s lameness& found necessary some means of easy locomotion! This was secured by his invention of the four-horse chariot which not only well became his regal position as the Eth of the early kings of #thens& but secured for him a place in the sky! 'anilius thus told the story , *ear the bent .ull a Seat the 0river claims& $hose skill conferred his :onour and his *ames! :is #rt great 6ove admir d& when first he drove :is rattling 2arr& and fix t the 3outh above! 7ergil had something similar in his Ud!Gforgu!

These names appear as late as the 8D th century with .ullialdus and ;ongomontanus& /iccioli writing 9richtonius! <thers saw here 'yrtilui& the charioteer of <enomaus& who betrayed his master to %elopsI or Gillas& the latter s driverI %elethronius& a ThessalianI andTrethonI while 9uripides and %ausanias identified him with the unfortunate :ippolytuf& the :ebrew 6oseph of classical literature! #ddi-

The 2onstellations ?J tional titles in Greece were t #pfuYdTrjU @ #uppTjldrris& t lTnrTK#!MlTriL @ and 9#otfiTTTrof & all signifying a 2harioteer I while ;a ;ande s .ellerophon and %haethon are appropriate enough& and his Troohilus may be& if the word be degenerated from rpoxaYCU @ runningI but his #bsyrthe& correctly #ipvprof& the young brother of 'edea& is unintelligible! #lthough #uriga was the usual name with the ;atins& their poets called it #urigator I #gitator cnrrns retinens habenasI :abenifer and Tenons habenas& the 2harioteer and the /ein-holder I some of these titles descending to the Tables and # "mages ts down to the 8Cth century! #rator& the %loughman& appeared with *igidius and 7arro for this& or for .ootesI in fact the same idea still holds with some of the Teutonic peasantry& among whom 2apella and the 1ids are known as the %loughman with his <xen& Grimm mentions for the group 7oluyara& as stars that ploughmen know! The #oator occasionally seen may be an erroneous printing of #rator! From the Goat and 1ids came 2ustos caprarum& :abens capella5& :abeas haedos& and :abens hirenm :abens oleniam capram and <leniae ridua pluviale 2apellae of <vid s 'etamorphoses are from the SlYeviv+v of #ratos& thought to be derived from Mbkevri& the wrist& on which the 1ids are resting! Some& however& with more probability have referred the word to <lenus& the father and birthplace of the nymph #malthea in ancient #etolia! "sidorus of :ispalis 8 H Saint "sidore H called it 'ayors& the poetical term for 'ars& the father of /omulus and so the god of the shepherds I *onius& the %ortuguese %edro *une) of the 8 Cth century& similarly said that it was 'afdrtins I and .ayer found for it 'aforte, but his <phiultus& probably a ;ow ;atin word also applied to a& seems to be without explanation! Some have thought that #uriga was :orns with the 9gyptians I but Scaliger said that the :ora of the translation of %tolemy s TcTpd4T44T#of should be .oha& .ayer s .oh& a $agonerI .eigel& however& considered it a misprint for ;ora& the /eins! The barbarous #lhaior& #lhaiot& #lthaiot& #lhaiset& #lhatod& #lhajot& #lhajoth& #lhojet& #lanao& #lanat& and #lioc& H even these perhaps do not exhaust the list& H used for both constellation and lueida& are probably degenerate forms of the #rabs #l #n) and #l #yyiik& specially applied to 2apella as the Goat& which they figured as the desert "bex& their .ddan I

and "deler thinks that this may have been the earliest #rabic designation for the star! The 8J8J #lmagest says& "et nominator latine antarii ! ! ! id est collarium&" H this 2ollarium perhaps referring to the collar in the 2harioteer s hariThis early :ispalis& the modern Seville& was the site of the first 9uropean observatory of our era& erected by the 'oor Geber in 88@C! C5

?C Star-*ames and their 'eanings nessI but the #ntarii has pu))led all& unless it be %rofessor 3oung& who suggests that it may be the reins diverging from the 0river s hand like guyropes& which the original means as used by 7itruvius in his description of a builder s derrick! The #rabians translated the classic titles for the /ein-holder into #l 0hu al "nan& #l 'arik al "nan& and #l 'umsik al "nto&H 2hilraead s 'umassich #lhanamI but the /abbi #ben 9)ra 8 mixed things up by calling the figure %astor in cujus manu estfrenum! Some have illustrated it as Saint 6erome& but 2aesius likened it to 6acob deceiving his father with the flesh of his kids I and Seiss says that it represents the Good Shepherd who laid down his life for the sheep! # 2hariot and Goat are shown on coins of consular /ome& and a Goat alone on those of %aros& that may have referred to this constellation! #rgelander counts DA naked-eye stars here& and :eis 8EE! 2apella s course admiring landsmen trace& .ut sailors :ate her inauspicious face! ;amb s #ratas! a V A!T& white! This has been known as 2apella& the ;ittle She-goat& since at least the times of 'anilius& <vid& and %liny& all of whom followed the 1ivfjoai Yeifu0vag of #ratos in terming it a Signum pluviale like its companions the :aedi& thus confirming its stormy character throughout classical days! :olland translated %liny s words the rainy GoatatarreI %liny and 'anilius treated it as a constellation by itself& also calling it 2apra& 2aper& :ireus& and by other hircine titles! <ur word is the diminutive of 2apra& sometimes turned into 2repa& and more definitely given as <lenia& <lenie& 2apra <lenie& and the <lenium #strum of <vid s "feroides! "n the present day it is 2ahrilla with the Spaniards& and 2hevre with the French!

#malthea came from the name of the 2retan goat& the nurse of 6upiter and mother of the :aedi& which she put aside to accommodate her fosterchild& and for which 'anilius wrote , The *ursing Goat s repaid with :eaven! From this came the occasional 6ovia :utrix! l This celebrated man& often cited in bygone days as #benare& #venore& 9venare& was #braham ben 'eir ben 9)ra of Toledo& the great :ebrew commentator of the 8Bth century& an astronomer& mathematician& philologist& poet& and scholar& and the first noted biblical critic!

The 2onstellations ?D .ut& according to an earlier version& the nurse was the nymph #malthea& who& with her sister 'elissa& fed the infant god with goat s milk and honey on 'ount "da& the nymph #ige being sometimes substituted for one or both of the foregoingI or #drasta& with her sister "da& all daughters of the 2retan king 'elisseus! <thers said that the star represented the Goat s horn broken off in play by the infant 6ove and transferred to the heavens as 2onra eopiae& the :orn of %lenty& a title recalled by the modern ;ithuanian Food-bearer! "n this connection& it was #tiaY<eiag atpa+& also brought absurdly enough into the Septuagint as a translation of the words 1eren-happuch& the %aint-horn& or the :orn of #ntimony& of the .ook of 6ob xlii& 8E& H the 2ornus tibii of the 7ulgate! %tolemy s 5#5f probably became the #rabo-Greek #iovk of the Graeco- %ersian 2hrysococca s book& and the #yyfck& #lhajoc& #lhajoth& #lathod& #lkatod& #latudo& #tud& etc!& which it shared with the constellationI but "deler thought #yyuk an indigenous term of the #rabs for this star! #ssemani s #loahela may have come from 2apella! The Tyrians called it "yutha& applied also to #ldebaran and perhaps to other starsI but the /abbis adopted the #rabic #yyGk as a title for their heavenly Goat& although they greatly disagreed as to its location& placing it variously in #uriga& Taurus& #ries& and <rion! The " armborne she goat&" however& of #ratos& derived from the priests of >eus& would seem to fix it positively where we now recogni)e it! :yde devoted three pages of learned criticism to this important M=N subject& but insisted that the #rabic and :ebrew word #sh designated this star! $ith Q and 8D& the 1ids& it formed the group that 1a)wini knew as #l Tnitf& the Goats& but others as #l #nx& in the singular! The early #rabs called it #l /akib& the 0riverI for& lying far to the north& it was prominent in the evening sky before other stars became visible& and so apparently watching over them I and the synonymous #l :id= of the %leiades& as& on the parallel of #rabia& it rose with that cluster! $et)stein& the biblical critic often +uoted by 0elit)sch& explains this last term as " the singer riding before the procession& who cheers the camels by the sound of the hadwa& and thereby urges them on&" the %leiades here being regarded as a troop of camels! #n early #rab poet alluded to this :ad= as overseer of the ':sir game& sitting behind the players& the other stars!

.ayer s <phiultui now seems unintelligible! 2apella s place on the 0enderah )odiac is occupied by a mummied cat in the outstretched hand of a male figure crowned with feathers I while& always an important star in the temple worship of the great 9gyptian god %tah& the <pener& it is supposed to have borne the name of that divinity and probably was observed at its setting 8DAA b! c! from his temple& the

?? Star-*ames and their 'eanings noted edifice at 1arnak near Thebes& the *o #mon of the books of the prophets 6eremiah and *ahum! #nother recently discovered sanctuary of %tah at 'emphis also was oriented to it about JBAA b! c! ;ockyer thinks that at least five temples were oriented to its setting! "t served& too& the same purpose for worship in Greece& where it may have been the orientation point of a temple at 9leusis to the goddess 0iana %ropyla I and of another at #thens! "n "ndia it also was sacred as .rahma /idaya& the :eart of .rahmaI and :ewitt considers 2apella& or #rcturus& the #ryaman& or #iryaman& of the /ig 7eda! The 2hinese had an asterism here& formed by 2apella with A& A& 5&and D& which they called $oo 2hay& the Five 2hariots H a singular resemblance in title to our 2harioteer I although 9dkins says that this should be the 2hariots of the Five 9mperors! The #kkadian 0il-gan "-ku& the 'essenger of ;ight& or 0il-gan .abili& the %atron star of .abylon& is thought to have been 2apella& known in #ssyria as "-ku& the ;eader& 4! e! of the yearI for& according to Sayce& in #kkadian times the commencement of the year was determined by the position of this star in relation to the moon at the vernal e+uinox! This was previous to 8DTA b! c& when& during the preceding B8JA years& spring began when the sun entered the constellation Taurus I in this connection the star was known as the Star of 'arduk& but subse+uent to that date some of these titles were apparently applied to :amal& $ega& and others whose positions as to that initial point had changed by reason of precession! <ne cuneiform inscription& supposed to refer to our 2apella& is rendered by 6ensen #ftkar& the Tempest GodI and the Tablet of the Thirty Stars bears the synonymous 'a-a-tu I all this well accounting for its subse+uent character in classical times& and one of the many evidences adduced as to the origin of Greek constellational astronomy in the 9uphrates valley! The ancient %eruvians& the Guichuas& whose language is still spoken by their descendants& appear to have devoted much attention to the stars I and 6ose" de #costa& the Spanish 6esuit and naturalist of the 8Cth century& said that every bird and beast on earth had its namesake in their sky! :e cited several of their stellar titles& identifying this star with 2olca& singularly prominent with their shepherds& as 2apella was with the same class on the

'editerranean in ancient days I indeed in later also& for the Shepherd s Star has been applied to it by our 9nglish poets& although more commonly to the planet 7enus! "n astrology 2apella portended civic and military honors and wealth! Tennyson& in some fine lines in his 'aud& mentions it as " a glorious crown4

The 2onstellations ?@ #s to its color astronomers are not agreed I Smyth calling it bright white I %rofessor 3oung yellow I and others say blue or red& which last it was asserted to be by %tolemy& #l Ferghani& and /iccioliI while those whose eyes are specially sensitive to that tint still find it such! 2apella perhaps has increased in lustre during the present century I but& brilliant as it is& its parallax of o"!A@J& obtained from 9lkin s observations& indicates a distance from our system of TEU light years I and& if this be correct& the star emits BJA times as much light as our sun! "ts spectrum resembles that of the latter I indeed spectroscopists say that 2apella is virtually identical with the sun in physical constitution& and furnishes the model spectrum of the Solar type& 8 yellow in tinge and ruled throughout with innumerable fine dark lines! 7ogel thinks it receding from our system at the rate of 8JU miles a second! "t is the most northern of all the ist-magnitude stars& rising in the latitude of *ew 3ork 2ity at sunset about the middle of <ctober& and culminating at nine o clock in the evening of the 8@th of 6anuary! Thus it is visible at some hour of every clear night throughout the year! p& B!8& lucid yellow! Yenfcalinan& 'enkalinam& and 'enkalina are from #l 'ankib dhil "nan& the Shoulder of the /ein-holder& which it marks& the solstitial colure passing it B to the eastI the star itself being about ioW east of 2apella! "t is supposed to be a very close binary& receding from us about iybE miles a second I the two practically e+ual stars that compose the pair being only DU millions of miles apart& and revolving in a period of about four days& with a relative velocity of fully 8JA miles a second! This discovery was made by %ickering from spectroscopic observations in 8??@! The lines in the spectrum double and undouble every two days! 3& B!8& brilliant white& was #l 1ab dhil "nan& the :eel of the /ein-holder& of #rabian astronomy& so showing its location in the figure of #uriga! From the earliest days of descriptive astronomy it has been identical with the star #l :ath& the of Taurus at the extremity of the right horn& and #ratos so mentioned it! 7itruvius& however& said that it was #urigae 'anns& because the 2harioteer

was supposed to hold it in his hand& which would imply a very different drawing from that of /ome& Greece& and our own I and Father :ell& in 8DC@& 8 This is the ad of the classification of Father #ngelo Secchi& the modern /oman astronomer!

go Star-*ames and their 'eanings correctly had this expression for the star A! The later #rabian astronomers also considered it in Taurus by designating it as #l 1Orn al Thanr al Shamaliyyah& the *orthern :orn of the .ull I but 1a)wini adhered to #uriga by giving " the two in the ankles " as #l Tawabi al #yyuk& the Goat s #ttendants& "deler identifying these with y and i! A& E!8& yellow& is on the head of the 2harioteer! "t is unnamed with us& but& inconspicuous as it is& the :indus called it %raja-pati& the ;ord of 2reated .eings& a title also and far more appropriately given to <rion and to 2orvus! The Surya Siddhanta devotes considerable space to it I but " why so faint and inconspicuous a star should be found among the few of which :indu astronomers have taken particular notice is not easy to discover!" The 2hinese include it& with Q #& O& 8& and others near 2assiopeia& in their asterism %a 1uh& the 9ight 2ereals! Q& variable& T to E!J! :yde cited #rabic authority for this& being at one time #l Ya ai& the :e Goat& and later on it so appeared in one of the commentaries on (lug .eg I but 1a)wini knew it by the general title #l #d)& although it was not in his #l "na)& the group of Goats& H a& Q and 8D! Some modern lists include it with the 1ids! "ts variability& in an irregular period& was suspected by Fritsch in 8?B8& confirmed by Schmidt in 8?ET& and independently discovered by :eis in 8?ED! Q and rj are about J southwest of 2apella! 2V E& orange& is the western one of the 59piMfVoi t or 1ids& of :ipparchos and %tolemy& the :aedi of the ;atins! %liny made of them a separate constellation! The poet 2allimachus& BEA b! c& wrote in an epigram of the #nthologw X Tempt not the winds forewarned of dangers nigh& $hen the 1ids glitter in the western sky I 7ergil& commending in the Georgics their observation to his farmer neighbors& made special allusion to the dies :aedorum& and with :orace and 'anilius called them fluvia4es& the latter author s

Stormy :aedi ! ! ! which shut the 'ain #nd stop the Sailers hot pursuit of gain!

The 2onstellations @8 :orace similarly knew them as horrida et insana sidera and insana 2aprae sideraI and <vid as nimbosiU rainy! They thus shared the bad repute in which 2apella was held by mariners& and were so much dreaded& as presaging the stormy season on the 'editerranean& that their rising early in <ctober evenings was the signal for the closing of navigation! #ll classical authors who mention the stars alluded to this direful influence& and a festival& the *atalis navigationis& was held when the days of that influence were past! %ropertius wrote of them& in the singular& as :aedus I #lbumasar& as #gni& the ;ambs I the #rabians knew them as #l 6adyain& the Two 3oung :e Goats I and .ayer& in the plural& as 2apellae! Q appeared in the original edition of the #lfonsine Tables as .adatoni I but in the later& and in the #lmagest of 8J8J& as ?adateni, both strangely changed& either from #l 0hat al "nan& the /ein-holder& or more probably from #l Said al Thani& the Second #rm& by some confusion with the star4T that is thus locatedI or because itself was in that part of an earlier conception of the figure! i` is a half-magnitude brighter than Q but not individually named! was #l Ti)ini s #l 1a b dhi l "nan& which other authors gave to y I and 1a)wini included it with the latter in his #l Tawabi al #yyffik! ` 0ouble& J and @U& pale yellow and plum colorI d#& J!8 I and <& J!T& in the centre of the figure& were 1a)wini s #l : ibft5& the Tent I but he had other such in #+uarius& the Southern 2rown& and 2orvus& for this naturally was a favorite simile with the #rabs! "t is this star that may be the one lettered #l :urr& the Fawn& on the .orgian globe! The Jth-magnitudes ji&p& and a were Tseen :wang& the :eavenly %oolI and v& t& v& A& Z& with another unidentified star& 2hoo& a %illar! B south from ]& on the BEth of 6anuary& 8?@B& an amateur observer& the /everend 0octor Thomas 0! #nderson of 9dinburgh& discovered with an opera-glass a Jth- magnitude yellowish nova& now known as T #urigae& which has excited so much interest in the astronomical world by the character of its spectrum! Subse+uent to the optical discovery it was identified on a photographic plate taken on the 8Ath of 0ecember previously& but not on one taken on the ?th& thus indicating its appearance in the sky between those two dates! <ther photographs show that its maximum& E!E& occurred about the BAth! "ts conflagration& however& is supposed to have occurred at least

@B Star-*ames and their 'eanings a hundred& perhaps many hundred& years ago& so great is its distance from our system! "t became invisible towards the end of #pril& 8?@B& but was rediscovered from 'ount :amilton on the 8@th of #ugust as a planetary nebula& the second instance in astronomical history of such a change of character& the nova 2ygniof 8?DD having been the first! "t was still visible in 8?@J& its spectrum continuing distinctly nebular in its characterI and it is worthy of notice that two others of the new stars discovered since the application of the spectroscope to this class of investigations have had nearly identical histories! Scheiner& who gives a detailed account of this phenomenon in his Spectralanalyse y alludes to the velocity of the two constituent bodies as being EAA miles or more a second I if indeed H which some doubt H the peculiar separation of the bright and dark lines of hydrogen noted in its spectrum is to be accounted for by the relative motion of gaseous masses involved in the phenomenon! xp l to ip 8A & Jth-magnitude stars& were the .ov#+yec& or Goads& the ;atin 0olones& called Stimulus by Tibullus! .ayer said of them , 0ecern stelluke flagellum constituents! #s figured by 0iirer they are the several lasbes of the whip in the 2harioteer s hands!

.ootes golden wain! %ope s Statins :is Thsbau! .ootes only seem d to roll :is #rctic charge around the %ole! .yron s Td <de in :ours of "dleness! G.obfe5& the "talians .otite and the French .ouvier&is transliterated from .owtZ& which appeared in the <dyssey ` so that our title has been in use for nearly TAAA years& perhaps for much longer I although doubtless at first applied only to its prominent star #rcturus! 0egenerate forms of the word have been .ootia and .ootres! "t has been variously derived , some say from .ovL& <x& and OGhv& tA drive& and so the $agoner& or 0river& of the $ain I 2laudian writing, .ootes with the wain the north unfolds I or the %loughman of the Triones that& as #rator& occurs with *igidius and 7arro of the century before our era! .ut in recent times the figure has been

The 2onstellations @T imagined the 0river of #sterion and 2harain their pursuit of the .ear around the pole& thus alluded to by 2arlyle in Sartor /esartus, $hat thinks .ootes of them& as he leads his :unting 0ogs over the )enith in their leash of sidereal fire F <thers& and perhaps more correctly& thought the word .orjTfy& 2lamorous& transcribed as .oetes& from the shouts of the 0river to his <xen& H the Triones& H or of the :unter in pursuit of the .earI :evelius suggesting that the shouting was in encouragement of the :ounds! "n translations of the Syntaxis this idea of a Shouter was shown by 7ociferator& 7ociferans& daman5& 2lamator& %lerans& the ;oud $eeper& and even& perhaps& by 2anis latrans& the .arking 0og& that #ben 9)ra applied to its stars in the :ebrew words 1elebh hannabah! The #rabians rendered their similar conception of the figure by #l 5#wwa &H 2hilmead s #lhava! The not infre+uent title :erdsman& from the French .ouvier& also is appropriate& for not only was he associated with the <xen of the $ain& but in #rab days the near-by circumpolar stars were regarded as a Fold with its inmates and enemies! <ther names were #picroUvkaU and #ptcTovpo_I @ the .ear-watcher and the .ear-guard& the latter first found in the "9pya nal ] :UQpcu y the $orks and 0ays& " a .oeotian shepherd s calendar&" by :esiod& eight centuries before our era! .ut& although these words were often interchanged& the former generally was used for the constellation and the latter for its lucida& as in the %hainomena and by Geminos and %tolemy! Still the poets did not always discriminate in this& the versifiers of #ratos confounding the titles notwithstanding the exactness of the original I although 2icero in one place definitely wrote , #rctophylax& vulgo +ui dicitur esse .ootes! Transliterated thus& H or #rtophilaxe& H and as #roturui& both names are seen for the constellation with writers and astronomers even to the 8?th century I 2haucer having " ye sterres of #rctour!" The scientific "sidorus knew it as #returus 'inor& his 'ajor being the Greater .ear! Smyth derived this word from #picrov dvpd& the .ear s Tail& as .ootes is near that part of (rsa 'ajorI but this is not generally accepted H indeed is expressly condemned by the critic .uttmann! Statius also called it %ortitor (nae I 7itruvius had 2nitos and 2uitos #rcti& the .ear-keeperI <vid& 2ustoe 9rymanthidos (rsae I the #lfonsine

@E Star-*ames and their 'eanings Tab(s& #retori 2ustos I while the .ear-driver is often seen with early 9nglish writers! #lthough 'anilius knew it in connection with the .ear& he changed the simile when he wrote , whose order d .eams %resent a Figure driving of his Teams I and #ratos long before had united the two thoughts and titles , .ehind and seeming to urge on the .ear& #rctophylax& on earth .ootes named& Sheds o er the #rctic car his silver light! %laustri 2ustos& the 1eeper of the $ain& was another name for it that altered the character of .ootes duties I <vid following in this with , inter+ue Triones Flexerat obli+uo plaustrum temone .ootes! "t has been ;ycaon& the father& or grandfather& of 1allisto& when that nymph was identified with (rsa 'ajorI as well as #reas& her sonI <vid distinctly asserting in the Bd of the Fasti that #rctophylax in the skies was the earthly #reas& although it is often wrongly supposed that the latter is represented by (rsa 'inorI it was Septentrio& from its nearness to the north& so taking one of the .ear s titles I and #tlas& because& near to the pole& it sustained the world! :esychios& of about a! d! TDA& called it <rion& but this seems unintelligible unless originating from a misunderstanding of :omer s lines& translated by ;ord 0erby , #rctos call d the $ain& who wheels on high :is circling course& and on <rion waits& as if they were in close proximity! <r the title may come from some confusion with the <rus& or :orns& of the 9gyptians& that was associated with both <rion and .ootes! ;a ;ande alluded to this when he wrote , #rctouros ou l <rus voisin de l <urse& pour le distinguer de la constellation meridional5 d <rion I and& in considering this very different derivation of our word #rcturus& it should be remembered that 1dvdaog and 1avdduv were the titles also applied to .ootes& as the latter Greek word was to <rion by the .oeotians! "t would be interesting to know more of this connection!

%hilomelas is another designation& as if he were the son of the neighboring 7irgo 2eres I and the early title 7enator (rsae& the :unter of the .ear& t

The 2onstellations @J appears as :imrod& the 'ighty :unter before the ;ord& with the biblical school of two or three centuries agoI although this was more usual for <rion! %astor& the Shepherd& presumably is from the #rabic idea of a Fold around the pole& or from the near-by flock in the %asture towards the southeast& in our :ercules and <phiuchus I or perhaps by some confusion with 2epheus& who also was a Shepherd with his 0og! %astinator is :yde s rendering of a supposed #rabic title signifying a 0igger or Trencher in a vineyard! # commentator on #ratos called it TpvycTiyc& the 7intager& as its rising in the morning twilight coincided with the autumnal e+uinox and the time of the grape harvest I 2icero repeating this in his %rotrygeter I but both of these names better belonged to the star 7indemiatrix& our e 7irginis! Still its risings and settings were fre+uently observed and made much of in all classical days& and even beyond the #ugustan age& although many& perhaps most& of these allusions were to its bright star! #s a calendar sign it was first mentioned by :esiod& thus translated by Thomas 2ooke , $hen in the rosy morn #rcturus shines& Then pluck the clusters from the parent vines I and again& but for a different season of the year , $hen from the Tropic& or the winter s sun& Thrice twenty days and nights their course have run I #nd when #rcturus leaves the main& to rise # star bright shining in the evening skies I Then prune the vine! 2olumella& %alladius& %liny& 7ergil& and others have similar references to .ootes& or to #rcturus& as indicating the proper seasons for various farmwork& as in the 8st Georgic, Setting .ootes will afford the signs not obscure! "oarui& or "cariufl& also was a title for our constellation& from the unfortunate #thenian who brought so much trouble into the world by his practical expounding of .acchus ideas as to the proper use of the grape& and who was so unworthily exalted to the sky& with his daughter 9rigone as

7irgo& and their faithful hound 'aera as %rocyon or Sirius! From this story came the "carii boves applied to the Triones by %ropertius& and in the #ndrews-Freund ;exicon to .ootes himself! 2eginuSy Seginna& and 2hegniniu& as well as the 2hegnius of the #rabo;atin #lmagest& may have wandered here in strangely changed form from the neighboring 2epheus I although .uttmann asserted that they probably

@C Star-*ames and their 'eanings came& by long-repeated transcription and conse+uent errors& from 1hetanu& the #rabian orthography for #rcturus! .ayer had Thegiui& as usual without explanation I still " find in /iccioli s # "mages turn *ovum , #rabic e Thegniufl& +uasi plorans aut vociferansI but #rabic scholars do not confirm this! ;a ;ande cited 2nitoi .ourn& the 1eeper of the <xen& and .ubnhu& or .ubuleus& the %easant <x-driver& although "deler denied that the latter ever was used for .ootes! 6uvenal& however& had it& and 'insheu defined .ootes as .ubulcus coelettis! ;andseer& following ;a ;ande& said that the :erdsman was the national sign of ancient 9gypt& the myth of the dismemberment of <siris originating in the successive settings of its stars, and that there it was called <tiria& .aochus& or Saba)iufl& the ancient name for .acchus and *oahI and that 1ircher s planisphere showed a 7ine instead of the customary figure& thus recalling incidents in the histories of those worthies& as well as of " can us! :omer characteri)ed the constellation as dxfNe dvwv& late in setting& a thought and expression now become hackneyed by fre+uent repetition! #ratos had it , he& when tired of day& #t even lingers more than half the night I 'anilius somewhat varying this by Slow .ootes drives his lingering Teams I 2laudian& 6uvenal& and <vid& by tardus& slow& and piger& sluggish& which their later countryman #riosto& of the 8Cth century& repeated in his pigro #rtnroI and 'insheu& in the 8Dth century& wrote of it as .ootes& or the 2arman& a slow mooving starre& seated in the *orth %ole neere to 2harles $aine& which itfollawes! #nd all this because& as the figure sets in a perpendicular position& eight hours are consumed in its downward progress& and even then the hand of .ootes never disappears below the hori)on H a fact more noticeable in early days than now! The reverse& however& takes place at its rising in a hori)ontal position I hence the a<poo+& all at once& of #ratos!

Some say that these expressions of sluggishness are from its setting late in the season when the daylight is curtailed& or a reference to the natural gait of the Triones that .ootes is driving around the pole I while still others& more astronomically inclined& attributed them to his comparative nearness to that point where slowest are the stars& 9ven as a wheel the nearest to its axle& that 0ante wrote of in the %urgatorio!

The 2onstellations @D .ootes association with the 'ods 'aenalus& on which he is sometimes shown& is unexplained unless by the suggestion found under that constellation heading! This association was current even in early days& if ;andseer be correct where he says , 9asebius& +uoting an ancient oracle which has apparent reference to this constellation as formerly represented& writes H # mystic goad the mountain herdsman bears! .rown says that it was known in #ssyria as /iu-but-flame& " that reappears in Greek as .ootes"I and thus the idea of the ox-driving %loughman or :erdsman& as applied to the constellation& is 9uphratean in character! #mong its #rabian derivatives are :ekkar& often considered as #l .Takkar& the 0igger& or Tearer& analogous to the classic Trencher in the vineyardI but "deler showed this to be an erroneous form of #l .akkar& the :erdsman& found with "bn 3unus Mor 3unisN! #lkalnrops& which appeared for .ootes in the #lfonsine Tables as "nealnrns& is from 1aYavpoty& a herdsman s 2rook or Staff& with the #rabic article prefixedI this now is our title for the star p! The staff& ultimately figured as a ;ance& gave rise to the name #l .amih& which came into general use among the #rabians& but subse+uently degenerated in early 9uropean astronomical works into #ramech& #riamech& and like words for the constellation as well as for its great star! The same figure is seen in #l :ami; ;ns)& the Spear-bearer& or& as 2aesius had it& #l 1amelu)& /iccioli s 1olan)a& and the #)imeth 2olan)a of /eduan s translator& which "deler compared to the ;atin cum lancea and the "talian colla lancia! Similarly& .ayer said that on a Turkish map it was < ioDo_fVCpof& the #rrow-bearer I and elsewhere Sagittifer and ;anoeator! #l :arifl al Sama of #rabic literature originally was for #rcturus& although eventually applied to the constellation! .ut long before these ideas

were current in #rabia& that people are supposed to have had an enormous ;ion& their early #sad& extending over a third of the heavens& of which the stars #rcturus and Spica were the shin-bones I /egulus& the forehead I the heads of Gemini& one of the fore paws I 2anis 'inor& the otherI and 2orvus& the hind +uarters! 3et there seems to be doubt as to all this& as is more fully explained under o Geminorum! "n %oland .ootes forms the <gka& or Thills& of that country s much-extended $os *iebeaki& the :eavenly $ainI and in the <ld .ohemian tongue it was %r)yc)ck& as unintelligible as it is unpronounceable! D

@? Star-*ames and their 'eanings The early 2atholics knew it as Saint SylvesterI 2aesius said that it might represent the prophet #mos& the :erdsman& or Shepherd Fig-dresser& of TekoaI but $eigel turned it into the Three Swedish 2rowns! %roctor asserted that .ootes& when first formed& perhaps included even the 2rown& as we know that it did the :unting 0ogsI and that& so constituted& it exhibits better than most constellations the character assigned to it! <ne can readily picture to one s self the figure of a :erdsman with upraised arm driving the Greater .ear before him! The drawing by :eis& after 0iirer& is of a mature man& with herdsman s staff& holding the leash of the :oundsI but earlier representations are of a much younger figure , in all cases& however& well e+uipped with weapons of the chase& or implements of husbandryI the earliest form of these probably having been the winnowing fan of .acchus! The 7enetian :yginus of 8E?? shows the $heat Sheaf& 2oma .erenices& at his feetI #rgelander s (ranometria *ova has different figures on its two plates H one of the ancient form& the other of the modern holding the leash of the :ounds in full pursuit of the .ear! This constellation and the .ear& <rion& the :yades& %leiades& and 0og were the only starry figures mentioned by :omer and :esiod I the latter s versifier& Thomas 2ooke& giving as a reason therefor H " the names of which naturally run into an hexameter verse " I but the general assumption that these great poets knew no other constellations does not seem reasonable& although it will be noticed that all those alluded to are identical with each author! .ootes is a constellation of large extent& stretching from 0raco to 7irgo& nearly JAW in declination& and TA in right ascension& and contains ?J naked-eye stars according to #rgelander& 8EA according to :eis! %oises #rcturus aloft morning and evening his spear!

9merson s translation of :aru To tk5 Shah! a& A!T& golden yellow! #roturus has been an object of the highest interest and admiration to all observant mankind from the earliest times& and doubtless was one of the first stars to be namedI for from :esiod sday to the present it thus appears throughout all literature& although often confounded with the Greater .ear! "ndeed :esiod s use of the word probably was for that constellation& except in two cases& already +uoted& where he un+uestionably referred to this star& mentioning its rising fifty days after the winter solstice& the first allusion that we have to that celestial point! #nd it is popularly supposed that

The 2onstellations @@ our #rcturus is that of the .ook of 6ob & xxxviii& TB I but there it merely is one of the early titles of (rsa 'ajor& the /evised 7ersion correctly rendering it " the .ear!" Still& even now& the Standard 0ictionary +uotes for the star the #uthori)ed 7ersion s 2anst thou guide #rcturus with his sons F .ut& like other prominent stars& it shared its name with its constellation H in fact& probably at first& and as late as %liny s day& was a constellation by itself! :omer s .A$TDD2 doubtless was this& with& possibly& a few of its larger companionsI and .ayer cited .ootes for the starI but in recent times the latter has monopoli)ed the present title! "t was famous with the seamen of early days& even from the traditional period of the #rcadian 9vander& and regulated their annual festival by its movements in relation to the sun! .ut its influence always was dreaded& as is seen in #ratos deivov #ptcrovpoio and %liny s horridum sidus I while 0emosthenes& in his action against ;acritus TE8 .! c& tells us of a bottomry bond& made in #thens on a vessel going to the river .orysthenes H the modern 0nieper H and to the Tauric 2hersonese H the 2rimea H and back& that stipulated for a rate of BBU per cent& interest if she arrived within the .osporus " before #rcturus& 5 8! e! before its heliacal 8 rising about mid-September I after which it was to be TA per cent! "ts acronycal B rising fixed the date of the husbandmen s ;ustratio frugum I and 7ergil twice made allusion in his 8st Georgic to its character as unfavorably affecting the farmers work! <ther contemporaneous authors confirmed this stormy reputation& while all classical calendars T gave the dates of its risings and settings! :ippocrates& ECA b! c& made much of the influence of #rcturus on the human body& in one instance claiming that a dry season& after its rising& agrees best with those who are naturally phlegmatic& with those who are of a humid temperament& and with women I but it is most inimical to the bilious I and that

diseases are especially apt to prove critical in these days! i This was its first perceptible appearance in the dawn after emergence from the sun& then about ioW or iaW away! B The latest rising visible at sunset! 2opies of these calendars& called lla+ani`y`iaxa t engraved on stone or brass& were conspicuously exposed in the market-places& and two are supposed to have come down to us& H that of Geminos& DD .! c!& and of %tolemy& #! 0! 8EA! $hile these probably in the main were accurate& the allusions to their subjects by the poets and authors generally seem to be as often wrong as right& being based upon observations taken on trust from earlier writers& or from tradition& although by various causes& and especially by the effect of precession& they had become incorrect! :esiod s statement& in the $orks and 0ays& of the heliacal rising of #rcturus is regarded as fixing his own date in history at about ?AA .! c!

ioo Star-*ames and their 'eanings The %rologue of the /udens of %lautus& delivered by #rcturus in person& and " one of the early opinions of the presence of invisible agents amongst mankind&" declares of himself that he is considered a stormy sign at the times of his rising and setting& H as the original has it , #rcturus signum& sum omnium +uam acerrimum! 7ehemens sum& cum exorior& cum occido vehementior! #nd the passage from :orace s <des H *ee saevus #rcturi cadentis "mpetus aut orientis :aedi H is familiar to all! This same idea came down to modern days& for %ope repeated it in his verse& $hen moist #rcturus clouds the sky! #strologically& however& the star brought riches and honor to those born under it! #n 9gyptian astronomical calendar of the 8Jth century before 2hrist& deciphered by /enouf& associates it with the star #ntares in the immense sky figure 'enat I and ;ockyer claims it as one of the objects of worship in *ile temples& as it was in the temple of 7enus at #ncona in "taly! "n "ndia it was the 8Tth nakshatra& Svati& the Good Goer& or perhaps Sword& but figured as a 2oral .ead& Gem& or %earl I and known there also as tfishtya& <utcast& possibly from its remote northern situation far outside of the )odiac& whence& from its brilliancy& it was arbitrarily taken to complete the series of :indu asterisms! :ewitt thinks that it& or 2apella& was the

#ryaman of the /ig 7edaI and 9dkins that it was the Tutar usually assigned to Sirius! The 2hinese called it Ta 1id& the Great :orn& four small stars nearby being 1ang 2he& the 0rought ;ake I 9dkins further writing of it , #rcturus is the palace of the emperor! The two groups of three small stars on its right SFl t r& vK and left S2& o& ttK are called ?he ti& the ;eaders& because they assign a Cxed direction to the tail of the .ear& which& as it revolves& points out the twelve hours of the hori)on! The #rabs knew #rcturus as #l Simak 8 al 9amili& sometimes translated the ;eg of the ;ance-bearer& and again& perhaps more correctly& the ;ofty 8 This word Sim Jk is of disputed signification& and was a fruitful subject of discussion a century ago! "t is from a root meaning "to raise on high&" and is thought to have been employed by the #rabs when they wished to indicate any prominent object high up in the heavens& but with special reference to this star and to the other Simak& Spica of the 7irgin!

The 2onstellations 8A8 ;ance-bearer! From the #rabic title came various degenerate forms , #l .amee& #ramee& #remeah& #scimec& #)imech& and #rimeth& found in those +ueer compendium5 of stellar nomenclature the #lfonsine Tables and the #lmagest of 8 J 8 J I Somech haramach of 2hilmead s TreatiseI and #ramakh& which 1arsten *iebuhr heard from the #rabs 8TC years ago! The 1hetunu of their predecessors& already alluded to under .ootes& also was used for this! The idea of a weapon again manifested itself in the 1ovrapdros& 6avelinbearer& of the Graec< %ersian TablesI while .ayer had Gladiua& 1olan)a& and %ngi<y all applied to #rcturus& which probably marked in some early drawing the Sword& ;ance& or 0agger in the :unter s hand! Similarly it took the title #lkamelu) of the whole constellation! #l :arifl al Sama& the 1eeper of :eaven& perhaps came from the star s early visibility in the twilight owing to its great northern declination& as though on the lookout for the safety and proper deportment of his lesser stellar companions& and so " %atriarch 'entor of the 8 rain!" This subse+uently became #l "jtaris al SimOk& the 1eeper of Simak& probably referring to Spica& the (narmed <ne! #l .iruni mentioned #rcturus as the Second 2alf of the ;ion& the early #sad I Spica being the First 2alf! "t has been identified with the 2haldaeans5 %apsnkal& the Guardian 'essenger& the divinity of their 8Ath month TibituI while Smith andSayce have said that on the 9uphrates it was the Shepherd of the :eavenly Flock& or the ?hepherd of the life of :eaven& undoubtedly the ?ib-)i-anna of the inscriptions I the star r` being often included in this& and thus making one of

the several pairs of 9uphratean Twin Stars! The 8J 8 J #lmagest and the #lfonsine Tables of 8JB8 add to their list of strange titles et nominator #udiens& which seems unintelligible unless the word be a misprint for #udens& the .old <ne! 6ohn de $iclif& in his translation of #mos v& ?& in 8T?T& had it #rture& which he took from the 7ulgate s #rcturus for (rsa 'ajorI but 6ohn of Trevisa in 8T@? more correctly wrote , #rtfavmi is a signe made of vn starres& !!! but properly #rthurus is a sterre sette behynde the tayle of the synge that hyght 7rsa maior! $ith others it was #rturis and #ritnre& or the 2arlwaynesterre from the early confusion in applying the title #rcturus to 2harles $ain as well as to .ootes and its lucida! %rominent as this star always has been& and one of the few to which %tolemy assigned a name& yet its position has greatly varied in the drawD5

8AB Star-*ames and their 'eanings ingsI indeed in the earliest it was located outside of the figure and so described in the Syntaxis! "t has been put on the breast I in the girdle& whence& perhaps& came .ayer s #rotu)onaI on the legI between the knees& H /obert /ecorde& the first 9nglish writer on astronomy& in 8JJC mentioning in the 2astle of 1nowledge the " very bryghte starre called #rcturus& which standeth between .ootes his legges " I and& as some of its tides denote& on the weapon in the hand! .ut since 0xirer s time it has usually marked the fringe of the tunic! Smyth asserted that this is the first star on record as having been observed in the daytime with the telescope& as it was in 8CTJ by 'orin& and subse+uently& in 6uly& 8CC@& by Gautier and the #bbe5 %icard& the sun having an elevation of 8 D ! Schmidt has seen it with the naked eye twentyfour minutes before sunset! $hile these instances serve to show its brilliancy& yet this was still more evinced when& enveloped in the 0onati comet of 8?J?& and on the Jth of <ctober& only BA from the nucleus& " it flashed out so vividly its superiority& " visible for many hours! #nd it is somewhat remarkable that this same thing was seen BEA years before in the case of the comet of 8C8?I at least such is the record of 6ohn .ainbridge& " 0octor of %hysicke&" who wrote , The BDth of *ovember& in the morning& the comet s hair was spread over the faire starre #rcturus& betwixt the thighs of #rctophylax& or .ootes! "t is interesting to know that the first photograph of a comet was of 0onati s& near this star& on the B?th of September& 8?J?!

%tolemy specified its color as vnoici^V^VoL& rendered rutilus& " golden red&" in the 8JJ8 #lmagestI but Schmidt observed& on the B8st of 'arch& 8?JB& that the star had lost its usual tinge& which it did not regain for several years! This phenomenon was confirmed by #rgelander and by 1aiser of ;eyden I but generally it has " figured immemorially in the short list of visibly fiery objects!" "ts rich color& in contrast with the white of Spica& the deeper red of #n tares& and the sapphire of $ega& is very noticeable when all can be taken in together& at almost a single glance& on a midsummer evening! The Germans know it as #roturI the "talians and Spanish& as #rtuT<! Schiller wrote in the 0eath of $allenstein I *ot every one doth it become to +uestion The far off high #rcturus I but9lkin did so in 8?@B& his observations resulting in a parallax of o"!oiC&

The 2onstellations 8AT 8! e! insensible& the probable error being much greater than the measured parallax itself! The star has a large proper motion& 8 given as B"!T annually& which probably has shifted its position southwestward on the face of the sky by somewhat more than iW since the time of %tolemyI and great velocity in the line of sight was assigned to it by the earlier spectroscopists& even as high as seventy miles a second I but the later and accordant determinations& at %otsdam by 7ogel and at the ;ick <bservatory by 1eeier& reduce this to between E and EU miles! "ts spectrum is Solar& of Secchi s second type& but with a remarkable mass of dark lines in the violet! #rcturus culminates on the ?th of 6une! %i TPC& golden yellow! tfakkar and 7ekkar are from the #rabic name for the whole constellation! The 2hinese knew it as 2haou 3aou& or Teaon& words meaning "to beckon& excite& or move!" $ith y& d& and p& it constituted the trape)ium #l 0hi bah& the Female $olves& or& perhaps& :yaenas& an early asterism of the #rabs before they adopted the Greek constellation I these animals& with others similar shown by stars in 0raco and near it& lying in wait for the occupants of the ancient Fold around the pole!

marks the head of the modern figure! TV T-5Seginus appears on .urritt s #tlas from the 2eginus of the constellation! 'anilius termed it prona ;ycaonia& " sloping towards& or in front of& ;ycaon&" referring to the Greater .ear& as the star marks the left shoulder of .ootes near to that constellation I and 9uripides similarly wrote in his 5"wv of about EBA b! c! , #bove& #rcturus to the golden pole inclines! Flammarion gives to it the #lkalurops that is better recogni)ed for p! The 2hinese called it :enen 1o& the :eavenly Spear! "t is interesting to know that the variable v is in the telescopic field with y! 8 This proper motion of some of the stars& i!e! the angular motion across the line of sight& was first detected by :alley& in 8D8?& from examination of modern observations& especially those of Tycho& on #rcturus& #ldebaran& and Sirius& in comparison with the ancient records!

8AE Star-*ames and their 'eanings ?& T-JV %U yellow! This star does not appear to be named& but in 2hina was part of T$h 1ong& the Seven %rinces I the other components being 45& v& _fV& tp& U&and x` or b& in the right hand and on the 2lub& BA northeast of #rcturus! QV .inary& T and C& pale orange and bluish green& lying ioW northeast of #rcturus& bore these titles in #rabia, #l 'iatakah al #wwa & the .elt of the Shouter I ")ftr& the Girdle I and 'i )ar& the $aist-cloth& H all references to its place in the figure! This last word was turned by early 9uropean astronomical writers into 'icar& 'irar& 'erer& Yeirer& Yesen& 'e)er& 1erak& and 'irak& similar to the title of #ndromedae& and all appropriate! The analogous %eri)oma was used for it in the #lfonsine Tables! $hy it was so favored in nomenclature is not known& for with us it is noticeable only from its ex+uisite beauty in the telescope& whence it is fast monopoli)ing the name %uloherrima& given to it by the elder Struve! The components can be seen with a B jU-inch glass& about T" apart& at a position angle of TBJ ! The period of their revolution is as yet undetermined& but they are thought to be approaching us at the rate of ten miles a second!

This pair was the chief object of Sir $illiam :ersche%s investigations for stellar parallax about 8D?B& in which& of course& he was unsuccessful& although he did5 not know the cause of his failure till years thereafter& when he recogni)ed its binary character! f& f& A& and n were Tso She Ti& an <fficer& in 2hina& on the left hand of the emperor! aty B!?& pale yellow! 1uphrid& 1ufrid& and 'ufride& of the %alermo and other catalogues& is from (lug .eg s #l 1ufrid al .Omih& the Solitary Star of the ;ancer& and inexplicable unless on the supposition that it formerly was regarded as outside of the figure lines! 1a)wini called it #l 9umUI and #l Ti)ini& with #l *asr al 0in& more definitely& #l .nmh al /amih& the ;ance of the ;ancebearer& although inappropriately& for they designated its position as on #l Sak& the Shin-bone& and it thus appears as Saak in some listsI but as the figure is now drawn rj lies above the left knee! "t seems to have been included with #rcturus in the 9uphratean Sib-)i-ttnna!

The 2onstellations 8AJ $ith v and t in the feet& it was 3ew She Ti in 2hina& the <fficer standing on the right hand of the emperor! @& E!8 I l& Triple& E!E& E!J& and ?I and ]& 0ouble& E!J and C!C! .ayer called these #sellns& H primus& secundus& and tertius respectively& H although without explanation I but the title is well known for each of the two stars in 2ancer flanking %raesaepe! They mark the finger-tips of the upraised left hand just eastward from #lkaid& the last star in the Greater .ear s tail! "n 2hina they were Tseen Tsang& the :eavenly ;ance! The members of the larger component of 5 are o"!? apart I the smaller is T?" away! 5 is pale white& and the two stars are about 8B" apart& making it an easy object in a small telescope! #ll of these& with the Eth-magnitude #! on the lower part of the left arm& were #l #ulad al 0hi bah& the $helps of the :yaenas& shown by T& y& d& and p& and so given on the earliest #rabic maps and globes! 6i 8 & Ternary& E!B& ?& and ?!J& flushed white& the last two greenish white& the small companion 4x B being a close double!

#lkalnrops was the #rabian adaptation of 1aYavpcnp& used by :esychios for the :erdsman s 2lub& 2rook& or Staff& analogous to the 7dnaYov of :yginus and the 2lava of the ;atins! "nkalnnin appears in some of the #lfonsine TablesI "calurui in those of 8 JB 8& and "nealnrns in the 8J 8J #lmagest& all long supposed to be bungled renderings of %tolemy s 1okkopdpog& itself probably a word of his own coining to designate the position of the star in the clubI /iccioli writing it 2olorrhobni! .ut "deler& rejecting this& thought Schickard more correct in deriving these words from kv noYovpu& " in the colure&" a statement that was nearly right as to #rcturus BAAA years agoI the name since then having& in some way& been transferred to this star& as also to the constellation! The editor of the 8J8J #lmagest added to his title for 48 et est hastile hahens canes& which& "deler said& H and :omer is for once caught nodding& H "is with reference to the surrounding hyaenas!" This most erroneous explanation is corrected by the late %rofessor 2! :! F! %eters of the :amilton <bservatory& whose private copy of this rare edition is now in my possession& in his autographic annotation that the original #rabic should have been rendered ferrum curvatum instead of canes! Some ;atin writers have called this star 7enabulum& a :unting-spear!

8AC Star-*ames and their 'eanings p and a& Eth- and Jth-magnitude stars& were Yang :o& a river in 2hinaI and t4V& according to #ssemani& with another in the right arm that may have been e& constituted the #rabs #l #ulad al 7adhlat& which he rendered Filii altercationis I but the original signifies the ;ow& or 'ean& ;ittle <nes! h& or Fl! T?& a JU-magnitude hardly visible to the naked eye& is 'erga& and marks the /eaping-hook held in the left hand of the figure! This word is from 'arra& a :oe& or /ake& used by 2olumella and 6uvenal& and still is sometimes seen as 'arrha for the star! The latter was well known to %liny as %alx "talioa!

2aeftim& or Ucdfpf ortum& tLe Mgforin or _FratringIioof& sometimes incorrectly written 2ela sculptoria& is the French .urin& the "talian .nlino& and the German Grabstiehe; "t was formed by ;a 2aille from stars between 2olumba and 9ridanus& directly south of the Sceptrum .randenburgicum I Gould now assigns to it twenty-eight components& of magnitudes from four to seven! .urritt& in the early editions of his book& arbitrarily changed the name to %raxiteles& perhaps thinking thereby to avoid possible confusion with the constellation Sculptor!

2aelum comes to the meridian with the star #ldebaran on the 8Ath of 6anuary& and is entirely visible from the EAth parallel!

2amefopattafte& or 2Umefoparbus& tLe M.traffe& the French <irafe and "talian Girafla& is long& faint& and straggling like its namesake! "t stretches from the pole-star to %erseus& #uriga& and the ;ynx& the hind +uarters within the 'ilky $ay! "t was formed by .artschius& who published it& in outline only& in 8C8EF and wrote that it represented to him the 2amel that brought /ebecca to "saac! $as it from this that %roctor attempted to change its title to Mto5 lusF H an alteration that seems to have been adopted only by 'r! 6! 9llard Gore in his translation& in 8?@E& of Flammarion s #stronomic %bpulaxn$eigel used it with #uriga to form his heraldic figure& the French ;ili5 The 2hinese located seven asterisms within its boundaries , :wa 1ae&the State (mbrella& extending beyond 2amelopardalis I ;ull 1ea& a term in

The 2onstellations 8AD anatomyI .hang 2bing& the :igher 'inisterI ?hang $ei& the :igher GuardI Shaon $ei& the 'inor GuardI S)e Too& the Four <fficial Supporters of the ThroneI and Tin Tib& (nostentatious 7irtue! #rgelander enumerates ?E naked-eye stars& and :eis 8T?I these culminating in the middle of 6anuary! The Eth-magnitude lucida is BA north of 2apella& below the left hock of the animalI and two others of the same brilliancy& iW apart& are in front of the fore +uarters!

! ! ! and there a crab %uts coldly out its gradual shadow-claws& ;ike a slow blot that spreads& H till all the ground& 2rawled over by it& seems to crawl itself! 'rs! .rowning s 0rmma A4 9xile! 2ancer& tLe 2td.& der 1rebs of the Germans&H die 1rippe of .ayerI le 2anore& or l fiereviase& of the French I and il 2ancro or Granchio of the "talians& lies next to Gemini on the east& and is popularly recogni)ed by its distinguishing feature& the .eehive& ancient %raesaepe! #ratos called it 1apxivog& which :ipparchos and %tolemy followed I the 2arcinus of the #lfomine Tables

being the ;atini)ed form of the Greek word! 9ratosthenes extended this as 1apnivos& "<voi& 5ai Gdrvrj& the 2rab& #sses& and 2rib I and other Greeks have said <ma<o%df1ov and <icrdnovU the <etipes of <vid and %ropertius! ;itoreua& Shore-inhabiting& is from 'anilius and <vid I #stacnfl and 2Onunanu appear with various classic writersI and tfepa is from 2icero s 0e Finibus and the works of 2olumella& 'anilius& %lautus& and 7arro& H all signifying 2rab& or ;obster& although more usual& and perhaps more correct& for Scorpio! Festus& the grammarian of the Td century& said that this was an #frican word e+uivalent to Sidus& a 2onstellation or Star! "t is the most inconspicuous figure in the )odiac& and mythology apologi)es for its being there by the story that when the 2rab was crushed by :ercules& for pinching his toes during his contest with the :ydra in the marsh of ;erna& 6uno exalted it to the sky I whence 2olumella called it ;ernaeus! 3et few heavenly signs have been subjects of more attention in early days& and few better determinedI for& according to 2haldaean and %latonist philosophy& it was the supposed 2rate of :en through which souls descended from heaven into human bodies! "n astrology& with Scorpio and %isces& it was the $atery Trigon I and has

8A? Star-*ames and their 'eanings been the :ouse of the 'oon& from the early belief that this luminary was located here at the creation I and the :oroscope of the $orld& as being& of all the signs& nearest to the )enith! "t was one of the unfortunate signs& governing the human breast and stomach I and reigned over Scotland& :olland& >ealand& .urgundy& #frica Mespecially over #lgiers& Tripoli& and TunisN& and the cities of 2onstantinople and *ew 3ork! "n the times of 'anilius it ruled "ndia and #ethiopia& but he termed it a fruitful sign! "ts colors were green and russetI and early fable attributed its guardianship to the god 'ercury& whence its title 'erourii Sidus! $hen the sun was within its boundaries every thunder-storm would cause commotions& famine& and locusts I and .erossos asserted that the earth was to be submerged when all the planets met in 2ancer& and consumed by fire when they met in 2apricorn! .ut this was a reversal of the astrologers rule I for& as %ascal wrote , They only assign good fortune with rare conjunctions of the stars& and this is how their predictions rarely fail! "t is said to have been the #kkadian Sun of the South& perhaps from its position at the winter solstice in very remote anti+uity I but afterwards it was associated with the fourth month 0u)u& our 6une-6uly& and was known as the *orthern Gate of the Sun& whence that luminary commences its retrograde movement! *an-gam is Strassmaier s transliteration of the cuneiform titleI others being %uluk-ku and Ya5R 0ivision& possibly referring to the solstitial colure as a dividing line! .rown has recently claimed for it the title *agar-asagga& the $orkman of the $aterway!

The early Sanskrit name was 1arka and 1arkata& the Tamil 1arkatan& and the 2ingalese 1athaoaI but the later :indus knew it as 1ulira& from 1oYovpog & the term originated by %roclus for our colure! The %ersians had it 2herejengh and 1alakangI the Turks& ;enknteh I the Syrians& and perhaps the later 2haldaeans& SartonoI the :ebrews& SartOn I and the #rabians& #l SaratOn& all words e+uivalent to 2ancer! #l .irunl added #l ;iha5& the Soft %alate& but this was an early title of the #rabs in connection with their tnantiii #l *athrah! 1ircher said that in 2optic 9gypt it was 1Yapla& the .estia seu S()tio Typhonis& the %ower of 0arkness I ;a ;ande identifying this with #nubis& one of the divinities of the *ile country commonly associated with Sirius! .ut the 6ews assigned it to the tribe of "ssachar& whom 6acob likened to the "strong ass" that each of the #selli representsI 0upuis asserting that these last titles were derived from this 6ewish association! # Saxon chronicle of about the year iooo had " 2ancer that is 2rabba" I

The 2onstellations

8A@

2haucer had 2ancre& probably a relic of #nglo-*orman days& for in his time it generally was 2auser I and 'ilton called it the Tropic 2rab from its having marked one of these great circles! Showing but few stars& and its lucida being less than a Eth-magnitude& it was the 0ark Sign& +uaintly described as black and without eyes! 0ante& alluding to this faintness and high position in the heavens& wrote in the %aradiso, Thereafterward a light among ihem brightened& So that& if 2ancer one such crystal had& $inter would have a month of one sole day! 6ensen makes it the Tortoise of .abylonia& and it was so figured there and in 9gypt EAAA b! c! I although in the 9gyptian records of about BAAA b! c! it was described as a Scarabaeufl& sacred& as its specific name sacer signifies&

and an emblem of immortality! This was the Greek 1apafiog& with its nestball of earth in its claws& an idea which occurs again even as late as the 8 Bth century& when an illuminated astronomical manuscript shows a $aterbeetle! "n the #lbumasar of 8E?@ it is a large 2rayfish I .artschius and ;ubienit)ki& in the 8Dth century& made it into a ;obster& and the latter added toward Gemini a small shrimp-like object which he called 2anoer minor! 2aesius likened it to the .reastplate of /ighteousness in 9phcsians vi& 8E I while %raesaepe and the #selli were the 'anger of the infant 6esus& with the #ss and <x presumed to be standing by! 6ulius Schiller said that the whole represented Saint 6ohn the 9vangelist! <ur figure appears on the round )odiac of 0enderah& but in the location of ;eo 'inor! This planisphere 8 is a comparatively late sculpturing& supposed to be about TE b! c& in the time of Tiberius and 2leopatra& possibly laterI but it shows& at least in part& the heavens of many centuries previous& the exact date fixed by .iot being DAA b! c& although some scholars& notably .rugsch& carry it back a thousand years earlier and assert that it was largely copied from similar works of Sargon s time! "t was discovered by the French general 0esaix de 7oygoux in 8D@@& and removed in 8?BA to the .ibliothe+ue "mperiale in %aris& where it has since remained! "ts appearance is that of a very large anti+ue sandstone medallion& E feet @ inches in diameter& contained in a s+uare of D feet @ inches! $ith some manifest errors& it is& nevertheless& a most interesting and much-+uoted object& although not of the importance once attributed to it! <f the many en" The temple which contained this was dedicated to "sis& and is the smaller of the two most celebrated at 0enderah& the Tentyris of the Greeks and Tentore of the 2opts& names derived from the Tan-ta-rer of ancient 9gypt& signifying the ;and of the :ippopotamus! "t is on a site sacred long before the present edifice& of which we now have the ruins& was erected!

no Star-*ames and their 'eanings gravings of this& the best is found in Flammarion s journal 6< #stronomic to September& 8???! 2ancer appears on the Farnese globe underneath a +uadrangular figure& in the location of our ;ynx& of which " can find no explanation! "n this constellation& with some slight variations as to boundaries at different times in :indu astronomy& H y and C always being included and occasionally 8D& A& and %raesaepe& H was located the Cth nakshatra %nihya& Flower& or Tishiya& #uspicious& with .rihaspati& the priest and teacher of the gods& as presiding divinity! "t was sometimes figured as a 2rescent& and again as the head of an #rrow I but #mara Sinha& the Sanskrit author of about JC b! c& called it Sidhaya& %rosperous! The man)il #l :athrah& the Gap in the hair under the mu))le of the

supposed immense ancient ;ion& was chiefly formed by %raesaepeI but later on y and C were sometimes included& when it was #l :imfirain& the Two #sses& a title adopted from the Greeks! The #rabs also knew it as #l Fnm al #sad and as #l #nf al #sad& the 'outh& and the 'u))le& of the ;ion& both referring to the early figure! The suu 1wei& Spectre& anciently 1ut& the 2loud-like& was made up from %raesaepe with i` and A& the latter most strangely selected& as it is now hardly distinguishable by the naked eye& and yet was the determining star& H perhaps a case of variation in brightness! This asterism& with Tsing in our Gemini& formed Shun Show& one of the twelve )odiacal 1ung& which $illiams translates as the GuaiFs :ead& giving the modern title as 1en :ea& the 2rab I this Guail being otherwise known as the %hoenix& %heasant& or the5 /ed .ird that& with the stars of ;eo and 7irgo& marked the residence of the /ed& or Southern& 9mperor! ;ike Gemini and Taurus& it was shown rising backward& to which some of the ancients fancifully ascribed the slower motion of the sun in passing through these constellations& as well as its influence in producing the summer s heat I even 0octor 6ohnson& in /asselas& alluded to " the fervours of the crab!" 7ery differently& however& #mpelius associated it with the cold Septentrio& or *orth $ind! 2oins of 2os in the #egean Sea bore the figure of a 2rab that may have been for this constellation! The symbol of the sign& BT& probably is "the remains of the representation of some such creature " I but it is also referred to the two #sses that took part in the conflict of the gods with the giants on the peninsula of the 'acedonian %allene& the early %hlegra& afterwards rewarded by a restingplace in the sky on either side of the 'anger! The sun is in 2ancer from the 8?th of 6uly to the D th of #ugustI but the

The 2onstellations 8 8 8 solstice& which was formerly here and gave name to the tropic& is now about TTW to the westward& near i` Geminorum! The celebrated :alley comet first appeared here in 8JT8I and in 6une& 8?@J& all the planets& except *eptune& were in this +uarter of the heavens& an unusual and most interesting occurrence! #rgelander catalogues ED stars in the constellation in addition to %raesaepeI and :eis& @8! Gt& 0ouble& E!E and n& white and red! #eubens& from the 2helae +uas #cubenae 2haldai vocant of the #lfonsine Tables& is not 2haldaean& but from the #rabic #l >ubanah& the 2laws& on the southern one of which this star lies& near the head of :ydra! .ayer repeated this in his #oubene and #)ubene& adding %liny s names for it H

#cetabnla& the #rm Sockets of a crab& and 2irros& H properly 2irrus& H the #rms themselves& e+uivalent to <vid s Flagella& which .ayer wrongly translated ScourgeI others similarly saying .ranohiae and (ngulae! .ayer also cited the " .arbarians 8 " Grivenesoos& unintelligible unless it be their form of Tpaxpalos& a 2rab! Sartan and Sertan are from the #rabic word for the whole figure! The star 8& marking the other claw& shares in many of these titles! Some assign #l :amarein to a& H an undoubted error& as #l :imarain was the common #rabian term for the #selli& y and C& that the #rabic signifies! #eubens culminates on the 8?th of 'arch! The companion is 88 "!E distant& at a position angle of TB J ! J! A& a Eth-magnitude& is #l TarfU the 9nd& 5! e! of the southern foot on which it lies! Sunt in signo 2ancri duae stellae parvae& aselli appellati! %liny s :isioria *aturalu! y& E!C& and ?& E!T& straw color! #iding borealif and #sellua australis& the *orthern and the Southern #ss 2olt& were the <voi& or #sses& of %tolemy and the Greeks I the #selli& or #fini& of the ;atins& distinguished by their position as here given& even to the present day& and now popularly known as the 0onkeys! The .asel latin #lmagest of 8JJ8 says #suras for y only& but the #lfonsine Tables and the #lmagest of 8J 8J have 0uo #finiI and the #rabians similarly knew them as #l Tfimarain& the Two #sses! .ailey& in his 'ystic of 8?J?& calls them the #selline Starlets! 'anilius is supposed to allude to these outstretched stars as the 6ugulae& taken indirectly from 6ugum& a 3oke& which became 6ugulum& the 2ollar-

88B Star-*ames and their 'eanings bone& H in the plural 6ugula and 6ugulae I but "deler asserted that this originated from an erroneous statement of Firmicus& and that reference was really made by the poet to the well-known .elt of <rion! /iccioli s strange title& 9lnatret& doubtless was from that of the lunar mansion #l :athrah& which the #selli and %raesaepe constituted! "n astrology they were portents of violent death to such as came under their influence I while to the weather-wise their dimness was an infallible precursor of rain& on which %liny thus enlarges , "f fog conceals the #sellus to the northeast high winds from the sooth may be expected& but if the southern star is concealed the wind will be from the northeast!

<ur modern $eather .ureau would probably tell us that if one of these stars were thus concealed& the other also would be! %liny mentioned them with %raesaepe as forming a constellation by themselves I but he was given to multiplying the stellar groups! "nconspicuous though it be& the .abylonians used C to mark their 8Tth ecliptic constellation #rku-aha-nangam-aha-flhutu& the Southeast Star in the 2rab I and .rown says that the #selli& with tj& A& and %raesaepe& were the #kkadian Gu-shir-kes-da& the 3oke of the 9nclosure! They also marked the junction of the nakshatras %nshya and #+lesha! The following passage from :ind s Solar System in regard to C will be found interesting, The most ancient observation of 6upiter l which we are ac+uainted with is thai reported by %tolemy in .ook Y& chap& :i& of the #lmagest& and considered by him free from all doubt! "t is dated in the ?Td year after the death of #lexander the Great& on the 8?th of the 9gyptian month 9piphi& in the morning& when the planet eclipsed the star now known as C 2ancri! This observation was made on September T& .! c! BEA& about 8? h on the meridian of #lexandria!

was applied by .ayer to the coarse extended cluster& *! G! 2! BCTB&EE '!& on the head of the 2rab& composed of about 8JA stars of magnitudes from CNE to 8A& with two noticeable triangles among them! $ith us it is the well-known .eehive& but its history as such " have not been able to learn& although it undoubtedly is a recent designation& for nowhere is it #piariutn! Scientifically it was the Se_piYiov f or ;ittle 2loud& of :ipparchos I the #Z#&iIc& or ;ittle 'ist& of #ratosI the Se_fVeYoetCTjg f 2loudy <ne& "vaTpoGfj& $hirling 2loud& and :ubilnm& literally a 2loudy Sky& of .ayerI l This planet was known to the Greeks as >]vg t and as ZaiOmv& the Shining <ne!

The 2onstellations 88T but the # "magests and astronomers generally of the 8Cth and 8D th centuries referred to it as the *ebula& and *ebulosa& in pectore 2ancri& for before the invention of the telescope this was the only universally recogni)ed nebula& its components not being separately distinguishable by ordinary vision! .ut it seems to have been strangely regarded as three nebulous objects! Galileo& of course& was the first to resolve it& and wrote in the *uneius Sidereus , x The nebula called %raesepe& which is not one star& only& but a mass of more than forty Vmall stars! " have noticed thirty stars& besides the #selli!

%opularly it also is the 'anger& or 2rib& the Gdrvrj of #ratos and 9ratosthenes I the EVaTv+c of %tolemy I and with the ;atins& %raesaepe& %raeXaepes& %raesaepis& %raeeaepia& %raesaepium& the #lfonsine %resepe and .ayer s %eseta5& H also the modern Spanish& H flanked by the #selli& for whose accommodation it perhaps was invented! .ayer cited for it 'elleffI which 2hilmead followed with 1ellef& and /iccioli with :eeleph I these from the #rabians 8 #l 'alaf& the Stall I and this& in turn& derived from the Greek astronomy& for their indigenous 'a laf was in 2rater! Schickard had this as 'allephon! .rown includes c with y& d& 54& and C in the %ersian lunar station #vra-k& the 2loud& and the 2optic 9rmelia& *urturing! Tyrtaeus Theophrastus& the first botanist-author& about TAA b! c& and #ratos& described its dimness and disappearance in the progressive condensation of the atmosphere as a sure token of approaching rain I %liny said& "f %raesaepe is not visible in a clear sky it is a presage of a violent storm I and #ratos in the #ioarjfiela Mthe %rognosticdN , # murky 'anger with both stars Shining unaltered is a sign of rain! "f while the northern #ss is dimmed .y vaporous shroud& he of the south gleam radiant& 9xpect a south wind, the vaporous shroud and radiance 9xchanging stars harbinger .oreas! $eigel used it in the 8Dth century& in his set of heraldic signs& as the :anger& a fancied coat of arms for the farmers! "n astrology& like all clusters& it threatened mischief and blindness! "n 2hina it was known by the unsavory title Tseih She 1e& 9xhalation of %iled-up 2orpsesI and within iW of it 'ercury was observed from that 8 This *uneius Sidereus& published at 7enice by Galileo in 8C8A& first gave to the world the results of his telescopic observations! ?

(E Star-*ames and their 'eanings country& on the @th of 6une& a! d! 88?& one of the early records of that planet!

2F Ternary& J!C& C!T& and C& yellow& orange& yellowish& H changing! This lies on the rear edge of the 2rab s shell& and is known as Ttogmine& "n the 2overingI but& if the word be allowable at all& it should be Tegmen& as #vienus is supposed to have had it! "deler& however& said that #vienus was referring to the covering shell of the marine object& and not to the stellar! This is a system of great interest to astronomers from the singular changes in color& the probable existence of a fourth and invisible component& and for the short period of orbital revolution H sixty years H of the two closer stars! The maximum of interval between these is but 8"& the minimum o"!B I yet they never close up as one star! The third member is J" away& and its orbital period must be at least JAA years! Q and A& according to %eters investigations& probably are the objects announced by $atson as two intra- 'ercurial planets& discovered MFN during the total eclipse of the sun on the B@th of 6uly& 8?D?! #& of the Cth magnitude& with adjacent stars& was in 2hina 1wan $ei& the .right Fire! p& a JU-magnitude& with ] Geminorum& was Tsih Trin& a :eap of Fuel! f& another J y B -magnitude& with Y ;eonis& formed the seventh man)il #l TarQ the 9nd& or& as some translate it& the Glance& 8! 5! of the ;ion s 9ye& the ancient #sad& which occupied so large a portion of the sky in this neighborhood! They also were the %ersian :ahn& the *ose& and the 2optic %iautos& the 9ye& both lunar asterisms! Q& with k and stars in ;eo& was the 2hinese Tsu 1e& one of the flags of that country!

.ootes hath unleash d his fiery hounds! <wen 'eredith s 2lytemntstra! 2dnes Mttenafiri& tLe gNunfing eoge& are the French 2hienfl du 2hasse& or ;endersI the German 6agdhunde& and the "talian ;evrieri& lying between .ootes and (rsa 'ajor! %tolemy entered their stars among the apopfyvToi of the latter constellation& and the

The 2onstellations ilQ modern forms first appear in the %rodromus of their inventor :evelius! The more northern one is #iterion& Starry& from the little stars marking the

bodyI and the other& which contains the two brightest stars& is 2hara& as 0ear to the heart of her master! Flamsteed followed in the use of these names& and the :ounds are now well established in the recognition of astronomers& as is the case with most of the stellar creations of :evelius& which were generally placed where needed! %roctor& in his attempt to simplify constellation nomenclature& called them 2atuli& the %uppies I but the usual illustration is of two Greyhounds held by a leash in the hand of .ootes& ready for pursuit of the .ear around the pole I their inventor thus reviving the idea that .ootes was a hunter! :evelius counted BT stars here I #rgelander& JE I and :eis& ??! The 2hinese designated three stars in or near the head of #sterion as San 1nngR the Three :onorary Guardians of the :eir #pparent! #ssemani alluded to a +uadrate figure on the .orgian globe& below the tail of the Greater .ear& as #l 1arb al "bl& the 2amel s .urden& that can be no other than stars in the heads of the :unting 0ogs! .artschius drew on his map of this part of the sky the /iver 6ordan& his 6ordania and 6ordanus& not now recogni)ed& indeed hardly remembered! "ts course was from 2or 2aroli& under the .ears and above ;eo& 2ancer& and Gemini& through the stars from which :evelius afterwards formed ;eo 'inor and the ;ynx& ending at 2amelopardalis! .ut the outlines of his stream were left somewhat undetermined& much like those of 2entral #frican waters when guessed at by map-makers thirty years or more ago! This river& however& had already existed before his day on French starmaps and -globes! Gt& 0ouble& T!B and J!D& flushed white and pale lilac! This star& the 8B of Flamsteed s list of the :ounds& stands alone& marking 2hara s collarI but was set apart in 8DBJ by :alley& when #stronomer /oyal& as the distinct figure 2or 2aroli& not 2or 2aroli "" as many have it& in honor of 2harles ""! This was done at the suggestion of the court physician& Sir 2harles Scarborough& who said that it had shone with special brilliancy on the eve of the king s return to ;ondon on the B@th of 'ay& 8CCA! "t has occasionally been seen on maps as the centre of a :eartshaped figure surmounted by a crown& and its name occurs in popular lists I but Flamsteed did not insert it on his plate of the :ounds& although he :(tinctly wrote of it in his manuscript under this titleI and the :eart perhaps is shown in the tail-piece to the preface of the #tlas 2oe(stis!

"iC Star-*ames and their 'eanings "t is the French 2oeur de 2harlesI the "talian 2uor di 2arloI and the German :en 1arls! $ith (lug .eg it was #l Yabd al #sad& the ;iver of the ;ion& H here a

technical term indicating the highest position of any star within the compass of a figure reckoned from the e+uator! "n 2hina it was 2hang 2hen& a Seat! This is a favorite object with amateur observers& the components being about BA" apart! 9spin says& in $ebb s 2elestial <bjects of 8?@T& that they have been relatively fixed for seventy-three years& yet show considerable proper motion& and probably are une+ual stars at nearly e+ual distances from usI and he gives various opinions of observers as to their colors! 'iss 2lerke calls them pale yellow and fawn! Their present position angle is about BTA & but is slowly changing! 2or 2aroli culminates on the BAth of 'ay! <n the line from 2or 2aroli to #rcturus& and somewhat nearer the latter& in a triangle of small stars& is a beautiful globular cluster concentrated into a central bla)e! This is *! G! 2! JBDB& T '!& long a well-known object& but recently rendered specially noticeable by .ailey s discovery in 8?@J& on photographs taken by :arvard astronomers at #re+uipa& %eru& of no less than ninety-six variable stars within its boundaries& H nearly ten per cent& of the whole number in the cluster distinctly photographed , the usual proportion of variables among the naked-eye stars is not +uite one per cent! The stars near the centre run together and cannot be counted& but the total number in the cluster probably is many thousands! jT& E!T& is 2hara& the ? of Flamsteed& and& after 2or 2aroli& the brightest member of the Southern :ound!

8JB Schjellerup& J!J& brilliant red! ;a Superba was so named by Father Secchi from the superbly flashing brilliancy of its prismatic rays! "t is the brightest of its class of stars with spectra of the Eth type& of which only about 8BA are known from our latitude& and but seven or eight of these visible to the naked eye! 7ariability in its light is also suspected! "t lies about D north and B 5EW west of 2or 2aroli! # misty spot in this constellation can be seen with a low-power T southwest from #l 1aid MDD (rsae 'ajorisN! This is the Spiral *ebula of ;ord /osse& or the $hirlpool :ebula& *! G! 2! J8@E& J8 '!& our long-established ideas of which have recently been somewhat modified by a photograph taken by 'r! "saac /oberts after four hours exposure! "t now appears to

The 2onstellations 88D be composed of a pair of curving arms issuing from opposite extremities of

an oval central body& one of the arms joining itself to a second nucleus& H a new system in process of formation!

Fierce on her front the blasting 0og-star glowed! Samuel Taylor 2oleridge s <n the French /evolution! <ne bla)es through the brief bright summer s length& ;avishing life-heat from a flaming car! 2hristina G! /otsetti s ;ater ;ife! \ani5 Mtttojor& tLe M.reaf er eog& of the southern heavens& and thus 2anifl #uatralior& lies immediately to the southeast of <rion& cut through its centre by the Tropic of 2apricorn& and with its eastern edge on the 'ilky $ay! "t is 2ane 'aggiore in "talyI 2ftet in %ortugalI Grand 2hien in FranceI and 2hrosse :nnd in Germany! "n early classical days it was simple 2anifi& representing ;aelaps& the hound of #ctaeon& or that of 0iana s nymph %rocris& or the one given to 2ephalus by #urora and famed for the speed that so gratified 6ove as to cause its transfer to the sky! .ut from the earliest times it also has been the 0og of <rion to which #ratos alluded in the %tognostua& and thus wrote of in the %hainomena in connection with the :are, The constant Scorcher comes as in pursuit& ! ! ! and rises with it and its setting spies! :omer made much of it as 1vwv& but his 0og doubtless was limited to the star Sirius& as among the ancients generally till& at some unknown date& the constellation was formed as we have it& H indeed till long afterwards& for we find many allusions to the 0og in which we are uncertain whether the constellation or its lucida is referred to! :esiod and #ratos gave this title& both also saying >eiptog& and the latter iieya+ I but by this adjective he designed only to characteri)e the brilliancy of the star& and not to distinguish it from the ;esser 0og! The Greeks did not know the two 0ogs thus& nor did the comparison appear till the days of the /oman 7itruvius! ?Z

8 8 ? Star-*ames and their 'eanings %tolemy and his countrymen knew it by :omer s title& and often as #orpo1vwv& although it seems singular that the former never used the word Seiptog!

The ;atins adopted their 2anis from the Greeks& and it has since always borne this name& sometimes even 2anieula in the diminutive Mwith the adjectival candens& shiningN& 9rigonaeua& and "cariuaI the last two being from the fable of the dog 'aera& H which itself means Shining& H transported hereI her mistress 9rigone having been transformed into 7irgo& and her & master "carius into .ootes! <vid alluded to this in his "carii stella froterva canisI and Statius mentioned the "carium astrum& although :yginus had ascribed this to the ;esser 0og! Sirion and Syrius occasionally appeared with the best ;atin authorsI and the #lfonsine Tables of 8JB 8 had 2anif Syrius! 7ergil brought it into the 8st Georgic as a calendar sign& H adverso cedens 2anis occidit astro& H instructing the farmer to sow his beans& lucerne& and millet at its heliacal setting on the 8st of 'ayI the adverso here generally being referred to the well-known reversed position of the figure of Taurus& but may have been intended to indicate the hostility of the .ull to the Giant s 0og that was attacking him! 2nft<f 9uropae is in allusion to the story of the .ull who& notwithstanding the 0og s watchfulness& carried off that maiden I and 6anitor ;ethaens& the 1eeper of :ell& makes him a southern 2erberus& the watch-dog of the lower heavens& which in early mythology were regarded as the abode of demons, a title more appropriate here than for the so-named modern group in the northern& or upper& sky! .ayer erroneously +uoted as proper names 0exter& 'agnus& and Secundum while others had #lter and Se+uensI but these originally were designed only to indicate the 0og s position& si)e& and order of rising with regard to his lesser companion! The aestifer of 2icero and 7ergil referred to its bright Sirius as the cause of the summer s heat& which also induced :orace s invidum agricolis I and .ayer s "Ydpo_fVofiia was from the absurd notion& prevalent then as now& of the occurrence of canine madness solely during the heat from the 0og-star, an idea first seen with #sclepiades of the Td century before 2hrist! <r it may have come from being confounded by .ayer& none too careful a compiler& with the Tdpaywyov& which %lutarch applied to Sirius in his 0e "sidoro& signifying the $ater-bringer& i! e! the cause of the *ile flood!

The 2onstellations 88@ #ratos termed the constellation nouciko_I y as of varying brightness in its different partsI or mottled H the 0og& lying in as well as out of the 'ilky $ay& being thus diversified in light!

"n early #rabia& as indeed everywhere& it took titles from its lucida& although strangely corrupted from the original #l Shi ra al #bur al 3amaniyyah& the .rightly Shining Star of %assage of 3emen& in the direction of which province it set! #mong these we see& in the ;atin #lmagest of 8J8J& "canis, et est aseheie& alahabor aliemenia"I in the edition of 8JJ8& :scheereI in .ayer s 2franowetria& 9lseiri Mwhich Grotius derived from oeipto_IN& 9lsere& Sceara& Scera& ScheerelieminiI in 2hilmead s Treatise& #bahare aliemalijaI and 9lohabar& which ;a ;ande& in his %#stronomie& not unreasonably derived from #l 1abir& the Great! The #rabian astronomers called it #l 1alb al #kbar& the Greater 0og& so following the ;atins& 2hilmead writing it #lcheleb #lachbar I and #l .iruni +uoted their #l 1alb al 6abbar& the 0og of the Giant& directly from the Greek conception of the figure! Similarly it was the %ersians 1elbo Gavoro! "t was& of course& important in 9uphratean astronomy& and is shown on remains from the temples and mounds& variously pictured& but often just as #ratos described it and as drawn on maps of the present day& H standing on the hind feet& watching or springing after the :are! %rofessor 3oung describes the figure as one " who sits up watching his master <rion& but with an eye out for ;epus!" .ayer and Flamsteed alone among its illustrators showed it as a typical bulldog! # 0og& presumably this with another adjacent& is represented on an ivory disc found by Schliemann on his supposed site of Troy I and an 9truscan mirror of unknown age bears it with <rion& ;epus& the crescent moon& and correctly located neighboring stars! $hile both of the 0ogs& the 0ragon& Fishes& Swan& %erseus& the Twins& <rion& and the :are are described as on the Shield of :ercules in the old poem of that title generally attributed to :esiod! The :indus knew it as 'rigavyadha& the 0eerslayer& and as ;ubdhaka& the :unter& who shot the arrow& our .elt of <rion& into the infamous %raja-pati& where it even now is seen sticking in his body I and& much earlier still& with their prehistoric predecessors it was" Saiama& one of the Twin $atch-dogs of the 'ilky $ay! #mong northern nations it was Greip& the dog in the myth of Sigurd! #ll of these doubtless referred solely to Sirius! *ovidius& who imagined biblical significance in every starry group& said that this was the 0og of Tobias in the .ook of Todit& v& 8C& which 'oxon

8BA Star-*ames and their 'eanings confirmed " because he hath a tayle&" and for that reason onlyI but 6ulius Schiller& another of the same school& saw here the royal Saint 0avid& Gould catalogued 8D? stars down to the Dth magnitude!

:ail& mighty Sirius& monarch of the suns = 'ay we in this poor planet speak with thee F 'rs! Sigourney s The Stars! a& .inary& H 8!ET and ?!J& brilliant white and yellow! Sirius& the 0og-star& often written Syrius even as late as Flamsteed s and Father :elFs day& has generally been derived from oeipiog& sparkling or scorching& which first appeared with :esiod as a title for this star& although also applied to the sun& and by #bychos to all the stars! 7arious early Greek authors used it for our Sirius& perhaps generally as an adjective& for we read in 9ratosthenes , Such stars astronomers call oetpiovc on account of the tremulous motion of their lightI so that it would seem that the word& in its forms oeip& oeipoL& and otipio+& H Suidas used all three for both sun and star& H originally was employed to indicate any bright and sparkling heavenly object& but in the course of time became a proper name for this brightest of all the stars! ;amb& however& thought it of %hoenician origin& signifying the 2hief <ne& and originally in that country a title for the sun I 6acob .ryant& the mythologist& said that it was from the 9gyptians 2ahen SihorI but .rown considers itatransscription from their well-known :enri& the Greek <sirisI while 0upuis distinctly asserted that it was from the 2eltic ?yr! %lutarch called it (poonrTjg& the ;eader&which well agrees with its character and is an almost exact translation of its 9uphratean& %ersian& %hoenician& and 7edic titlesI but 1vwv& 1vuv oeipiog& 1vgNv dorrjp& >elpios dorf4p& Seipiov doTpov& or simply to aorpov& were its names in early Greek astronomy and poetry! (po1vcjv& better known for the ;esser 0og and its lucid a& also was applied to Sirius by Galen as preceding the other stars in the constellation! :omer alluded to it in the "liad as <nwpi vog& the Star of #utumn I 8 but the season intended was the last days of 6uly& all of #ugust& and part of September H the latter part of summer! ;ord 0erby translated this celebrated passage , # fiery light There flash d& like autumn s star& that brightest shines $hen newly risen from his ocean bath I l The Greeks had no word exactly e+uivalent to our " autumn " until the Jth century before 2hrist& when it appeared in writings ascribed to :ippocrates!

The 2onstellations 8B8 while later on in the poem :omer compares #chilles& when viewed by

%riam& to th autumnal star& whose brilliant ray Shines eminent amid the depth of night& $hom men the dog-star of <rion call! The /oman farmers sacrificed to it a fawn-colored dog at their three festivals when& in 'ay& the sun began to approach Sirius! These& instituted BT? b! c& were the /obigalia& to secure the propitious influence of their goddess /obigo in averting rust and mildew from their fields I and the Floralia and 7inalia& to ensure the maturity of their blooming flowers& fruits and grapes! #mong the ;atins it naturally shared the constellation s titles& probably originated them I and occasionally was even 2anioula I indeed& as late as 8EBA the %alladium of :usbandry urged certain farm-work to be done " 9r the caniculere& the hounde ascende " I and& more than a century later& 9den& in the :istoric of the 7yage to 'oscovie and 2athay& wrote , " Serins is otherwise cauled 2anicula& this is the dogge& of whom the canicular dayes have theyr name!" "t has been asserted that <vid and 7ergil referred to Sirius in their ;atrator #nubis& representing a jackal- or dog-headed 9gyptian divinity& guardian of the visible hori)on and of the solstices& transferred to /ome as goddess of the chaseI but it is very doubtful whether they had in mind either star or constellation! "ts well-known name& #l Shi ra& or #l Si ra& extended as al #bur al 3amaniyyah& much resembles the 9gyptian& %ersian& %hoenician& Greek& and /oman e+uivalents& and& "deler thought& may have had common origin with them from some one ancient source , possibly the Sanskrit Surya& the Shining <ne& H the Sun! The #bur& or %assage& refers to the myth of 2anopus flight to the South I and the adjective to the same& or perhaps to the southerly position of the star towards 3emen& in distinction from that of #l Ghumaisa in the ;esser 0og& seen towards Sham& H Syria& H in the *orth! From these geographical names originated the #rabic adjectives 7amaniyyah and Shamaliyyah& Southern and *orthern I although the former literally signifies <n the /ight-hand Side& 4! e! to an observer facing eastward towards 'ecca! "n 2hrysococca s Tables the title is liarjp 6apavfN I and 0octor 2! 9dward Sachau s translation of #l .iruni s 2hronology renders it Sirius 6emenicns! /iccioli had :alabor& which the 8J 8J #lmagest applied to the constellationI and 2hilmead& Gabbar& 9ober& and :abor I while Shaari lobur& another

8BB Star-*ames and their 'eanings +ueerly corrupted form& is found in 9ber s 9gyptian %rincess& "n the #lfonsine Tables the original is changed to #scoher and #schere #lieminiI while .ayer gives plain #schere and 9lscheere for the star& with others

similar for both star and constellation! Scera is cited by Grotius for the star& and Sceara for the whole& derived from an old lexiconI and #lflereI but he traced all to leipioU! "n modern #rabia it is Suhail& the general designation for bright stars! The late Finnish poet >akris Topelius accounted for the exceptional magnitude of Sirius by the fact that the lovers >ulamith the .old and Salami the Fair& after a thousand years of separation and toil while building their bridge& the 'ilky $ay& upon meeting at its completion& Straight rushed into each other s arms #nd melted into one I So they became the brightest star "n heaven s high arch that dwelt H Great Sirius& the mighty Sun .eneath <rion s belt! The native #ustralians knew it as their 9agle& a constellation by itselfI while the :ervey "slanders& calling it 'ere& associated it in their folk-lore with #ldebaran and the %leiades! Sharing the Sanskrit titles for the whole& it was the 0eer-slayer and the :unter& while the 7edas also have for it Tiahiya or Tishiga& Tistrija& Tishtrya& the Tirtar& or 2hieftain s& Star! #nd this we find too in %ersia I as also ?ira! The later %ersian and %ahiavi have Tir& the #rrow! 9dkins& however& considers Sirius& or %rocyon& to be 7anand& and #rcturus& Tistar! :ewitt sees in Sirius the ?ivanam& or 0og& of the /ig 7eda awakening the /ibhus& the gods of mid-air& who " thus calls them to their office of rain sending&" a very different office from that assigned to this star in /ome! 3et these gods& philologically& had a /oman connection& for %rofessor Friedrich 'aximilian 'ueller& writing the word #rbhu& associates it with the ;atin <rpheus! :ewitt also says that in the earliest :indu mythology Sirius was Sukra& the /ain-god& before "ndra was thus known I and that in the #vesta it marked one of the Four Guarters of the :eavens! #lthough the identification of 9uphratean stellar titles is by no means settled& especially and singularly so as to this great star& yet various authorities have found for it names more or less probable! .ertin and .rown think it conclusively proved that it was 1ak-flhidia& the 0og that ;eads& and " a Star of the South " I while 1ak-shidi is Sayce s transliteration of the original signifying the 2reator of %rosperity& a character which the %ersians also assigned to itI and it may have been the #kka-

The 2onstellations 8BT

dian 0u-ihiaha& the 0irector H in #ssyrian 'et-ri-e! 9pping and Strassraaier have 1ak-ban as a late 2haldaean title& which .rown renders 1al-bu& the 0og& " exactly the name for Sirius we should expect to find " I 6ensen has Yakkab lik-kn& the Star of the 0og& revived in :omer s kvuv I and it perhaps was the #ssyrian 1al-bu Sa-mas& the 0og of the Sun I and the #kkadian 'ul-lik-nd& the Star 0og of the Sun! 6ensen also gives 1akkab kaiti& the .ow Star& although this may be doubtfulI and .rown has& from the #ssyrian& Sn-ku-du& the /estless& "mpetuous& .la)ing& well characteri)ing the marked scintillation and color changes in its light! :ewitt cites an #kkadian title :a-khu! "ts risings and settings were regularly tabulated in 2haldaea about TAA b! c& and <ppert is reported to have recently said that the .abylonian astronomers could not have known certain astronomical periods& which as a matter of fact they did know& if they had not observed Sirius from the island of >ylos in the %ersian Gulf on Thursday& the B@th of #pril& 88JEB b! c= "t is the only star known to us with absolute certitude in the 9gyptian records H its hieroglyph& a dog& often appearing on the monuments and temple walls throughout the *ile country! "ts worship& chiefly in the north& perhaps& did not commence till about TB?J b! c& when its heliacal rising at the summer solstice marked 9gypt s *ew 3ear and the beginning of the inundation& although precession has now carried this rising to the 8Ath of #ugust! #t that early date& according to ;ockyer& Sirius had replaced y 0raconis as an orientation point& especially at Thebes& and notably in the great temple of Gueen :atshepsu& known to-day as #l 0er al .ahari& the #rabs translation of the modern 2opts 2onvent of the *orth! :ere it 5as symboli)ed& under the title of "sil :athor& by the form of a cow with disc and horns appearing from behind the western hills! $ith the same title& and styled :er 'ajesty of 0enderah& it is seen in the small temple of "sis& erected DAA b! c& which was oriented toward itI as well as on the walls of the great 'emnonium& the /amesseum& of #l 1urneh at Thebes& probably erected about the same time that this star s worship began! ;_x,kyer thinks that he has found seven temples oriented to the rising of Sirius! "t is also represented on the walls of the recently discovered steptemple of Sakkara& dating from about BDAA b! c& and supposed to have lReen erected in its honor! Great prominence is given to it on the s+uare )odiac of 0enderah& where l 5 is figured as a cow recumbent in a boat with head surmounted by a starI and again& immediately following& as the goddess Sothis& accompanied by the goddess #nget& with two urns from which water is flowing& emblematic

8BE Star-*ames and their 'eanings of the inundation at the rising of the star! .ut in the earlier temple service of 0enderah it was "ns Sottas& at %hilae "ns Sati& or Satit& and& for a long time in 9gypt s mythology& the resting-place of the soul of that goddess&

and thus a favorable star! %lutarch made distinct reference to thisI although it should be noted that the word "sis at times also indicated anything luminous to the eastward heralding sunrise! ;ater it was <niii& brother and husband of "sis& but this word also was applied to any celestial body becoming invisible by its setting! Thus its titles noticeably changed in the long period of 9gypt s history! #s Thoth& and the most prominent stellar object in the worship of that country& H its heliacal rising was in the month of Thoth& H it was in some way associated with the similarly prominent sacred ibis& also a symbol of "sis and Thoth& for& in various forms& the bird and star appear together on *ile monuments& temple walls& and )odiacs! Sirius was worshiped& too& as Sihor& the *ile Star& and& even more commonly& as Sotta and Sottas& its popular Graeco- 9gyptian name& the .rightly /adiating <ne& the Fair Star of the $atersI but in the vernacular was Sept& Sepet& Sopet& and SopditI .ed& 8 and Sot& H the QjFA of 7ettius 7alens! (pon this star was laid the foundation of the 2anicular& Sothic& or Sothiac %eriod named after it& which has excited the attention and pu))led the minds of historians& anti+uarians& and chronologists! ;ockyer has an admirable discussion of this in his 0awn of #stronomy! Sir 9dwin #rnold writes of it in his 9gyptian %rincess, #nd even when the Star of 1neph has brought the summer round& #nd the *ile rises fast and full along the thirsty ground I for the 9gyptians always attributed to the 0og-star the beneficial influence of the inundation that began at the summer solstice I indeed& some have said that the #ethiopian *ile took from Sirius its name Siris& although others consider the reverse to be the case! 'insheu& who dwells much on this& ends thus , " Some thinke that the 0og-starre is called Sirius& because at the time the 0ogge-starre reigneth& *ilus also overfioweth as though the water were led by that Starred "ndeed& it has been fancifully asserted that its canine title originated in 9gypt& " because of its supposed watchful care over the interests of the husbandman I its rising giving him notice of the approaching overflow of the *ile!" 2aesius cited for it Solechin as from that country& signifying the Starry 0og& and derived from the 9gypto-Greek word So#c4ct6v! 8 #ccording to 'ueller& this Sed& or Shed& of the hieroglyphic inscriptions appeared in :ebrew as 9l Shaddar!

The 2onstellations 8BJ %erhaps it is the ancient importance of this 0og on the *ile that has given the popular name& the 9gyptian Y& to the figure formed by the stars %rocyon and .etelgeu)e& *aos and %haet& with Sinus at the vertices of the

two triangles and the centre of the letter! <n our maps Sinus marks the nose of the 0og! The %hoenicians are said to have known it as :annabeah& the .arker! The astronomers of 2hina do not seem to have made as much of Sirius as did those of other countries& but it is occasionally mentioned& with other stars in 2anis 'ajor& as ;ang :ooI and /eeves +uoted for it Tseen ;ang& the :eavenly $olf! Their astrologers said that when unusually bright it portended attacks from thieves! Some have called it the 'a))aroth of the .ook of 6obI others the :afil of the :ebrewsI but this people also knew it as Sihor& its 9gyptian name& and "deler thinks that the adoration of the SPerim& or " 0evils " of the #uthori)ed 7ersion of our .ible U the " :e Goats " of the /evision& which& as we see in ;eviticus xvii& D& was specially prohibited to the 6ews& may have had reference to Sirius and %rocyon& the Two Sirii or Shi rayan& that must have been well known to them in the land of their long bondage as worshiped by their taskmasters! The culmination of this star at midnight was celebrated in the great temple of 2eres at 9leusis& probably at the initiation of the 9leusinian mysteriesI and the 2eans of the 2yclades predicted from its appearance at its heliacal rising whether the ensuing year would be healthy or the reverse! "n #rabia& too& it was an object of veneration& especially by the tribe of 1ais& and probably by that of 1odha a& although 'uhammad expressly forbade this star-worship on the part of his followers! 3et he himself gave much honor to some " star " in the heavens that may have been this! "n early astrology and poetry there is no end to the evil influences that were attributed to Sirius! :omer wrote& in ;ord 0erby s translation& The brightest he& bat sign to mortal man <f evil augury! %ope s very liberal version of the same lines& H Terrific glory = for his burning breath Taints the red air with fevers& plagues and death& H seems to have been taken from the Shepheard s 1alendar for 6uly , The rampant ;yon hunts he fast with dogge of noysome breath $hose balefuil barking brings in hast pyne& plagues and dreerye death! Spenser& however& was e+ually a borrower& for we find in the #eneid ,

8BC Star-*ames and their 'eanings The dogstar& that burning constellation& when he brings drought and diseases on sickly mortals& rises and saddens the sky with inauspicious light I and in the Eth Georgic, 6am rapidus torrens sitientes Shius "ndos #rdebat coelo& rendered by <wen 'eredith in his %araphrase on 7ergil s .ees of #ristaeus , Swift Sirius& scorching thirsty "nd& $as hot in heaven! :esiod advised his country neighbors& "$hen Sirius parches head and knees& and the body is dried up by reason of heat& then sit in the shade and drink&" H advice universally followed& even till now& although with but little thought of Sirius! :ippocrates made much& in his 9pidemics and #phorisms& of this star s power over the weather& and the conse+uent physical effect upon mankind& some of his theories being current in "taly even during the last century I while the result of all physic depended upon the sign of the )odiac in which the sun chanced to be! 'anilius wrote of Sirius , from his nature flow The most afflicting powers that rule below! .ut these expressions as to the hateful character of the 0og-star may have been induced in part from the evil reputation of the dog in the 1ast! "ts heliacal rising& EAA years before our era& corresponded with the sun s entrance into the constellation ;eo& that marked the hottest time of the year& and this observation& originally from 9gypt& taken on trust by the /omans& who were not proficient observers& and without consideration as to its correctness for their age and country& gave rise to their dies caniculariae& the dog days& and the association of the celestial 0og and ;ion with the heat of midsummer! The time and duration of these days& although not generally agreed upon in ancient times& any more than in modern& were commonly considered as beginning on the Td of 6uly and ending on the 8 ith of #ugust& for such were the time and period of the unhealthy season of "taly& and all attributed to Sirius! The Greeks& however& generally assigned fifty days to the influence of the 0og-star! 3et even then some took a more correct view of the matter& for Geminos wrote , "t is generally believed that Sirius produces the heat of the dog days I but this is an error& for the star merely marks a season of the year when the sun s heat is the greatest! .ut he was an astronomer!

The 2onstellations 8BD The idea prevailed& however& even with the sensible 0ante in his " great scourge of days canicular " I while 'ilton& in ;ycidas& designated it as " the swart star!" #nd the notion holds good with many even to the present time! This character doubtless is indicated on the Farnese globe& where the 0og s head is surrounded with sun-rays! .ut %liny took a kinder view of this star& as in the " xii! chapyture of the xi! booke of his naturall hystorie&" on the origin of honey , This coometh from the ayer at the rysynge of certeyne star res& and especially at the rysyngc of Sirius& and not before the rysynge of 7ergiliae Mwhich are the seven starres cauled %leiadesN in the sprynge of the day I although he seems to be in doubt whether " this bee the swette of heaven& or as it were a certeyne spettyl of the starres!" This idea is first seen in #ristotle s :istory of #nimals! So& too& in late astrology wealth and renown were the happy lot of all born under this and its companion 0og! <ur modern $illis wrote in his Scholar of Thebet ben 1horat, 'ild Sinus tinct with dewy violet& Set like a flower upon the breast of 9ve! $hen in opposition Sirius was supposed to produce the cold of winter! "t has been in all history the brightest star in the heavens& thought worthy by %liny of a place by itself among the constellations& and even seen in broad sunshine with the naked eye by .ond at 2ambridge& 'assachusetts& and by others at midday with very slight optical aid I but its color is believed by many to have changed from red to its present white! This +uestion recently has been discussed& by See in the affirmative and Schiaparelli in the negative& at a length not allowing repetition here& the weight of argument& however& seeming to be against the admission of any change of color in historic times! #ratos term noacikog& applied to the 0og& is e+ually appropriate to Sirius now in the sense of many-colored or changeful& and is an admirable characteri)ation& as one reali)es when watching this magnificent object coming up from the hori)on on a winter evening! Tennyson& who is always correct as well as poetical in his astronomical allusions& says in The %rincess, the fiery Sirius alters hue #nd bickers into red and emeraldI this& of course& being largely due to its marked scintillation I and #rago

gave .urftfr55 88 as an #rabic designation for Sirius& meaning <f a Thousand

8B? Star-*ames and their 'eanings 2olors I and said that as many as thirty changes of hue in a second had been observed in it! 8 Sirius& notwithstanding its brilliancy& is by no means the nearest star to our system& although it is among the nearest I only two or three others having& so far as is yet known& a smaller distance! "nvestigations up to the present time show a parallax of o"!T@& indicating a distance of ?!T light years& nearly twice that of a 2entauri! Some are of the opinion that the apparent magnitude of Sirius is partly due to the whiteness of its tint and its greater intrinsic brilliancy I and that the red stars& #ldebaran& .etelgeu)e& and others& would appear much brighter than now if of the same color as Sirius I rays of red light affecting the retina of the eyemore slowly than those of other colors! The modern scale of magnitudes that makes this star H 8!ET& H about @U times as bright as the standard ist-magnitude star #ltair Ma #+uilaeN& H would make the sun H BJ!E& or DAAA million times as bright as Sirius I but& taking distance into account& we find that Sirius is really forty times brighter than the sun! "ts spectrum& as type of the Sirian in distinction from the Solar& gives name to one of the four general divisions of stellar spectra instituted by Secchi from his observations in 8?CT-CD I these two divisions including nearly -fj- of tne observed stars! <f these about one half are Sirian of a brilliantly white colour& sometimes inclining towards a steely blue! The sign manual of hydrogen is stamped upon them with extraordinary intensity by broad& dark shaded lines which form a regular series! "t is found by 7ogel to be approaching our system at the rate of nearly ten miles a second& and& since /ome was built& has changed its position by somewhat more than the angular diameter of the moon! "t culminates on the 8 ith of February! The celebrated 1ant thought that Sirius was the central sun of the 'ilky$ay I and& eighteen centuries before him& the poet 'anilius said that it was "a distant sun to illuminate remote bodies&" showing that even at that early day some had knowledge of the true character and office of the stars! 2ertain peculiarities in the motion of Sirius led .essel in 8??E& after ten years of observation& to the belief that it had an obscure companion with which it was in revolution I and computations by %eters and #uwers led Safford to locating the position of the satellite& where it was found as pre8 'ontigny s scintillometer has marked as many as seventy-eight changes in a second in

various white stars standing TA above the hori)on& though a somewhat less number in Mhose of other colors!

The 2onstellations 8B@ dieted on the T8st of 6anuary& 8?CB& by the late #lvan G! 2lark& 8 at 2ambridgeport& 'ass!& while testing the i?jE-inch glass now at the 0earborn <bservatory! "t proved to be a yellowish star& estimated as of the ?5E magnitude& but difficult to be seen because of the brilliancy of Sirius& and then 8A" awayI this diminishing to J" in 8??@I and last seen and measured by .urnham at the ;ick <bservatory before its final disappearance in #pril& 8?@A! "ts reappearance was observed from the same place in the autumn of 8?@C at a distance of T"!D& with a position angle of 8@J ! "t has a period of J 8 5E years& and an orbit whose diameter is between those of (ranus and *eptune I its mass being yi that of Sirius and e+ual to that of our sun& although its light is but (N U AM j of that of its principal! So that it may be supposed to be approaching non-luminous solidity& H one of .esse%s " dark stars!" "t is remarkable that 7oltaire in his 'icromegas of 8DJB& an imitation of Gulliver s Travels & followed 0ean Swift s so-called prophetic discovery of the two moons of 'ars by a similar discovery of an immense satellite of Sirius& the home of his hero! Swift& however& owed his inspiration to 1epler& who more than a century previously wrote to Galileo , " am so far from disbelieving in the existence of the four circumjovial planets& that " long fur a telescope to anticipate you& if possible& in discovering two round 'ars Mas the proportion seems to me to re+uireN& six or eight round Saturn& and perhaps one each round 'ercury and 7enus! <ther stars are shown by the largest glasses in the immediate vicinity of Sirius& two additional having very recently been discovered by .arnard at the 3erkes <bservatory! p& B!T& white! 'unrim& generally but less correctly 'ir)am& and occasionally 'ir)a& is from #l 'unim& B the #nnouncer& often combined by the #rabs with 2anis 'inoris in the plural #l 'ir)amani& or as #l 'ir)ama al Shi rayain& the two Sirian #nnouncers I "deler s idea of the applicability of this title being that this star announced the immediate rising of the still brighter Sirius! .uttmann asserted that it also was #l 1alb& the 0og& running in front 8 :is death occurred on the @th of 6une& 8?@D& in the sixty-fifth year of his age& just after the 8 m pie t ion and successful installation of the EA-inch glass in the 3erkes <bservatory& the latest of his many great lenses& and the last& excepting the BE-inch for 'r! %ercival ;owell! -;iterally the /oarer& and so another of the many words in the #rabic tongue for the lion&

of which that people boasted of having four hundred! @

8TA Star-*ames and their 'eanings of Sinus& but this must have been from early times in the 0esert! "n our maps it marks the right fore foot of the 0og! The 2hinese called it 1uen She& the Soldiers 'arket! y& E!J& is .urritt s 'nliphen that properly belongs to C and to stars in 2olumbaI but the 2entury #tlas has it 'ir)a! "t is "ris with .ayer& which "deler confirms& but Grotius applied the title to the adjacent fi& adding& however& nisi potius +uarto sit& thus referring to y! 'ontanari said that it entirely disappeared in 8CDA& and was not again observed for twenty-three years& when it reappeared to 'iraldi& and since has maintained a steady lustre& although faint for its lettering! "t marks the top of the 0og s head!

A& B!B& light yellow& is the modern $e)en& from #l $a)n& $eight& " as the star seems to rise with difficulty from the hori)on"I but "deler justly calls this an astonishing star-name! "t also was one of the 'nhlifaYn particularly described under 2olumba! The 2hinese knew r` and 5 of 2anis 'ajor& with stars in #rgo& as :oo She& the .ow and #rrow! Gould thought C variable! "t lies near the 0og s hind +uarter& and has a D!J-magnitude companion B 8 EJ" away& readily seen with an opera-glass!

Q& 0ouble& B and @& pale orange and violet! #dara& #dhara& #dard& (dara& and (dra are from #l #dhara& the 7irgins& applied to this star in connection with C& tj& and oI perhaps from the #rabic story of Suhail! "t has also been designated #l >ara& with probably the same signification& although this form is erroneous! The component stars are f !L apart& at a position angle of iCoW!C!

2& T& light orange! Furud is either from #l Furud& the .right Single <nes& or& perhaps by a transcriber s error& from #l 1urud& the #pes& referring to the surrounding small stars with some of those of 2olumbaI "deler thought the latter derivation more probable! #l Sufi mentioned these as #l #gribah& the /avens! Q marks the toe of the right hind foot!

The 2onstellations 8T8 TG& B!E& pale red! #ludra is from #l #dhra& the singular of #l #dhara& and one of that group! This title has been universal from the days of #rabian catalogues and globes to our modern lists! Smyth wrote in his notes on rj& " $ell may :ipparchus be dubbed the %raeses of ancient astronomers = " for that great man used this star& then at @AW of right ascension& as convenient in astronomical reckoning! fi& a double& of E!D and ?th magnitudes& B"!@ apart& yellow and blue& was known as "ris by Grotius& although he admitted that y might havcbeen the one referred to by this title! o l & a red star of the Eth magnitude& and n& a double& of Jth and 8Ath magnitudes& with other small stars in the body of the 0og& were the 2hinese 3a 1e& the $ild 2ock! .ayer s star-lettering for this constellation ended with A& but .ode added others down to gV!

The 0og s-precursor& too& shines bright beneath the Twins! .rown s # ratos! 2ame MgYtnot& iLe feeeeet eog& is der 1;eine :und of the GermansI le %etit 2hien of the French I and il 2ane 'inore of the "talians I %roctor& ignoring ;a ;ande& strangely altered it to Felis! "t was not known to the Greeks by any comparative title& but was always TMVo1vaNv& as rising before his companion 0og& which ;atin classic writers transliterated %rocyon& and those of late 'iddle #ges as %rochion and %rodon! 2icero and others translated this into #ntecanis& H sometimes

#wtiUTiig & H #ntecedenfi 2anifl& #nteoursor& %raecanifl& %rocanis& and %roeynis I or changed to plain 2anifl! To this last from the time of 7itruvius& perhaps before him& the /omans added various adjectivesI septcntrioFialis y from its more northerly position than that of 2anis 'ajorI minor ` minuscuius& and parvus& in reference to its inferior brightness I primus& as rising

8TB Star-*ames and their 'eanings firstI and sinister& as on the left hand& in distinction from the 2anis dtxtcr on the right! ;ucan described both of the 0ogs as semi deos+ue 2anes! "t was also 2atellui and 2atnlui& the %uppy! :orace wrote of it& 6am %rocyon furit& which 'r! Gladstone rendered& The heavens are hot with %rocyon s ray& as thpugh it were the 2anicula& and he was followed by others in this I indeed& %liny began the dog days with its heliacal rising on the 8@th of 6uly& and strangely said that the /omans had no other name for it! $ith mycologists it was #ctaeon s dog& or one of 0iana s& or the 9gyptian #nubis I but popularly <rion i Bd :ound& often called 2anii <nonis& and thus confounded as in other ways with the Sirian asterism! :yginus had "oarinm #strum& referring to the dog 'aera I 2aesius& 9rigonius and 2anis virginem of the same story& but identified by <vid with 2anis 'ajor, and Firmicus& #rgion& that perhaps was for mixes dog "#pyoF! "t also was considered as representing :elen s favorite& lost in the 9uripus& that she prayed 6ove might live again in the sky! "t shared its companion s much mixed& degenerate nomenclature& as in the 8 J 8 J #lmagest s " #ntecedens 2anis et est #behere #soemie #lgameua"I while the industrious .ayer as usual had some strange names for it! #mong these are Fovea& a %it& that 2aesius commented much upon& but little to our enlightenment I and Bv1dnivoL& or 'oms& the Sycamine tree& the e+uivalent of one of its #rabic titles! :is #schemie and #flchere& as well as 2hilmead s #lsahare alfiemalija& and mongrel words from the foregoing #lmagest& etc!& can all be detected in their original #l Shira al Shamiyyah& the .right Star of Syria& thus named because it disappeared from the #rabs view at its setting beyond that country! $e also find #l 6ummai)a& their Sycamine& although some say that this should be #l GhumaisO& the 0im& $atery-eyed& or $eeping <neI either from the fact that her light was dimmer than that of her sister #l Shi ra& or from the fable connected with Suhail and his marriage to #l 6au)ah and

subse+uent flight& followed by #l Shira below the 'ilky $ay& where she remained& the other sister& #l Ghumaisa & being left in tears in her accustomed place& or it may be from a recollection of the 9uphratean title for %rocyon& H the $ater-dog! .ayer wrote the word #lgomei)aI /iccioli& #lgomisa and #lgomi)a I and others& #lgomeyia& #lgomyso& #lohami)o& etc! Thus the Two 0og-stars were the #rabs #l #fiawat al Suhail& the Sisters

The 2onstellations 8TT of 2anopus! Still another derivation of the name is from #l Ghamus& the %uppy I but this probably was a later idea from the /omans! #lso borrowing from them& the #rabians called it #l 1alb al #sghar& the ;esser 0og& H 2hilmead s #lcheleb #lasgar& /iccioli s 1elbela)guar&H and #l 1alb al 'utakaddim& the %receding 0og! "n 2am s 'inor lay a part of #l 0hira5 al #sad al 'akbuijah& the 2ontracted Fore #rm& or %aw& of the early ;ion I the other& the 9xtended %aw& running up into the heads 5of Gemini! ;ike its greater neighbor& %rocyon foretold wealth and renown& and in all astrology has been much regarded! ;eonard 0igges 8 wrote in his %rognostication 9verlasting of /ight Good 9ffect& an almanac for 8JJT& H $ho learned in matters astronomical& noteth not the great effects at the rising of the starre called the ;itel 0ogge! 2aesius made it the 0og of Tobias& in the #pocrypha& that *ovidius had claimed for 2anis 'ajorI but 6ulius Schiller imagined it the %aschal ;amb! $ho traced out the original outlines of 2anis 'inor& and what these outlines were& is uncertain& for the constellation with %tolemy contained but two recorded stars& and no apCp_f:RNDoiI and even now #rgelander s map shows only 8J& although :eis has TD& and Gould J8! 2anis 'inor lies to the southeast from the feet of Gemini& its western border over the edge of the 'ilky $ay& and is separated by 'onoceros from 2anis 'ajor and #rgo! Gt& .inary& A!E& and 8T& yellowish white and yellow! %rocyon& varied by %rocion and %rochion& H (poicvav in the original& H has been the name for this from the earliest Greek records& distinctly mentioned by #ratos and %tolemy& and so known by all the ;atins& with the e+uivalent #ntecanis! (lug .eg designated it as #l Shi ra al Shamiyyah& shortened to #l Shamiyyah I 2hrysococca transcribing this into his ;ow Greek Ularjp liafiij& and /iccioli into Siair SiamiI all of these agreeing with its occasional 9nglish title the *orthern Sirins! The #lfonsine Tables of 8JB 8 +uote it as

#sckere& #schemie et #lgomeysaI those of 8JEJ& as prochion O5 #lgomeyla! "t thus has many of its constellation s names I in fact& being the magna pars of it& probably itself bore them before the constellation was formed! (t was this 0igges who& nearly fifty years before Galileo& wrote of the telescope as though it were an instrument with which he was familiar& H perhaps from /oger .acon s writings of TSo years before him! @5

8TE Star-*ames and their 'eanings 6acob .ryant insisted that its title came to Greece from the 9gyptian %ur 2ahen! 9uphratean scholars identify it with the 1akkab %aldara& %allika& or %alura of the cylinders& the Star of the 2rossing of the $ater-dog& a title evidently given with some reference to the /iver of :eaven& the adjacent 'ilky $ay I and :ommel says that it was the 1ak-shiiha which the majority of scholars apply to Sirius! 0upuis said that in :indu fables it was .inge :annantI and 9dkins that it& or Sirius& was the %ersian 7anauc; /eeves 2hinese list gives it as 7an :o& the Southern /iver& in which T and r` were included! $ith the natives of the :ervey "slands it was their goddess 7ena! "n astrology& like its constellation& it portended wealth& fame& and good fortune! %rocyon culminates on the BEth of February! 9lkin determined its parallax as AU!TE 8& making its distance from our system about @U light yearsI and& according to 7ogel& it is approaching us at a speed of nearly six miles a second! Gould thinks it slightly variable! "ts spectrum is on the border between Solar and Sirian! "t is attended by several minute companions that have long been knownI but in *ovember& 8?@C& Schaeberle of the ;ick <bservatory discovered a iTth-magnitude yellowish companion& about E"! C away& at a position angle of T8 ?W!?& that may be the one predicted by .essel in 8?EE as explaining its peculiar motion& H a motion resembling that of Sirius& which astronomers had found to be moving in an oval orbit entirely unexplained until the discoverNof its companion by #lvan G! 2lark in 8?CB! .arnard& at the 3erkes <bservatory in 8?@?& makes the close companion of %rocyon E"!?T away& at a position angle of TBC ! The period of revolution of this most magnificent system is about forty

years& in an orbit slightly greater than that of (ranus& the combined mass being about six times that of our sun and earth& and the mass of the companion e+ualing that of our sun! "ts light is three times greater!

p& T!J& white! Gomeisa is from the Ghumaisa of the constellation& changed in the #lfonsine Tables to #lgomeyla& and by .urritt to Gomelia! <ccasionally it has been #l Ganuu& from another of the #rabians titles for the wholeI and #l 'unim& identical with the name of 2anis 'ajoris& and for a similar reason& H as if announcing the rising of the brightest star

The 2onstellations 8TJ of the figure! The #rabs utili)ed this& with %rocyon& to mark the terminal points of their short 2ubit& or 9ll& #l 0hiri & their long 2ubit being the line between 2astor and %ollux of Gemini! This same word appears in the title of one of the moon stations in that constellation! O has some close companions of the 8Ath and 8Bth magnitudes! Q A& A& and tt were the 2hinese Shwuy $ei& a %lace of $ater& a designation that may have been given them from their nearness to the /iver of :eaven& the Galaxy!

Thy 2old Mfor thou o er $inter Signs dost reign& %ull st back the Sun& and send st us 0ay againN 'akes .rokers rich! Thomas 2reech s translation of 'antlius %oetkon #stronomicon& 2ajnricotmw& next to the eastward from Sagittarius& is our 2apricorn& the French 2apricorne& the "talian 2aprieorno& and the German Steinbock& H Stone-buck& or "bex& H the #nglo-Saxon .noca and .nccan :orn! The common ;atin name was varied by the 2aper of #usonius& flexni Gaper of 'anilius& :ircus corniger of 7ergil& hircinus Sidnj of %rudens& Gapra and ae+uorifl :ircns& the Sea Goat I while 'insheu s " 2apra ilia #malthea" indicates that it was identified by some with the goat usually assigned to #uriga! #ll this& doubtless& was from oriental legends& perhaps very ancient& which made 2apricorn the nurse of the youthful sun-god that long anticipated the story of the infant 6upiter and #malthea! The ;atin poets also designated it as *eptuni proles& *eptune s offspringI %elagi

%rocella& the <cean StormI "mbrifer& the /ain-bringing <neI Signnm hiemale& and Gelidus& because then at the winter solstice& the e+uivalent #fla4rrfjc appearing with the Greeks& which /iccioli repeated as #thalpis! #ratos called it #4yorttpwc& the :orned Goat& to distinguish it from the 5#iQ of #uriga& as did %tolemy& but "onic writers had #iyoicepevs I and this word& ;atini)ed as #egoeeros& was in fre+uent use with all classical authors who wrote on astronomy! The #rabo-;atin #lmagest of 8J8J turned this into #loauct;T(i& explained by habens cornua hintI and .ayer mentioned

8TC Star-*ames and their 'eanings #$ntyUa 9ratosthenes knew it as (dv and #iyi-(av& the Goat- Footed %an& half fishified& Smyth said& by his plunge into the *ile in a panic at the approach of the monster Typhon I the same story being told of .acchus& so that he& too& always was associated with its stars! "n %ersia it was .uihgali& .ahi or 7ahik& and GoiI in the %ahlavi tongue& :ahiI in Turkey& (ghlakI in Syria& <adjoI and in #rabia& #l 6ady& usually written by us GiediI all meaning the Goat& or& in the latter country& the .adan& or "bex& known to )oologists as 2apra beden5 .urritts Tower of Gad& at first sight presumably :ebrew& would seem rather to be a bungled translation x from tfie #rabic& and in no way connected with the 6ewish tribe! /iccioli had 9lgedi& 9lgendi& and Gadio! 7ery fre+uent mention was made of this constellation in early days& for the %latonists held that the souls of men& when released from corporeity& ascended to heaven through its stars& whence it was called the Gate of the Gods I their road of descent having been through 2ancer! .ut some of the <rientals knew it as the Southern Gate of the .an& as did the ;atins in their altera Solii %orta! .erossos is reported by Seneca to have learned from the old books of Sargon B that the world would be destroyed by a great conflagration when all the planets met in this sign! *uma %ompilius& the second mythical king of /ome& whose date has been asserted as from D8J to CDT b! c& began the year when the sun was in the middle of 2apricorn& and when the day had lengthened by half an hour after the winter solstice! "n astrology& with Taurus and 7irgo& it was the 9arthly Trigon& and black& russet& or a swarthy brown& was the color assigned to itI while& with #+uarius& it was the :ome of Saturn& as that planet was created in this constellation& and whenever here had great influence over human affairs I as #lchabitus asserted& in the 3sagogicus of 8E?J& caput et pedis habctI and it always governed the thighs and knees! "t also was regarded as under the care of the goddess 7esta& and hence 7estae Sidua! #mpelius singularly associated it with the burning south wind #uster& and 'anilius said that it reigned over France& Germany& and Spain I in later times it ruled Greece& "ndia& 'acedonia& and Thrace& .randenburg and 'ecklen-

8 The #rabic word .urj signifies both 2onstellation and Tower& or Fortress! B This Sargon has been considered the almost mythical founder of the first Semitic empire! T?JA .! 2& but inscriptions recently unearthed at *uffar& and only deciphered in 8?@C at 2onstantinople by %rofessor :erman 7! :ilprecht of the (niversity of %ennsylvania& make it evident that .abylonia was an important kingdom at least three or four millenniums before him! Sargon s astronomical work& the "llumination of .el& in DB books& was compiled by the priests of that god& and translated into Greek by .erossos about BCA .! c! Fragments of this d last work still remain to us!

The 2onstellations 8TD burg& Saxony and $ilna& 'exico and <xford! 'anilius also wrote of it as in our motto& and at 2aesar s .irth Serene he shone! The almanac of 8T?C has , " $hoso is borne in 2apcorn schal be ryche and wel lufyd " I in 8JEB the 0octor& as #rcandum was called& showed that a man born under it would be a great gallant& would have eight special illnesses& and would die at sixty I and according to Smyth it was " the very pet of all constellations with astrologers& having been the fortunate sign under which #ugustus and 7espasian were born&" although elsewhere& in somewhat uncourtly style& he +uotes, "prosperous in dull and heavy leasts!" "t also appears to have been much and favorably regarded by the #rabians& as may be seen in their names for its chiet stars& and in the character assigned by them to its lunar mansions! .ut these benign +ualities were only occasional& caused probably by some lucky combination with a fortunate sign& as is known only to the initiated& for its general reputation was the reverse I and& in classical days& when coincident with the sun& it was thought a harbinger of storms and so ruler of the waters& H :orace s tyrannus :esperiae 2apricornus undae! #ratos had clearly showed this long before , Then grievous blasts .reak southward on the sea& when coincide The Goat and sunI and then a heaven-sent cold! <vid expressed much the same opinion in connection with the story of #caetes I but ages before them this seems to have been said of it on 9upbratean tablets! 2aesius and %ostellus are authority for its being #)a)el& the Scapegoat of ;eviticus I although 2aesius also mentioned it as Simon >elotes& the #posde! Suetonius in his ;ife of #ugustus & and Spanheim in his 0e *ummis& said that 2apricorn was shown on silver coins of that emperor& commemorating the fact that it was his natal signI and it always has been regarded in astrology as the 'ansion of 1ings! "t is seen& too& on a coin

found in 1ent& struck by the .ritish prince #mminius& and was the most fre+uent of the )odiacal figures on uranographic amulets of the 8Eth and 8Jth centuries& " worn as a kind of astral defensive armor!" "ts figuring generally has been consistent& and as we now see it& with the head and body of a goat& or ibex& ending in a fish s tail! 'anuscripts from the Bd to the 8Jth century show it thusI a Syrian seal of 8?D b! c! has it in the same way I as also an early .abylonian gem& surmounted& not inap-

8T? Star-*ames and their 'eanings propriately& by the crescent moon& for 2apricorn was a nocturnal signI and the same figure is on a fragment of a .abylonian planisphere& now in the .ritish 'useum& supposed to be of the 8Bth century b! c! So that this may be considered its original form& in full agreement with its amphibious character& and with some resemblance& in the grouping of the chief stars& to a goat s horns and a fish s tail! From this figuring 2amJes& in <s ;usiadas of 8JDB& called it the Semi-2apran Fiah& as it now is with us the GoatFiah and the Sea Goat Still at times it has been a complete goat-like animal& and was so considered by #ratos& 9ratosthenes& and %tolemy& as by the more modern #lbumasar& 1a)wini& (lug .eg& and in occasional mediaeval manuscripts! "t was thus shown on some 9gyptian )odiacs I although on that of 0enderah it appears in its double form& where " an ibis-headed man rides on 2apricorn us& under which sign Sirius rose anti-heliacally"I the ibis being sacred to "sis& with which Sirius was identified! Still differently& a silver bowl from .urmah engraved with the .rahmin )odiac& probably copied from original sources& makes the Fish entire in 2apricorn& and omits the Goat I while 6ensen says that in .abylonia the Goat and Fish& both complete& were occasionally used together for the constellation! 6ewish /abbis asserted that the tribe of *aphtali adopted this sign as their banner emblem& H " *aphtali is a hind let loose&" H as if 2apricorn were a deer& or antelope I others ascribed it to .enjamin& or to /euben , but #+uarius more fitly represented the latter! Some connect the sign in 9gyptian astronomy with 2huum& 2hnemu& Gnoum& or 1num& the God of the $aters& associated with the rising of the *ile and worshiped in 9lephantine at the 2ataracts& this divinity bearing goat s& not ram s& horns! <thers have said that it was the goat-god 'endes I and ;a ;ande cited the strange title Mbririn+ue from the Greek adjective descriptive of a Swordfish& our constellation sometimes being thus shown& when it was considered the cause of the inundation! "n 2optic 9gypt it was <irevrvs& .rachium Sacrificii I and 'iss 2lerke says that it was figured in that country as a 'irror& emblematic of life! 9arlier :indu names were :riga and 'akara& H the 2ingalese 'akra and the Tamil 'akaram& an #ntelopeI but occasionally it was shown with a goat s head upon the body of a hippopotamus& signifying some amphibious creature& and a later term was Shl-shu-mara or Sim-shu-marm& the

2rocodile& although this originally was marked by stars of 0raco! 7araha 'ihira took his title for it& #kokera& from the GreeksI and it was the last in order of the )odiacal signs of "ndia& as on the 9uphrates! "n the #)tec calendar it appeared as 2ipactli& with a figure like that of the narwhal!

The 2onstellations 8T@ "t was the )odiacal .ally or <x& of 2hinese astronomy& that later became 'o 1i& the Goat- Fish! $illiams says that& with stars of Sagittarius& it was Sing Yi& the Starry /ecord& and with a part of #+uarius :iuen hiau I while in very early days& with #+uarius and Sagittarius& it was the 0ark $arrior& etc!& the so-called *orthern one of the four large divisions of the )odiac! Flammarion asserts that 2hinese astronomers located among its stars a conjunction of the five planets BEE@ b! c! Sayce& .osan+uet& and others think that they have without doubt identified it with the #ssyrian 'nnaUa& the Goat- FishI and we see other probable names in Shall or Shahn& the "bex& and in *irn& the 3oke& this last perhaps a popular one! .rown gives for it the #kkadian ?u-tul of the same meaningI and another possible title& resembling the early :indu& was 'akhar& claimed also for 0elphinus! "t seems likewise to have been known as the 0ouble Ship! 6ensen says that " the amphibious la <annes of the %ersian Gulf was connected with the constellation 2apricornus " I Sayce& that a cuneiform inscription designates it as the Father of ;ight& H a title which& astronomically considered& could not have been correct except about 8 JAAA years ago& when the sun was here at the summer solstice I that " the goat was sacred and exalted into this sign " I and that a robe of goatskins was the sacred dress of the .abylonian priests! So that& although we do not know when 2apricornus came into the )odiac& we may be confident that it was millenniums ago& perhaps in prehistoric days! "t was identified with the 8Ath #ssyrian month 0habitu& corresponding to 0ecember-6anuary! "ts symbol& 7T& usually is thought to be rp& the initial letters of Tpayoc& Goat& but ;a ;ande said that it represents the twisted tail of the creature I and .rown similarly calls it " a conventional representation of a fish-tailed goat" "ndeed it is not unlike the outline of these stars on a celestial globe! The sun is in the constellation from the 8?th of 6anuary to the 8Eth of February& when& as 0ante wrote in the 6%aradiso y The horn of the celestial goat doth touch the sun I and 'ilton mentions the tatter s low elevation during this time& Thence down amain #s deep as 2apricorn! The title Tropic of 2apricorn& originating from the fact that when first observed the point of the winter solstice was located here& now refers to the sign and not to the constellation& this solstice at present being TT to the westward& in the figure of Sagittarius& near its star p!

8EA Star-*ames and their 'eanings 2apricorn is& after 2ancer& the most inconspicuous in the )odiac& and chiefly noticeable for the duplicity of its lucida! #rgelander charted EJ naked-eye stars within its borders I and :eis CT! 2t & 0ouble& T!B and E!B& yellow! 2t & Triple& T& 8 8!J& and 88!J& pale yellow& ash& and lilac! These are the %rima and Second5 Giedi& or plain #lgedi& from the #rabian constellation title #l 6ady! <ther titles& 0alrih and the degenerated 0tchftbbe and 0ehabeh& applied to them& but more commonly to A& have been traced by some to #l 6abbah& the Forehead& although the stars are nearer the tip of the horn I but the names undoubtedly come from #l Sad al 0habiU;& the ;ucky <ne of the Slaughterers& the title of the BAth man)il Mof which these alphas and T were the determinant pointN& manifestly referring to the sacrifice celebrated by the heathen #rabs at the heliacal rising of 2apricorn! #nd of similar signification was the 9uphratean Shak-thadi and the 2optic 9upentoi& or <peutus& for the same lunar asterism of those peoples! .rown thinks that a& then seen only as a single star& with and v was known by the #kkadians as (s& the GoatI and as Sua in the astronomy of their descendants I while 9pping is authority for the statement that this! or perhaps A& marked the BCth ecliptic asterism of the .abylonians& Garnn Shah5& the :orn of the Goat! .rown also says that a represented the ?th antediluvian king #mar Sin& H #fiefii4:vog! "n :ipparchos5 time the two alphas were but E4 apart& and it was not till towards .ayer s day that they had drifted sufficiently away from each other to be readily separated by the naked eye! Their distance in 8??A was CjU & and this is increasing by D" in every hundred years! They culminate on the @th of September! Smyth described a minute blue companion of a B which he caught "in little evanescent flashes& so transient as again to recall .urns s snow-flakes on a stream " I and mentioned Sir 6ohn :erscheFs suggestion that this might shine by reflected light! #lvan G! 2lark doubled this in 8?CB& the distance being i"!B& and the position angle BT@ ! p 8 & and p B & B!J and C& each double& orange yellow and sky blue! 0abih 'ajor and 0abih 'inor are the names of this so-called double& but telescopically multiple& star& taken from the title of the man)il of which& with a& it formed part!

The 2onstellations 8E8 These betas& with a& v& o& tt& and p farther to the south& were the BAth sieu of 2hina& :ieu& or 1een *ieu& the <x& anciently :gu& or <n& themselves being the determinants! The lunar asterism was in some way intimately connected in religious worship with the rearing of the silkworm in that country! The two stars mark the head of the Goat& the components BAJ" distant from each other& and each very closely double! The duplicity of 4T 8 was first recogni)ed in 8??T by .arnard from its behavior at an occultation by the moon& this discovery being soon verified and measured by %rofessor 3oung& :ough& and other observers! rV T!?! 1ashira is from #l Sa d al *aahirah& the Fortunate <ne& or the .ringer of Good Tidings& which the early #rabs applied to this when taken with C! Smyth gave it as SadubnOahirah I and the Standard 0ictionary repeats this as Saib *asch-ru-ah= .ayer had the later 0eneb #lgedi& the Tail of the Goat& that is more proper for 6I the #l4onsine Tables of 8JB 8& 0enebalchedi& which has degenerated to .eheddiI and the fine wall star-map of 0octor Ferdn! /euter& 0eneb #lgethiI but this is erroneous& and a confusion with the #rabian title for the constellation :ercules! y marked the BDth .abylonian ecliptic asterism& 'ahar aha hi-na Shahf;& the $estern <ne in the Tail of the Goat! $ith C& f& k and stars in #+uarius and %isces it was the 2hinese ;uy %ei 2hen& the "ntrenched 2amp! J& T!8! 0eneb #lgedi is the transcription by (lug .eg s translator of #l 0hanab al 6ady& the Tail of the Goat I changed to Soheddi in some lists& H a name also found for y! "deler said that these stars were #l 'uhibbain& the Two Friends& an #rabic allegorical title for any two closely associated objects I but .eigel differed with him as to this& and wrote it #l 'uhanaim& the Two .ending Stars& H in the flexure of the tail& H for " moral beings are foreign to the nomad sky!" "t marked the B?th ecliptic constellation of .abylonia& #rkat aha hi-na Shahfi& the 9astern <ne in the Tail of the Goat! JW to the eastward is the point announced by ;e 7errier 8 as the position 8 Flammarion& who was intimate with ;e 7errier& thinks that the latter never had the

curiosity to observe his planet through the telescope& strangely content with his mathematical achievement = #nd it is interesting to know that 0octor Galle& in his ?Jth year& in 8?@C received the congratulations of the astronomical world upon the JAth anniversary of the finding of *eptune!

8EB Star-*ames and their 'eanings of his predicted new planet& H *eptune& H where Galle& first assistant of the celebrated 9ncke at the .erlin <bservatory& under ;e 7errier s direction& visually discovered it on the BTd of September& 8?EC! "t had been suspected by .ouvard in 8?B8& and seen six times from France and 9ngland just previous to its discovery& but without knowledge of its character! f& F4& A& and t& Eth- and Jth-magnitude stars on the body& were respectively 3en& 2how& Ton& and Tae& names of old feudal states in 2hina! #& J!E& with f #+uarii and others near by& was 1en ;uy 2hing& the :eavenly $alled 2astleI and p& J!BE& was 1uh& $eeping& k and ji mark the extreme end of the tail! v& E!D& was 1a)wini s #l Shat& the Sheep that was to be slaughtered by the adjacent 0habih& the stars A! The following also seem to be named only in 2hina , v& J!T& marked ;oo Sieu& the ;ace-like asterism I A& J!T& and xV JPTV taken together were $ei& the name of one of the old feudal statesI 8U&E!T& was 3ne& a .attle-axI while the Jth-magnitudes #& b& and m also bore titles from feudal times of the states Tsoo& Tain& and 2haoi; .ayer gave #& b& and c as Tres ultimae 0eneb #lgedi I but :eis puts # in the right fore arm& b in the belly& and c H Flamsteed s EC H outside of and beyond the tail& in the ribs of #+uarius& thus showing a change of figuring in the past three centuries!

# place where 2assiopea sits within "nferior light& for all her daughter s sake! 'rs& .rowning s %araphrases on *onnut!

2asmopeta& or 2asefope& more correctly 2assiopeia& although variously written& is one of the oldest and popularly best known of our constellations& and her throne& " the shinie 2asseiopeia s chair" of Spenser s Faerie Gueen t is a familiar object to the most youthful observer! "t also is known as the 2elestial $ when below the pole& and the 2elestial ' when above it!

:yginus& writing the word 2assiepia& described the figure as bound to her seat& and thus secured from falling out of it in going around the pole head downward& H this particular spot in the sky having been selected by the

The 2onstellations 8ET +ueen s enemies& the sea-nymphs& to give her an effectual lesson in humility& for a location nearer the e+uator would have kept her nearly upright! #ratos said of this , She head foremost like a tumbler sits! :er outstretched legs also& for a woman accustomed to the fashions of the 9ast& must have added to her discomfort! 9uripides and Sophocles& of the fifth century before our era& wrote of her& while all the Greeks made much of the constellation& knowing it as 1aooie-rreia and : rov <povov& She of the Throne! .ut at one time in Greece it was the ;aconian 1ey& from its resemblance to that instrument& the invention of which was attributed in classical times to that peopleI 8 although %liny claimed this for Theodorus of Samos in 2aria& DTA b! c& whence came another title for our stars& 2arion! The learned :uetius M:uet& bishop of #vranches and tutor of the dauphin ;ouis Y7N more definitely said that this stellar key represented that described by :omer as sickleshaped in the wardrobe door of %enelope , # bra)en key she held& the handle turn d& $ith steel and polish d elephant adorned I and #ratos wrote of the constellation , 9 en as a folding door& fitted within $ith key& is thrown back when the bolts are drawn! .ut even "deler did not understand this simile& although the outline of the chief stars well shows the form of this early key! The /omans transliterated the Greek proper name as we still have it& but also knew 2assiopeia as 'ulier Sedis& the $oman of the 2hairI or simply as Sedes& +ualified by regalis or regia I and as Sella and Solium! .ayer s statement that 6uvenal called it 2athedra mollis was an error from a misreading of the original text! :yde s title "nthronata has been repeated by subse+uent authorsI and 2assiopeia s 2hair is the children s name for it now! The5 #rabians called it #l 0hat al 1ursiyy& the ;ady in the 2hair& H 2hilmead s 0hath #lenrsi& H the Greek proper name having no signification to them I but the early #rabs had a very different figure here& in no way

connected with the ;ady as generally is supposed& H their 1aff al :adib& 8 ;ocks and keys& however& were used at the siege of Troy I have been found in 9gyptian atacombs and sculptured on the walls of the Great Temple of 1arnak I disinterred from the places of 1horsabad near *ineveh I and twice mentioned in our <ld Testament& as early as 9hud s time in the .ook of 6udges& iii& BE and @J!

8EE Star-*ames and their 'eanings the large :and Stained with :enna& the bright stars marking the fingertips I although in this they included the nebulous group in the left hand of %erseus! 2hrysococca gave it thus in the ;ow Greek Yeip pefTapevTj I and it sometimes was the :and of& i! e! next to& the %leiades& while Smyth said that in #rabia it even bore the title of that group& #l Thurayya& from its comparatively condensed figure! The early #rabs additionally made Two 0ogs out of 2assiopeia and 2epheus& from which may have come .ayer s 2anis I but bis 2erva& a /oe& is not explained& although ;a ;ande asserted that the 9gyptian sphere of %etosiris had shown a 0eer to the north of the Fishes! #l Ti)ini imagined a 1neeling 2amel from some of its larger stars& whence the constellation s name Shnter found with #l *asr al 0in& and common for that animal in %ersia! The #lfonsine Tables and #rabo-;atin #lmagest described the figure as ha bens pal mam delibutamU :olding the 2onsecrated %alm& from some early drawing that is still continued I but how the palm& the classic symbol of victory and 2hristian sign of martyrdom& became associated with this heathen +ueen does not appear! Similarly ;a ;ande cited S(i+uastnun& the name for a tree of 6udaea& referring to the branch in the +ueen s hand! .ayer s :ebrew title for it& #ben 9)ra& was by a misreading of Scaliger s notes! ;a ;ande +uoted :arnaoaff from the 'etamorphoses of 7ishnu& but the later :indus said 2asyapi& evidently from the classical word! Grimm gives the ;ithuanian 6ostandis& from 6osta& a Girdle& although without explanation! #s the figure almost wholly lies in the 'ilky $ay& the 2elts fixed upon it as their ;lys 0on& the :ome of 0on& their king of the fairies and father of the mythical character G wydyon& 8 who gave name to that great circle! Schiller s $allenstein y as versified by 2oleridge& has That one $hite stain of light& that single glimmering yonder& "s from 2assiopeia& and therein "s 6upiter H

a blunder on the part of the translator that has pu))led many& as " therein " should be " beyond " or " in that direction&" but even then what did the poet have in mind F "n early 2hinese astronomy our constellation was 1o Taou according to $illiams& although /eeves limited that title to the smaller v& f& o& and tt& with 8 Gwydyon has been identified with the classical :ermes-'ercury& the reputed inventor of writing& a practitioner in magic and builder of the rainbow!

The 2onstellations 8EJ the definition of a %orch- way I but later on its prominent stars were $ang ;iang& a celebrated charioteer of the Tsin 1ingdom about EDA b! c! #s a stellar figure in 9gypt /enouf identified it with the ;eg& thus mentioned in the .ook of the 0ead& the .ible of 9gypt& that most ancient ritual& EAAA years old or more , :ail& leg of the northern sky in the large visible basin! #nd in some constellated form its stars un+uestionably were well known on the 9uphrates with the rest of the /oyal Family& and shown there on seals! The earthly 2assiopeia ought to have been black& and is so described by 'ilton in his verses of 44 %enseroso on That starr d 9thiop Gueen that strove To set her beauty s praise above The Sea- nymphs I while ;andseer with the same idea called her 2nshiopeia& the Gueen of 2ush& or 1ush& but the ;ey den 'anuscript makes her of fair complexion& lightly clad& upright and unbound in a very uncomfortable chair I and such is the generaK representation! .ut in the 8Dth-century reconstruction of sky figures in the interests of religion& our 2assiopeia became 'ary 'agdaleneI or 0eborah sitting in judgment under her palm tree in 'ount 9phraim I5 or .athaheba& the mother of Solomon& worthy to sit on the royal throne! The astrologers said that it partook of the nature of Saturn and 7enus! %rofessor 3oung gives the word .agdei as a help to memori)ing the order of the chief components from their letters A& a& y& d& e& 8 I the last being the uppermost when the figure is on the hori)on& hanging head downwards! 2assiopeia lies between 2epheus& #ndromeda& and %erseus& #rgelander cataloguing C? stars here& but :eis& 8BCI and the constellation is rich in clusters!

<;& 'ultiple and slightly variable& B!B to B!?& pale rose! ?ehedar is first found in the #l4onsine Tables& and was Sehedir with :eveliusI Shadar& Schedar& Shedar& Sheder& Seder& Shedis& >edaron& etc!& elsewhereI and all supposed to be from #l Sadr& the .reast& which the star marks in the figure! Some& however& have asserted that they are from the %ersian Shuter for the constellation! (lug .eg called it #l 0hat al 1ursiyy from the whole& which /iccioli changed to .ath 9lkarti 8A

8EC Star-*ames and their 'eanings Smyth said that it was known as ;uoida 2aasiopea& H a matter-of-fact statement& as the brightest star in any sky figure is the lucida! .irt noticed its variability in 8?T8& which is now determined as in a period of about D@ days& although irregular! "t culminates on the 8?th of *ovember! .urnham has discovered two additional faint companions& the nearest iD I4 !J away, the companion first known& a smalt blue star& having been found by Sir $illiam :erschel& in 8D?8& CT" away! a& A& @D& and k were the 2hinese 3uh ;ang& or $ang ;eang!

ST& B!E& white! 2aph& 2haph& or 1aff& on the upper right-hand corner of the chair& are from the #rabic title of the constellation I but #l Ti)ini designated the star as #l Sanam al *akah& the 2amel s :ump& referring to the contemporaneous %ersian figure! $ith a #ndromedae and y %egasi& as the Three Guides& it marks the e+uinoctial colure& itself exceedingly close to that great circleI and& being located on the same side of the pole as is %olaris& it always affords an approximate indication of the latter s position with respect to that point! This same location& TB from the pole& and very near to the prime meridian& has rendered it useful for marking sidereal time! $hen above %olaris and nearest the )enith the astronomical day begins at o hours& o minutes& and o secondsI when due west the sidereal time is C hoursI when south and nearest the hori)on& 8B hours& and when east& 8? hoursI this celestial clockhand thus moving on the heavenly dial contrary to the motion of the hands of our terrestrial clocks& and at but one half the speed! .eta s parallax& o"!iC& indicates a distance of BA light years!

6ust north of it is an especially bright patch in the 'ilky $ay! $hen first #l #araf knew her course to be :eadlong thitherward o er the starry sea! 9dgar #llan %oc s #l #araf! #bout J to the west-northwest of 2aph& ijEW distant from P& and forming a parallelogram with 2aph& y and a& appeared& in 8JDB& a famous nova visible in full daylight and brighter than 7enus at perigee! %oe s name for it is from the #rabians #l <rf& H in the plural #l #raf& H their temporary abode of spirits midway between :eaven and :ell& and so applicable to this temporary star! This object was known for two centuries

The 2onstellations 8ED after its appearance as the Stranger& or the %ilgrim& Star& and the Star in the 2hayre& but by us as Tycho s Star& although it was first noticed by Schuler at $ittenberg in %russia& on the Cth of #ugust I again at #ugsburg by :ain)el& and at $interthur& Swit)erland& by ;indauer& on the Dth of *ovemberI and on the @th by 2ornelius Gemma& who called it the *ew 7enn5! 'aurolycus began its systematic study at 'essina on the ?th& while Tycho did not see it till the nth& at the time of its greatest brilliancyI but his published account of it in 8CAB& in his #stronomiae "nstauratae %roegymnasmata& has caused his name to be identified with it! "ts lustre began to wane in the following 0ecember& and it was inserted in the /udolphine Tables as " *ova anni 8JDB " of the Cth magnitude& to which it had at that time decreased! "t disappeared entirely in 'arch& 8JDE& so far as could then be known! This nova is said to have incited Tycho to the compilation of his starcatalogue& as that of seventeen centuries earlier may have been the occasion of the catalogue of :ipparchos! #t all events& it created a great commotion in its time& and induced .e)a s celebrated prediction of the second coming of 2hrist& 8 as it was considered a reappearance of the Star of .ethlehem! The statement that this star appeared in @EJ and 8BCE rests upon the very doubtful authority of the .ohemian astrologer 2yprian ;eowit)& and is not credited by our modern astronomersI although $illiams asserts that a large comet was seen in the latter year near 2assiopeia! The reddish 8AU -magnitude& known as . 2assiopeiae& singularly variable in its light& is now to be seen o !? from the spot assigned by #rgelander to the star of 8JDB& and is thought possibly to be identical with it! The 2hinese recorded Tycho s nova as 1o Sing& the Guest Star!

3V .inary& B and 88& brilliant white&

in 2assiopeia s girdle& was the 2hinese Trih& a $hip! This was the first star discovered to contain bright lines in its spectrum& Hby Secchi in 8??C& H and so is of much interest to astronomers! The spectrum is peculiarly variable& as also is its light! The components are B"!i apart& at a position angle of BJJW!B& and there has been no change in angle or distance since measured by .urnham in 8???! # telescope of high power shows several minute companions! 8 "n the same way the comet of 8?ET confirmed the 'illerites in their belief in the immediate destruction of the world!

8E? Star-*ames and their 'eanings is .uohtah& sometimes .uoba and .ucbar& from #l /ukbah& the 1nee! "t was utili)ed by %icard in France& in 8CC@& in determining latitudes during his measure of an arc of the meridian& H the first use of the telescope for geodetic purposes! e& of T!C magnitude& nearer the foot& also has borne the title .nohbah! Q of the Eth& and #& of the Jth magnitude& marking the face& were the 2hinese Foo ;oo& a .y-path! Tfy .inary& E and D!J& orange and violet& very near o& is one of the finest objects in the sky for a moderate-si)ed telescopeI and& although unnamed& it is worth noting that the components were J" apart in 8?@B& at a position angle of 8@T & their period being about BAA years! The parallax is o"!iJ according to StroveI or e"!EJ according to 0avis5 measures of /utherfurd s photographs! "t is certainly a neighbor& and probably the nearest to us of all the stars in this constellation! @ F E!E& and 4i& Triple& J!8& 8A!J& and 88& deep yellow& blue& and ruddy! The #rabians knew these as #l 'aifiU& the 9lbow& where they lie I and the 2entury 2yclopedia gives 'arOk as a present title for either star! fi has the great proper motion of T"!? annually& a rate that will carry it around the heavens in TAA&AAA years!

The ramping 2entaur = The 2entaur s arrow ready seems to pierce Some enemy I far forth his bow is bent

"nto the blue of heaven! 6ohn 1eats 9ndymum! 2enfaurus& tLe 2entaur& is from the 1tvravpos that #ratos used& probably from earlier times& for it was a universal title with the GreeksI but he also called it "mrord 5jyp& the :orseman .east& the customary term for a centaur in the 9pic and #eoltc dialects! This& too& was the special designation of the classical %holos& son of Silenus and 'elia&and the hospitable one of the family& who died in con-

The 2onstellations 8E@ se+uence of exercising this virtue toward :ercules! #pollodorus tells us that the latter s gratitude caused this centaur s transformation to the sky as our constellation& with the fitting designation 9vuevrjg& $ell-disposed! 9ratosthenes asserted that the stellar figure represented Yeipuv& a title that& in its transcribed forms 2hiron and 2hyron& was in fre+uent poetical use in classical times& and is seen in astronomical works even to "deler s day! This has appropriately been translated the :andy <ne& a rendering that well agrees with this 2entaur s reputation! :e was the son of 2hronos and the ocean nymph %hilyra& who was changed after his birth into a ;inden tree& whence %hilyrides occasionally was applied to the constellationI although a variant story made him %hililyrides& the son of %hililyra& the ;yre-loving& from whom he inherited his skill in music! :e was imagined as of mild and noble look& very different from the threatening aspect of the centaur SagittariusI and Saint 2lement of #lexandria wrote of him that he first led mortals to righteousness! :is story has been thought in some degree historic& even by Sir "saac *ewton! #s the wisest and most just of his generally lawless race he was beloved by #pollo and 0iana& and from their teaching became proficient in botany and music& astronomy& divination& and medicine& and instructor of the most noted heroes in Grecian legend! 'atthew #rnold wrote of him in 9mpcdocks on 9tna, <n %elion& on the grassy ground& 2hiron& the aged 2entaur lay& The young #chilles standing by! The 2entaur taught him to explore The mountains where the glens are dry #nd the tired 2entaurs come to rest& #nd where the soaking springs abound! :e told him of the Gods& the stars& The tides! "ndeed he was the legendary inventor of the constellations& as we see in 0yer s poem DDi_r Fleece,

;ed by the golden stars as 2hiron s art :ad marked the sphere celestial I and the father of :ippo& mentioned by 9uripides as foretelling events from the stars! The story of %holos is repeated for 2hiron , that& being accidentally wounded by one of the poisoned arrows of his pupil :ercules& the 2entaur renounced his immortality on earth in favor of the Titan %rometheus& and ias raised to the sky by 6ove! :is name and profession are yet seen in 8A5

iLo Star-*ames and their 'eanings the mediaeval medicinal plants 2entaurea& the 2entaury& and the still earlier 2hironeion! %rometheus evidently inherited 2hiron s astronomical attainments& as well as his immortality& for #eschylus& who thought him the founder of civili)ation and " full of the most devoted love for the human race&" made him say in %rometheus .ound, " instructed them to mark the stars& Their rising& and& a harder science yet& Their setting! The conception of a centaur s figure with :omer& :esiod& and even with .erossos& probably was of a perfect human form& %indar being the first to describe it as semi-ferine& and since his day the human portion of the 2entaur has been terminated at the waist and the hind +uarters of a horse added! $illiam 'orris thus pictured him in his ;ife and 0eath of 6ason, at last in sight the 2entaur drew& # mighty grey horse trotting down the glade& <ver whose back the long grey locks were laid& That from his reverend head abroad did flow I For to the waist was man& but all below # mighty horse& once roan& but now well-nigh white $ith lapse of years I with oak-wreaths was he dight $here man joined unto horse& and on his head :e wore a gold crown& set with rubies red& #nd in his hand he bare a mighty bow& *o man could bend of those that battle now! Some ancient artists and mythologists changed these hind +uarters to those of a bull& thus showing the 'inotaur& and on the 9uphrates it was considered a complete .nl; The #rabians drew the stellar figure with the

hind parts of a .ear& but adopted the Greek title in their #l 1entaurw& that has been considered as the original of the otherwise inexplicable Taraapo)& used in /eduan s 2ommentary for our constellation! Some of the 2entaur s stars& with those of ;upus& were known to the early #rabs as #l 1adb al 1ara& the 7ine .ranch I and again as #l Shamarifi& the broken-off %alm .ranches loaded with dates which 1a)wini described as held out in the 2entaur s hands! This degenerated into #semarik& and perhaps was the origin of .ayer s word #smeat :e also had #lbe)eI and /iccioli& #lbe))e and #lbi))e& H unintelligible unless from the #rabic #l $a)n& $eight& that was sometimes applied to a and A! :yde is our authority for another title Mfrom #lbumasarN& .irdun& the %ack-horse!

The 2onstellations 8J8 %tolemy described the figure with ;upus in one hand& and the Thyrsus in the other& marked by four Eth-magnitude stars& of which only two can now be found I this Thyrsus being formed& Geminos said& into a separate constellation by :ipparchos as <vpoohoy1og& H in the 'anitius text as <vpooL& H and %liny wrote of it in the same way& but their selection of such small stars seems remarkable! The 2entaur faces the east& and the Farnese globe shows him pointing with left hand to the .east and the adjacent circular #ltarI but in the :yginus of 8E?? the .east is in his outstretched hands& the :are on the spear& and a canteen at his waist I the #lfonsine Tables have the Thyrsus in his right hand and ;upus held by the fore foot in his left& which was the #rabian idea! The ;eyden 'anuscript gives a striking delineation of him with shaven face& but with heavy mustache M=N& bearing the spear with the :are dangling from the head& and a 1id& instead of the .east& held out in his hands towards the #ltar& the usual libation carried in the canteen! .ayer shows the 2entaur with ;upusI .urritt has him in a position of attack& with the spear in his right hand and the shield on his left arm& the Thyrsus and vase of libation depicted on it I Grotius calling this portion of the constellation #nna! The 2entury 0ictionary illustrates a .acchic wand with the spear! "n /ome the constellation was 2entaurus& the duplici 2entaurus imagine of 'anilius& and the Geminus bifbrmis of GermanicusI 'inotaurusI Semi 7ir& the :alf 'an& and Semi Fer& the :alf .eastI %elenor and %elethronius from the mountain home of the centaurs in ThessalyI #cris 7enator& the Fierce :unter j and 7ergil had Sonipes& the *oisy-footed! The #lfonsine Tables designated it as Sagittarius tenens pateram seu crateram to distinguish it from the other Sagittarius with the more appropriate bow! /obert /ecorde& in 8JJ8& had the 2entanre 2hiron& but 'ilton& in 8CCD& wrote 2entaur for the )odiac figure& as so many others have done before and since his day I in fact& Sagittarius undoubtedly was the original 2entaur

and from the 9uphrates& the 2entaur of the South probably being of Greek conception! .ut in the classical age confusion had arisen among the unscientific in the nomenclature of the two figures& this continuing till nowI much that we find said by one author for the one appearing with another author for the other! 0uring the 8Dth century& however& distinction was made by 9nglish authors in calling this the Great 2entanre! "n some mediaeval 2hristian astronomy it typified *oah& but 6ulius Schiller changed the figure to #braham with "saac I and 2aesius likened it to ffetraohadre))ar when " he did eat grass as oxen!" This is one of the largest constellations& more than CoW in length& its

8JB Star-*ames and their 'eanings centre about JA south of the star Spica below :ydra s tailI but #ratos located it entirely under the Scorpion and the 2laws& an error that :ipparchos critici)ed! "t shows in the latitude of *ew 3ork 2ity only a few of its components in the bust& of which A& a variable BMi-magnitude on the right shoulder& is visible in 6une about 8B above the hori)on when on the meridian& and BD southeast from Spica& with no other star of similar brightness in its vicinity! "t was this that %rofessor 1linkerfues of Gottingen mentioned in his telegram to the 'adras <bservatory& on the TAth of *ovember& 8?DB& in reference to the lost .iela comet which he thought had touched the earth three days previously and might be found in the direction of this star! 8 on the left shoulder& a BKE -magnitude& is about nW west of to! Gould s list contains T?@ naked-eye stars in this constellation! <ne of the remarkable nebulae of the heavens& *! G! 2& T@8?& was discovered here by Sir 6ohn :erschel& who called it the .ine %lanetary& " very like (ranus& only half as large again!" # Dth-magnitude nova that appeared in 2entaurus between the 8Eth of 6une and the ?th of 6uly& 8?@J& has changed since its discovery to a gaseous nebula& as has been the case with recent novae in #uriga& 2ygnus& and *orma!

] .inary& A!B and 8!J& white and yellowish! .aily s edition of (lug .eg s catalogue gives this as /igil 1entaurus& from #l 1ijl al 1entaurus& the 2entaur s Foot I describing it as on the toe of the right front hoof& and .ayer so illustrated it! 2hrysococca had the synonymous ttovc 1ovrovpoFI and our 2entury 0ictionary retains /igel& although this is better known for the bright star in <rion! .urritt located on the left fore hoof a Eth-magnitude star that he wrongly lettered aI and

above the pastern our ist-magnitude& also lettered a& with the title .ungulft& which " find only with him and the Standard 0ictionary! :e gives no explanation of this& nor can " trace it furtherI it may be a word specially coined by .urritt from jT and ungula& the hoof& although even in this the letter is wrong! "deler said that a and also have been the #rabic :adar& Ground& and $a)n& $eight& as is explained at the star AI but he seemed at a loss as to the proper assignment of these words& although inclining to :adar for jT! These two stars were among the much discussed #l 'uhlifain described at y #rgus and C 2anis 'ajoris! #lpha s splendor naturally made it an object of worship on the *ile& and

The 2onstellations 8JT its first visible emergence from the sun s rays& in the morning at the autumnal e+uinox& has been connected by ;ockyer with the orientation of at least nine temples in northern 9gypt dating from T?AA to BJDJ b! c& and of several in southern 9gypt from TDAA b! c! onward! #s such object of worship it seems to have been known as Serk-t! "t bore an important part& too& in southern 2hina as the determinant of the stellar division :an 'un& the South Gate! a lies in the 'ilky $ay& CoW south of the celestial e+uator& culminating with #rcturus& but is invisible from north of the B@th parallel! "t is of the greatest interest to astronomers& being& so far as is now known& the nearest to our system of all the stars& although more than BDJ&AAA times the distance of the earth from the sun& H @B&?@B&AAA miles& H and 8AA millions of times the distance from the earth to the moon& H BT?&?EA miles! "ts parallax& first taken at the 2ape of Good :ope by :enderson in 8?T@& and later by Gill and 9lkin& and now fixed at o"!DS& shows a distance e+ual to that traveled by light in EU years! $e can better reali)e the immensity of this distance from %rofessor 3oung s statement that if the line from the earth to the sun s centre be represented as B8J feet long& one to this star would be ?AAA milesI and from Sir 6ohn :erschel s illustration , to drop a pea at the end of every mile of a voyage on a limitless ocean to the nearest fixed star& would re+uire a fleet of 8A&AAA ships of CAA tons burthen& each starting with a fall cargo of peas! The nicety of parallactic observation& too& is shown by the fact that "an angle of B" is that in which a circle of -ft- of an inch in diameter would be seen at the distance of a mile!" $ere our sun removed to the distance of a 2entauri& its diameter of

?CC&EAA miles would subtend an angle of only &-6- s of a second of arc& of course utterly inappreciable with the largest telescopeI and if seen from that star& would appear as a Bd-magnitude near the chair of 2assiopeia! o was first discovered to be double by /ichaud at %ondicherry& "ndia& in 8C?@I 0(t there seems discrepancy in the magnitudes respectively attributed to the components! 9arly astronomers thought the lesser star& a 8 & a EthmagnitudeI even recently Gould has estimated it as TU I yet 'iss Gierke writes& " the lesser& though emitting only Q as much light as its neighbour& is still fully entitled to rank as of the 8st magnitude"I all of which may indicate an increase of brilliancy since its observation began! Together they give nearly four times as much light as the sun& while their mass is double that of the latter!

8JE Star-*ames and their 'eanings The period of orbital revolution is about eighty-one years I the position angle in 8?@D& BA? I and they now are B8"! J apart& H about BDAA millions of miles& H and yet connected = This distance is increasing! Their proper motion& T I4 !D annually& or about EEC millions of miles across the line of vision& will carry them to the Southern 2ross in 8B&AAA years! The spectrum of a B & the larger star& is midway between the Sirian and Solar! ] 8!B! .urritt located this near the right fore leg& calling it #gena& but gave no meaning or derivation of the word& and " have not found it elsewhereI .ayer placed it on the left hind +uarter! :adar and $a)n& Ground and $eight& seem to have been applied without much definiteness to a and jT of this constellation& and to stars in #rgo! 2olumba& and 2anis 'ajor& probably on account of their proximity to the hori)onI the meridian altitude of jT& 8AAA years ago at 2airo& in TA oM north latitude& being only E ! :yde& however& said that a and y were the stars referred to by these #rabic titles! The 2hinese call jT 'ah Fuh& the :orse s .elly! This and a are the Southern %ointers& i! c! towards the Southern 2ross& often regarded as the 2ynosure of the southern hemisphere! The .ushmen of South #frica knew them as Two 'en that once were ;ions I and the #ustralian natives as Two .rothers who speared Tchingal to death& the eastern stars of the 2ross being the spear points that pierced his body! y& B!E& that .ayer placed on the right fore foot& with r& E!E& were the

early 2hinese 1oo ;ow& an #rsenal TowerI and C& B!?& was the later Yft $ei& the :orse s Tail! The early e& Q& v& and Q B & the four 0ictis a nautis 2ro)iers of : alley s catalogue& are the Southern 2ross I f probably being #l Ti)ini s #l :air al .atn al 1entaurus& the .right <ne in the 2entaur s .elly!

@& 0ouble and variable& B!B to B!D and 8E!T& red and bluish& appears in the 2entury 2yclopedia as 2hort& an error from the editor s writing 2entauri for ;eonis& this letter and title really belonging to C ;eonis& on the hind +uarter of the ;ion near the /ibs& that the #rabic :-ilitan signifies! C in this constellation marks the left shoulder of the figure! :arvard observers at #re+uipa have reported an ?th-magnitude com-

The 2onstellations 8JJ panion T" away& at a position angle of 8?A ! See does not find this at the ;owell observatoriesI but in 8?@D discovered the companion noted in the heading& about DA" away& at a position angle of iB?W!C! "n 2hina k! was 1e Ywan& a 2avalry <fficer I p& v& and _p were $ei& the .alanceI i& g& #& `fN& and #& with another adjacent& were 2hoo& a %illarI and some small stars near the foot of the 2ross were :ae Shan& the Sea and the 'ountain! The letter uV was applied by .ayer to a ha)y Eth-magnitude star in into dorso of the human part of the figure& which :alley& in 8CDD& inserted in his catalogue as a nebula I but at Feldhausen& on the 2ape of Good :ope& the better telescope of Sir 6ohn :erschel showed it as " a noble globular cluster& beyond all comparison the richest and largest in the heavens!" This appears absolutely round& BA in diameter& and contains many thousands of 8Tth- to iJth-magnitude starsI while its uniform structure indicates that it may be among the youngest of its class! "t is the *! G! 2! J8T@& and has been splendidly photographed by .ailey at #re+uipa& showing CTTC stars& among which he finds 8BB variables! "t comes to the meridian on the 8st of 6une& about TC south of Spica& but is invisible from north of the TEth parallel!

1epheus is like one who stretches forth both hands! .rown 5 #ratos!

2eLeuA& the French 2CphCe and the "talian 2efeo& is shown in royal robes& with one foot on the pole& the other on the solstitial colure& his head marked by a triangle& the Eth-magnitudes C& e& and QI y and k& near the knees& forming an e+uilateral triangle with %olaris I and almost universally has been drawn as #ratos described in the motto! Some see in his stars a large 1 open towards 2assiopeia& H e& f& f & jT& and 4c& with v and y! #chilles Tatios& probably of our Jth century& claimed that the constellation was known in 2haldaea twenty-three centuries before our era& when the earthly 1ing was recogni)ed in that country s myths as the son of .elos& of whom %liny wrote& "nventor hie fuit sideralis scientiae!

8JC Star-*ames and their 'eanings "n Greek story& like so many other stellar personages& 2epheus was connected with the #rgonautic expedition! The figure bore our title among all early astronomers and classic authors& but Germanicus added "aiides from the laotdao of #ratosI *onnus had #vfjp fiaaikTfibg from his royal station& which became 7ir regini and even /egnlus! <thers said that he was the aged *ereui and thus also .enex ae+noreiu& and others strangely called it 6nvenis ae+uoieus! 2antans& Sonans& and 7ociferans show early confusion with the not far distant .ootesI while 0ominui solis& Flammiger& "nflammatus& and "ncenms are fiery epithets that do not seem appropriate for so faint a figure& unless originating from the fable that the tables of the Sun were spread in #ethiopia& the land where 2epheus reigned when on earth! Some one& however& has suggested that they are from the fact that his head is surrounded and illuminated by the 'ilky $ay& although itself in an entirely bare spot in that great circle of light! This appeared in :orace s lines, 2larus occultum #ndromedae pater <stendit ignem! 2epheus is an inconspicuous constellation& but evidently was highly regarded in early times as the father of the /oyal Family& and his story well known in Greek literature of the Jth century before 2hrist! The name 1rjfavc& compared by .rown to 1hufu of Great %yramid fame& was the source of many +ueer titles from errors in #rabic transcription H first into 1ifaui& 1ikaufi& 1ankans I later into Fikaui& Fifaui& and Ficares& or %hictret& its usual designation in %ersia& and %hicarus! 2hilmead suggested that %hicares was a %hoenician title e+uivalent to Flammiger& and identical with "lvpica9vg& the Fire-kindler& which& transliterated as %irchaeus& has been used for these stars! ;ater on in astronomical literature we find 2aieani& 2eginufl& 2eiohins& 2hegnins& 2hegninus& 2heguinns& and 2hiphus& some of which also are seen for .ootes! The later :indus knew 2epheus as 2apuja& adopted from Greece I but

:ewitt claims that with their prehistoric ancestors it represented 1api& the #pe-God& when its stars a and y were the respective pole-stars of B8AAA and 8@AAA b! c! 0unkin derives our title from the #ethiopic :yk& a 1ing& but the connection with #ethiopia probably can only be allowed by considering that country the #sian #ethiopia& for our 2epheus is un+uestionably of 9uphratean origin! Still .ayer s illustration of it is that of a typical #frican! "n 2hina& somewhere within this constellation s boundaries& was the ;ffitf Throne of the Five 9mperors!

The 2onstellations 8JD #rabian astronomers translated "nflammatus into #l 'ultahabI but the nomads knew 2epheus& or at least some of its stars& as #l #ghnam& the Sheep& and thus associated with the supposed Fold& a large figure around the pole very visible traces of which appear in the nomenclature of components of this and other circumpolar constellations! .ayer specified certain of these& H ri& A& y& 5& DD& and p& H as the Shepherd& his 0og& and the Sheep I but Smyth alluded to the whole of 2epheus as the 0og& 2assiopeia being his mate! /iccioli +uoted from 1ircher& as to these& the #rabic "9aar& 1elds O San , nempe %astorem& 2anem& <ves" more correctly transcribed /ai` 1alb& and Sham! # translator of #l Ferghani s l 9lements of #stronomy called the constellation #l 9adif& the Follower& which may have come by some misunderstanding from the near-by #l /idf in the tail of the Swan& for 2epheus does not seem ever to have been known by any such title! The early #rabs 1idr& the %ot& was formed by the circle of small stars from f and r` on the hand of our figure extending to the wing of the Swan! "n the place of 2epheus& 2aesius wished to substitute 1ing Solomon& or >erah& the #ethiopian& whom 1ing #sa overthrew& as told in the Bd .ook of the 2hronicles& xiv& @-8BI but 6ulius Schiller said that it should be Saint

#rgelander gives ?? naked-eye componentsI :eis& 8J@!

ft& B!J& white! #lderamin& from #l 0eraimin of the #lfonsine Tables of 8JB 8& originally was #l 0hira al 3amin& the /ight #rm& but it now marks that shoulder! .ayer wrote it " #deraimin corrupte #lderamin " I Schickard& #dderoiaminonI #ssemani& #lderal jemin I while elsewhere we find #l 0erab& #l 0eraf& #lredaQ and #lredat 1a)wini mentioned it as #l Firk& but& although thus found on the .orgian globe& "deler thinks it a mistake of that author& as a

single star cannot represent a Flock& which #l Firk signifies! (lug .eg more appropriately called a& A& and r` #l 1awakib al Firk& the Stars of the Flock& although by this last word a :erd of #ntelopes may be intended! a culminates on the BDth of September! "t will be the %olaris of the year DJAAI while midway between it and a 2ygni lies the north polar point of the planet 'ars! 8 This author was #ben al 1hethir of Fergana in Sogdiana& prominent in gth-century astronomy and much +uoted from the 8Cth to the )?th centuries as #lfergan& #lferganus& #lfragani& and #lfraganus! :is work& a valuable one for its day& was translated with notes by Golius Mthe 0utch 6akob GohlN& and published after the latter s death in 8CC@!

8J? Star-*ames and their 'eanings p @ 0ouble& T!L and ?& white and blue! #lfirk is now current for this star& although originally given to aI and Ficares is occasionally seen& from one of the degenerated names for the whole constellation that also may have been applied by the #rabs to others of its brighter stars! The components are about 8E" apart& and the position angle is BJ 8W! TV T-JV yellow! 9rrai of the %alermo and 9r /ai of other catalogues& but sometimes #mi& is from #l 9ai& the Shepherd& a title indigenous to #rabia! "n 2hina it was Shaou $ei& a 'inor Guard! y now marks the left knee of the 1ing& and will be the pole-star of BCAA years hence! c6& e& v& and f& of about the Eth magnitude& were the 2hinese Tsaon Foo& a charioteer of 'u $ang& the Jth emperor of the 2how dynasty& JTC b! c C is a noted double& the yellow and blue components E8" apart& at a position angle of 8@B ! The smaller is of the Dth magnitude& but the larger varies from T!D to E!@ in a period of iof days! This was discovered by Goodricke 8 in 8D?EI and .elopolsky thinks it a spectroscopic binary& the period of revolution e+ualing the period of variation! From its neighborhood radiate the 2epheid meteors& visible from the 8Ath to the B?th of 6une! Surrounding rf& e& f& and #& which mark the 1ing s head& is a vacant space within the southern edge of the 'ilky $ay similar to the 2oal-sacks of the *orthern and Southern 2ross!

r` and A& Eth-magnitude stars on and near the right wrist& mark #l 1idr! 5& a double star& E!E and ?!J& is the 2hinese Shang $ei& the :igher Guard! The components are yellow and blue& D"! J apart& at a position angle of 8BE ! d#& "rregularly variable& E MFN to J MFN& garnet& about J east of the head of 2epheus& is Sir $illiam :erschel s celebrated Garnet Star& and so entered by %ia))i in the %alermo 2atalogue& yet strangely omitted from Flamsteed s list& perhaps owing to its variability! This& suspected by :ind in 8?E?& was confirmed by #rgelander! 8 6ohn Goodricke of 3ork& 9ngland& is still remembered in the astronomy of the lastcentun as a diligent and successful observer of variable stars& although he was a deaf-mute and died at the early age of BB years!

The 2onstellations 8J@ "t is one of the deepest-colored stars visible to the naked eye& and comparison with the near-by a will show its peculiar tint& which& however& sometimes changes to orange! sF .inary& E!J and D& blue! 1a)wini called this #l 1urhah& an #rabic word that "deler translated as a white spot& or bla)e& in the face of a horse I but thinking this not a proper stellar name& suggested #l 9irdah& the #pe! :e seems here& however& to have forgotten #l :ik ah of <rion& of the same meaning as that to which he objected! The components are D" apart& and their position angle is B?J ! p& a Jth-magnitude& was #l 1alb al /ai& the Shepherd s 0og& guarding the 1lock shown by a& A& and tjI O& #& and v& with others between the feet and %olaris& were #l #ghnam& the Sheep& apparently separated from the Flock! v 8 and v B & Jth-magnitude stars& are given by .ayer& under the title <astula& as from *onius& e+uivalent to Taivia& the Front of the Garment& which they mark! Sundry small members of this constellation and 2amelopardalis were the 2hinese :wa 1ae& the State (mbrella!

To 2erberus too a place is given H :is home of old was far from heaven!

Guoted in Smyth s .edford 2atalogue! 2ttlkt(. is the "talian 2erbero& Secchi associating it with 9amo& the .ranch& and the French combining both in the title /amean et 2erbere! This sub-constellation& a former adjunct of :ercules& but now entirely disregarded by astronomers& is supposed to have originated with :evelius in his Firmamentum Sobiescianum& although Flammarion asserts that it was on the sphere of 9udoxos with the .ranch! The Eth- to Jth-magnitude stars that :evelius assigned to it are Flamsteed s @T& @J& @C& and 8A@& lying half-way between the head of :ercules and the head of the Swan!

8CA Star-*ames and their 'eanings The royal poet 6ames " designated the infernal 2erberus as "the thrie headed porter of hell&" and the heavenly one has been so figured& although with serpents darting tongues I but the abode and task of the creature would seem to render very inappropriate his transfer to the sky& so that it probably was only made for the purpose of mythological completeness& as the death of this watch- dog of :ades fitly rounded out the circle of :ercules twelve labors! <thers have said that the figure typified the serpent destroyed by the :ero while it was infesting the country around Taenarum& the 'etuttov of Greece& the modern 2ape 'atapan! Some of the stars of 2erberus were known in 2hina as Too Sie& the .utcher s Shop I and others as 'een Too& a 2loth 'easure!

The south wind brings her foe The <cean beast! .rown s # rates!

2etue& iSVt T9fldfe& or Qfca Mtttonef er& is the French .aleine& the "talian .alaena& and the German $allflw; This constellation has been identified& at least since #ratos day& with the fabled creature sent to devour #ndromeda& but turned to stone at the sight of the 'edusa s head in the hand of %erseus! 9+ually veracious additions to the story& from %liny and Solinus& are that the monster s bones were brought to /ome by Scaurus& the skeleton measuring forty feet in length

and the vertebrae six feet in circumference I from Saint 6erome& who wrote that he had seen them at Tyre I and from %ausanias& who described a nearby spring that was red with the monster s blood! .ut the legend in which 2etus figured seems to have been current on the 9uphrates long before our era I and& descending to 9uripides and Sophocles& appeared in their dramas& as also in much subse+uent literature! For its stellar title the Greeks usually followed #ratos and 9ratostheneV in 1rjTog & but they also had <p_fVig& <pGog& and <pUwf& some species of

The 2onstellations 8C8 cetacean I and the e+uivalent npfjartg and (piartg& 8 from nprjdetv& to blow or spout& the common habit of the animal! The last word& variously transliterated& was common for the constellation with /oman authors& appearing as %ristis& %ristix& and %utrix& +ualified by the adjectives aus(r& *ereiaV 6eraU *eptunia& ae+uorta& and s+uammigera! 2etus& however& has been the usual title from the days of 7itruvius& varied by 2ete with the 8Dth-century astronomical writers& although the stellar figure is unlike any whale known to )oology! The :arleian B and ;eyden 'anuscripts show it with greyhound head& ears& and fore legs& but with a long& trident tail I the whole& perhaps& modeled after the ancient bas-relief of %erseus and #ndromeda in the *aples 'useum! "t is found thus on the Farnese globe& and this figuring may have given rise to& or originated from& the early title that ;a ;ande cited& 2anis Tritonis& his own 2hien de 'er! .ut the :yginus of 8E?? has a dolphinlike creature with proboscis and tusks& all imitated in the edition of 8JTJ by 'icyllus I and 0iirer still further varied the shape of the head and front parts! Thus in these& as& in fact& in all delineations& it has been a strange and ferocious marine creature& in later times associated with the story of #ndromeda& and at first& perhaps& was the 9uphratean Tiamat& of which other forms were 0raco& :ydra& and Serpens I indeed& some have thought that our 0raco was #ndromeda s foe because of its proximity to the other characters of the legend! .ut as an alternative signification of the word 1r4roc is Tunny& T also a signification of Ye#tdovtac& applied to the *orthern Fish of the )odiac& it is not unlikely that the latter figure should be substituted in the story for the time-honored $hale! 2etus is sometimes represented swimming in the /iver 9ridanus& although usually as resting on the bank with fore paws in the water I its head& directly under #ries& marked by an irregular pentagon of stars& and its body stretching from the bend in 9ridanus to that in the Stream from the (rn! "t occupies a space of JA in length by BA in breadth& and so is one of the most

extended of the sky figures I yet it shows no star larger than of the Bd magnitude& and only one of that lustre! l This word is seen in more modem days in the %hysetere that /abelais used! B This is the famous *o! CED of the :arleian 2ollection of manuscripts in the .ritish 'useum& from /obert :arley& the first earl of <xford! "t is an illuminated copy of 2icero s translation of the %hainomena& and has been reproduced and annotated by <ttley in the BCth volume of #rchaeologia for 8?TE& its editor supposing it to be from the ad or Td century! 7erses from ' anil i us are inscribed within the figure outlines! T This tunny& the horse-mackerel of our #merican coast and the #lbacora thynnus of ichthyology& is found in the 'editerranean up to 8AAA pounds weight! ""

8CB Star-*ames and their 'eanings #rgelander enumerates @? stars in the constellation& and :eis 8CB! The 8J8J #lmagest and the #lfonsine Tables called it .alaena& but Firmicus said .elua& the .east or 'onster& a more appropriate name than ours! .ayer mentioned it as 0raco& and drew it so& but without wings I he also cited for it ;eo& 'onstram marinum& (nui marinus& <iphas& and <rphuiI and Grotius +uoted Gibbus& :umped& from anonymous writers! The #rabian astronomers of course knew the Greek constellation and called it #l 1etus& from which have come 9lketos& 9lkaitos& and 9lkaitosI but their predecessors& who had not heard of the /oyal Family and its foe& separated these stars into three very different asterisms! Those in the head& a& y& C& Y& jR& Q5& and f B & were #l 1aff al 6idhmah& the %art of a :and& from a fancied resemblance to their Stained :and& our 2assiopeia I 8D& A& t& f& and t & in the body of our 2etus& were #l *a amat& the :en <striches I and the four in a straight line of T length across the tail& all lettered _fV& were #l :ithim& the *ecklace! The biblical school of the 8Dth century of course saw here the $hale that swallowed 6onahI and commentators on that great astronomical poem& the .ook of 6ob& have said that it typified the ;eviathan of which the ;ord spoke to the patriarch! 6ulius Schiller thought it " SS! 6oachim and #nna!" The 9asy 2hair has popularly been applied to it from the arrangement of its chief stars& the back of the chair leaning towards <rion! #lthough an old constellation& 2etus is by no means of special interest& except as possessing the south pole of the 'ilky $ay and the $onderful Star& the variable 'ira I and from the fact that it is a condensation point of nebulae directly across the sphere from 7irgo& also noted in this respect! 2t& B!@& bright orange!

'enkar of the #lfonsine Tables of 8JB 8& Scaliger s 'onkar& and now sometimes 'enkab& from #l 'in1ar& the *ose& still is the popular& but inappropriate name& for it marks the 'onster s open jaws! "t is the prominent star in the northeastern part of the constellation& and culminates on the B8st of 0ecember! #l 1aff al 6idhmah& found on the .orgian globe& is (lug .eg s and #l Ti)ini s designation for it& taken from that for all the stars in the headI but modern lists apply this solely to y! "n astrological days it portended danger from great beasts& disgrace& ill fortune& and illness to those born under its influence! "n 2hina a& y& d& Y& p& v& o& F 5& and f B & were Tseen 1wan& :eaven s /ound Granary!

The 2onstellations 8CT The other neath the dusky 'onster s tail! .rown s # ratct! p& B!E& yellow! 0eneb 1aitos is from the #rabian #l 0hanab al 1aitos al 6antlblyy& the Tail of the $hale towards the South& 8! e! the Southern .ranch of the Tail! 2hrysococca synonymously had @ <vpa tov 1a47otI& arbitrarily formed from the #rabicI and the #lfonsine Tables of 8JB 8 called it 0enebcaiton! 7ery differently it was the #rabs 8 #l 0ifdi E al Thani& the Second Frog& that we see in the present 0ifda& ;atini)ed as 9ana Seonnda I the star Fomalhaut being #l 0ifdi al #wwal& the First Frog! "n 2hina it was Too S)e 1ung& Superintendent of 9arthworks! #lthough below it in lettering& this star is now brighter than a& yet both were registered y H 8! e! of the Td magnitude H by %tolemyI and 'iss 2lerke asserts that this inversion of brilliancy took place during the last century! "t is nearly EA southwest from a& culminating on the B8st of *ovember! <ne third of the way towards jT #ndromedae is a group of unnamed stars from which Smyth said that a new asterism& Testudo& was proposed! 3& 0ouble& T!J and D& pale yellow and blue! #l 1aff al 6idhmah is the #rabs name for the whole group marking the $hale s head& but in modern lists is exclusively applied to this star!

The components are B"! J apart& at a position angle of B@A ! f& of the Jth magnitude& with DD& was a part of the <strich s :ost that mainly lay in 9ridanusI and& with tt& p& and o& also was #l Sufi s #l Sadr al 1aitos& the $hale s .reast! *otwithstanding its lettering& it is the faintest of these four stars! e & p& and a were the 2hinese Tsow 1aon& :ay and Straw! 2& T!@& topa) yellow& is .aton 1aitos& the #rabian #l .atn al 1aitos& the $hale s .elly& although the star is higher up in the body! The #lfonsine Tables had .atonkaiton and .atenel 1aitosI and 2hilmead& .oton! "n astrology it portended falls and blows! "t forms& with the Jth-magnitude xV a very coarse naked-eye double I and itself has a D UQ -magnitude companion T C" distant! 8N& T!C& yellow! 0eneb and 0beneb are names for this star& especially in 9nglish lists& maps& and globes I but incorrectly& as 84& on the :eis #lias & lies at the base

8CE Star-*ames and their 'eanings of the tail& and in .ayer s and #rgelander s on the 'onster s flank& while there are two others& and 8& so named in the proper location! Still& although a misnomer& the title seems to be generally recogni)ed! The 2entury 2yclopedia extends it as 0eneb #lgenub; This error in name has led to another& for the star has been mistaken for the /ana Secunda of the #rabs& the Second Frog& the #rabs #l 0ifdi al Tham& H 2eti! t& T!C& bright yellow& is another 0eneb 1aitos to which the #rabians added #l Shamiliyy as being in the *orthern branch of the tail& although :eis places it in the Southern! From this #rabic adjective the Standard 0ictionary very unsatisfactorily gives Schemali simply as the star s title! $ith 8D& A& v& r& and stars in the modern Fornax& it made up the 2hinese asterism Tien 3uen& :eaven s Temporary Granary! #& of about EU magnitude& is occasionally called 'enkar& and& as it exactly marks the *ose of 2etus& the title would seem more appropriate than it is to a I but it was applied by the #rabs to both! A& 7ariable& 8!D to @!J& flushed yellow!

'ira& Stella 'ira& and 2ollnm 2eti are all titles for this $onderful Star in the $hale s neck& the show object in the heavens as a variable of long period and typical of its class! "t was first noticed as a Td-magnitude on the 8Tth of #ugust& 8J@C& and again on the 8J th of February& 8CA@& by 0avid Fabricius& an amateur astronomer and disciple of Tycho .raheI but its true character was not ascertained till 8CT? by %hocylides :olwarda of :olland& H the first established record of a variable star! .ayer lettered it in 8CAT as of the Eth magnitude& evidently at a time of its diminished brilliancy and without knowledge of its variability I :evelius& having observed it from 8CJ@ to 8C?B& inserted it in his %rodromus as the *ova in 2ollo 2eti I and Flamsteed& numbering it C?& described it as w pectorc nova and of the Cth magnitude on the 8?th of <ctober& 8 C@8& and again on the B?th of September& 8C@B! " This was singular in its kind till that in 2ollo 2ygni was discovered, and the attention it excited among astronomers is detailed in the :islorioh 'irae Stcllac" of :evelius in 8CCBI thus virtually naming it and "commemorating the ama)ement excited by the detection of stellar periodicity! "ts period& fixed by .ouillaud in 8CCD as TTT days& is now given as tf l _

The 2onstellations 8CJ but this is subject to extreme irregularities& H at various times it has not been seen at all with the naked eye for several years consecutively& H and its maxima and minima are even more irregular! $hile it has been known almost to e+ual #ldebaran in its light& as it did under :erscheFs observations on the Cth of *ovember& 8DD@& 2handler gives its maximum as from 8!D to J& and its minimum from ? to @!J! "t thus sometimes sends out at its maximum fifteen hundredfold more light than at its minimum& and after three centuries of notified activity gives no sign of relaxation!" "t is generally at its brightest for about a fortnightI the increase occupying about seven weeks and the decrease about three months! The maximum of 8?@D occurred about the 8st of 0ecember& when it was a little below the Td magnitude! Sir $illiam :erschel wrote of it in 8D?T as being of a deep garnet color like Mi 2ephei! The spectrum is of Secchi s Td type& with extremely brilliant hydrogen lines at the time of maximum! 'ira lies almost exactly on the line joining y and f& a little nearer the former star! UiU B 5 ft5 and _fV # t Jth- to Cth-magnitude stars& were the #rabs #l :ithOm! "n 2hina they were Tien :wan& :eaven s Sewer! "t was near these that

:arding of ;ilienthal discovered the minor planet 6uno& on the Bd of September& 8?AE& the Td of these objects found! c and y& small stars near t& were the 2hinese %oo 2hih& the #x and Skewer!

2fcmaeOon& the German 2hamaleon& the French 2amQ'on& and the "talian 2amaleonte& is a small and unimportant constellation below 2arina& <ctans separating it from the south pole! "t was first published and figured by .ayer among his new constellations from observations by navigators of the preceding century! %ontanus& in 2hilmead s Treatise& included it with 'usca as " the 2hamaeleon with the flie " I but 6ulius Schiller entirely changed its character by combining it with #pus and 'usca in his biblical 9ve! *one of its stars seem to be named except in 2hina& where some of the iarger were Seaou Tow& a small 'easure or 0ipper& that our a& t @D& i t e& 4x B & and fi l well show! Gould gives JA naked-eye components from E!B to the Dth magnitude! The constellation culminates about the 8st of 'ay!

8CC Star-*ames and their 'eanings 2trctmis& fLe Mpair of 2ompam5& formed by ;a 2aille& lies close to the front feet of the 2entaur& south from ;upus and *orma& its inventor appropriately associating it with the latter! "t is the German >irkel& the French 2ompas& and the "talian 2ompaaw! Gould catalogues in it E? stars down to the Dth magnitudeI a& its lucida& being of only T!J! The constellation culminates about the middle of 6une!

<thers underneath the hunted :art& #ll very dim and nameless roll along! .rown s # rata5! 2ofum.d MTYode& GYocfi 5 _QNotVe& now known simply as 2olumba& is the 2olombo de *oe" of the French& 2olomba of the "talians& and Tanbe of the Germans& lying south of the

:are& and on the meridian with <rion s .elt! #lthough first formally published by /oyer in 8CD@& and so generally considered one of his constellations& it had appeared seventy- six years before correctly located on .ayer s plate of 2anis 'ajor& and in his text as rectntwribus 2olumbaI one of these "more recent " being %etrus %lancius& the 0utch cosmographer and map-maker of the 8Cth century& and instructor of %ieter Theodor! $hile these are the first allusions to 2olumba in modern times& yet the following from 2aesius may indicate knowledge of its stars& 8 and certainly of the present title& seventeen centuries ago! Translating from the %aedagogus of Saint 2lement of #lexandria& he wrote , Signa sive insignia vestra sint 2olumba& sive *avis coelestis cursu in coelum tendens sive ;yra 'usica& in recordationem #postoli %iscatoris! Still it was not recogni)ed by .artschius twenty-one years after .ayer& nor by Tycho& :evelius& or Flamsteed I but :alley gave it& in the same year as /oyer& with ten stars I and our Gould& two centuries later in #rgentina& increased the number to seventeen! "t was made up from the southwestern l .ut the faintness of this constellation is against the probability of such use& and would imply that some other& and more noticeable& sky-group was known as a 0ove& possibly 2onia .erenices!

The 2onstellations 8CD outliers of 2anis 'ajor& near to the Ship& H *oah s #rk& H and so was regarded as the attendant 0ove! Smyth wrote of its modern formation& and of its nomenclature in #rab astronomy , /oyer cut away a portion of 2anis 'ajor& and constructed 2olumba *oachi therewith in 8CD@! The part thus usurped was called 'uliphein& from al-muhlifein ] the two stars sworn by& because they were often mistaken for Sohefl& or 2anopus& before which they rise , these two stars are now a and ft 2olumbae! 'uliphein is recogni)ed as comprehending the two stars called :afdr t ground& and al-we)n& weight! /eference already has been made to #l 'uhlifain at the stars y& F& and Y #rgus& C 2anis 'ajoris& and a 2entauri!

a& B!J! %haet& %hact& and %had are all modern names for this& perhaps of uncertain derivation& but said to be from the :adar already noted under the constellation! The 2hinese call it 2hang 6in& the <ld Folks!

#lthough inconspicuous& ;ockyer thinks that it was of importance in 9gyptian temple worship& and observed from 9dfu and %hilae as far back as CEAA b! c! I but that it was succeeded by Sirius about TAAA b! c& as a (rsae 'ajoris was by y 0raconis in the north! #nd he has found three temples at 'edinet :abu& adjacent to each other& yet differently oriented& apparently toward a& BJBJ& 8BJA& and @AA years before our era, ail these to the god #men! :e thinks that as many as twelve different temples were oriented to this starI but the selection of so faint an object for so important a purpose would seem doubtful! %haet is TT south of e <rionis& the central star in the .elt& and culminates on the BCth of 6anuary!

%!

B!@!

$e)n& or $a)n& is from #l $a)n& $eight! $ith a it was among the disputed #l 'nhlifain I and #l Ti)ini additionally called both stars #l #ghribah& the /avens& a title that :yde assigned to a group in 2anis 'ajor! 2hilmead s "reatise has this brief description of 2olumba , ii Starres, of which there are two in the backe of it of the second magnitude& which they call the Good messengers& or bringers of good newes, and

8C? Star-*ames and their 'eanings those in the right wing are consecrated to the #ppeased 0eity& and those in the left& to the /etiring of the waters in the time of the 0eluge! :eis locates a and 4T in the back I v B in the right wing& and e in the left and 5 were included by 1a)wini in the #rabic figure #l1nrod& the #pes! "n 2hina they were Sun& the 2hild I # being Tue& a Son I and the nearby small stars& She& the Secretions!

The streaming tresses of the 9gyptian +ueen!

$illiam 2ullen .ryant s The 25nst5(5tums!

*ot .erenice s locks first rose so bright& The heavens bespangling with dishevell d light! %ope s /ap5 t47u ;ack!

2oma Mgeremces& Mgtremce s fjfixt& the 2herelnre of the French& 2hioma of the "talians& and the :anpthtar of the Germans& lies southwest from 2or 2aroli! "t seems to have been first alluded to by 9ratosthenes as #riadne i :air in his description of #riadne s 2rown I although subse+uently& in his account of ;eo& he mentioned the group as "l#o1a4ioc .epevi1tft & 9vepyQr5ooc! .ut for nearly BAAA years its right to a place among the constellations was unsettled& for it has been the dUiopUroi behind the ;ion s tail& or connected with 7irgo& or partly recogni)ed as an asterism by itself! Tycho& however& set the +uestion at rest in 8CAB by cataloguing it separately& adopting the early title as we have it now! #ratos& perhaps& alluded to it& although indefinitely& in the 8ECth line of the %hainomena, 9ach after each& ungronped& unnamed& revolve I but& of course& did not give its name& for he wrote under the Bd %tolemy M%hiladelphusN& whereas it was not known till about BET b! c& in the reign of the Td M9uergetesN& the brother and husband of .erenice& whose amber

The 2onstellations 8C@ hair we now see in the sky figure! "t was the happy invention of this constellation by 2onon that consoled the royal pair after the theft of the tresses from the temple of #rsinoe #phrodite at >ephyrium! Some versions of the story turned the lady s hair into a hair-star& or comet! The scholiast on #ratos& however& referred to it& as did 2allimachus& the latter calling it .darpv1og .epev(rjf I l and his poem on it& now lost& was imitated BAA years later by 2atullus& in one of his most beautiful odes& describing it as the consecrated spoils of .erenice s yellow head& which the divine 7enus placed& a new constellation& among the ancient ones& preceding the slow .odtes& who sinks late and reluctantly into the deep ocean!

The beautiful and touching legend of the Sudarium of 7eronica& with its vera icon& has been associated with our constellation from the similarity in words& some supposing the saint to have been the :erodian .ernice& H in ;atin .eronica& H converted to 2hristianity through her sympathy for the Saviour s sufferings! ;ady 9astlake has fully told this story in her continuation of 'rs! 6ameson s :istory of our ;ord! :yginus had .epev(ris nkCicafto_I I and %tolemy& simple tr#CPafioc for three of its stars among the apopGurot of ;eo& calling it ve_peYoeidris ova-potprj& a cloudy condensation! This was rendered #l #tha by /eduan& or& as Golius printed it& #l (ltha& literally a 'ixture! 'anilius did not mention 2oma& although he wrote BJA years after 2ononI nor of course did the versifiers of #ratos& at least by name& as the figure is not distinctly specified in the %hainomena! 2rinei and 2rines .erenices are found in classical times I Flam steed has the plural 2omae .erenices& and ;a ;ande 2apilli! 2incinnns appears on 'ercator s globe of 8JJ 8& but there consists of only one star and two nebulae I and the ;atin #lmagest of the same year wrote 2onvolutio nubilosa +uae cincinnns vocatnr& with this marginal note& all for 2oma s stars as informes of ;eo , %locamos graece& latini vero cincinnns& hoc est& caesaries O coma virginis& .erenices fortasse crinis +ni a %beta 2alimacho in astra rclatus est& Sed cincinnnm barbari tricam vocant! The #lmagest of 8 J 8 J already had Trioa& describing it as nubilosa and luminosa I but .ayer N The word .erenice& sometimes .eronice& is from .s+iv"xtj& the 'acedonian form of the purer Greek EV5Gtv(i`& 7ictory-bearing I and is the .i+i"xtj& or .ernice& of the *ew Testament& the name of the notorious daughter and wife of the #grippas! From it some philologists derive the "talian 7ernke& the French 7ernis& the Spanish .armn& and our 7arnish& all from the similar amber color of the lady s hairI .tGtvlxrj having later become the "xVw Greek word for amber!

8DA Star-*ames and their 'eanings changed this to Trioas& Terioas& and Tri+uetral& taking these probably from the ;ow Greek TpiUec& which doubtless is the origin of our word " tresses!" %liny wrote in the :istoria *aturalise nee ScernitK 2anopum "talia et +uern vacant .erenices crinem& which .ostock and /iley correctly translated& in 8?JJ& "nor can we& in "taly& see the star 2anopus& or .erenice s :air"I but :olland had rendered this& in 8 CA8& "neither hath "taly a sight of 2anopus& named also .erenices :air&" from which mistranslation it was long inferred that the southern heavens contained another sky group bearing this same title! #nd this blunder has been perpetuated& even in 0octor 'urray s *ew 9nglish 0ictionary& which defines the word as the name " formerly of the southern star 2anopus&" citing as authority the foregoing passage from :olland! %liny s statement as to the invisibility of 2oma from "taly of course was incorrect then as now!

6ulius Schiller asserted that the constellation represented the Flagdlum 2hristi! Thompson writes in his Glossary& p! 8TE& that "t has been suggested by ;andseer& Sabaean /esearches& p! 8?C& from the study of an #ssyrian symbolic monument& that the stars which 2onon converted into the 2oma .erenice5 M:ygin! %! #! ii& BE& cf! "deler& Sternnamen& p! B@JN and which lie in ;eo opposite to the %leiades in Taurus& were originally constellated as a %ove I and that this constellation& whose first stars rise with the latest of those of #rgo& and whose last rise simultaneously with the hand of the :usbandman& links better than the %leiad into the astronomical 0eluge-myth! The case rests on very little evidence& and indeed is an illuVtration of the conflicting difficulties of such hypotheses , but it is deserving of investigation! were it only for the reason that the 2oma .erenices contains seven visible stars M:ygin!N! and the %leiad six& a faint hint at a possible explanation of the lost %leiad! Serviss& who has some beautiful stellar similes& says that it is a curious twinkling& as if gossamers spangled with dewdrops were entangled there! <ne might think the old woman of the nursery rhyme who went to sweep the cobwebs out of the sky had skipped this corner& or else that its delicate beauty had preserved it even from her housewifely instinct! "n :udibras the constellation was .erenice s periwigI while another old-fashioned name has been .erenice s .ush& found in Thomas :ill s Schoole o4Skil of 8J@@& but even then rendered classic in its use by 2haucer and Spenser I and Smyth says that there has been a name still homelier! .ayer also mentioned /osa& a /ose& or a /ose $reath I but he figured it on his plate of .ootes as a Sheaf of $heat& in reference to the 7irgo 2eres close byI indeed& 1arsten *iebuhr& at 2airo in 8DCB& heard it called #l :n)mat& the #rabic term for that object& or for a %ile of Fruit& Grain!

The 2onstellations 8D8 or $ood! The 0resden globe has it as an "vy $reath& or& just as probably& a 0istaff held in the 7irgin s hand& which has been designated Fusus vel 2o4us& Ft4a et Stamina& the 0istaff& Thread& and $oofI or perhaps the 2aduoeui of 'ercury& placed here when 2oma was a part of 7irgo and this latter constellation the astrological house of that planet! .ut very differently in early #rabia it was #l :auf5 the %ond& into which the Ga)elle& our ;eo 'inor& sprang when frightened at the lashing of the ;ion s tailI although some of the 0esert observers claimed that this %ond lay among the stars of the neck& breast& and knees of the Greater .earI and ;ach substituted it for the Ga)elle in our location of ;eo 'inor! The #rabian astronomers knew 2oma as #l :albah& or #l 0af irah& the 2oarse :air& or Tuft& in the tail of the ;ion of the )odiac& thus extending that figure beyond its present termination at ihe star 0enebola!

2oma probably was known in early 9gypt as the 'any Stan! The 2hinese had several names hereI the lucida being :ing 2hin I u and w in the /eeves list& 2how Ting& the "mperial 2aldron of the 2how dynastyI a small group toward 7irgo& $oo 2hoo :owI aV b& c& d @ e& and4& ;ang $ei& <fficial /ankI4& ;ang Tseang& a General& and v& Shang Tseang& a :igher GeneralI 8 while Tsae 2hing& the Favorite 7assal& was the title for .ode s BCB@! This abundant nomenclature& in so faint a figure& shows great interest on the part of the 2hinese in this beautiful little group! #rgelander numbers thirty-six stars here& :eis extending this to seventy I and 2hase& of the 3ale <bservatory& has taken measures of thirty-two of these! The constellation culminates about the middle of 'ay! #lthough it is not easy for the casual observer to locate any of the individual stars except the lucida& three have been lettered H a& jT& y H that .aily claimed for Flamsteed s D& 8J& and BT! <f these Fl! 8J& an orange star& is generally supposed to be the #rabian #l 0afirah& from (lug .eg s name for the whole that he located among the informes of ;eo! :yde cited some ancient codices as applying to Fl! B8& toward the south& the title 1issin& a species of "vy& 2onvolvulus& or perhaps the climbing 0ogrose! This appeared with (lug .eg& evidently from %tolemy s 1iootvo+& but "deler said that it was intended to mark c& g& and h& and .aily& that it was for Fl! B8 or BT! There evidently is much uncertainty as to the lettering and numbering of 2oma s stars I and it seems remarkable that such minute objects should bear individual names! 8 Some of these letters may be from Flamsteed& as he applied a & b& c& d& e& 4& g ] and h to a mall portion H the centre H of the constellation I but .aily& his editor& has rejected them as being only a temporary arrangement!

8DB Star-*ames and their 'eanings *ear Fl! C is the %in-wheel *ebula& *! G! 2! EBJE& @@ '!& one of the pyrotechnics of the skyI while Fl! T8 closely marks the pole of the 'ilky $ay& more exactly in right ascension 8B EA and north polar distance B? I the southern pole lying in 2etus!

! ! ! other few& .elow the #rcher under his forefeet& ;ed round in circle roll without a name! .rown s # raios!

2orona Ouef rafts& fLe QfoufLern 2rottm& often +ualified by other synonymous adjectives& austrina& meridiana& meridionalis& or no4ia& is an inconspicuous constellation& although accepted in %tolemy s time as one of the ancient forty-eight! <n modern maps its location is close to the waist of Sagittarius& on the edge of the 'ilky $ay! The Germans know it as the Sndliche 1roneI the French& as the 2ouronne #ustraleI and the "talians& as the 2orona #ustrale! #ratos did not mention it by name unless in his use of the plural 0reUcvoi for both of the 2rownsI yet doubtless had it in mind when he wrote of the bivoroi 1vkYcj in our motto! :is scholiast and Geminos had <vpavioicogj the 2anopyI #evrepoc& the SecondI and #evrepa 1uc#o& the Second 2ircle! :ipparchos is said to have known it as 1tfpvmov y the 2aduceus& or :erald s $and of %eace& but this is not found in his 2ommentary! %tolemy called it Ure_fVdvo+ votioL& the Southern $reath! Germanicus rendered the supposed reference in the %hainomena as 2orona sine honoreH i!e! without any such noteworthy tradition as is connected with the *orthern 2rown I commenting upon which& Grotius said that this author& as well as 2icero and #vienus& understood #ratos to refer to the southern figureI and added that this was the 2entaur s 2rown& those personages fre+uently being represented as wearing such! This idea doubtless originated from the outspreading sun-rays& in crown-like form& around the heads of the Gandharvas& the #ryan celestial horses that probably were the forerunners of the 2entaurs! "t was thus appropriately associated with the centaur Sagittarius and took the title 2orona Sagittarii!

The 2onstellations 8DT 'anilius did not allude to it I but others of the classical poets thought it the 2rown that .acchus placed in the sky in honor of his mother SemeleI or one in commemoration of the fivefold victory of 2orinna over %indar in their poetical contestI and some considered it the early .unch of #rrows radiating from the hand of the #rcher& often imagined as a wheel! This idea was expressed in its titles TpoZCc "fiovoc and /ota "xionif& the $heel of "xion& perhaps from the latter s relationship to the centaur %holos! #lbumasar called it 2oelum& while 2oelulum and parvum 2oelum& the ;ittle Sky& 4! e! 2anopy& are from the Satyricon& 8 the encyclopaedic writings of the 2arthaginian 'artianus 'ineus Felix 2apella of the Jth century& in the ?th book of which he treats of astronomy! ;a ;ande cited Sertnm australe& the Southern Garland& and <rbiculus 2apitis I %roctor& .rown& and Gore of the present day have 2orolla& the ;ittle 2rown& but this was used BJA years ago by 2aesius& who also gave Spira australifi& the Southern 2oil& and said that its stars represented the

2rown of Sternal ;ife promised in the *ew Testament! 6ulius Schiller& however& went back a millennium before our era to the 0iadem of Solomon! #6 Sufi is our authority for the #rabs #l 1abbah& literally the Tortoise& but secondarily the $oman s Tent& or traveling apartment& from its form I and it was #l ftiba & the Tent& and 1a)wini s #l (dha al *aam& the <strich s *est& for the same reason I the birds themselves being close by in what now are the #rcher and the 9agle! #l Fakkah& the 0ish& was borrowed from the *orthern 2rown& but among the later #rabians it was #l "klfl al 6anubiyyah& their e+uivalent for our title I 2hilmead giving this as #lachil #lgenubiI /iccioli& 9lkleil 9lgenubiI and 2aesius& #ladil #lgennbi The 2hinese knew it by the figure current in early #rabia H %ee& the Tortoise! .ayer illustrated 2orona as a typical wreath& but without the streaming ribbons of its northern namesake& and the original #ljonsine Tables show a plain heart-shaped object with no semblance to the name! Gould assigns to it forty-nine stars& many more than even :eis does to its much more celebrated and noticeable counterpart in the north! "ts lucida& the Ethmagnitude a& at the eastern edge of the constellation& is #lfeeea meridiana in the ;atin translation of /eduan s 2ommentary! "t culminates on the 8Tth of #ugust! 8 This was a popular text-book centuries ago& and noticeable even by us& as it contains a very clear statement of the heliocentric system& probably from :icetas of Syracuse& TEE .!2! I and may have led 2opernicus& who +uoted him in 8JET& to his own conclusions on the subject!

8DE Star-*ames and their 'eanings

;ooke = how the crowne which #riadne wore (pon her yvory forehead& ! ! ! .eing now placed in the firmament& Through the bright heavens doth her beams display& #nd is unto the starres an ornament& $hich round about her move in order excellent! Spenser s Faerie Guttn!

2orona Mgoteafis& fLe M6tortfcrn 2rotw&

is the French 2onronne .ortale& the German *ordliche 1rone& and the "talian ancestral 2orona! "t was the only stellar crown known to 9ratosthenes and the early Greeks& but they called it BTt-AaiVoc& a $reath I and their successors& who had begun to locate the Southern 2rown& added to this title of the original the distinguishing Trpoiroc and ACpeiog to show its priority and its northern position! The ;atins adopted the Greek name and adjectives in 2orona boroa& borealif& and septentrionalis I and further knew it as the 2rown of 7nlcan fashioned ex auro et indicts gemmis I or of #mphitrite& probably from its proximity in the sky to the 0olphin associated with that goddess! .ut generally it was #riadnaea 2orona& 2orona #riadnae& 2orona #riadne5& 2reua 2orona& 2orona Gnonda& 2orona 2retioa and Gnouis& varied by 'inoia 2orona and 'inoia 7irgo found with 7alerius Flaccus and Germanicus& and #riadnaea Sidns with <vid I these classical designations referring to #riadne& or to her father 'inos& king of 2rete& and to her birthplace in that island& at Gnosos& where Theseus married her! $hen deserted by him she became the wife of ;iber .acchus& and so took his name ;iberaI while the crown that Theseus H or& as some said& the goddess 7enusH had given her was transferred to the sky& where it became our 2oronaI and& as early as the Td century b! c& #pollonius /hodius wrote in his #rgonautkat ! Still her sign is seen in heaven! #nd midst the glittering symbols of the sky The starry crown of #riadne glides! 1eats changed this in his ;amia to #riadne s tiarI and others made it the 2oiled :air of #riadne as companion to the Streaming Tresses of .erenice! Some authors& however& H <vid among them in his Fasti& H said that #riadne herself became the constellationI and 'rs! .rowning& in her %araphrases from *onnus of :ow .acchus comforts #riadne ,

The 2onstellations 8DJ <r wilt thou choose # still surpassing gloryF H take it all H # heavenly house& 1ronion s self for kin! This legend of #riadne and her 2rown seems to have been first recorded by %herecydes early in the Jth century before 2hrist! 0ante& referring to #riadne s descent& called these stars la Figlinola di 'inoi& the poet giving much prominence to her father& 8 who " was so renowned for justice as to be called the Favorite of the Gods& and after death made Supreme 6udge in the "nfernal /egions!" "n all ages 2orona has been a favorite& popularly as well as in literature& and few of our stellar groups have had as many titles& although the 9nglish of the 'iddle #ges usually wrote its wearer s name " #drian " and " #driane!"

2haucer had this strange passage on the constellation , #nd in the sygne of Taurus men may se The stonys of hire coroune shyne clere I but this seems unintelligible& unless from some confusion in the poet s mind with the location of 1oronis of the :yades! These& however& lie in the heavens just opposite the 2rown& and Skeat ingeniously suggests that 2haucer may have meant that when the Sun was in Taurus the 2rown was specially noticeable in the midnight sky& as is exactly the case! " 9ngland s #rch %oet&" 9dmund Spenser& wrote in the ShepheariTs 1a(ndar5 of 8JD@, #nd now the Sunne hath reared up his fierie footed teme& 'aking his way between the 2uppe and golden 0iademeI one of the early titles of 2orona being 0iadema 2oeli! The $reath of Flowers& occasionally seen for it& is merely the early signification of the words BrQ_pavos and 2orona! <culas was another name of the constellation H a term common in poetry and post- #ugustan prose for any celestial luminary I and %rudens T called it 1aera& the Shining <ne! #s the ardens corona of the Georgics& 7ergil included it with the %leiades as a calendar sign& 'ay translating the passage , 8 0ante furnished him "with a tail Mcolla codaN& thus converting him& after the mediaeval fashion& into a 2hristian demon!" "t was a long tail& too& for we read , $ho bore me unto 'inos& who entwined eight times his tail about his stubborn back! B "t may not be generally known that this was first published as the Twelve #eglogues& %roportionable to the Twelve monethes! 5 #urelius 2lemens %rudentius& the ;atin 2hristian poet of our Eth century!

8DC Star-*ames and their 'eanings .at if thou plow to sowe more solid grain e& # wheat or barley harvest to obtain e , First let the morning %leiades be set& #nd #riadne s shining 2oronet&

9re thou commit thy seed to ground& and there 0are trust the hope of all the following yeare! 2olumella& in a similar connection& called it <nosia #rdor .aoehi& and 7axras #rdor& from *axos& where #riadne had been deserted by TheseusI and specially designated its lucida as clara stdla! "ts stars were favored also by the astrologers& 'anilius expressing this in, .irths influenc d then shall raise fine .eds of Flowers& #nd twine their creeping 6asmine round their .owers I The ;illies& 7iolets in .anks dispose& The %urple %oppy& and the blushing /ose , For %leasure shades their rising 'ounts shall yield& #nd real Figures paint the gawdy Field , <r they shall wreath their Flowers& their Sweets entwine& To grace their 'istress& or to 2rown their $ine! .ayer said of it #)ophi %arma& by which he meant that #l Sufi called it a Shield I but the majority of #rabian astronomers rendered the classical title by #l 0rill al Shamaliyyah& which degenerated into #cliluichemali and #clushemali& and appeared with (lug .eg as plain 0c:; .ut in early #rabia there was a different figure here& #l Fakkah& the 0ish& which (lug .eg s translator gave as %hecca& and others as #lpbscs& #lfeoca& #lfacca& Foca& #lfeta& and #lfelta I while /iccioli said #lphena Syrochaldaeis I and Schickard& #lphakhaco! :yde +uoted 1asat al ?alik& and 1asat al 'asakin& the %auper s .owlI and the %ersians had the same in their 1asah 0arwishan& the 0ervish7 %latter& or 1asah Shekesteh& the .roken %latter& because the circle is incomplete! .ullialdus ;atini)ed some of these tides in his 0iscus panu5 oonfractus& evidently taken from 2hrysococca s (ivdniv 1eicYa<fih ov& a Small .roken 0ish& which& however& should read (ivokiov! The #lfonsine Tables have 'alfeloarre& " of the 2haldaeans&" /icciolis 'alphelcane& considered by "deler a degenerate form of the #rabic #l 'unir al Fakkah& the .right <ne of the 0ish I though .uttmann derived it from #l :alf al 1hatar& the ;oop of the $reath& or the 6unction of the 2rown I and Scaliger suggested #l 'alif al 1nrra& of somewhat similar meaning& more correctly written #l 'ilaff al 1urral; .ayer said $5 phelcarre +uod est sertum pupiliae& the 2ircle of the %upil of the 9ye I and! although he did not explain this& may have written better than he knew!

The 2onstellations 8DD for %upilla is the ;atin e+uivalent of 1oprj& which& as a proper name& was a title for %ersephone! "n ;a ;anded #stronomie 0upuis devoted much space to his identification of this goddess& the ;atin %roserpina& with the 2haldaean %hersephon& taking the title from %he er& 2rown& and Serphon& *orthern! Thus& if 0upuis be correct& the origin of the figure& as well as of the name& may lie far back of 2retan days! The :ebrews are said to have called it #tardth& the 2rown& H perhaps of the Semitic +ueen 2ushiopeiaI and the Syrians& #shtaroth& their #starte& the #UpodtTU of the Greeks and the 7enus of the ;atins I but all this seems doubtful& as also is 9wald s conjecture that it was the biblical 'a))aroth! .lake +uotes from Flammarion& 7iehaca& but without explanation! /eeves catalogued it as the 2hinese 1wan Soo& a 2ord! "n 2eltic story 2orona was 2aer #rianrod& the :ouse of #rianrod or 9thlenn& the sister of Gwydyon and daughter of 0on& the Fairy 1ing& this name bearing a singular resemblance to that of the classical owner of the 2rown! The Shawnee "ndians knew it as the 2elestial Sisters& the fairest of them being the wife of the hunter $hite :awk& our #rcturus! 2aesius said that it represented the 2rown that #hasuerus placed upon 9sther s head& or the golden one of the #mmonite 1ing of a talent s weight& or the 2rown of Thorns worn by the 2hrist! The ;ey den 'anuscript shows it as a laurel wreath& and thus& or as a typical crown& it appears on the maps! "n the Firmamentum Firmianum& a work of 8 DT8& in honor of the persecuting bishop of Sal)burg& of the Firmian family& the figuring is that of the 2orona Finniana& with a stag s antlers from the coat of arms of that family! .ut an exception to the rule may be noted in an illustration& in the original #lfonsine Tables& of a plain three-+uarter circle& entirely unlike either crown or wreath! %roctor suggested that in the earliest astronomy it may have formed the right arm of .ootes! "t is interesting to the astronomer from its many close binaries& and is a favorite object with youthful observers& who generally know it as #riadne s 2rown! "t certainly is much more like that for which it is named than usually is the case with our sky figures I and it is e+ually suggestive to the #ustralian native of the $oomera& our .oomerang& his idea of 2orona s stars! :ere appeared very suddenly& J? south of e& on the 8Bth of 'ay& 8?CC& the celebrated .la)e Star as a Bd-magnitude visible to the naked eye for only eight days& declining& with some fluctuations& to the 8Ath magnitude at

the rate of half a magnitude a day& but rising again to the ?th& where it 8B

8D? Star-*ames and their 'eanings still remains as T 2oronae& a pale yellow& slightly variable star! #lthough called a nova& #rgelander had already mapped it on the 8?th of 'ay& 8?JJ& and again noted it on the T8st of 'arch& 8?JC& probably at its normal magnitude! "t was the first temporary star to be "studied by the universal chemical method " H the spectroscope! *ear its place the 7ariabilis 2oronae& now lettered /& was discovered by %igott in 8D@J& still varying from J!? to 8T& but with much irregularity! %rofessor 3oung repeats the %aydst of 2assiopeia as a help to the memory in locating the stars of this constellation! The extreme northern one is A& but then follow in order A& a& y& d& e& 8! They form an almost perfect semicircle BA northeast of #rcturus! #rgelander gives a total of BD stars visible to the naked eye I and :eis& T8!

<ne plac d i th5 front above the rest displays # vigorous light& and darts surpri)ing rays H The 'onument of the forsaken 'ai l! 2reech s 'ani(us! ft& B!E& brilliant white! #lpheoca& the #lphaca of .urritt s #tlas of 8?TJ& was (lug .eg s #l Fft ir al Fakkah& the .right <ne of the 0ish& this *a ir being e+uivalent to the ;atin word lucid a! .ayer asserted that the #rabs knew this star as %apilla& which also appears in the nomenclature of the constellation& with a possible clue to its derivation I but as the word belongs to ;yra& and is certainly not #rabic we may have to recur to first principles for its origin in the classical %apilla! 'unir& found with .ayer as of the " .abylonians&" H by whom he probably intended those gifted in astrology& H is from the #rabs& and synonymous with their *air! 2hilmead gave this as 'unic! "n 7ergil s Georgics it was Gnosia Stella 2oronae! Gemma and Gemma 2oronae were not used in classical times& but are later titles& perhaps from <vid s gemmas+ue novem that 7ulcan combined with his auro to make #riadne s 2rownI but Spence said& in his %olymetis ]

that the word should be taken in its original meaning of a .ud& referring to the unopened blossoms and leaves of the floral crown& thus agreeing with the early idea of the figure! The Gema occasionally seen un+uestionably is from an early type omission! #lphecca is the central one of the seven brightest members of the group& and in modern times has been 'argarita 2ortmae& the %earl of the 2rown&

The 2onstellations 8D@ occasionally transformed into Saint 'arguerite! "t marks the loop& or knot& of the ribbon along which are fastened the buds& flowers& or leaves of the wreath shown in early drawings with two long out-streaming ends! The spectrum is of Secchi s Solar type I and the star is receding from our system at the rate of about twenty miles a second! "t has a distant ?thmagnitude companion& and culminates on the B?th of 6une! "t marks the radiant point of the 2oronidfl& the meteor shower visible from the 8 Bth of #pril to the TAth of 6une! fT& a Eth-magnitude northwest from #lphecca& is 7nsakan in the Bd edition of the %alermo 2atalogue& derived from the 'asakin of the constellation! y& rj @ and oV although unnamed& are all interesting binary stars!

Till& rising on my wings& " was preferr' To be the chaste 'inerva s virgin bird! 6oseph #ddison s translation of <vid s 'etamorphose5!

2orfms

was the /aven in 2haucer s time& and the Germans still have .abe I but the French follow the ;atins in 2orbean& as the "talians do in 2orvo& and we in the 2row! #lthough now traversed by the BAth degree of south declination& BAAA years ago it lay e+ually on each side of the celestial e+uator! "t contains only 8J naked-eye stars according to #rgelander& H BC according to :eis& H vet was a noted constellation with the Greeks and /omans& and always more or less associated with the 2up and with the :ydra& on whose body it rests! <vid said of this combination in his FastiI

2ontinuata loco tria sidera& 2orvus et #nguis& 9t medius 2rater inter utrum+uejacetI but while always so drawn& the three constellations for a long time have been catalogued separately! The Greeks called it 1opaf & /aven I and the /omans& 2orvus! 'anilius designating it as %hoebo Sacer #les& and <vid as %hoebelns #les& mythology having made the bird sacred to %hoebus #pollo in connection with his prophetic functions& and because he assumed its shape during the conflict of the gods with the giants!

8?A Star-*ames and their 'eanings <vid& narrating in the 'etamorphoses the story of 2oronis& and of her unfaithfulness to #pollo& 8 said that when the bird reported to his master this unwelcome news he was changed from his former silver hue to the present black& as Saxe concludes the story , Then he turned upon the /aven& " $anton babbler = see thy fate = 'essenger of mine no longer& Go to :ades with thy prate = " $eary %luto with thy tattle = :ither& monster& come not back I #nd H to match thy disposition H :enceforth be thy plumage black = " _ This story gave rise to the stellar title Garralus %roditor! #nother version of the legend appears in the Fasti H vi)!& that the bird& being sent with a cup for water& loitered at a fig-tree till the fruit became ripe& and then returned to the god with a water-snake in his claws and a lie in his mouth& alleging the snake to have been the cause of his delay! "n punishment he was forever fixed in the sky with the 2up and the SnakeI and& we may infer& doomed to everlasting thirst by the guardianship of the :ydra over the 2up and its contents! From all this came other poetical names for our 2orvus H #vis Ficarius& the Fig .ird I and 9mansor& one who stays beyond his timeI and a belief& in early folk-lore& that this alone among birds did not carry water to its young! Florus called it #vis Satyra& the .ird of the Satyrs& and %omptina& from the victory of 7alerius when aided by a raven on the %ontine 'arsh! This bird and an ass appear together on a coin of 'indaon& which is interpreted as a reference to the almost simultaneous setting of the constellations

2orvus and 2ancer& for the ass always has been associated with the latter in the "<voi t or #sini& of its stars! The /aven of /ome and Greece became #l Ghurab in #rabia I but in earlier days four of its stars were #l #rsh al Simak al #)al& the Throne of the (narmed <ne& referring to the star Spica! These naturally have been considered jT& y& L& and r` I but Firu)abadi& as interpreted by ;ach& said that they were A& k& xp& and g I and the same stars were #l f #jP al #fad& the /ump of the ancient ;ion! <ther early titles for the whole were #l #jmil& 8 "t may be noted here that #pollo and 2oronis were even still more closely connected with astronomy in being the parents of #esculapius& who afterwards became the Serpent-holder <phiuchus!

The 2onstellations 8?8 the 2amel& and #l ftiba& the TentI this last generally +ualified by 3amaniyyah& the Southern& to distinguish it from that in #uriga! "nstead of #jmal& :yde +uoted& from the 'udji)at y #hmal& or :amal& the /am& but this does not seem probable here! #s these stars were utili)ed by the #rabs in forming their exaggerated #sad& so also were they by the :indus in the immense %raja-pati& of which they marked the hand& H this title being duplicated for <rion& and much better known for that constellation! The head of the figure was marked by 2itra& our Spica& and the thighs by the two 7icakhas& a and jT ;ibraeI while the #nuradhas& jT& MJ& and n Scorpii& formed %raja-pati s standing-place! "ncongruously enough& they considered *ishtya& or Svati& H our star #rcturus& H as the heart I but as this was far out of the proper place for that organ& %rofessor $hitney substituted i& k& and # 7irginis of the ma mil and sieu! The #vesta mentions a stellar /aven& 9orosch I but how& if at all& this coincided with ours is unknown I although :ewitt thinks that our 2orvus& under the title 7anant& marked the western +uarter of the earliest %ersian heavens! *or is the reason for the association of 2orvus with :ydra evident& although there is a 9uphratean myth& from far back of classical days& making it one of the monster ravens of the brood of Tiamat that :ydra representedI and upon a tablet appears a title that may be for 2orvus as the Great Storm .ird& or .ird of the 0esert& to which Tiamat gave sustenance& just as #ratos described 1opaij pecking the folds of the :ydra! The prominent stars of 2orvus have otherwise been identified with the #kkadian 1nrra& the :orse! The :ebrews knew it as 0rebh& or <rev& the /avenI and the 2hinese& as a portion of their great stellar division the .ed .ird& while its individual stars were an "mperial 2hariot ruling& or riding upon& the wind! "n later days it has been likened to 7oah s /aven flying over the 0eluge&

or alighting on :ydra& as there was no dry land for a resting-place I or one of those that fed the prophet 9lijah I but 6ulius Schiller combined its stars with those of 2rater in his #rk of the 2ovenant! a& E!T& orange! #l 2hiba is from the 0esert title for the whole #rabic figure I but (lug .eg and the #rabian astronomers designated it as #l 'infiar al Ghnrab& the /aven s .eak! /eeves said that it was the 2hinese 3ew :ea& the /ight-hand ;inch-pin! #lthough lettered first& it now is so much less brilliant than the four fol"BR

8?B Star-*ames and their 'eanings lowing stars that some consider it as having decreased since .ayer s day& and perhaps changed in color& for #l Sufi called it red! f a ruddy yellow Td-magnitude star& seems unnamed except in 2hina& where it is Tso :ea& the ;eft-hand ;inch-pin I but under this title were included y& C& and rj! rV B!T! Gienah is from (lug .eg s #l 6anah al Ghurffb al #iman& the /ight $ing of the /aven& although on modern charts it marks the left! #lgorab& given in the #lfonsine Tables to this star& is now usually applied to C! y is the brightest member of the constellation& and some 2hinese authorities said that it alone marked their nth sieu! "t culminates on the 8Ath of 'ay! ?& 0ouble& T!8 and ?!J& pale yellow and purple! #lgorab& the generally received modern title& is from the %alermo 2atalogue I %roctor has #lgores! "t is on the right wing& and at the upper left corner of the s+uare! The components are BE" apart I but& owing to its color& the smaller is not readily distinguishable! The position angle is B8AW! #ll the foregoing stars& e being added& constituted the nth nakshatra& :asta& the :and& with Savitar& the Sun& as its presiding divinity I C marking the junction with 2itra& the next lunar station! The nth sieu& Tehin& the 2ross-piece of a chariot& anciently 1ujam& contained jT& y& C& and e I but& according to some authorities& only y! This& however& always was the determining star!

f& a Cth-magnitude double& almost on the limit of invisibility& strangely seems to have borne a name in 2hina& H 2hang Sha& a ;ong Sand-bank! #l .iruni said that with jT& y& and C it marked the hind +uarters of the monstrous early ;ion!

! ! ! the generous .owl <f .acchus flows& and chears the thirsty %ole! 2reech s 'anilius! 2rater& Ze 2up& is the French 2oupe& the German .echer& and the "talian Ta))a& formed by several Eth- and Jth-magnitude stars above the :ydra s back& just westward from 2orvus& and TA south of 0enebola& in a partly annular form

The 2onstellations 8?T opening to the northwest! This was long considered a part of the threefold constellation :ydra et 2orvus et 2rater I but modern astronomers catalogue it separately& #rgelander assigning to it 8E stars& and :eis extending the number to TJ! "n early Greek days it represented the 1dvdapoL& or Goblet& of #pollo& but universally was called 1pa-rUp& which in our transliterated title obtained with all ;atins& 2icero writing it 2ratera I while 'anilius described it as grataa "aceho 2rater& so using the mystic& poetical name often applied to .acchus! "n ancient manuscripts it appears as 2reter! The Greeks also called it 1tf #ttU& a 2inerary (rn I #pyelov& 3dpeiov& and 3dpla& a $aterbucket The /omans additionally knew it as (rna& 2alix& or Seyphus& and& poetically& as %oculum& the 2up& variously& of #pollo& .acchus& :ercules& #chilles& 0ido& 0emophoon& and 'edeaI its association with this last bringing it into the long list of #rgonautic constellations! :ewitt connected it with the Soma-oup of prehistoric "ndia I and .rown with the 'ixing-bowl in the 9uphratean myth of "star-1irke& referring to the words of the prophet 6eremiah , .abylon hath been a golden cop in the ;ord s hand! .ut any connection here would seem doubtful& although the 6ews knew it as 2dt& a 2up! :ewitt also identifies it with " the #kkadians 8 'ummu Tiamut& the chaos of the sea& the mother of heaven and earth& and the child of Tiamut& the mother MmutN of living things MtiaN " I but all this better suits 2orvus!

"t was known in 9ngland two or three centuries ago as the Two-handed %otI and Smyth tells us of a small ancient vase in the $arwick collection bearing an inscription thus translated , $ise ancients knew when 2rater rose to sight& *ile s fertile deluge had attained its height I although 9gyptian remains thus far show no allusion to the constellation! "n early #rabia it was #l 'alaf& the Stall& H a later title there for the %raesaepe of 2ancerI but when the astronomy of the 0esert came under Greek influence it was #l .atiyah& the %ersian .adiye& and the #l .atinah of #l #chsasi& all signifying an earthen vessel for storing wine! #nother title& #l YOb& a Shallow .asin& H #lhas in the #lfonsine lists& H has since been turned into #lker and 9lkis I but Scaliger s suggestion of #lkes generally has been adopted& although now applied to the star a! These same Tables ;atini)ed it as %atera& and as 7aa& or 7as a+uarium!

8?E Star-*ames and their 'eanings /iccioli s strange 9lvarad and %hanna) " cannot trace to their origin! "ts more conspicuous stars& with ] an d others in :ydra& twenty-two in all& formed the 8Ath sieu& Th& Tih& or Ten& $ings or FlanksI and the whole constellation may have been the 2hinese :eavenly 0og shot at by 2hang& the divinity of the @th sieu in ;eo& which also bore that god s name! 2aesius said that 2rater represented the 2up of 6oseph found in .enjamin s sack& or one of the stone $ater-pots of 2ana& or the 2up of 2hrist s %assion I others called it the $ine-cap of :oah& but 6ulius Schiller combined some of its stars with a part of 2orvus as the #rk of the 2ovenant #strological ly it portended eminence to those born under its influence! ft& E!8& orange! #lkes is our title from Scaliger& but it also has been #lker& and in the #lfonsine Tables #llies , all from #l 1as of the constellation! The ;atin designation for it H Fundus vasis H well describes its position at the base of the 2up! Since it is the only named star in the figure& and the first lettered& it may have been brighter TAA years ago I but C& a T!@-magnitude& is now the lucida! a has several optical companions& and culminates on the BAth of #pril& about T B nearly due south from jT ;eonis! A& of E!E magnitude& at the southern edge of the base& was one of #l

Ti)ini s #l Sharasif& the /ibs&H i! e! of the :ydra&H and the first of the set!

The four that glorify the night = #h = how forget when to my ravish d sight The 2ross shone forth in everlasting light = Samuel /ogers The 7oyage of 2ol5mbusb 2rur& i]t 2tobb& is the German 1reu)& the "talian 2roce& the French 2roix and& in the 8DDC edition of Flamsteed s #tlas& 2roisade! $ith us it is the Southern 2row! "t was unknown to the ancients by its present title& its four chief stars being noted by %tolemy as a part of the 2entaur& which now surrounds it on three sides! #s such .ayer outlined it over the hind feet& lettering it e& f& h 8 "n this poem /ogers makes the great discoverer bring the telescope into use a centurj before its invention =

The 2onstellations 8?J and f 2entauri I but these now are a& A& y& and d 2rucis& H the 8!T-magnitude lutida at the foot& the Bd-magnitude y at the top& with jT and d& the early f and v&as the transverse, these last& respectively& of 8!D and T!E magnitudes! # fifth star& e& of the Eth magnitude& between o and d& somewhat interferes with the regularity of the figure I and there are forty-nine others visible to the naked eye within the constellation boundaries! The statement that it was mentioned by :ipparchos probably is erroneous& although he distinctly alluded to its as of the 2entaur I but %liny may have known it as Thronoa 2aesaris in honor of the emperor #ugustusI yet it was then invisible from "taly& though plainly visible from #lexandria& where it may have been thus named by some courtly astronomer! #nd #l .iruni wrote that a star could be seen from 'ultan in "ndia& in TA 8B of north latitude& " which they call Sola&" the .eam of 2rucifixion! This& if a reference to the 2ross& is a striking anticipation of the modern figure! :ewitt& repeating this title as Shula& claimed it for the south pole of :indu astronomers! $hittier said& in his 2ry of a ;ost Soul , The 2ross of pardon lights the tropic skies I which is correct for our day& as it is not now entirely visible above BD TA

of north latitude! "t was last seen on the hori)on of 6erusalem H T 8 W EC EJ" H about the time that 2hrist was crucified! .ut TAAA years previously all its stars were D above the hori)on of the savages along the shores of the .altic Sea& in latitude JBW TA ! "ts invention as a constellation is often attributed to /oyer as of 8CD@& but it had been the theme of much description for nearly two centuries before him& and we know that it was illustrated by 'ollineux of 9ngland& in 8J@B& on his celestial globe& with others of the new southern figures I and .ayer drew it over the hind legs of the 2entaur& giving it in his text as modernis crux y %tolemaeo pedes 2entauru .artschius had it separately in 8CBE& and 2aesius catalogued it in 8CCB as though well knownI hence it seems remarkable that it was only outlined over the 2entaur in the Flamsteed #tlas& 2rux lies in the 'ilky $ay& H here a brilliant but narrow stream three or four degrees wide& H and is noticeable from its compression as well as its form& being only CW in extent from north to south& and less in width& the upper star a clear orange in color& and the rest white I the general effect being that of a badly made kite rather than of a cross! So that& notwithstanding all the poetry and romance associated with it& H perhaps owing to these& H it usually disappoints those from northern latitudes who see it for the first time!

8?C Star-*ames and their 'eanings For twelve centuries& from %liny to 0ante& we find no allusion to its stars till that great poet& turning from his contemplation& in the fttrgatorio& of 7enus " veiling the Fishes&" posi mente #l altro polo e vidi +uatro stelle *on viste mai fuor chc alia prima gente& in which .aron #lexander von :umboldt& in his 9xamen 2ritieum& insists that he refers to the 2ross I while ;ongfellow& translating the passage and fixed my mind (pon the other pole and saw four stars *e er seen before save by the primal people& calls it an acknowledged reference to the same& figuring& as it were& the cardinal virtues& 6ustice& %rudence& Fortitude& and Temperance& attributes of 2ato as the Guardian of %urgatory& claiming that $e here are *ymphs and in the :eaven are Stars! ;ater on in the same canto we read again of 2ato , The rays of the four consecrated stars 0id so adorn his countenance with light!

.ut this reference to the " primal people " is not& .arlow says in his Study of 0ante U to our first parents& as 2ary s translation has it& but to the early races of mankind& who JAAA years ago could see the 2ross from latitudes very much higher even than that of "taly! "n the same passage 0ante alludes to its local invisibility in his apostrophe to the northern heavens , < = thou septentrional and widowed site .ecause thou art deprived of seeing these= and in the ?th canto calls them ;e +uatro chiare stelle! $hence 0ante learned all this we do not know& for it was not till BAA & years later that we have any published account of the constellation I but that he paid great attention to the heavens is evident from his fre+uent and intelligent allusions to them throughout the 0ivine 2omedy! :e was& too& a man of erudition as well as of imagination and poetical genius& H 2arlyle called him the spokesman of ten silent centuries& H and may have seen some of the #rabic celestial globes& on at least one of which H probably the .orgian of 8BBJ H we know that the stars of the 2entaur were represented I and he doubtless had fre+uent opportunities of intercourse with learned

The 2onstellations 8?D travelers& 8 or some of the many returned voyagers among his own adventurous countrymen& worthy successors to their ancient neighbors the %hoenicians! This should be sufficient to account for these allusions without attributing them to prophetic inspiration! #nd here& although in no way connected with the 2ross& " would call attention to a fact pleasing to starlovers H vi)!& " the beautiful and endless aspiration& so artistically and silently suggested by 0ante& in closing each part of his poem with the word The "nferno ends with , Thence we came forth to rebehold the stars I the 6htrgatorio, %are and disposed to mount unto the stars I and the Faradiso, The love which moves the sun and the other stars! *ote& too& the poet s perhaps unconscious advance in astronomical knowledge beyond his contemporaries in associating the sun with the stars! 7espucci& on his third voyage in 8JA8& called to mind the passages from 0ante& insisting that he himself was the first of 9uropeans to see the Four Stars& but did not use the title of the 2ross& and called them 'andorla! B

7asco da Gama said of it in the ;usiadas, # group +uite new in the new hemisphere& *ot seen by others yet I while nearly four centuries after him& in our day& ;ord ;ytton M<wen 'eredithN has something similar in his Gueen Guenevere, Then did " feel as one who& much perplext& ;ed by strange legends and the light of stars <ver long regions of the midnight sand .eyond the red tract of the %yramids& "s suddenly drawn to look upon the sky& From sense of unfamiliar light& and sees& /eveal d against the constellated cope& The great cross of the South! $riters of the 8Cth century made fre+uent mention of it in their accounts of southern navigationI 2orsali saying in 8J8D& as translated by 9den, 8 'arco %olo was his contemporary! 8 This& literally " an #lmond&" is the word used in "talian art for the vescica piscis& the oblong glory& surrounding the bodies of saints ascending to heaven!

i??

Star-*ames and their 'eanings

#bove these Sthe 'agellanic 2luudsK appeareth a marveylous crosse in the myddest of fy ve notable starres which compasse it abowt Mas doth 2harles $ayne the northe poleN with other starres whiche move with them abowt !xxx! degrees distant from the pole& and make their course in !xxiiii! houres! This crosse is so fayre and beutiful& that none other hevenly sygne may be compared to it as may appear by this fygure! 8

U5] if

] aftt pou mmiuu Zf555 Goto5 Subse+uently& in 8JBA& %igafetta& the companion of 'agellan& mentioned it as 9l 2rucero& and una croce maravigliosa used for the determination of altitudes& saying that 0ante first described itI %edro Sarmiento de Gamboa called it the Star 2rucero and the Stan of 2ruoeroI .lundevill& in 8JDE5 8 8 use this " fygure " not for its artistic excellence& but as illustrating the early ignorance of locations and magnitudes of southern stars! The 2louds here especially are misplaced with respect to the pole!

The 2onstellations 8?@ 2rotier and& very differently& the South Triangle& but this was twenty-nine years before .ayer gave this title to other stars! 9den also cited the 2rosaiers and 2rone StanI 2hilmead& 2rosero and 2rosiersI Sir 6ohn *arborough& 2losersI and :alley& in 8CD@& 2rosiers! # century before :alley& the %ortuguese naturalist 2ristoval d #costa& writing the title 2rn)ero& H the old Spanish 2raciero& H termed the 2ross the Southern 2elestial 2lock I and as such it has served a useful purpose for nearly EAA years! 7on :umboldt& in his 7oyage to the 9+uinoctial /egions of the *ew 2ontinent& alluding to the %ortuguese and Spaniards& wrote , # religious sentiment attaches them to a constellation the form of which recalls the sign of the faith planted by their ancestors in the deserts of the *ew $orld I H a thought which 'rs! :emans beautifully expressed in her 2ross of the South where the Spanish traveler says , .ut to thee& as thy lode-stars resplendently burn "n their clear depths of blue& with devotion 8 turn& .right 2ross of the South = and beholding thee shine& Scarce regret the loved land of the olive and vine! Thou recallest the ages when first o er the main 'y fathers unfolded the ensign of Spain& #nd planted their faith in the regions that see "ts imperishing symbol ever bla)oned in thee! 7on :umboldt adds , The two great stars& which mark the summit and the foot of the 2ross& having nearly the same right ascension& it follows that the constellation is almost perpendicular at the moment when it passes the meridian! This circumstance is known to the people of every nation situated beyond the Tropics or in the southern hemisphere! "t has been observed at what hour of the night& in different seasons& the 2ross is erect or inclined! "t is a time piece& which advances very regularly nearly four minutes a day& and no

other group of stars affords to the naked eye an observation of time so easily made! :ow often have we heard our guides exclaim in the savannahs of 7ene)uela and in the desert extending from ;ima to Truxillo& "'idnight is past& the 2ross begins to bend!" :ow often these words reminded us of that affecting scene when %aul and 7irginia& seated near the source of the river of "Uataniers& conversed together for the last time& and when the old man& at the sight of the 2ross& warns them that it is time to separate& saying& " la 2roix du Sud est droile sur % hori)on! " 7on :umboldt thought it remarkable that these so striking and well-defined stars should not have been earlier separated from the large ancient constellation of the 2entaur& especially since 1a)wini and other 'uhammadan astronomers took pains to discover crosses elsewhere in the sky I and he

8@A Star-*ames and their 'eanings said that the ancient %ersians& who knew the 2ross well& celebrated a feast by its name& their descendants& to whom it was lost by precession& finding its successor in the 0olphin! The %areni "ndians of his day made much of the stars of the 2ross& calling them .ahumehi& after one of their principal fishes! ;ockyer alludes to it as the %ole star of the South& which it may be when on the meridian& as the most prominent constellation in the vicinity of the pole& although its base star is nearly B ?W from that point& about four and one half times the length of the 2ross! .ut this idea is an old oneI 'insheu s Guide having& at the word " 2ru)ero&" Guatuor stella poli y Foure starres crossing I and Sarmiento& even earlier& had much the same& but asserted that& " with God s help&" he was enabled to select another polestar nearer the true point! "n modern 2hina it has been Shih Tue 1ea& the e+uivalent of our word! The five stars are shown on postage stamps of .ra)il& H 2amSes /ealms of the :oly 2ross& H surrounded by twenty-one stars symboli)ing the twentyone states& and some of the coins bear the same! .ut this name for that country was not new with the poet& for it was given by the discoverer 2abral& on the 8st of 'ay& 8JAAI and the fine %tolemaeus printed at /ome in 8JA?& with the first engraved map of the new continent& carries as its title for South #merica& Terra sancte crucis! %artly within the constellation s boundaries& and at the point of the nearest approach of the 'ilky $ay to the south pole& is the pear-shaped 2oal-sack& or Soot-bag& ?W in length by JW in breadth& containing only one star visible to the naked eye& and that very small& although it has many that are telescopic& and a photograph taken at Sydney in 8?@A shows about as many in proportion as in the surrounding region! This singular vacancy was first formally described by %eter 'artyr& although observed in 8E@@ by 7icente 3ane) %in)on& and designated by 7espucci as il Ganopo fbeoo& and

perhaps alluded to by 2amSes! *arborough wrote of it in 8CD8 as "a small black cloud which the foot of the 2ross is in " I but before him it was 'acula 'agellani& 'agellan s Spot& and fifty years ago Smyth mentioned it as the .lack 'agellanic 2loud! Froude described it in his <ceana as " the inky spot H an opening into the awful solitude of unoccupied space! # native #ustralian legend& which " reads almost like a 2hristian parable4" says that it was " the embodiment of evil in the shape of an 9mu& who lies in wait at the foot of a tree& represented by the stars of the 2ross& for an opossum driven by his persecutions to take refuge among its branches!" The %eruvians imagined it a heavenly 0oe suckling its fawn! #lthough this is the most remarkable of those " curious vacancies through

The 2onstellations 8@8 which we seem to ga)e out into an uninterrupted infinity&" there are many other such in the heavensI an extended list of forty-nine being given by Sir 6ohn :erschel in his <bsemations at the 2ape of Good :ope& and an abbreviated one by 9spin in $ebb s 2elestial <bjects! 2t& Triple& 8& B& and C! #crux& in .urritt s #tlas& probably is a word of his own coining from a 2rucis! #l Ti)ini defined its position as near the ankle-bone of the right hind foot of the 2entaur& in which .ayer s plate agrees& lettering it Q "t was discovered to be double by some 6esuit missionaries sent by 1ing ;ouis Y"7 to Siam in 8C?JI and another companion& of the Cth magnitude& is CA" away! The two larger stars are J" apart& with a position angle of 8BA ! a lies B east of the e+uinoctial colure& and& at its culmination& touches the hori)on in latitude BD TA on the 8Tth of 'ay& due south from 2orvus! y& the uppermost star& is on the hori)on of the ;owe <bservatory& at an elevation of TDAA feet& in latitude TE BA ! Gould thinks it variable& for it has been variously estimated& even by the same observer& as from 8!? to B!E! #round the C U-magnitude a is the celebrated cluster of colored stars& *! G! 2! EDJJ& occupying one forty-eighth of a s+uare degree of spaceI the central and principal one being of a deep red& surrounded by about 8TA others& green& blue& and of various shades I but 'iss 2lerke writes , "t must be confessed that& with moderate telescopic apertures5 it fails to reali)e the effect of colour implied by Sir 6ohn :erschers Sits discovererN comparison to "a gorgeous piece of fancy jewellery!" # few reddish stars catch the eye at once I but the blues& greens and yellows belonging to their companions are pale tints& more than half drowned in white light!

Gould& however& called it ex+uisitelN beautiful!

2usto. Mgte..tum& tLt 6fy2;tuO(tptt& is the German 9rndtehfiter& and the "talian 'ietitore! ;a ;ande published this on his globe of 8DDJ& forming it from some inconspicuous stars not far from the pole& between the 2amelopard& 2assiopeia& and 2epheus! :is alternative title& ;e 'essier& Smyth said was " in poorish punning compliment to his friend& the 5 2omet ferret& 8 " as 1ing ;ouis Y7 had

8@B Star-*ames and their 'eanings called him& who for thirty years had been the gatherer and keeper of the harvest of comets& and the discoverer of twelve between the years of 8D@E and 8D@?! This title also may have been induced by the fact that the two neighboring royal personages were rulers of an agricultural people& and the Giraffe an animal destructive to the grain-fields I all perhaps selected because the %hoenicians are said to have imagined a large $heat Field in this part of the sky! "ts inventor was the enthusiastic astronomer who would spend nights on the %ont *euf over the Seine& explaining the wonders of the variable #lgol to all whom he could interest in the subject& and whose seclusion in his observatory& amid the turmoil of the French /evolution& enabled him to " thank his stars" that he had escaped the fate of so many of his friends! 2ustos has now passed out of the recognition of astronomers!

Those deathless odalis+ues of heaven s hareem& The Stars& unveil I a lonely cloud is roll d %ast by the wind& as bears an a)ure stream # sleeping swan s white plumage fringed with gold! #dam 'ickiewic) %olish 9vening :ymn!

that modern criticism says should be 2ycnufl& lies between 0raco and %egasus! The French know it as 2ygneI the "talians as 2ignoI the Spaniards as 2isne I and the Germans as Schwan! "t was 1vkvoc with 9ratosthenes& but usually <pvcc with other Greeks& by which was simply intended a .ird of some kind& more particularly a

:en I although the atoYog of #ratos may indicate that he had in view the " +uickly flying swan" I but& as this Greek adjective also signifies " varied&" it is possible that reference was here made to the .ird s position in the 'ilky $ay& in the light and shade of that great circle! $ith this idea& .rown renders it " spangled!" #ratos also described it as iNpoPc& " dark&" especially as to its wings& an error which :ipparchos corrected! $hen the /omans adopted the title that we now have& our constellation became the mythical swan identified with 2ycnus& the son of 'ars& or of the ;igurian SthenelusI or the brother of %haethon& transformed at the river

The 2onstellations 8@T %adus and transported to the sky! 8 #ssociated& too& with ;eda& the friend of 6upiter and mother of 2astor& %ollux& and :elena& it was classed among the #rgonautic constellations& and :elenae <enitor& with other names derived from the well-known legend& was applied to it! %opularly the constellation was #les& #vis& and 7olucrifl& a .ird&H #les 6ovis& #les ;edaeus& and #vis 7eneris& H while <lor& another word for the Swan& both ornithological and stellar& has been current even to modern times! %hoebi #ssessor is cited by ;a ;ande& the bird being sacred to that deityI and 7nltur cadens is found for it& but this was properly ;yra s title! #s the bird of 7enus it also has been known as 'yrtilus& from the myrtle sacred to that goddess I and it was considered to be <rpheus& placed after death in the heavens& near to his favorite ;yre! <ur 2ygnus may have originated on the 9uphrates& for the tablets show a stellar bird of some kind& perhaps (rakhga& the original of the #rabs /ukh& the /oc& that Sindbad the Sailor knew! #t all events& its present figuring did not originate with the Greeks& for the history of the constellation had been entirely lost to them& as had that of the mysterious 9ngonasin& H an evident proof that they were not the inventors of at least some of the star-groups attributed to them! "n #rabia& although occasionally known as #l Ta ir al #rduf& the Flying 9agle& 2hilmead s #ltayr& or as #l /adif& it usually was #l 0ajajah& the :en& and appears as such even with the 9gyptian priest 'anetho& about TAA b! c& this degenerating into the #dige& #digege& #ldigaga& #ddigagato& 0egige& 9degiagith& 9ldigiagich& etc!& of early lists& some of these even now !ipplied to its brightest star! Scaliger s #l .idhadh& for the constellation& which degenerated to 9l Sided& perhaps is the origin of our #rided for the lucida& but its signification is uncertain& although the word is said to have been found in an old ;atinSpanish- #rabic dictionary for some sweet-scented flower! :yde gives 1atha for it& the #rabic #l 1atat& a bird in form and si)e like a pigeon I indeed& #l Sufi s translator& Schjellerup& defined the latter s title for it& #l Ta ir& as le pigeon de poste I but #l 1atat is now the #rabs

word for a common gallinaceous game-bird of the desert& perhaps the mottled partridge! The #lfonsine Tables& in the recent 'adrid edition& supposed to be a reproduction of the original& illustrate their Galina by a forlorn :en instead 8 $hile 2ygnus was thus prominent in myth and the sky& the swan was especially so in indent ornithology& and the subject of many fables& where its "hostility " to other birds and to tjsrs was made much ofI but in these Thompson sees astronomical symbolism& as already r -as been alluded to under #+uila! T

8@E Star-*ames and their 'eanings of a Swan& with the bungled #rabic title altayr aldigeya& although elsewhere they say <lor, :ypareus 2ygtium vocalI the #rabo-;atin #lmagest oi 8J8J had 9urisim, el esl volans, el jam voealur gallina! el dicilur eurisim +uasi redolens ut lilium ab ireo I the #lfonsine Tables of 8JB 8 have :yresymI et dieitur +uasi redolens tit lilium, el esl volans, el jam vocatur gallinaI .ayer wrote of it& +uasi /osa redolens ;iliumI /iccioli& +uasi Galli rosaI and contemporaries of this last author wrote :ire)ym and :ieri)im! "deler s comments on all this well show the roundabout process by which some of our star-names have originated& and are worthy +uotation entire , They have& moreover& made use of the translated Greek 5Apwc& as is shown by the .orgian Globe& on which is written ;urnifl& or (rnia Mfor the first letter is not connected with the second& so that we have both readingsN! "t is most probable that from thiV (rnis originated the 9urisim in the foregoing rare title! %robably the translator found in the #rabic original the& to him& foreign word (rnis& :e naturally surmised that it was Greek& only he did not know its proper signification! <n the other hand& the plant Upvaifiov ^9rysimum officinale& ;inn!N occurred to him& which the /omans called "reo Msee %liny& :ist! *at! xviii& 8A& xxii& BJN& and this recalled the richly scented "ris or Sword ;ily M"ris florentina& ;inn!N& and so& as it seems to me& he traced the thought through a perfectly natural association of ideas to his beautiful 9urisim& +uasi redolens& ut lilium ab ireo! #t the same time " believe " have here struck the trail of the title #lbireo& which has never yet been satisfactorily explained! This is given to the star on the beak&H 5F&H by .ayer and in our charts! "t seems to me to be nothing more than the above ab irttV& which came to be turned into an #rabic star-name by means of an interpolated 4! The early Gallina continued in use by astronomers even to the last century! 2ygnus usually is shown in full flight down the 'ilky $ay& the Stream of :eaven& " uppoised on gleaming wings " I but old drawings have it apparently just springing from the ground! 2aesius thought that the constellation represented the Swan in the #uthori)ed 7ersion of ;eviticus xi& 8?& the Timshemath of the :ebrewsI but this is a :orned <wl in the /evision& or may have been an "bis!

<ther 2hristians of his time saw here the 2ross of 2alvary& 2hrirti 2m& as Schickard had it& Schiller s 2rux cum S! :elena I these descending to our day as the :orthern 2ross& well known to all& and to beginners in stellar observations probably better than by the stars true title! ;owell was familiar with it& and thus brings it into his *ew 3ear s 9ve& 8?EE , <rion kneeling in his starry niche& The ;yre whose strings give music audible To holy ears& and countless splendors more& 2rowned by the bla)ing 2ross high-hung o er all I and Smith& in 2ome ;earn of the Stars,

The 2onstellations 8@J 3onder goes 2ygnus& the Swan& flying southward& H Sign of the 2ross and of 2hrist unto me! This 2ross is formed by a& y& Fy& and A& marking the upright along the Galaxy& more than BA in length& f& e& y& and C being the transverse! These last also were an #rab asterism& #l Fawaris& the /idersI a and k sometimes being added to the group! The 2hinese story of the :erdsman& or Shepherd& generally told for our #+uila& and of his love for the skilful Spinster& our ;yra& occasionally includes stars in 2ygnus! $hile interesting in many respects& it is especially so in possessing an unusual number of deeply colored stars& .irmingham writing of this , # space of the heavens including the 'ilky $ay& between #+uila& ;yra& and 2ygnus& seems so peculiarly favored by red and orange stars that it might not inaptly be called the /ed /egion& or the /ed /egion of 2ygnus! #rgelander locates 8EC naked-eye members of the constellation& and :eis 8@D& its situation in the Galaxy accounting for this density! <f these stars 9spin gives a list of one hundred that are double& triple& or multiple! The ;aoe-work :ebula& *! G! 2! C@CA& also lies within its borders! $e find among classical authors "kt4voc& 'iluus& 'ilvus& and 'ylvius& taken from the Farapegmata& and& even to modern days& supposed to be titles for our 2ygnus& #+uila& or some unidentified sky figure I but "deler showed that by these words reference probably was made to the 1ite& the predaceous bird of passage annually appearing in spring& and not to any stellar object! 2t& 8!E& brilliant white! 0eneb is from #l 0hanab al 0ajajah& the :en s Tail& which has become

0enebadigege& 0enebedigege& 0eneb #dige& etc! "n the #lfonsine Tables #rided appears& and is still fre+uently seen for this star& as #l 9idhadh and 9l .ided formerly were for the constellation! /eferring to this last title& 2aesius termed a <s rosae& the German /osamund& although he also designated it as (ropygium& the %ope s *ose of our Thanksgiving dinner-tables! a also& and correctly enough& is #ridif& from #l /idf& the :indmostI but .ayer changed it to #rrioph& and 2ary to #rion! .ayer gave Gallina as an individual title! 'r! /oyal :ill says that this and the three adjacent bright stars in the figure are known as the Triangles!

8@C Star-*ames and their 'eanings 0eneb has no sensible proper motion& and hence has been considered as deserving the term& generally inappropriate& of a " fixed star " I but spectroscopic investigations made at Greenwich seemed to show motion at the rate of thirty -six miles a second toward the earth& and so only apparently stationary! Such motion& *ewcomb says r would eventually carry it at some time& H probably between 8AA&AAA and TAA&AAA years hence& H past our system at about jfoy part of its present distance& making it the nearest and the brightest of the earth s neighbors! .ut 7ogel s recent and more trustworthy measures at %otsdam give its rate as about five miles a second! 9lkin estimated its parallax in 8?@B as o"!AED& H practically insensible "ts spectrum is Sirian! %hotographs by 0octor 'ax $olf& of :eidelberg& in 6une& 8 ?@8& show that it and y are involved in one vastly extended nebula! "t rises in the latitude of *ew 3ork 2ity at sunset on the 8Bth of 'ay! culminating on the 8Cth of September& and lies so far to the north that it iV visible at some hour of every clear night throughout the year! p& 0ouble& H perhaps binary& T!J and D& topa) yellow and sapphire blue! #lbireo& the now universal title& is in no way associated with #rabia& but apparently was first applied to the star from a misunderstanding as to the words ab ireo in the description of the constellation in the 8J 8J #lmagrt! #lbireo in the Standard 0ictionary undoubtedly is from a type error& as also may be #bbireo& #lberio& and #lbeiro& which occasionally are used! The #rabians designated % as #l 'infiar al 0ajajah& the :en s .eak& where it is still located on our maps! /iccioli wrote this 'enkar 9ldigiagioh I and also had :ieri)im!

is one of the show objects of the sky& and 'iss 2lerke& calling its colore golden and a)ure& says that it presents " perhaps the most lovely effect o5 colour in the heavens!" .eing TJ" apart& the components can readily =5 resolved by a field-glass! The system& if binary& has a very long period ot revolution& as yet undetermined& the present position angle being JC ! 2lose to appeared a nova on the BAth of 6une& 8CDA& described by the 2arthusian monk #nthelmus of 0ijon! This disappeared after two years oi varying brilliancy& but may still exist as a 8Ath- to nth-magnitude variable& discovered& in the supposed location& by :ind in 8?JB! "n the neck of the Swan& not far from %& is the variable Z B & ranging from E!J to 8T!J in EAC days! Sometimes& at its maximum& it is of only the Cth magnitude!

The 2onstellations 8@D y& B!D& is Sadr& H incorrectly Sudr& H from #l Sadr al 0ajajah& the :en s .reast& and one of the Fawaru of the #rabs! /eeves said that in 2hina it was Tien Tain& the name of a city I but this generally was given to the group of four stars& a& A& y& and C! y is in the midst of beautiful streams of small stars& itself being involved in a diffused nebulosity extending to a I while the space from it to perhaps is richer than any of similar extent in the heavens! 9spin asserts that around y and the horns of Taurus seem to centre the stars showing spectra of the fourth type! "ts own spectrum is Solar! #ccording to observations at %otsdam& it is in motion toward us at the rate of about four miles a second!

Q& B!C& yellow& on the right wing& is Gienah& from the #rabic #l 6anah& the $ing! .etween a& y& and this star is the northern 2oal-sack& an almost vacant space in the 'ilky $ayI another& still more noticeable and celebrated& coincidently being located in the Southern 2ross! CW to the northeast from e is C8 2ygni& with a parallax of o"!J& and thus& so far as we now know& the nearest star to us in the northern heavens& with the exception of ;a ;ande B8 8?J (rsae 'ajoris! "f the distance from the earth to the sun be considered as one inch& that to this star would be about seven and one half miles! "t also is remarkable for its great proper motion toward the star _x& H J"! 8C annually& H near to which it probably will be in 8 J&AAA years! EAAA years ago it was near e ! "t is a double Cth-magnitude& and may be binary& the components BA" apart& with a position angle of 8B 8W in 8?@A! "t was the first star success-

fully observed for parallax& H by .essel between the years 8?TD and 8?EA! I and p& with two other adjacent small stars& were the 2hinese 2hay Foo& a Storehouse for 2arts! 5` E!?& is #ielffcfitge& possibly a corrupted form of #delf(feres& from #l F(lf al Faras& the :orse s Foot or Track I and& to +uote "deler& SMfollows either that the foot of %egasus Snow marked by 5 %egasiK extended to this star& or that in this region was supposed to be located the feet of the Stallion which& as we shall 5ec farther on& some #rab astronomer introduced between %egasus and the Swan! <r the title may be& as seems more probable& from #l #)al al 0ajajah& the Tail of the :en& which it exactly marks! "t is sometimes #)elfafgeI but 8T-

8@? Star-*ames and their 'eanings .ayer& with whom the word apparently first occurs& had "#idlfcge id est Tareuta!" 8 DT 8 & with about twenty other stars in 2ygnus& #ndromeda& and ;acerta& was comprised in the early 2hinese Tang Shay& the 0ragon! %& or Fl! TE& a sth-magnitude& located at the base of the Swan s neck& is one of the few so-called gaseous stars having bright lines in their spectra! "t was discovered by 6anson& as a nova of the Bd magnitude& on the 8?th of #ugust& 8CAAI was numbered BD in Tycho s catalogue& with the designation oinova anni 8CAA in pectore 2ygni I and 1epler thought it worthy of a monograph in 8CAC! 2hristian :uygens& the 0utch astronomer of the 8Dth century& called it the /evenante of the Swan& from its extraordinary light changes I but these now seem to have ceased! G 2< & 0ouble& LbE and io& pale red& is .uehba from #l .nkbah al 0ajajah& the :en s 1neeI but the three stars _mV now mark the tertiaries of the left wing! The components of w T are LC"!L apart& at a position angle of ?CW!T I and other minute stars are in the same field!

!!! the 0elphienus heit (p in the aire!

1ing 6ames "& in #n5 sckori %o5me o4Tyme is 0auphin in France& .elflno in "taly& and 0olphin in Germany , all from the Greek #eYGig and betytv& transcribed by the ;atins as 0elphil and 0olphin! This last continued current through the 8Dth century& and in our day was resumed by %roctor for his reformed list! 2haucer& in the :ous of Fame X& had 0elphyn& and later than he it was 0olphyne! "t now is one of the smallest constellations& but originally may have included the stars that :ipparchos set off to form the new 9+uuleusI and in all astronomical literature has borne its present title and shape& with many and varied stories attached& for its namesake was always regarded as the most remarkable of marine creatures! l $hat is this last F "t seems to have escaped comment by all of the authorities!

The 2onstellations 8@@ "n Greece it also was "lepo+ lxOvL& the Sacred Fish& the creature being of as much religious significance there as a fish afterwards became among the early 2hristians I and it was the sky emblem of philanthropy& not only from the classical stories connected with its prototype& but also from the latter s devotion to its young! "t should be remembered that our stellar 0olphin is figured as the common cetacean& 0elphinus delphis& of #tlantic and 'editerranean waters& not the tropical 2oryphaena that 0orado represents! <vid& designating it as clarum sidus& personified it as #mphitrite& the goddess of the sea& because the dolphin induced her to become the wife of *eptune& and for this service& 'anilius said& was " rais d from Seas " to be The Glory of the Floud and of the Stars! From this story the constellation was known as %ersuasor #mphitrites& as well as :eptunus and Triton! $ith 2icero it appeared as 2nrvufl& an adjective that appropriately has been applied to the creature s apparent form in all ages 8 down to the 55 bended dolphins " in 'ilton s picture of the 2reation! .ayer s 2nrros merely is 2icero s word with a typographical error& for he explained it& 2iter-oni ob gibbum in dorso I but he also had Smon nautis& and /iccioli Smon barbaris& which seems to be the Simon& Flat-nosed& of old-time mariners& +uoted by %liny for the animal! #nother favorite title was 7ector #rionis& from the Greek fable that attributed to the dolphin the rescue of #rion on his voyage from Tarentum to 2orinth H a variation of the very much earlier myth of the sun-god .aal :amon! :ence comes :enry 1irke $hite s lock d in silence o er #rion s star& The slumbering night rolls on her velvet car!

"n continuation of the Greek story of #rion and his ;yre appears `lovmtcCv ]uVdtov& the 'nrionm dgnnm of the ;atinsI or this may come from the fact mentioned in <vid s Fasti that the constellation was supposed to contain nine stars& the number of the 'uses& although %tolemy prosaically catalogued 8AI #rgelander& BAI and :eis& T8! /iccioli and ;a ;ande cited :ermippus for 0elphinus& and #cetes after the pirate-pil ot who protected .acchus on his voyage to *axos and #riadneI while to others it represented #pollo returning to 2rissa or piloting 2astalius from 2rete! X n bis notes on 'anilius& +uoted many examples of the use of this term by the 8 :aet& 8 ;atins& and said %erpctuam hoc 0elphinum 9fitheton!

BAA Star-*ames and their 'eanings The :indus& from whom the Greeks are said to have borrowed it& H although the reverse of this may have been the case&H knew it as Shi-ihumara& or Sim-shn-mara& changed in later days to >i)umara& a %orpoise& also ascribed to 0raco! #nd they located here the B Bd aaO#a4ra& GraT<htha& 'ost Favorable& also called 0haniaht!hft& /ichestI the 7asus& .right or Good <nes& being the regents of this asterism& which was figured as a 0rum or TaborI MT marking the junction with 2atabishaj! .rown thinks that it may have been the 9uphratean 'akhar& although 2apricorn also claimed this! #l .iruni& giving the #rabic title #l 1alid& the /iding 2amel& said that the early 2hristians H the 'elkite 8 and *estorian sects H considered it the 2ross of 6esus transferred to the skies after his crucifixionI but in 1a)wini s day the learned of #rabia called o& A& y& and C #l T6knd& the %earls or %recious Stones adorning #l Salib& by which title the common people knew this 2ross I the stare& towards the tail& being #l #nrad al Salib& the %illar of the 2ross! .ut the #rabian astronomers adopted the Greek figure as their 0nlfim& which one of their chroniclers described as "a marine animal friendly to man& attendant upon ships to save the drowning sailors!" The #lfonsine lables of 8JEJ said of 0elphinus& Guae habet Stellas +uae sapiunt naturam& a generally pu))ling expression& but common in the 8JJ8 translation of the Tetrabiblos& where it signifies stars supposed to be cogni)ant of human births and influential over human character& H naturam! %tolemy& as is shown in these Four .ooks& was a believer in the genethliacal influence of certain stars and constellations& of which this seems to have been one specially noted in that respect! 0elphinus lies east of #+uila& on the edge of the 'ilky $ay& occupying& with the adjoining a+ueous figures& the portion of the sky that #ratos called the $ater! "t culminates about the 8Jth of September! 2aesius placed here the ;eviathan of the 8AEth %salmI *ovidius& the

Great %ish that swallowed 6onah I but 6ulius Schiller knew some of its stars as the $ater-pots of 2ana! %opularly it now is 6ob s 2offin& although the date and name of the inventor of this title " have not been able to learn! The 2hinese called the four chief stars and Q 1wa 2haou& a Gourd! 2Q& E& pale yellow I fi @ .inary& E and C& greenish and dusky! The strange names Sualocin and 9otanev first appeared for these stars in the %alermo 2atalogue of 8?8E& and long were a mystery to all& and 8 These 'elkites& or /oyalists as the name indicates& were of the Greek 2hurch& whose spiritual head now is the 2)ar& the royal head of /ussia& and successor of the .y)antine %atriarch!

The 2onstellations BA8 seemingly a great pu))le to Smyth& which he perhaps never solved& although he was very intimate with the staff of the %alermo <bservatory! $ebb& however& discovered their origin by reversing the component letters& and so reading *icolaus 7enator a& the ;atini)ed form of *iccolo 2acciatore& the name of the assistant and successor of %ia))i! .ut 'iss /olleston& in her singular book 'a))aroth& considered in some +uarters as of authority& wrote that they are derived& a from the #rabic Scalooin& swift Mas the flow of waterN I and fi from the Syriac and 2haldee /otaneb& or 1otaneu& swiftly running Mas water in the troughN! For no part of this scholarly M=N statement does there seem to be the least foundation! .urritt gave these titles as Soalovin and .otanen! a may be variable to the extent of half a magnitude in fourteen days! i is a very close pair& o"!C? apart in 8?@D& at a position angle of TJ D & with the rapid orbital period of about twenty -six years! #nother companion& purple in color and of the nth magnitude& C" away& has lately been discovered by See& and so jT may be ternary I while two other stars of the 8Ath and 8Tth magnitudes are about TA" away! y is a beautiful double of Eth and Jth magnitudes& it" apart& with a portion angle of BDA I but& if binary& their motion is extremely slow! The components are golden and bluish green& and a fine object for small glasses! f& a Eth-magnitude& although lying near the dorsal fin of our present figure& bears the very common name 0eneb& from #l 0hanab al 0ulflm& the 0olphin s Tail! .ut in #rabia it also was #l #mud al Salib& as marking the %illar of the 2ross! "n 2hina it was %ae 2haou& the /otten 'elon!

The comparative brilliancy of jT& y& d& and e has been variously estimated H a fact which the observations of Gould at #lbany in 8?J?& and at 2ordoba in 8?D8-DE& prove to be occasioned by variability& within moderate limits& of all four!

eorabo& tfc M.ofb' first published by .ayer among his new southern figures& is still thus known in Germany and "taly& but the French say 0orado I and Flammarion has 0oradu.& perhaps from confusion with its supposed genitive case! The word is from the Spanish& and refers not to our little exotic cyprinoid& but to the large coryphaena of the tropical seas& of changing colors at death! <n the planisphere in Gore s translation of 7#stronomie %opulaire it is strangely ren-

BAB Star-*ames and their 'eanings dered Gold FieldI and 2raver& in the 2olas list of the 2elestial :andbook of 8?@B& is e+ually erroneous! 2hilmead mentions it as the <ilthead fish& but this& in ichthyology& was a very different fish& the 2renilabrus melops of .ritish coasts! 2aesius combined its stars with the Greater 2loud and the Flying Fish to form his <ld Testament figure of #bel the 6ust The alternative title Yiphiaa& the Swordfish& " first find in the /udolphxne lables of 8CBD I :alley used it& in addition to 0orado& in his catalogue of 8CD@I Flamsteed gave both names in his edition of Sharp s catalogueI and the modern Stieler s planisphere still has Schwerdtflgch! Yiphias& however& had appeared in astronomy in the first century of our era& for %liny applied it to sword-shaped comets& as 6osephus did to that "which for ayearM=N had hung over 6erusalem in the form of a sword&" H possibly : alley s comet of a! d! CC! The /udolphine Tables and /iccioli catalogued here C stars of Eth and Jth magnitudes& but Gould EB from T!8 to D! The head of 0orado marks the south pole of the ecliptic& so that& according to 2aesius& the constellation gave its name to that point as the %olus 0oradinalis! $ithin T of this pole is the very remarkable nebula TA 0oradus& that Smyth called the True ;over s 1not& although now known as the Great ;ooped *ebula& *! G! 2! BADA& described by Sir 6ohn :erschel as an assemblage of loops and one of the most extraordinary objects in the heavens& H " the centre of a great spiral!" e appears in /eeves list as 1in 3u& but this star being only a Jth-magnitude& and these words signifying a Goldfish& they doubtless were designed for the whole figure introduced into 2hina by the 6esuits!

Q& a Jth-magnitude& bears the 2hinese title 1aon %ih!

$ith vast convolutions 0raco holds Th ecliptic axis in his scaly folds! < er half the skies his neck enormous rears& #nd with immense meanders parts the .ears! 9rasmus 0arwin s 9conomy of 7egetation! eroco& Le eragon& the German 0rache& the "talian 0ragone& and the French 0ragon& was OpdicGNv with the Greeks H indeed this has been the universal title in the transcribed forms of the word! 2lassic writers& astronomers& and the people have known it thus& although 9ratosthenes and :ipparchos called it A_picV

The 2onstellations BAT and in the ;atin Tables& as with some of the poets& it occasionally appeared& with the other starry snakes& as #nguifl& 2oluber& %ython& and Serpens! From the latter came #esculapius& and perhaps #udax! "t was described in the Shield of :ercules& with the two 0ogs& the :are& <rion& and %erseus& as The scaly horror of a dragon& coiled Full in the central field I and mycologists said that it was the Snake snatched by 'inerva from the giants and whirled to the sky& where it became Sidus 'inervae et .aeehi or the monster killed by 2admus at the fount of 'ars& whose teeth he sowed for a crop of armed men! 6ulius Schiller& without thought of its previous character& said that its stars represented the :oly "nnocents of .ethlehem I others& more consistently& that it was the <ld Serpent& the tempter of 9ve in the GardenI 2aesius likened it to the Great 0ragon that the .abylonians worshiped with .elI and <laus /udbeck& 8 the Swedish naturalist of about 8DAA& said that his countrymen considered it the ancient symbol of the .altio Sea I but he also sought to show that %aradise was located in Sweden = 0elit)sch asserted that a :ebrew conception for its stars was a GuiverI but this must have been exceptional& for the normal figure with that people was the familiar 0ragon& or a sea monster of some kind! /enan thought

that the allusion of 6ob to " the crooked serpent " in our #uthori)ed 7ersion is to this& or possibly to that of <phiuchusI but the 0ragon would seem to be the most probable as the ancient possessor of the pole-star& then& as ours now is& the most important in the heavensI while this translation of the original is specially appropriate for such a winding figure! The /everend 0octor #lbert .arnes renders it " fleeing&" and 0elit)sch& " fugitive"I but the /evised 7ersion has "swift&" a very unsuitable epithet for 0raco s slow motion& yet applicable enough to the more southern :ydra! /eferring to 0raco s change of position in respect to the pole from the effect of precession& %roctor wrote in his 'yths and 'arvels of #stronomy I <ne might almost& if fancifully disposed& recogni)e the gradual displacement of the 0ragon from his old place of honour& in certain traditions of the downfall of the great 0ragon whose " tail drew the third part of the stars of heaven&" alluded to in The /evelation x`y t EI and the conclusion of that verse& " did cast them to the earth&" would show a possible reference to meteors! 8 /udbeck perhaps was " the sagacious Swede " of whom the %ope speaks in .rowning s The /ing and the .ook!

BAE Star-*ames and their 'eanings "n %ersia 0raco was #)hdeha& the 'an-eating Serpent& occasionally transcribed :aahteherI and& in very early :indu worship& Shi-ahu-mara& the #lligator& or %orpoise& which also has been identified with our 0elphinus! .abylonian records allude to some constellation near the pole as a Snail drawn along on the tail of a 0ragon that may have been our constellation I while among the inscriptions we find Sir& a Snake& but to which of the sky serpents this applied is uncertain! #nd some see here the dragon Tiamat& 8 overcome by the kneeling sun-god ")hdubar or Gi)dhubar& our :ercules& whose foot is upon it! /awlinson& however& said that 0raco represented :ea or :oa& the third god in the #ssyrian triad& also known as 1im-mut #s a 2haldaean figure it probably bore the horns and claws of the early typical dragon& and the wings that Thales utili)ed to form the ;esser .earI hence these are never shown on our maps! .ut with that people it was a much longer constellation than with us& winding downwards and in front of (rsa 'ajor& and& even into later times& clasped both of the .ears in its folds, this is shown in manuscripts and books as late as the 8Dth century& with the combined title #rotoe et 0raco! "t still almost incloses (rsa 'inor! The usual figuring is a combination of bird and reptile& magnus ft tortus a 'onstnun mirabile and 'onatrum audax& or plain 'onatrum with Germanicus! 7ergil had :aximua #ngnia& which& after the manner of a river& glides away with tortuous windings& around and through be-

tween the .ears I H a simile that may have given rise to another figure and title& found in the #rgonauticae& H ;adon& from the prominent river of #rcadia& or& more probably& the estuary bounding the Garden of the :esperides& which& in the ordinary version of the story& 0raco guarded& a the emblem of eternal vigilance in that it never set!" :ere he was 2oluber arborem conscendens& and Gnatoa :esperidnm& the $atcher over the golden fruit I this fruit and the tree bearing it being themselves stellar emblems& for Sir $illiam 0rummond wrote , a fruit tree was certainly a symbol of the starry heavens& and the fruit typified the cnr! stellations I and George 9liot& in her Spanish Gypsy , 8 This notable creation of 9uphratean mythology was the personification of primeval chios hostile to the gods and opposed to law and order I but ")hdubar con+uered the monster in a struggle by driving a wind into its opened jaws and so splitting it in twain! 2etus& :ydra and the Serpent of <phiuchus also have been thought its symbols! "ts representation is found on cylinder seals recently unearthed!

The 2onstellations BAJ The stars are golden fruit upon a tree #ll out of reach! 0raco s stars were circumpolar about JAAA b! c& and& like all those similarly situated& H of course few in number owing to the low latitude of the *ile country& H were much observed in early 9gypt& although differently figured than as with us! Some of them were a part of the :ippopotamus& or of its variant the 2rocodile& and thus shown on the planisphere of 0enderah and the walls of the /amesseum at Thebes! #s such 0elit)sch says that it was :es-nmt& perhaps meaning the /aging 'other! #n object resembling a ploughshare held in the creature s paws has fancifully been said to have given name to the adjacent %lough! The hieroglyph for this :ippopotamus was used for the heavens in generalI while the constellation is supposed to have been a symbol of "ns :athor& #thor& or #thyr& the 9gyptian 7enus I and ;ockyer asserts that the myth of :orus which deals with the :or-she-shu& an almost prehistoric people even in 9gyptian records& makes undoubted reference to stars here I although subse+uently this myth was transferred to the Thigh& our (rsa 'ajor! "t is said that at one time the 9gyptians called 0raco Tanem& not unlike the :ebrew Tannim& or #ramaic Tannin& and perhaps of the same signification and derived from them! The 9gyptian *eeht was close to& or among& the stars of 0raco I but its exact location and boundaries& how it was figured& and what it represented& are not known!

#mong #rabian astronomers #l Tinnin and #l Thuban were translations of %tolemy s `pdni5Nv I and on the .orgian globe& inscribed over 4T and y& are the words #lghavil #ltannin in #ssemani s transcription& the %oisonous ;Vragon in his translation& assumed by him as referring to the whole constellation! That there was some foundation for this may be inferred from the traditionary belief of early astrologers that when a comet was here lVoison was scattered over the world! .ayer cited from Turkish maps 9tanin& and from others #ben& Taben& and 9tabin I /iccioli& #been vel TaebenI %ostellus& 0abanI 2hilmead& #laninI and Schickard& #ttanino! #l Shnja & the Snake& also was applied to 0raco by the #rabians& as it P as to :ydra I and #l :ayyah& the Snake& appeared for it& though more _ ommon for our Serpens& with which word it was synonymous! .ayer had %almes emeritus& the 9xhausted 7ine .ranch& that " do not find elsewhere I but the original is probably from the #rabs for some minor uroup of the constellation! $illiams mentions a great comet& seen from 2hina in 8TTD& which passed through 3uen $ei& apparently some unidentified stars in 0raco! The

BAC Star-*ames and their 'eanings creature itself was the national emblem of that country& but the 0ragon of the 2hinese )odiac was among the stars now our ;ibra! 9dkins writes that 0raco was Tsl 1ong& the %alace of the :eavenly 9mperor& adding& although not very clearly& that this palace is bounded by the stars of 0raco& fifteen in number& which stretch themselves in an onl shape round the pole-star! They include the star Tai yi& f & o& a& s& of 0raco& which is distant about ten degrees from the tail of the .ear and twenty-two from the present pole! "t was itself the pole in the 9poch of the commencement of 2hinese astronomy! 0raco extends over twelve hours of right ascension& and contains 8TA naked-eye components according to #rgelanderI BBA& according to :eis, but both of these authorities extend the tail of the figure& far beyond its star #& to a Eth-magnitude under the jaws of 2amelopardalis& H much farther than is fre+uently seen on the maps!

tt& T!C& pale yellow! Thuban and #l Tinnin are from the #rabic title for the whole of 0raco& and #)fadeha from the %ersian! "t is also #dib& #ddib& 9ddib& #did& #dive& and 9l 0rib& all from #l 0hi bah& the :yaenas& that also appears for the stars f& iy& and i& as well as for others in .ootes and (rsa 'ajor! #l Ti)ini called it #l 0hili& the 'ale :yaena!

#mong seamen it has been the 0ragon s Tail& a title explained under y! "n 2hina it was 3u 2hoo& the /ight-hand %ivot I the space towards 8 being 2hung :o :un! Sayce says that the great astrological and astronomical work compiled for the first Sargon& king of #gade& or #kkad& devoted much attention to this star& then marking the pole& as Tir-#n-na& the ;ife of :eaven I 0ayan Same& the 6udge of :eavenI and 0ayan Sidi& the Favorable 6udge&H all representing the god Gaga Gilgati& whose name it also bore! .rown applies" these titles to $ega of the ;yre& the far more ancient pole-star& H but this was 8E&AAA years ago = H and cited for a 0raconis 0ayan 9rirn& the %rospering 6udge& or the 2rown of :eaven& and 0ayan Shisha& the 6udge 0irecting! as having the highest seat amongst the heavenly host! #bout BDJA b! c it was less than 8A from the exact pole& although now more than BC I and as it lies nearly at the centre of the figure& the whole constellation then visibly swung around it& as on a pivot& like the hands of a clock& but in the reverse direction! The star could be seen& both by day and night& from the bottom of the

The 2onstellations BAD central passage 8 of the Great %yramid of 2heops M1num 1hufuN at Ghi)eh& in TA of north latitude& as also from the similar points in five other like structures I and the same fact is asserted by Sir 6ohn :erschel as to the two pyramids at #bousseir! :erschel considered that there is distinct evidence of Thuban formerly being brighter than now& as its title from its constellation& and its lettering& would indicate I for with .ayer it was a Bd-magnitude& H in fact the only one of that brilliancy in his list of 0raco& H and generally so in star-catalogues previous to two centuries ago! "t culminates on the Dth of 6une! 6T& probably .inary& T and 8E& yellow! .aitaban and .astaben are from #l .aa al Thu ban& the 0ragon s :ead& H Schickard s /aso tabbani "n early #rab astronomy it was one of #l #wild& the 'other 2amels& V & 44& v y and f completing the figure& which was later known as the flnin+ne 0romedarii! From the #rabic word comes another modern name& #lwaid& unless it may be from a different conception of the group as #l #wwad& the ;ute-player! Still other 0esert titles were #l /akifi& the 0ancer& or Trotting 2amel& now given to `l` and it formed part of #l Salib al $/ki5& the Falling 2ross& and f forming the perpendicular& y& ji& and v the transverseI and thus designated as if slanting away from the observer to account for the paucity of stars in the upright!

#raiaR current in the 'iddle #ges and since& was from #l Shuja & and often has been written #flvia& the letter u being mistakenly considered the early v! The companion& E" away& at a position angle of iTW!E& was discovered by .urnham! G and y& E apart& near the solstitial colure& have been known as the 0ragon s 9yes& incorrect now& although %roctor thought them so located in the original figuring of a front view of 0raco! 'odern drawings place them on the top of the head! "n 2hina they were 'en 1ae! 3F 0ouble& B!E and 8T!B& orange! 9ttanin& also written 9ttanin& 9tannin& 9tanim& 9tamin& etc!& is from (lug .eg s #l :as al Tinnin& the 0ragon s :ead& applied to this& as it also 8 This passage! E feet by TU feet in diameter and T?A feet long& was directed northward to ni5 star& doubtless by design of the builder& from a point deep below the present base& at an inclination of BC 8D to the hori)on! #t the time of its building& perhaps four millenniums before our era& the Southern 2ross was entirely visible to the savage .ritons!

BA? Star-*ames and their 'eanings is to a I /iccioli wrote it :as m5ftimR- The word Tinnin is nearly synom mous with Thu ban& and .ayer mentioned .aftaben as one of its titles& the #lfonsine /asaben& and now /astaban inEhe 2entury 2yclopedia I but in early #rabic astronomy it was one of the :erd of 2amels alluded to at 6! Firu)abadi referred to a /as al Tinnin and 0hanab al Tinnin in the heavens& the 0ragon s :ead& and Tail I but these have no connection with our 0raco& reference being there made solely to the ascending and descending nodes in the orbits of the moon and planets known to #rabian astronomers under these titles! %rimarily& however& these were from "ndia& and known as /ahu and 1itu! This idea seems to have originated from the fact that the moon s undulating course was symboli)ed by that of the stellar :ydra , ami had the latter word been used instead of " 0ragon&" the expression would now be better understood! .ut it was familiar to seamen as late as the 8Cth century& for "the head and tayle of the 0ragon" 8 appears in 9den s 0edication& of 8JDE& to Sir 77yllyam $ynterI and even now the symbols& U for the ascending node and FT for the descending& are used in text-book5 and almanacs! y has been a notable object in all ages! "t was observed with a telescoyx by 0octor /obert :ooke in the daytime in 8CC@ while endeavoring nV determine its parallax& but his result afterwards was found to be due to the effect of aberration! Subse+uently this star was used by .radley tor the same purpose& although unsuccessfullyI but& on the other hand& it gauhim his great discovery of the aberration of light& B of which :ooke of course was ignorant!

'illenniums before this& however& it was of importance on the *ile& as 8, ceased to be circumpolar about JAAA b! c& and a few centuries thereafter became the natural successor of 0ubhe Ma (rsae 'ajorisN& which up to that date had been the prominent object of 9gyptian temple worship in the north& y was known there as "ns& or Taurt "ns& H the former name applied at one time to Sirius& H and it marked the head of the :ippopotamus that was part of our 0raco! "ts rising was visible about TJAA b! 8! through the central passages of the temples of :athor at 0enderah and _-= 'ut at Thebes I 2anopus being seen through other openings toward the south at the same date! #nd ;ockyer says that thirteen centuries latent became the orientation point of the great 1arnak temples of /ameses and 1hons at Thebes& the passage in the former& through which the star 5a8 The nodical month also is called the 0racontic& or 0raconitic! B The date of this discovery has been variously given as from 8DBC to 8DB@& although it Pafirst called to .radley s attention on the B8st of 0ecember! 8DBJ& by an unexplained diwur dance in his observations I but it took some time for him to complete this explanation!

The 2onstellations BA@ observed& being 8JAA feet in lengthI and that at least seven different temples were oriented toward it! $hen precession had put an end to this use of these temples& others are thought to have been built with the same purpose in view I so that there are now found three different sets of structures close together& and so oriented that the dates of all& hitherto not certainly known& may be determinable by this knowledge of the purpose for which they were designed! Such being the case& ;ockyer concludes that :ipparchos was not the discoverer of the precession of the e+uinoxes& as is generally supposed& but merely the publisher of that discovery made by the 9gyptians& or perhaps adopted by them from 2haldaea! :e also states that #pet& .ast& :ut& Sekhet& and Taurt were all titles of one goddess in the *ile worship& symboli)ed by y 0raconis! "t is interesting to know that the .oeotian Thebes& the 2ity of the 0ragon& from the story of its founder& 2admus& shared with its 9gyptian namesake the worship of this star in a temple dedicated& so far as its orientation shows& about 88TA b! c! , a cult doubtless drawn from the parent city in 9gypt& and adopted elsewhere in Greece& as also in "taly in the little temple to "sis in %ompeii! :ere& however& the city authorities interfered with this star-worship in one of their numerous raids on the astrologers& and bricked up the opening whence the star was observed! y lies almost exactly in the )enith of Greenwich& in fact& has there been called the >enith-starI and& being circumpolar& descends toward the hori)on& but& without disappearing& rises easterly& and thus explains the poet s line,

the 9ast and the $est meet together! "t was nearer the pole than any other bright star about EAAA years ago! "ts minute companion& B8" distant& at a position angle of 8Ja & was discovered by .urnham! L& T!8& deep yellow& is the .odns secundut of several catalogues& as marking the Bd of the four 1nots& or convolutions& in the figure of the 0ragon! #l Ti)ini called it #l Tais& the Goat& as the prominent one of the +uadrangle& C& Dr& p& and e& which bore this title at a late period in #rabic indigenous astronomy I although that people generally gave animal names only to single stars! The 6ais& which is found in various lists& maps& and globes& would seem to be a typographical error& or an erroneous transliteration of the original #rabic! C also may have been one of Firu)abadi s two undetermined stars #l Tayyasin& the Two Goatherds! 8E

B8A Star-*ames and their 'eanings d& e& rr& p t and a were the 2hinese Tien 2hoo& :eaven s 1itchen! F& a Td-magnitude& was #l 0hi bah& that we have also seen for a! The 2hinese knew it as Shang %ih& the :igher 'inister! :alf-way between it and d& within D of the planetary nebula *! G! 2! CJET& is the north pole of the ecliptic I the south pole being in the head of 0orado! 0enning considers Q the radiant point of the meteor streams of the 8@th of 6anuary and of the B?th of 'arch! 8K& a double Bd- and ?th-magnitude& deep yellow and bluish star& was known in 2hina as .hang Tiae& the 'inor Steward! The components are about J" apart& and the position angle is iETW!i! _ and r` together were #l 0hTbain& the 0uo ;upi of early works& the Two :yaenas or $olves& lying in wait for the 2amel s Foal& the little star #l .uba & protected by the 'other 2amels& the larger stars in our 0raco s head! They also were #l #uhakin& the Two .lack .ulls& or /avens& the #rabic signifying either of these creaturesI but this last word likewise appears for oV and4& and for ] and 7s a U Wf these titles being from #rabia s earliest days! A& a E!T-magnitude& is :ea Tiae& the ;owest Steward I while the smaller stars near it were Tien 2hwang!

t& L!C& orange! Smyth mentioned this as #l phiba of the 0resden globe and of (lug .eg& but 1a)wini had called it #l 0hi1& the 'ale :yaena& from which comes 9d #tich& its usual title now& the 9(brieh of the 2entury 2yclopedia! "n 2hina it was Tso 2hoo& the ;eft %ivot! "t marks the radiant point of the Guadrantid meteors of the Bd and Td of 6anuary& so called from the adjacent 'ural Guadrant! # Gth-magnitude pale yellow companion is B 8 distant!

E!8& orange!

Giansar and Giau)ar are variously derived , either from #l 6au)a & the Twins& H a little star is in close proximity& H or from #l 6au)ah& the 2entral <ne& as it is nearly midway between the %ointers and %olaris I or& and still better& from the %ersian Ghau)ar& H #l .iruni s 6au)ahar of Sasanian origin&H the %oison %lace& referring to the notion that the nodes& or points where the moon crosses the ecliptic& were poisonous because they " happened to be called the :ead and Tail of the 0ragon!" This singular idea descended into5 comparatively modern times& and& although these points are far re-

The 2onstellations B88 moved from 0raco& still obtains in the name for #! 6u)a is another popular title! "t also has been known as *odus lecundnj& the Second 1not& possibly because thus located on some drawings I yet it is far removed from d& which usually bears that name! "n 2hina it was Shang %oo& or Shaon %oo! #lthough the last lettered star in the figure& it lies at a considerable distance from the end& as figured on the atlases of :eis and #rgelander! M#& .inary& J and J!8& brilliant white and pale white! #l .akis& from (lug .eg s catalogue& turned into #rrakis and 9rrakis&

generally has been thought to signify the 0ancer& perhaps to the neighboring ;ute-player& the star I but here probably the Trotting 2amel& one of the group of those animals located in this spot! "deler added for it #l .aftd& the 2amel %asturing Freely& that the original& differently pointed& may mean! The little star in the centre of the group of 2amels& T& y& f5& v& and Q is named #l .nba5 on the .orgian globe& although almost invisible I but did not appear in the catalogues till %ia))i s time& except with 6ulius Schiller in his 2oelum Stellatum 2hristianum of 8CBD& where it is the TDth star in his constellation of the :oly "nnocents! #ssemani mentioned ft as #l 2a ab& the ;ittle Shield or Salver& but gave no reason for this& and its inappropriateness renders the claim very doubtful! "n modern drawings it marks the nose or tongue of 0raco! The components are B"!J apart& with a position angle of 8CJ I and their period is long& although not yet accurately determined! R & on the 0ragon s head& already mentioned in connection with jT& y& p& and Q& is an interesting double for a small telescope! The components are each of E!C magnitude& about CB" apart& with a position angle of T8T ! #ccording to $agner s determination of the parallax& H not yet& however& confirmed& H they are near neighbors to us& at a distance of about eleven light years! \R T!?& yellow& was one of the :erd of 2amelsI but its modern individual name& Grumium& is the barbarism found for it in the #lmagest of 8J 8J& an e+uivalent of yevvg used by %tolemy for the 0ragon s under jaw! The word is now seen in toe "talian grugno and the French groin! .ayer followed %tolemy in calling the star Genam!

B8B Star-*ames and their 'eanings %roctor thought that it marked 0raco s darted tongue in the earliest representations of the figure& H unless i :erculis were such starI while 0enning considers it the radiant point of the meteor stream seen about the B@th of 'ay& H the 0raoonidi! _D f C!J& in the second coil northeast from d& is #lsafi& corrupted from #thafi& erroneously transcribed from the #rabic plural #thafiyy& by which the nomads designated the tripods of their open-air kitchensI one of these being imagined in a& t& and v! (thfiyyah is the singular form! "t probably is one of the nearest stars to our system& H about thirteen light years away according to .runowski s unconfirmed determination! A& a Eth-magnitude double& was the 2hinese Shaou %ih& the 'inor 'in-

ister I and xV Wf slightly greater brilliancy& was 1wei She! _dV and _dV & E!T and J!B& pearly white and yellow! 0uban& from #l 0hibain Mthe #rabs title for f and 8DN& has been given by some to this pair& and ;ach thought that with ] lt a U so was #l #nhaUn& which we similarly find for f and rj! "n 2hina it was .in She& the %alace Governess& or a ;iterary $oman! The components of i4N 8 are about TA" apart& with a position angle of 8J ! AN& E!@& and 4& J!8! These dim stars& between Q and the group A& Z& and ip& were #l #thftral 0hib& the :yaena s claws& stretched out to clutch the 2amel s Foal! They thus appear with (lug .eg and on the 0resden globe I but elsewhere occasionally were known as #l #uhakan& a designation shared with Q and +& and with _fV and x- They also sometimes were #l 0hd& the $olf! There seems to be confusion& and some duplication& in the nomenclature of 0raco s stars& but their many titles show the great attention paid to the constellation in early days!

!!! the flaming shoulders of the Foal of :eav n! <mar 1hayyam s Yu(tyd; ONuufeuA& tLe Sbdf& that modern ;atin critics would turn into 9enleua& lies half-way between the head of %egasus and the 0olphin& marked by the trape)ium of Eth- to Jth-magnitude stars& H a& A& y& and d& H although #rgelander catalogues nine others& and :eis twelve down to C!D magnitude! Thus "the flaming

The 2onstellations B8T shoulders" of our motto are lacking here& and the reference may be to %egasus& to which the characteri)ation certainly is more appropriate! The Germans call it Fiillen& the Filly& and 9eine %ferd& which with us is the ;ittle :one& the French %etit 2heval& and the "talian 2avallino! :ood wrote of it about 8J@A , This constellation was named of almost no writer& saving %tolomee and #l4onsus who followith %tolomee& and therefore no certain tail or historie is delivered thereof& by what means it came into heaven I

but we know that Geminos mentioned it as having been formed by :ipparchos& its stars till then lying in the early 0olphin! Still :ipparchos did not allude to it in his 2ommentary& nor did :yginus& 'anilius& or 7itruvius& a century after him! %tolemy catalogued it as ""mrov npoTopfi& this last word e+uivalent to our .ust for the upper part of an animal figure I but with later astronomers it was 9+uus primus and prior& as preceding %egasus in rising I while from its inferior si)e come our own title and 9+uulus& 9+uiculus& and 9+uus 'inor! Gore s translation of 7#stronomie Fopulaire& following %roctor& has 9+uus& the larger :orse being %egasus! %tolemy s idea of the incompleteness of the figure was repeated in the 9+ui ?ectio& 9+ni %raeseetio& Sectio e+uina& Sectio 9+ui minoris& Semi-perfectus& and %raesegmen of various authors and ;atin versions of the Syntaxis and of the #lfonsine TablesI the #lmagest of 8JJ8 gave %raeciaio 9+ui 2hrysococca s Tables had 1eUaYtj ""nnov& the 9+ui 2aput of some ;atin writers& and the :orse s :ead of our day! The #rabians followed %tolemy in calling it #l 1it ah al Faras& %art of a :orse& 2hilmead s 1ataat #lfaras I #l Faras al Than=& the Second :orse& alluding either to its inferior si)e& or to the time of its adoption as a constellationI and #l Faras al #wwal& the First :orse& in reference to its rising before %egasus! From the first of these comes the modern 1italpha& sometimes applied to the constellation& and generally to the brightest star! /iccioli s 9lmae #lcheras certainly is a barbarism& H not unusual& however& with him I but ;a ;ande s rarely used :innulus& a 3oung 'ule& has more to commend it! $ith the :indus it was another of their #^vini& the :orsemen& although their figuring resembled ours! Some of the mythologists said that the constellation represented 2eleris& the brother of %egasus& given by 'ercury to 2astorI or 2yllarus& given to %ollux by 6uno I or the creature struck by *eptune s trident from the earth when contesting with 'inerva for superiority I but it also was connected 8E5

B8E Star-*ames and their 'eanings with the story of %hilyra and Saturn! 2aesius& in modern times& associated it with the 1ing s :orse that :aman hoped for& as is told in the .ook of 9stherI and 6ulius Schiller& with the .ote mystica! The constellation comes to the meridian on the BEth of September!

a& T!?& is 1italpha& from the #rabian name for the whole figure& strangely turned by .urritt into 1itel %hard! Stieler has 1italphar! $ith it was the 2hinese See $e; A& Triple and binary& J& J& and 8A& topa) yellow and pale sapphire! The two largest stars form a system noted as the +uickest in orbital revolution of all known binaries except 5 %egasi& and perhaps the Dth-magnitude ;"! @A@8 in <rion& on the border of Taurus! "ts period is about nbi years& and the components are so close that they can be separated only by the largest telescopes I their maximum distance apart every seven years is but o"!EE& this occurring in 8?@D& their position angle being BA? ! e is another triple& much resembling C in characterI the component stars& J!D& C!B& and D!8 in magnitude& are i"!T& and io"!E apart& the colors of the first two yellowish& the last ashy white!

ONuufeuC Gpicforo& Le Mpainter s Mgoeef& was formed& and thus named& by ;a 2aille& but also has been called Flutewn %iotoris I astronomers know it as %iotor! "t is the 2hevalet du %rintre& or the %alette& of the French I the %ittore of the "talians I and the 'alentaffelei of the Germans! The constellation lies just south of 2olumba& between 2anopus and the south pole of the ecliptic in 0orado& ;a 2aille assigning to it 8E stars& of from T y B to JU magnitudesI but Gould catalogued CD down to the Dth! *ear its e& and close to 2olumba& 1apteyn recently has discovered an ?!Bmagnitude orange-yellow star having a proper motion of ?"!D annually& thus much exceeding that of Goombridge s 8?TA (rsae 'ajoris& hitherto the Flying Star!

The 2onstellations B8J

! ! ! amnis& +uod de coelo cxoritur sub solio 6ovis! %lautus5 Trinummus! ! ! ! the starry Stream! For this a remnant of 9ridanos&

That stream of tears& neath the gods feet is borne! .rown s # ratos! QAe Mgtttr teribdnue& the French 9ridan& the "talian 9ridano& and the German F"ubi 9ridanw& is divided into the *orthern and the Southern Stream I the former winding from the star /igel of <rion to the paws of 2etus I the latter extending thence southwards& southeast& and finally southwest below the hori)on of *ew 3ork 2ity& B beyond the lucida #chernar& near the junction of %hoenix& Tucana& :ydrus& and :orologium! 9xcepting #chernar& however& it has no star larger than a Td- magnitude& although it is the longest constellation in the sky& and Gould catalogues in it B@T naked-eye components! #lthough the ancients popularly regarded it as of indefinite extent& in classical astronomy the further termination was at the star in EA ED of south declination I but modern astronomers have carried it to about CoW! $ith the Greeks it usually was C (orafiog& the /iver& adopted by the ;atins as #mnii& Flumen& Fluviuf & and specially as %adua and 9ridanus I this last& as 9piSavoc& having appeared for it with #ratos and 9ratosthenes! Geographically the word is first found in :esiod s Geoyovia for the %hasis 8 in #sia& celebrated in classic history and mythology& That rises deep and stately rowls along into the 9uxine Sea near the spot where the #rgonauts secured the golden fleece! <ther authors identified our 9ridanus with the fabled stream flowing into the ocean from northwestern 9urope& H a stream that always has been a matter of discussion and speculation Mindeed& Strabo called it " the nowhere existing "N& H or with :omer s <cean Stream flowing around the earth& whence the early titles for these stars& <eeanns and the /iver of <cean! They also have been associated with the famous little brook under the #cropolisI with the ;igurian .odencus H the %adus of ancient& and the %o 8 This is the modern /ipn& or /ioni& the Fasch of the Turks I this last title being a general appellation in early <riental geography for all rivers& perhaps from the Sanskrit %has& $ater& Wr $as& still seen in the German $asser!

B8C Star-*ames and their 'eanings of modern& "taly& H famous in all classical times as the largest of that country s rivers& 7ergil s /ex fluviorumI with the 9bro of SpainI with the Granicus of #lexander the GreatI with the /henus and the /hodanus&H our /hine and /honeI and with the modern /adaune& flowing into the 7istula at 0an)ig!

Some of these originals of our /iver& especially the %adus& were seats of the early amber trade& thus recalling the story of the :eliades& whose tears& shed at the death of their brother %haethon& turned into amber as they fell into " that stream of tears " on which that unfortunate was hurled by 6ove after his disastrous attempt to drive the chariot of the sun! This was a favorite theme with poets& from <vid&& in the 'etamorphoses& to 0ean 'ilman& in Samor& and the foundation of the story that the river was transferred to the sky to console #pollo for the loss of his son! .ut none of these comparatively northern streams suit the stellar position of our 9ridanus& for it is a southern constellation& and it would seem that its earthly counterpart ought to be found in a corresponding +uarter! "n harmony with this& we know that 9ratosthenes and the scholiasts on Germanicus and :yginus said that it represented the *ile& the only noteworthy river that flows from the south to the north& as this is said to do when rising above the hori)on! Thus it was :ilus in the #lfonsine Tables& the edition of 8 JB 8 saying& Stellatio fluvii id est 9ridanus sive Gyon sire *ilusI Gyon 8 coming from the statement in Genesis ii& 8T , the name of the second river is Gihon , the same is it that corapasseth the whole land of 2ush I this latter being misunderstood for the *ile country instead of the #siatic 1ush that was un+uestionably intended by the sacred writer! ;a ;ande cited 'nlda& e+uivalent to another title for the stellar 9ridanus& H 'f#ac& .lack& H and so again connected with 9gypt& whose native name& 1hem& has this same meaning& well describing the color of the fertile deposit that the *ile waters leave on the land! This became the ;atin 'elo& an early name for the *ile& as it also was for the constellation! This allusion to the *ile recalls the ancient wide-spread belief that it and the 9uphrates were but different portions of the same stream I and .rown& in his monograph The 9ridanus& argues that we should identify the 9uphrates with the sky figure! :e finds his reasons in the fact that both are fre+uently alluded to& from very early days to the classical age& as The /iver& 8 The word Sihor for the *ile& in our #uthori)ed 7ersion of 6eremiah ii& 8?& is Tijiur in the Septuagint& 6osephus also using it in his DordaixRj U4ato#oy4a& or 6ewish #nh+uities& in referring to the *ile as one of the four great branches of the /iver of %aradise!

The 2onstellations B8D the 9uphrates originally being %ura or %urat& the $ater& as the *ile was& and even now is& "oma or "auma& the SeaI that they resemble each other as long and winding streams with two great branchesI that each is connected with a %aradise H 9den and :eaven I that the adjoining constellations seem to be 9uphratean in origin I and that each is in some way associated with the *ile& and each with the overthrow of the sun-god! There is much in the 9uphratean records alluding to a stellar stream that

may be our 9ridanus& H possibly the 'ilky $ay& another sky riverI yet it is to the former that the passage translated by Fox Talbot possibly refers , ;ike the stars of heaven he shall shine I like the /iver of *ight he shall flow I and its title has been derived from the #kkadian #ria-dan& the Strong /iver! George Smith thinks that the heavenly 9ridanus may have been the 9uphratean 9rib-me-gali! "ts hither termination at the star /igel gave it the title 9iver of <rion& used by :ipparchos& %roclus& and others I and ;andseer wrote , ihe stars now constellated as 9rydanus were originally known in different countries by the names of $ile& *erval& and <cean& or *eptune! /iccioli cited for it 7ardi& and a 'oorish title& according to .ayer& was Goad& H the 8DBA edition of the (ranotnetria has Guagi& H all these from the #rabic wadi& and reminding us of the $adi al 1abir& the Great /iver& the Spaniards Guadal+uivir I but the common designation among the #rabians was #l *ahr& the /iver& transcribed :ar and *ahar& H 2hilmead s #lvaharI this Semitic word& occasionally written *ahal& also having been adduced as a derivation of the word *ile! #ssemani +uoted #l 1aff #lgeria from the .orgian globe for stars in the bend of the stream I but "deler claimed these for #l 1aff al 6idhmah of 2etus! 2aesius thought our 9ridanus the sky representative of the 6ordan& or of the .ed Sea& which the "sraelites passed over as on dry land! <ld illuminated manuscripts added a venerable river-god lying on the surface of the stream& with urn& a+uatic plants& and rows of starsI for all of which the :yginus of 8E?? substitutes the figure of a nude woman& with stars lining the lower bank! .ayer s illustration is +uite artistic& with reeds and sedge on the margins! The monster 2etus often is depicted with his fore paws& or flippers& in the /iver! 22& A!E& white#chernar is from #l #1ir al *ahr& the 9nd of the /iver& nearly its present position in the constellation& about TB from the south poleI but the

B8? Star-*ames and their 'eanings title was first given to the star now lettered A& the farthest in the Stream known by #rabian astronomers! For a .ayer had #chamar pro #ehtfnahar vel #eharnarim& and 9narI 2aesius&#camarI /iccioli& #carnaharim and #charnaarI Scaliger& #chamarinI Schick ard& #chironnahriI while #chenar and #rcharaar are still occasionally used! This star is supposed to be one of 0ante s Tre Facelle& notwithstanding

its invisibility from "taly! 2hinese astronomers knew it as Shwuy $ei %tolemy did not mention it& although he could have seen it from the latitude of #lexandria& T8 8 8 & H a fact& among others& which argues that his catalogue was not based upon original observations& but drawn from the now lost catalogue of :ipparchos& compiled at /hodes& more than J , further north& from which place #chernar was not visible! "t culminates on the Eth of 0ecember& due south of .aten 1aitos! p& B!@& topa) yellow! 2nrsa& T to the northwest of /igel in <rion& is the principal star in this constellation& seen from the latitude of *ew 3ork 2ity! The word is from #l 1ursiyy al 6au)ah& the 2hair& or Footstool& of the 2entral <ne& Z"! _r! <rion& formed by 4T& #& and i4V 9ridani with D <nonis& and regarded as the support of his left foot I but in the earlier astronomy of the nomads it was one of #l (dha al 7a ain& the <strich s *est& that some extended to o 8 and o B ! The 2entury 2yclopedia gives 0ha(m as an alternative title& undoubtedly from #l Fhalim& the <strich I but& although used for by several writers& this better belongs to A! The 2hinese called 3uh Tung& the Golden $ell! T 8 F TV yellow! >aurao and >aurak are from the #rabic #l *a ir al >auraQ& the .right Star of the .oatI but "deler applied this early designation to the star that now is a of our %hoenix! $ith d& e& DD& and others near& it made up the 2hinese 'en 3uen& the :eavenly %ark! fy T-DV % ale yellow! #)ha is supposed to have been the #)Ua of #l Sufi& and the e+uivalent #flhiyane of the %ersians& and was known by 1a)wini as #l (dhiyy& being

The 2onstellations B8@ chief among the stars of the <strich s *est& which the word signifies! The other components were F& p& and a I but this last& the 8 Dth of %tolemy& is not now to be identified in the sky& although it may be one of the three stars p displaced by proper motion since %tolemy s time!

*ear tj& towards t& are some other stars H e and n 2eti among them H which in early days were included in the *est& but later were set apart by #l Sufi as #l Sadr al 1etus& the .reast of the $hale! C& 0ouble& T and J!BJ! #cheraar was the early name for this at the then recogni)ed end of the stream& :alley saying of it& ultima fluminis in veteri catalogo& referring to Tycho s work& of which his own was a supplement! 7arious forms of its title are given under a& but #camar& from the #lfonsine Tables& is peculiar to A! (lug .eg called it #l Thalim& the <strich& but :yde rendered this the 0am& as if blocking the flow of the stream to the south! .ullialdus& in his edition of 2hrysococca s work& had it #v#af& the Furrow& e+uivalent to the sulcus used by 7ergil to denote the track of a vessel& appropriate enough to a star situated in the Stream of <cean I and /iccioli distinctly gave Sulcus for it in his #stronomic& /eformata! "t is the solitary star visible from the latitude of *ew 3ork 2ity in early winter evenings& low down in the south& on the meridian with 'enkar of the $hale I but .aily said that its brilliancy has probably lessened since %tolemy s time& for the latter designated it by a H 5 ! _F! of the 8st magnitude! .etween it and Fomalhaut lie many small stars& not mentioned by %tolemy& that :yde said were #l >ibal I but t #l Sufi had already called them #l /i al& the ;ittle <striches! 8& k& A& and xV W5 about the Eth magnitude& were another Tien 3uen of the 2hinese& different from that marked by yI 8 and tt are the lowest in the constellation visible from the latitude of *ew 3ork! p and w& Eth-magnitude stars lying westward of A& were 1ew Tew in 2hinaI /eeves including under this title b and the stars of the Sceptre! & E!8& clear white! "n early #rabia this was #l .aftb& the 9gg& from its peculiarly white color& as well as from its position near the <strich s *est! 'odern lists generally write it .eid! Stasia& the (rn& also has been used for it& although there is no apparent applicability here& and the title is universally recogni)ed for k #+uarii!

BBA Star-*ames and their 'eanings & Triple& E& @!8& and 8A!?& orange and sky blue& is the 1eid of modern lists& .urritt s 1ied& from #l 1aid& the 9gg-shells& thrown out from the nest close by!

The #bbe :ell used it in the construction of his constellation %salterium! "ts duplicity was discovered by Sir $illiam :erschel in 8D?T& and in 8?J8 <tto Stfuve found the smaller star itself double and a binary of short period! The system is remarkable from its great proper motion of7 !i annually! The two larger stars are ?T" apart& at a position angle of 8A? & and the smaller E" apart& at an angle of 8 8 8W! The parallax by 9lkin indicates a distance of twenty light years! Y & E& yellow! #ngetenar of the #lfonsine Tables& now the common title& the #rgentenir of /iccioli and #nchenetonar of Scaliger& is from #l :inayat al *ahr& the .end in the /iver& near which it lies I "deler transcribing this as #l #nchftt al *ahr! This is one of .ayer s nine stars of the same letter lying just above Fornax I he said of them& sibi mutuo succedcn(s novem5 See found& in 8?@D& a 8E! @ -magnitude bluish star& about JB" away& at a position angle of iB?W!T! mark another series of seven stars called in .ayer s text .eemim and Theemim! This last& used by .ode and now in current use& is perhaps the #rabic #l Tau aman and the 6ews Teomim& the Twins& from the paiis v 8 & v B & and v T & v E ! Grotius thought it derived either from the foregoing or from an #rabic term for two medicinal roots I but "deler s suggestion that it is from the :ebrew .amma yim& "n the $ater& would seem more reasonable& although we have but few star-names from 6udaea& and he intimated that it might be a distorted form of #l Thalim& the <strich! The #lmagest of 8 J 8J has .eemimI and the Standard 0ictionary & The!e e j

fefte& Le tOt& a word which ;atin lexicographers now write Faelifl& was formed by ;a ;ande from stars between #ntlia and :ydra& and first published in his .ibliographic #stronomi+ue of 8?AJ! "ts inventor said of it ,

The 2onstellations BB8 " am very fond of cats! " will let this figure scratch on the chart! The starry sky has worried me +uite enough in my life& so that now " can have my joke with it! "n 0ie GtstirneV the Bd edition of .ode s maps& it appears as 1at)e& with twenty stars I but& except with Secchi& who included it as <atto in his planisphere of 8?D?& it has long been discontinued in the catalogues and charts! %roctor assigned this title to 2anis 'inor& but no one has! followed him in this change!

Sorter 2laimed& or SotnUr 2ifcmtae& tLe 2fcmicaf 6umce& was formed by ;a 2aille from stars within the southern bend of the /iver I but modern astronomers& by whom it is still recogni)ed& have abbreviated the tide to Fornax! The 2hinese know it as Tien 3n& :eaven s Temporary Granary! .ode changed the early name in 8D?B to #pparatus chemieus& and translated it as the 2hemisohe #pparat& 2hymische <fen& and 8 #pparat 2himi+ue& an alteration in honor of the celebrated chemist #ntoine ;aurent ;avoisier! These titles& however& have fallen into disuse! Gould assigns to it no stars& from T!C to Dth magnitudes! a& the lucida& is a double of Eth and Dth magnitudes& T" apart& with a position angle of TBA & and may be binary! "t comes to the meridian on the 8@th of 0ecember!

Sreberici 69fcnottt!

"n 8D?D .ode formed& and in 8D@A published in the 6ahrbuch& this minor constellation as Friedrioh s 9hre& H Frederick s Glory& .urritt s Gloria %reteica& and 'iss 2lerke s Gloria Frederick H in honor of the great Frederick "" of %russia& who had died in 8D?C! "t was made up from thirty-four stars in the space between 2epheus& #ndromeda& 2assiopeia& and the Swan& where /oyer& in 8CD@& had attempted to replace the earlier ;acerta of :evelius by his Sceptre and :and of 6ustice! .ut he borrowed for his new creation from the northern hand of #ndromeda& which he moved to a more easterly position& entirely indifferent

BBB Star-*ames and their 'eanings to the fact that it had been " stretched out there for TAAA years!" .ode s figure was thus described , .elow a *imbus& the sign of royal dignity& hang& wreathed with the imperishable ;aurel of fame& a Sword& %en and an <live .ranch& to distinguish this ever to be remembered monarch& as hero& sage and peacemaker! "t is now seldom mentioned& and has been discarded from the charts&

while ;acerta maintains its position in this much occupied spot!

Then both were cleans d from blood and dust To make a heavenly sign I The lads were& like their armour& scour d& #nd then hung up to shine I Such were the heavenly double-0icks& The sons of 6ove and Tyndar! 6ohn Grubb& in %ercy s /eti+ues of #ncient 9nglish %otiry! M.emtnt& fZe QttrinO The conception of a sky couple for these stars has been universal from remote anti+uity& but our ;atin title dates only from classical times& varied by Gemelli& which still is the "talian name! The #nglo-Saxons knew them as ge Twisan& and the #nglo-*ormans as Frere I the modern French as GQ meaux& and the Germans as >willinge& .ayer s >willing! $hile on earth these Twins were sons of ;eda& becoming& after their transfer to the sky& Geminum #strum& ;edaei Fratres& ;edaei 6uvene5& and ;edaeum Sidus I 0ante calling their location *ido di ;eda& the *est of ;eda! 2owley& the contemporary of 'ilton& wrote of them as the ;eds'ii Stan& and <wen 'eredith of our day as The lone ;edaean lights from yon enchanted air! They also were Gemini ;aeones& H 'ilton s Spartan Twins and $illiam 'orris5 Twin ;aconian Stan I Spartana Suboles from their mother s home& and 2ycno generati from her story I %neri Tyndarii& Tyndarides& Tyndarids5 and :orace s olarnm Tyndaridae Sidus& from Tyndarus& their supposed fatherI while the <ebalii and <ebalidae of <vid& Statius& and 7alerius Flaccus are from their grandfather& <ebalus& king of Sparta! 'amlius called them %hoebi Sidus as being under #pollo s protection!

The 2onstellations BBT "ndividually they were 2astor and %ollux&H 0ante s and the "talians 2wtore e %olluce I #pollo and :ercules& Triptolemus and "asion& Theseus and %irithous! :orace wrote 2astor frater+ne magni <astorisI %liny& 2astoresI and Statius had alter 2astor from their alternate life and death that the modern 6ames Thomson repeated in the Summer of his Seasons, Th alternate Twins are fix d!

.ut 77elcke gave an astronomical turn to these titles by seeing in the first #stor& the Starry <ne& and in %ollux %olylenkes& the ;ightful! $ith the Greeks they were #4dvUot& the Twins& H /iccioli s 0idymi& H originally representing two of the %elasgian 1dfieipoi& but subse+uently the .oeotian bioo1vpoi& H 0ioscuri in /ome& H the Sons of >eusI as also #mphion and >ethus& #ntiope s sons& who& as :omer wrote& were Founders of Thebes& and men of mighty name& strikingly shown on the walls of the Spada %alace in /ome& and with the Farnese .ull now in the *aples 'useum! %lutarch called them 5#va5ec& ;ords& H 2icero s #naoes& H and B5w& the Two Gods of SpartaI Theodoretus& 9GioTioi& the Familiar Gods I others& 0ii Samothraces& from the ancient seat of worship of the 2abeiri I and 0ii Germani& the .rother Gods! "n "ndia they always were prominent as #gvini& the #shwins& or :orsemen& a name also found in other parts of the sky for other :indu twin deities I but& popularly& they were 'ithuna& the .oy and Girl& the Tamil 'idhnnam& afterwards changed to 6itnma& or Tituma& from the Greek title! # .uddhist )odiac had in their place a $oman holding a golden cord! Some of the 6ews ascribed them to the tribe of .enjamin& although others more fitly claimed them for Simeon and ;evi jointly& the .rethren! They called them TedmlmI the Tynans& TomeI and the #rabian astronomers& #l Tan aman& the TwinsI but in early 0esert astronomy their two bright stars formed one of the fore paws of the great ancient ;ion I although they also were #l .uij al 6au)a & the 2onstellation of the Twins! From this came .ayer s #lgen)e& which& however& he said was unrecht& thus making /iccioli s 9lgeu)i and Gien) e+ually wrong! :yde adopted another form of the word& H 6au)ah& the 2entre& H as designating these stars position in medio coeli& or in a region long viewed as the centre of the heavensI either because they were a )enith constellation& or from the brilliancy of this portion of the sky! 6ulius %ollux& the 9gypto-Greek writer of our second century& derived the title from 6au)& a $alnut& as mentioned in his <nomasticon! .ut there is much uncertainty as to the

BBE Star-*ames and their 'eanings stellar signification and history of this name& as will be further noticed under <rion! The 8J8J #lmagest has the inexplicable #liodft& said to be from some early edition of the #lfonsine Tables! The %ersians called the Twins 0u %aikar& or 0o %atkar& the Two Figures , the 1horasmians& #dhnpakarik& of similar meaning I and /iccioli wrote that they were the " 2haldaean " Tammecl;

1ircher said that they were the 1kvoog& or 2laustrum :oriU of the 9gyptiansI and others& that they represented the two intimately associated gods& :orns the 9lder& and :orns the 3ounger& or :arpeehrnti& H the :arpocrates of Greece! The Twins were placed in the sky by 6ove& in reward for their brotherly love so strongly manifested while on earth& as in the verses of 'anilius , Tender Gemini in strict embrace Stand clos d and smiling in each other s Face I and were figured as Two .oys& or 3oung 'en& drawn exactly alike , So like they were& no mortal 'ight one from other know I or as Two "nfants& 0uo 2orpuscula! .ut %aulus 7enetus and other illustrators of :yginus showed Two #ngels& and the 7enetian edition of #lbumasar of 8E?@ has two nude seated figures& a .oy and a Girl& with arms outstretched upon each other s shoulders! The ;eyden 'anuscript shows two unclad boys with %hrygian caps& each surmounted by a star and 'altese crossI one with club and spear& the other with a stringed instrument! .ayer had something similar& %ollux& however& bearing a peaceful sickle! 2aesius saw here the Twin Sons of /ebecca& or 0avid and 6onathan I while other 2hristians said that the stars together represented Saint 6ames the GreaterI or& to go back to the beginning of things& #dam and 9ve& who probably were intended by the nude male and female figures walking hand in hand in the original illustration in the #lfonsine Tables! # similar shoving appears& however& on the 0enderah planisphere of 8TAA years previous! The #rabians drew them as %eacocks& from which came a mediaeval title& 0uo %avones I some of the 2haldaeans and %hoenicians& as a %air of 1idi following #uriga and the Goat& or as Two Ga)elles I the 9gyptians& as Two Sprouting %lantsI and .rown reproduces a 9uphratean representation of a couple of

The 2onstellations BBJ small& naked& male child-figures& one standing upon its head and the other standing upon the former& feet to feetI the original Twins being the sun and moon& when the one is up the other "s generally down I a variant representation showing the positions reversed and the figures clothed!

#nother symbol was a %ile of .ricks& referring to the building of the first city and the fratricidal brothers H the /omulus and /emus of /oman legend I although thus with a very different character from that generally assigned to our :eavenly Twins! Similarly Sayce says that the Sumerian name for the month 'ay-6une& when the sun was in Gemini& signified " .ricks "MFN! "n classical days the constellation was often symboli)ed by two stars over a shipI and having been appointed by 6ove as guardians of /ome& they naturally appeared on all the early silver coinage of the republic from about BC@ b! c& generally figured as two young men on horseback& with oval caps& surmounted by stars& showing the halves of the egg-shell from which they issued at birth! <n the denarii& the " pence " of the good Samaritan& they are in full speed as if charging in the battle of ;ake /egillus& and the sestertii and +uinarii have the same I but even before this& about TAA b! c& coins were struck by the .ruttii of 'agna Graecia& in ;ower "taly& that bore the heads of the Twins on one side with their mounted figures on the other! The coins of /hegium had similar designs& as had those of .actria! For their efficient aid in protecting their fellow #rgonauts in the storm that had nearly overwhelmed the #rgo& the Gemini were considered by the Greeks& and even more by the /omans& as propitious to mariners& <vid writing in the Fasti, (tile sollicitare sidus utmm+ue rati& which moral 6ohn Gower& the friend of 2haucer& rendered , # welcome couple to a vexed barge I and :orace& in his <des& as translated by 'r! Gladstone , So ;eda s twins& bright-shining& at their beck <ft have delivered stricken barks from wreck! "n The #cts of the #postles& xxviii& n& we read that the Twin .rothers were the " sign&" or figurehead& of the ship in which Saint %aul and his companions embarked after the eventful voyage that had ended in shipwreck on 'altaI or& as Tindale rendered it in 8JBC, a ship of #lexandry& which had wyntred in the 3le& whose badge was 2astor and %ollux& H

BBC Star-*ames and their 'eanings the Greek #lexandria& and <stia& the harbor of /ome& specially being under the tutelage of the Twins& who were often represented on either side of the bows of vessels owned in those ports! The incident of the storm in the history of the Twins seems to have associated them with the electrical phenomenon common in heavy weather at

sea& and well known in ancient times& as it is now! %liny described it at length in the :istoria *aturalis& and allusions to it are fre+uent in all literatureI the idea being that a double light& called 2astor and %ollux& was favorable to the mariner! :orace designated this as Fralres :elenat& lucida sidera& rendered by 'r! Gladstone " :elen s .rethren& Starry ;ights"I /abelais wrote , :e had seen 2astor at the main yard arm I and our .ryant , resplendent cressets which the Twins (plifted in their ever-youthful hands! # single light was " that dreadfull& cursed& and threatening meteor called :elena&" H the sister of the Twins that brought such ill luck to Troy! "n modern times these lights are known as 2omposant& 2orposant& and 2orpusant& from the "talian 2orpo Santo I %igafetta ending one of his descriptions of a dangerous storm at sea with " God and the 2orpi Santi came to our aid " I and as the Fire of Saint :elen& Saint :elmes& or Telmes H San Telmo of Spain I or of San #nselmo& 9rmo& :ermo& and 9remo& from #nselmus& or 9rasmus& bishop of *aples& martyred in 0iocletian s reign! #riosto wrote of it& la disiata luce di Santo 9rmo y and in ;ongfellow s Golden ;egend the %adrone exclaims , ;ast night " saw Saint 9lmo s stars& $ith their glittering lanterns all at play <n the tops of the masts and the tips of the spars& #nd " knew we should have foul weather to-day! The phenomenon also has been called Saint #nne s ;ightI and some one has dubbed it Saint 9lectricity! "n recent centuries& with seamen of the ;atin races& it has been Saint %eter and Saint *icholasI the former from his walking on the water& and the latter from the miracles attributed to him of stilling the storm on his voyage to the :oly ;and when he restored to life the drowned sailor& and again on the #egean Sea! These miracles have made *icholas the patron saint of all 2hristian maritime nations of the south of 9urope& and famous everywhere! "n 9ngland alone TDC churches are dedicated to him& H more than to that country s Saint George!

The 2onstellations BBD "n 9den s translation from %igafetta s account of his voyage with 'agellan& 8J8@-8JBB& we read that when off the coast of %atagonia the navigators were in great daungiour by tempest! .ut as soon as the three fyefs cauled saynte :elen& saynte *ycolas& and saynt 2lare& appered uppon the cabels of the shyppes& suddeynely the

tempest and furye of the wyndes ceased ! ! ! the which was of such comfort to us that we wept for joy! This Saint 2lare is from 2lara d #ssisi& the foundress of the order of %oor 2lares in the 8Tth century& by whose rebuke the infidel Saracens were put to flight when ravaging the shores of the #driatic! 7on :umboldt mentioned in 2osmos another title& San %edro Gon)ale)& probably Saint %eter of #lcantara& another patron saint of sailors& " walking on the water through trust in God!" # few words as to %igafetta may be not uninteresting! :is work is described in 9den s 0ecades as # briefe declaration of the vyage or navigation made abowte the worlde! Gathered owt of a large booke wrytten hereof by 'aster #ntonie %ygafetta 7incentine S5! e! from 7incen)aK& 1nyght of the /hodes and one of the coompanye of that vyage in the which& Ferdinando 'agalianes a %ortugale Mwhom sum caule 'agellanusN was generall 2apitayne of the navie! %igafetta was knighted after his return to Seville in the ship 7ictoria that Transilvanus wrote was " more woorthye to bee placed amonge the starres then that owlde #rgo!" #nd it was from 9den s translation of this " large booke " that Shakespeare is supposed to have taken his 2aliban of the Tempest& whose " dam s god& Setebos&" was worshiped by the %atagonians! "ndeed 2aliban himself seems to have been somewhat of an astronomer& for he alludes to %rospero as having taught him how To name the bigger light& and how the less& That burn by day and night! The Gemini were invoked by the Greeks and /omans in war as well as in storm! ;ord 'acaulay s well-known lines on the battle of ;ake /egillus& E@? b! c& one of his ;ays of #ncient /ome& have stirred many a schoolboy s heart& as :omer s :ymn to 2astor and 6Fbllux did those of the seamen of earliest classical days! Shelley has translated this last , 3e wild-eyed muses = sing the Twins of 6ove& mild %ollux& void of blame& #nd steed-subduing 2astor& heirs of fame! These are the %owers who earth-born mortals save

BB? Star-*ames and their 'eanings #nd ships& whose flight is swift along the wave! $hen wintry tempests o er the savage sea #re raging& and the sailors tremblingly

2all on the Twins of 6ove with prayer and vow& Gathered in fear upon the lofty prow& #nd sacrifice with snow-white lambs& the wind #nd the huge billow bursting close behind& 9ven then beneath the weltering waters bear The staggering ship H they suddenly appear& <n yellow wings rushing athwart the sky& #nd lull the blasts in mute tran+uillity& #nd strew the waves on the white ocean s bed! Fair omen of the voyage I from toil and dread& The sailors rest rejoicing in the sight& #nd plough the +uiet sea in safe delight! They seem to have been a common object of adjuration among the /omans& and& indeed& as such have descended to the present time in the boys " .y 6iminy = " while the caricature of 8 CCJ& :omer # la 'ode& had& as a common expression of that day& " < Gemony = " #nd theatre-goers will recall the " < Gemini = " of ;ucy in Sheridan s /ivals! #strologers assigned to this constellation guardianship over human hands& arms& and shoulders I while #lbumasar held that it portended intense devotion& genius& largeness of mind& goodness& and liberality! $ith 7irgo it was considered the :ouse of :eronry& and thus the 2yleniu5 tour of 2haucerI and a fortunate sign& ruling over #merica& Flanders& ;orabardy& Sardinia& #rmenia& ;ower 9gypt& .rabant& and 'arseilles I and& in ancient days& over the 9uxine Sea and the river Ganges! :igh regard& too& was paid to it in the 8Dth century as being peculiarly connected with the fortunes of the south of 9ngland and the city of ;ondon I for the Great %lague and Fire of 8CCJ and 8CCC occurred when this sign was in the ascendant& while the building of ;ondon .ridge and other events of importance to the city were begun when special planets were here! .ut two centuries previously it was thought that whoever happened to be born under the Twins would be " ryght pore and wayke and lyf in mykul tribulacion!" 2hinese astrologers asserted that if this constellation were invaded by 'ars& war and a poor harvest would ensue! #mpelius assigned to it the care of #+uilo& the *orth $ind& the Greek .oreas that came from the north one third east! "ts colors were white and red like those of #ries& and it was the natal sign of 0ante& who was born on the 8Eth of 'ay& 8BCJ& when the sun

entered it for the first time in that year! :e made grateful acknowledgment of this in the %uradiso ,

The 2onstellations BB@ < glorious stars& < light impregnated $ith mighty virtue& from which " acknowledge #ll of my genius& whatsoe er it be I and called them gli 9(rni Gemell; :ow like this is to :esiod s reference to the 'uses = To them " owe& to them alone " owe& $hat of the seas& or of the stars& " know! The sign s symbol& 6& has generally been considered the 9trusco-/oman numeral& but Seyffert thinks it a copy of the Spartans emblem of their Twin Gods carried with them into battle! .rown derives it from the cuneiform DT& the ideograph of the #kkad month 1as& the Twins& the #ssyrian Simanu& corresponding to parts of our 'ay and 6une when the sun passed through it! The constellation was certainly prominent on the 9uphrates& for five of its stars marked as many of the ecliptic divisions of that astronomy! The Gemini were the #pe of the early 2hinese solar )odiac& and were known as Shin 2hinI 9dkins& calling it Shi 2h en& says that this title was transferred to it from <rion! ;ater on the constellation was known as Tin 3ang& the Two %rinciples I and as 6idim& an important object of worship! The /everend 'r! $illiam 9llis wrote& in his %olynesian /esearches& that the natives of those islands knew the two stars as Twins& 2astor being %ipiri and %ollux SennaI and the whole figure :a #inann& the Two #inanus& one #bove& the other .elow& with a lengthy legend attached I but the /everend 'r! $! $! Gill tells the same story& in his 'yths and Songs of the South %acific& as belonging to stars in Scorpio! The #ustralian aborigines gave them a name signifying 3oung 'en& while the %leiades were 3oung GirlsI the former also being Tnrree and $anjil& pursuing %urra& whom they annually kill at the beginning of the intense heat& roasting him by the fire the smoke of which is marked by 2oonar Tuning& the Great 'irage! The .ushmen of South #frica know them as 3oung $omen& the wives of the eland& their great antelope! #ristotle has left an interesting record of the occultation& at two different times& of some one of the stars of Gemini by the planet 6upiter& the earliest observation of this nature of which we have knowledge& and made probably about the middle of the Eth century b! c!

The southern half of the constellation lies within the 'ilky $ay& a and T& on the north& marking the heads of the Twins between 2ancer and #uriga& and noticeably conspicuous over setting <rion in the #pril sky! #rgelander enumerates JT naked-eye stars& and :eis 8AC! J5

BTA Star-*ames and their 'eanings Starry Gemini hang like glorious crowns <ver <rion s grave low down in the west! Tennyson s 'aud! 2t& .inary& B!D and T!D& bright white and pale white! 2astor& <vid s 9+ues& the :orseman of the Twins& and the mortal one as being the son of Tyndarus& is the well-known name for this star& current for centuriesI but in later Greek days it was #nokYuv& and #pollo with the astronomers even through Flamsteed s time! "t will be remembered that till toward the 2hristian era this name for the god of day was the title of the planet 'ercury when morning star& 8 its rapid orbital movement and nearness to the sun preventing its earlier identification with the evening star& 8 which was designated& as now& after the god of thieves and darkness! "n %ercy s /cli+ues 'ercury is described as "the nimble post of heaven"I! Goad& in 8C?C& called it a s+uirting lac+uey of the sun& who seldom shows his face in these parts& as if he were in debtI while this same +uick motion induced the alternative word of the chemists for +uicksilver& as well as for the very uncomfortable human temperament that .yron described , a mercurial man $ho fluttered over all things like a fan! *otwithstanding& however& the supposed difficulty of seeing 'ercury&H 2opernicus died regretting that he had never observed it& although this was doubtless partly due to his high latitude and the mists arising from the 7istula at Thorn& H the canon Gallet& whom ;a ;ande styled :ermophile& saw it 8AA times& and .aily said that :evelius observed it 88AA times= "ndeed& it is easily visible in the latitude of *ew 3ork 2ity for several days& at its elongation& if one knows where to look for it! .ut to return to our star 2astor! "t was #tteaYw in the 0oric dialect& which degenerated into #felarR

#phelion& #phellan& #pullum& #phellar& and #vellar I the #velax of #pian X of the 8 Cth century subse+uently appearing as #nelar& the #lfonsine #nlid555 l#s morning and evening star in 9gypt it was Set and :ornsI in "ndia& .uddha and /auhinya I and in Greece 59+Ctif t the ;ovely <ne& and >tllftojv& the Sparkling <ne! "ts earliest observation& reported by %tolemy as from 2haldaea& was on the 8Jth of *ovember& BCJ .! 2& the planet then being between ft and d Scorpii! B This #pian was %ieter .ienewit)& whose surname was ;atini)ed& after the fashion of his day& into #pianus I apis& our word bee& taking the place of the German bient!

The 2onstellations BT8 2aesius had the synonymous %hoebm& and also cited Theseus& but this should rather be applied to as another title of the original :ercules! .ayer gave .asalgen)e I and /iccioli& #lgue)e vel potius 9lgiaut)i& but these also better belong to A! The .abylonians used 2astor to mark their nth ecliptic constellation& 'ajh-mashu-'ahrti& the $estern <ne of the Twins I while with %ollux the two constituted 'as-tab-ba-gal-gal& the Great Twins! "n #ssyria they were 'as-mas and Tuamu& the Twins& although that country knew other twin stars here as well as elsewhere in the sky! #s an object of veneration 2astor was Turos-mal-max& the Son of the Supreme Temple I but in astrology& everywhere& it has been a portent of mischief and violence! $hen the #rabians adopted the Greek figures they designated this star as #l .is al Taum al 'ukaddim& the :ead of the Foremost Twin I but& according to #l Ti)ini& the early and indigenous term was #l #wwal al 0hira & the First in the %aw or Forearm! /eference was made by this to the supposed figure of the enormous early ;ion& the nomads #sad& the <utstretched Forearm of which a and MT marked as #l 0hira5 al 'absutat This extended still further over Gemini& the other& the 2ontracted one& #l 'akbudah& running into 2anis 'inor! The rest of this monstrosity included 2ancer& part of our ;eo& .ootes& 7irgo& and 2orvus& as was mentioned by 1a)wini& and commented on by "deler& who sharply critici)ed mistakes in its construction! #l .iruni also described this ancient figure& especially complaining of the many errors and much confusion in the #rab mind as to the nomenclature of the two stars& although he himself used titles for them generally applied only to Sirius and %rocyon! "deler and .eigel attributed this exaggerated and incongruous formation to blunders of misunderstanding and transcription by early writers and copyists! "ndeed& the former asserted that the whole was the creation of grammarians who knew nothing of the heavens& and arbitrarily misrepresented older star-names! The two bright stars were the Jth man)il& #l 0hira & and the Jth nak5ta4ra&%uiiarvarsu& the Two Good #gainI #diti& the sky goddess& mother of the #dityas& being the presiding divinity& and marking the junction with %ushya& the next nakshatra! They also constituted the Jth situ& Tsing& a $ell& or %it& anciently Tiam& although this was extended to include e& 44& f&

#& f& y& v& and M5& .iot making the last the determinant star! a and also were a distinct 2hinese asterism& :o 2hoo& and with y and _J were %ih :a #s marking lunar stations& .rown thinks them the #kkadian Supa& ;ustrousI the 2optic %imafl& the ForearmI the %ersian Taraha& the Sogdian Ghamb& and the 1horasmian 6iray& H these last three titles signifying the

BTB Star-*ames and their 'eanings Two Stars! :yde wrote that the 2opts knew it!as (ifidi& or (ifidivreuG`` the Forearm of the *ileI hew being for Gihon& a name for that river! 2astor is D north of the ecliptic& but& although literally heading the constellation& is now fainter than its companion& and astronomers generally are agreed that there has been inversion of their brilliancy during the last three centuries! "t culminates on the BTd of February! "t is among those double stars $hereof the one more bright "s circled by the other& viewed by the Self-indulgent Soul of Tennyson s %alace of #rt I and Sir 6ohn :erschel called it the largest and finest of all the double stars in our hemisphere I while the rapid revolution of its two components first convinced his father of the existence of binary systems! .ut .radley had already noticed a change of about TA in their angle of position between 8D8? and 8DJ@& and " was thus within a hair s breadth of the discovery of their physical connection&" afterwards predicted& in 8DCD& by the /everend 6ohn 'ichell& and positively made in 8?AB by Sir $illiam :eischel& who coined the word " binary " now applied to this class of stars! .urnham wrote in 8?@C that we have only TC pairs whose orbits can be said to be well determined& and about BTA other pairs probably binary systemsI and there are 8JA8 other pairs& within B" of space between the components& from which the foregoing number may be increased I as well as other pairs now known only as having a common proper motion! 8 <f course the stars observed till now have been almost entirely in the northern heavens& H within 8BA of the pole& H so that these numbers may be largely added to as astronomers turn their attention to the southern skies with this object in view! The orbit of 2astor is such& however& that the observations of even a century do not enable us to calculate its si)e or period with any certaintyI but the period certainly is long& H probably between BJA and 8AAA years! The components at present are about J"!D apart& e+ual to the angle sulVtended by a line an inch long at the distance of half a mile! Their position angle is about BBD ! The spectrum is of the Sirian type& and& according to the %otsdam ob-

servers& the star is approaching us at the rate of 8?!J miles a second! "n 8?@J .elopolsky announced that the larger star& like Spica& is a spectrol "n a note from %rofessor .urnham& of the 8@th of 6uly& 8?@?& in regard to these figures& he says, "The statements " made a couple of years ago about binary systems will hold good generally at this time! !!! So far as well-determined orbits are concerned& " do not think anything could be added to the estimate " made!"

The 2onstellations BTT scopic binary& completing its revolution in less than three days around the centre of gravity between it and an invisible companion& with a velocity of about 8JU miles a second! .urnham thinks that the @!J-magnitude star& DT" distant& forms& with the two larger& one vast physical system! "n 8??? .arnard found five new nebulae within iW of 2astor!

8!8& orange&

is %ollux& formerly %olluces& the Greek lioYvdev1T6g I <vid s %ngil& the %ugilist of the Two .rothers& and the immortal one as being son of >eus! #s companion of #tto##wv& this was :paitYjjc and :pa1Ytrjg& descending to Flamsteed s day as :ercules& and degenerating& in early catalogues& into #brachaleus& that 2aesius derived from the #rabic #b& Father& and the Greek wordI this being contracted by some to #racaleus& by Grotius to "racleus& by :yde to :eraclus& and by /iccioli to Garaoles! #ll these are +ueer enough& as are some of 2astor s titles I but what shall be said of /iccioli s 9lhakaae& that he attributes to the #rabs for a and 4T jointly& and 1etpholtsoman for alone& and with no clue to their origin = "t was the early #rabs #l Than= al 0hira& the Second in the Forearm I but the later termed it #l .is al Taum al 'u ah har& the :ead of the :indmost Twin& and #l .aa al 6au)a & the :ead of the Twin& H the #lfonsine .asalgense and /asalgeu)e& that elsewhere is /asalgau)e! /iccioli cited 9lhenaat& but this he also more properly gave to y! T was the determinant of the 8Bth .abylonian ecliptic asterism 'ashnuhn-arku& the 9astern <ne of the TwinsI and individually 'u-sir-kes-da& the 3oke of the "nclosure!

"t lies 8B north of the ecliptic& the )odiac s boundary line running between it and 2astorI and .urnham has found five faint companions down to 8T!J magnitude! 9lkin gives its parallax as o"!oJD I and Scheiner& its spectrum as SolarI its rate of recession from us being about one mile a second! "t is one of the lunar stars made use of in navigation I and& in astrology& differed from its companion in portending eminence and renown! %tolemy characteri)ed 4T as vno1ippog& a favorite word with him for this star-tint& and generally supposed to signify " yellowish " or " reddish&" .ayer correctly following the former in his subflavaI but the #lfonsine Tables of 8JB8 translated it +uae trahit ad aerem& et est cerea! 'iss 2lerke& somewhat strongly& says " fiery red!" The two lueidae probably bore the present title of the constellation long

BTE Star-*ames and their 'eanings antecedent to the latter s formation I they certainly were the 'at-mas& or Twins& of the #ssyrians& independent of the rest of the figure! #s a convenient measuring-rod it may be noted that a and NT stand ` l x apartI and this recalls an early signification of their man)il title& #l 0hira& the #rabs 9ll measure of length that the stars were said to indicate! This naturally became the dual #l 0hira an that also was used on the 0esert for other similar pairs of stars! 3& B!B& brilliant white! #lmeiaan& #lmiH !P& #"twajmmi& and #lmisam are from #l 'aiian& the %roudly 'arching <ne& its early #rabic name& which #l Firu)abadi& however& said was e+ually applicable to any bright star! /iccioli called it 9lhenaat& but #lhena is now generally given to it& from #l :an ah& the Eth man)il& y& 44& v& DD& and f & in the feet of the Twins! This word& usually translated a .rand& or 'ark& on the right side of a earner5& or horse s& neck& was denned by #l .iriini as $inding& as though the stars of this station were winding around each other& or curving from tbe central starI and they were #l 1nhatai& the dual form of #l *uhat& a 2amel s :ump& itself a curved line! Some #rabic authority found in them& withj 8 and x B of <rion& the .ow with which the :unter is shooting at the ;ion! "n .abylonia y marked the 8Ath ecliptic constellation& 'aah-mash'bv .iso& the Twins of the Shepherd MFN& and& with 54& probably was 'a5t5b" ba-tur-tur& the ;ittle Twins I and& with Dj& 4u& r& and Q all in the 'ilky $ay! may have been the .abylonian lunar mansion 1higalla& the 2anal& and the e+uivalent %ersian .akhvad& the Sogdian Ghathaf& and the 1horasmian

Gawthaf! A& 0ouble& T!? and ?& pale white and purple! $asat and $esat are from #l $asat& the 'iddle& i! e! of the constellation I but some have referred this to the position of the star very near to the ecliptic& the central circle! "n 2hina it was Ta Tsnn& the Great $ine-jar! The components are D" apart& with a position angle of BAT & and may form a binary system! 6ust north of d lies the radiant point of the Geminid5& visible early in <ctoberI another stream of meteors bearing the same title appearing from the northeastern border of the constellation and at its maximum on the Dth of 0ecember! X

The 2onstellations BTJ S& 0ouble& T!E and @!J& brilliant white and cerulean blue! 'ebffata is from #l 'absutat& the <utstretched& from its marking the extended paw of the early #rabic ;ion& but now it is on the hem of 2astor s tunic! .urritt had it 'eluota in his Geography y and 'ebusta in his #tlasI %rofessor 3oung& following 9nglish globes& has 'eboulaI and elsewhere we find 'enita& 'esoula& and 'ibwala! e& d& Y& and others near by& were the 2hinese Tung Tsing! 2F 7ariable& T!D to E!J& pale topa)! 1ekbuda is from #l 'akbugah& 2ontracted& the #rabic designation for the drawn-in paw of the ancient #sad I but some& with less probability& derive it from #l 'utakabbidah& a 2ulminating Star! "ts variations& discovered by 6! F! 6ulius Schmidt at #thens in 8?ED& have a period of about ten days& but 2handler says that definitive investigations are not completed! ;ockyer thinks it also a spectroscopic binary!

T6& .inary and variable& T!B to T!D& and @! %ropus is from the (ponovg of :ipparchos and %tolemy& indicating its position in front of 2astor s left foot& and is its universal title& with the e+uivalent %raepes! /iccioli wrote it ""poTToc& and Flamsteed gave both lipdnovg and %ropusI but Tycho had applied this last to the star Fl! 8 among the extras of Gemini! This position of rj similarly made it the %ub %ai of the %ersians!

.assus and :yginus said Tropus& Turn& referring to the apparent turningpoint of the sun s course at the summer solstice& which now is more precisely marked by the starj just eastward from rjI and Flamsteed also had TpoTroc! Flammarion s assertion that :ipparchos knew rj as a distinct constellation& %ropus& does not seem well founded! Tejat prior is from #l Tahayi& an anatomical term of #rabia by which it was known in early days I a name also applied to stars in the head of <rion! The #rabs included it with y and p! in their :uhatai I the 2hinese knew it as 3uS& a .attle-axI and in .abylonia it marked the ?th ecliptic constellation& 'aru-Pha-pu-u-niaPh-maahu& the Front of the 'outh of the Twins! "t portended lives of eminence to all born under its influence! The variability of r` was discovered by Schmidt in 8?CJ& and its period is now considered as BB@-BT8 daysI in 8??8 .urnham found it double& the components i"!o? apart& and likely to prove an interesting binary system!

BTC Star-*ames and their 'eanings *ear this star Sir $illiam :erschel discovered the planet (ranus on the 8Tth of 'arch& 8D?8! :e thought it a comet& and its discovery as such was communicated to the /oyal #stronomical Society on the BCth of #pri; "ts true nature& however& first suspected by 'askelyne& was announced in the succeeding year by ;exell of Saint %etersburg and by ;a %lace I and :erschel then published it on the Dth of *ovember& 8D?B& as the Georgium Sidus& thus following Galileo& who& till he knew their true nature& had named 6upiter s satellites Sidera 2osmiana and Sidera 'edicea& after his patron the Bd 2osmo di 'edici& and TardC& who had called the sun-spots .orbonica Sidera! 2ontinental astronomers designated the planet as :erschel& and this in a much varied orthography& strangely erroneous considering the fame of its discoverer! $e find it thus with ;a ;ande in 8D@B I indeed& :erschel appeared as an alternative title in our text-books as late as fifty years agoI but .ode suggested the present (ranus to conform to the mythological nomenclature of the other planets& and because the name of the oldest god was specially applicable to the oldest H as the most distantH body then known in our system! (ranus& however& had been observed and noted as a star twenty-two times previously by various observersI these are called " the ancient observations"I and 'iss 2lerke writes , " There is& indeed& some reason to suppose that he had been detected as a wandering orb by savage watchers of the skies on the %acific long before he swam into :erschers ken!" 8 The Eth-magnitude A& and 8& v& r& and A& collectively were $oo 2how Shih& or $oo 2hoo :ow& the Seven Feudal %rinces of 2hina! 8 is %ropus in the Standard 0ictionary& although it lies between the shoulders of the Twins!

d#& 0ouble& T!B and 88& crocus yellow and blue& occasionally has been known as Tejat posterior& and sometimes as :uhatoi& from the man)il of that title of which it formed a part! The 2entury 0ictionary and 2yclopedia apply to it the %ish %ai seen for DD& yet appropriate enough for this similarly situated starI but in F6amsteed s edition of Tycho s catalogue we distinctly read of it& dicta 2alx& the :eel! "t marked the @th ecliptic constellation of .abylonia as #rkt-sht-p'5 mash-mashn& the .ack of the 'outh of the Twins! iThe .urmans& too& thought that there was an ?th planet& /ahu& but invisibleI and Mhe :indus named other imaginary planets 1ethu& /ethu& and 1ulican I and figured Sani& their god Saturn& with a circle around him of intertwined serpents ages before Galileo s dayI although this has had a very different explanation!

The 2onstellations BTD "n 2hina it was included with 2astor and others in the sieu Tung! The components are ?A" apart& at a position angle of D@ ! f& a Eth-magnitude& was #l .iruni s #l >irr& the .utton! Y& a Jth-magnitude& with fx 2ancri& was the 2hinese Tseih Tsing& %iledup Fuel!

_.foCuC MUeroetdftcu.& nt Gdfymw& ifc G.affoon& was formed by ;a ;ande in 8D@?& but& like most of his stellar creations& seems to have passed out of the recognition of science! "t lay east of the 'icroscope& between the tail of the Southern Fish and the body of 2apricorn! .ode published it in his 0ie Gestirne as the ;uft .allon& "deler s ;nft .all& with twenty-two starsI and Father Secchi still had it in his maps as the "talian #erostito! $ith the French it was the .allon #erostati+ue!

%roxima sideribus numinibus+ue feror! Flavius #vianus 6Jth Fable! _.ruA& ffle 2rane&

is one of the so-called .ayer groups& la Grne of the French and "talians& der 1ranieh of the GermansI and the title is appropriate& for :orapollo& the grammarian of #lexandria& about a! d! EAA& tells us that the crane was the symbol of a star-observer in 9gypt& presumably from its high flight as described in our motto! 2aesius& who carried his biblical symbols even to the new constellations& imagined this to be the Stork in the :eaven of 6eremiah viii& D& although the 2rane occurs in the same verse I but 6ulius Schiller combined it with %hoenix in a representation of #aron the :igh %riest The #rabians included its stars in the Southern Fish& #l Sufi giving its A& T& C& A& 8& and Y as unformed members of that constellation! The components& with the exception of the lucida& form a gentle curve southwest from this Fish& and among them are stars noted in astronomy!

BT? Star-*ames and their 'eanings <ne hundred and seven are catalogued by Gould as being visible to the naked eye! a& marking the body of the bird& is the conspicuous Bd-magnitude southwest from Fomalhaut when the latter culminates in autumn evenings& itself coming to the meridian on the nth of <ctober! "t was #l Ti)ini s #l :a ir& the .right <ne& 8! e! of the Fish s tail& when that constellation extended over the stars of our Grus! The 2hinese knew it as 1e! 4T& a B!B-magnitude red star& was #l Ti)ini s /ear <ne at the end of the tail of his Fish& thirty-five minutes of arc to the eastward from o! "t is in the left wing of the 2rane! y& a Td-magnitude&was the same author s #l 0hanab& the Tail itself& but now marks the eye in the bird s figure! DT 8 & a C!D-magnitude deep crimson star& and its somewhat brighter white companion& tt B & are like " little burnished discs of copper and silver& seen under strong illumination!" The alternative title for the stars of Grus& gftoenicojrf tvu5& 5Ae Sfammgo& is now seldom& if ever& used& nor can " find any record of its inventor& or date of its adoption as a constellation name! 2hilmead s Treatise contains this reference to it , The %hoenicopter we may call the .ittour Sthe old 9nglish word for .itternK! The Spaniards call it Flamengo , and it is described with the wings spread abroad& am

as it were striking with his bill at the South Fish& in that part where he boweth himsdfi! This #sterisme consistith of ij Starres, of which& that of the second magnitude in his head is called& the %hoenicopters 9ye , and it hath two other Stars also of the same magnitude& one in his backe& and the other in his left wing! #nd those two which are in the midd( of his necke& %aulus 'erula in his first booke of his 2osmography& calleth his 2ollar5 2haine! The absence of our titles in the foregoing description would show that the .ittern& or Flamingo& was the popular 9nglish figuring and title in the early part of the 8Dth century!

:ercules with flashing mace! .ryant s The 2otutetlatiens! gercufee& stretching from just west of the head of <phiuchus to 0raco& its eastern border on the 'ilky $ay& is one of the oldest sky figures& although not

The 2onstellations BT@ known to the first Greek astronomers under that name& H for 9udoxos had 9vyovvaoiI :ipparchos& 9vydvaoi& i! e! C iv ydvaai icadrifievog& .ending on his 1neesI and %tolemy& kv ydvaoiv! #ratos added to these designations A5aoQgVv& the 1neeling <ne& and 9iduYov& the %hantom& while his description in the %hainomena well showed the ideas of that early time as to its character , ! ! ! like a toiling man& revolves # form! <f it can no one clearly speak& *or to what toil he is attached I but& simply& 1neeler they call him! ;abouring on his knees& ;ike one who sinks he seems I ! ! ! ! ! ! #nd his right foot "s planted on the twisting Serpent s head! .ut all tradition even as to $hoe er this stranger of the heavenly forms may be& seems to have been lost to the Greeks& for none of them& save 9ratosthenes&

attempted to explain its origin& which in early classical days remained involved in mystery! :e wrote of it& CvtCL& _lVaolv @ :pa1#Tfc eoriv& standing upon the 5A_fVicF& our 0racoI and some modern students of 9uphratean mythology& associating the stars of :ercules and 0raco with the sun-god ")hdubar 8 and the dragon Tiamat& slain by him& think this 2haldaean myth the foundation of that of the classical :ercules and the ;ernaean :ydra! ")hdubar is shown on a cylinder seal of TAAA to TJAA b! c& and described in that country s records as resting upon one knee& with his foot upon the 0ragon s head& just as #ratos says of his 9vyovaat& and as we have it now! :is well-known adventures are supposed to refer to the sun s passage through the twelve )odiacal signs& appearing thus on tablets of the Dth century before 2hrist! This myth of several thousand years anti+uity may have been adopted by Greece& and theU solar hero changed into :ercules with his twelve familiar labors! This constellation is said to have been an object of worship in %hoenicia s most ancient days as the sky representative of the great sea-god :elkartb! "ndeed& it has everywhere been considered of importance& judging from its abundant nomenclature and illustration& for no other sky group seems to have borne so many titles! The usual Greek name was transliterated 9ngonaai& 9ngonau.& and 9ngonuin down to the days of .ullialdus& with whom it appeared in the +ueer 8 ")hdubar was identified with *imrod& and known& too& as Gi)dhubar& Gilgamesh& or Gi-ilgames& the niyapog of #elian! :e was aided in his exploits by his servant-companion& the fcrat 2entaur& 9a-bani& or :ea-bani& the 2reation of 9a!

BEA Star-*ames and their 'eanings combination of Greek and /oman letters < en Tonacfn I but the poets translated it as Genuflexus& Genunixus& and Geniculatus I "ngeniculatus with 7itruviusI "ngeniolus and "ngenioulus with FirmicusI while "ngenicfc "mago and "gnota Fades appear in 'anilius& H his familiar line& *ixa venit species genibus& sibi conscia causae& being liberally translated by 2reech& 2onscious of his shame # constellation kneels without a name! $e see with other authors the synonymous "ncurvatus in genu& %roddem& %roeiduus& %rooumbens in genua& and "neumbens in genibus I 0efectum Sidus and 9ffigies defecta laboreI and the Tctra:blos of 8JJ 8 had Gui in - genibus est "t also was Saltator& the ;eaperI Ydp'ijj& the 1een-eyed <ne I 1opvwjn4c and 1opvvDK_tVCpoUj the e+uivalents of 2lavator and 2laviger& the 2lub-bearer of the ;atins , all applied to the constellation in early days& from classical

designations of the hero :ercules& whose own name has now become universal for it! #lthough we first find this in the 2atasterisms& #vienus asserted that it was used by %anyasis& the epic poet of JAA b! a& and uncle of :erodotus& perhaps to introduce into the heavens another #rgonaut! The :essus of 7itruvius came from the story of 0eianira& the innocent cause of :ercules death& when& as in the 0eath of $al(nstein& Soared he upward to celestial brightness I :isus& from the city of *isa I :alica& 'elica& 'elioartus& and 1elioerta&from the name of its king& known later as %alaemon& H although some refer these to the title of the great god of %hoenicia& 'elkarth& the 1ing of the 2ity I and #per& from the $ild .oar slain at 9lis! "t was 2ernuator& the $restler& from the hero s skillI 2aeteus& 2eteus& and 2etheus& as son of ;ycaon& and so uncle or brother of 1allisto& who& as (rsa 'ajor& adjoined this constellation I indeed& it was even known as ;ycaon himself& weeping over 1allisto s transformation! <vid s #loides was a common poetical title& either from # #55b& Strength& or from #lcaeus& :ercules5 grandfatherI while #lmannus and 2eltious came from the fact that a similar hero was worshiped by the Germans and 2elts& themselves noted for strength and daring deeds& and said to have been descended from :ercules! The unexplained %ataeous and 9pipataecus are from 9gypt I :aeeris& from ;ibyaI while 0esanaus& 0esanes& and 0osanes& or 0orsanes& are said to be of :indu origin!

The 2onstellations BE8 <ther titles are "xion& laboring at his wheel& perhaps because :ercules also labored I or from the radiated object shown on 9uphratean gems& a supposed representation of the solar prototype of :ercules& which in later times may easily have been regarded as a wheel I %rometheus& bending in chains on 2aucasus I Thamjhris& sad at the loss of his lyre I #mphitryoniades& from the supposed sire of :ercules I :eros Tirynthius& from the place where he was reared I and <etaeus& from the mountain range of Thessaly whence he ascended the funeral pyre! The Sanctus that has appeared as a title is properly Sanous& the Semo Sancus& of Sabine-(mbrian-/oman mythology& identified with :ercules! Theseus was a name for this constellation& from the similar adventures of the originals I 'elius and <villus trace back to the 'alum and <vis in the myth of the #pples& or Sheep& of the :esperides& with which the story of :ercules is connected& H different ideas& but both from pijYov with this double signification I although ;a ;ande thought that reference was made to the skin of the lion thrown over the hero s shoulder! $e also occasionally see 0iodas& :anilius& <rpheus& and Trape)ius& the exact connection of which with our sky figure is not certain! The Eth edition of the #lfonsine Tables singularly adds .asaben& from the neighboring 0raco s #l /as al Thu ban!

.ayer erroneously +uoted "7vf epinOv& on .ended 1nee& as if from :omerI and gave "9iduYov anevdoF& the (nknown "mage& and "mago laboranti similis! :e also cited the %ersians Ternuelles& which .eigel suggested might be from their mistaken orthography of the word :ercules I and :yde added another term& from that people& in .er )anu nisheste& /esting on his 1nees& a repetition of the earliest idea as to the figure! Flammarion states that he found our modern title first mentioned in an edition of :yginus of 8E?J& H but he had not read 9ratosthenesI and some say that even this :ercules of :yginus was really designed for the adjacent <phiuchus! The modern "talians 9roole is like their /oman predecessors abbreviated name for the deity& who was one of their most fre+uent objects of adjuration! <ur stellar figure generally has been drawn with club and lion-skin& the left foot on 0raco and the right near .ootes& the reversal of these by #ratos being critici)ed by :ipparchos I but the Farnese globe shows a young man& nude and kneeling I while the ;eyden 'anuscript very inappropriately drew it as a young boy& erect& with a short star-tipped shepherd s crook& bearing a lion s skin and head! .ayer shows the strong man kneeling& clothed in the lion s skin& with his " all bra)en " club and the #pple .ranch& 8C

BEB Star-*ames and their 'eanings This last he called /amus pomifer& the German >weig& placing it in the right hand of :ercules& on the edge of the 'ilky $ay I but this even then was an old idea& for the 7enetian illustrator of :yginus in 8E?? showed& in the constellation figure& an #pple Tree with a serpent twisted around its trunk! #rgelander followed .ayer s drawing& but :eis transfers the .ranch to the left hand& with two vipers as a reminder of the now almost forgotten stellar 2erberus with serpents tongues& which .ayer did not know! The French and "talians& who give more prominence to these adjuncts of :ercules than do we& have combined them in a sub-constellation .alneal et 2erbere and 9amo e 2erbero! "n all this& as well as in some of the titles of the :ercules constellation and of 0raco& reappears the story of the Golden Fruits of the :esperides with their guardian dragon! "t may have been the serpent and apples in our picturing of the constellation that aided 'iss /olleston to her substitution of the biblical #dam for the mythological :ercules! <thers& however& changed the latter to Samson with the jawbone of an assI and 6ulius Schiller multiplied him into the Three 'ag; The #rabians turned the classical Saltator& or ;eaper& into #l .akls& the 0ancerI l as also "1vyovaai into #l 6athiyy a la /ukbataihi& the <ne who 1neels on both 1nees I this subse+uently degenerating into 9lgeiiale mixbaohei& #loheti hale rechabatih& 9liege)iale& and 9lhathi "t also has

often appeared as #lohete and #lohetiI as #lgethi& and& in the 8J 8J #lmagest and #lfonsine Tables of 8JB 8& as #lgiethi incurvati super genu ipsius! #rgelander catalogues 8JJ naked-eye stars in :ercules& and :eis BBD! .etween f and DD& two thirds of the way from Q& is *! G! 2! CBAJ& 8T '!&the finest cluster in the northern heavens! :alley discovered this in 8D 8E and thought it a nebula& whence its early title& the :alley :ebulaI but it is remarkable that it was not sooner seen& for it is visible by the unaided eye& although only ? in diameter! :erschel T s estimate that it contains 8E&AAA stars is so high that some regard it as a typographical error for EAAAI the number counted by :arvard observers is DBE& outside of the nucleus! 'iss 2lerke records an opinion that it may be JJ?&AAA millions of miles in diameter& and distant from us sixty-five light yearsI but we have as yet no certain determination of either si)e or distance! .urn ham notes one of its central stars as double& an infre+uent occurrence in compressed clustersI and 2ampbell of the ;ick <bservatory writes, 8 The foregoing 0ancer& .eigel said& was in the 9ast merely a posture-maker& which the configuration of these stars plainly shows& and hence this title is appropriate! "t seems to hare wandered to the near-by 0raco for the faint ft& although with a different signification&H to Trotting 2amel&

The 2onstellations BET "n the :ercules cluster the stars are perhaps very little denser than the streams of nebulous matter in which they are situated& and hence their density is S5 ! e& may beK only something a thousand millionth part of that of the sun! .ailey finds no variables in it! "n the early days of #rab astronomy a space in the heavens& coinciding with parts of :ercules& <phiuchus& and Serpens& was the /audah& or %asture& the *orthern .oundary of which& the *asak Shamiyy& was marked by the stars T and y :erculis& the Syrians /ow of %earls& with and y Serpentis in continuation of the %asture lineI while C5& a& and e Serpentis& with d& c& f& and rj <phiuchi& formed the Southern .oundary& the 7asak 3amaniyyal; The group of stars now known as the 2lub of :ercules was the Sheep within the %asture! 2t& 0ouble and both irregularly variable& T!8 to T!@ and J to D& orange red and bluish green! Qas #lgethi& also :as #lgathi& on 'alby s globe /as #lgothi& is from #l /as al 6athiyy& the 1neeler s :ead I but it often is .as #lgeti& sometimes /as #lgiatha& and the Standard 0ictionary has /as #lgetta& "t was /asaeheti with 2hilmead! /iccioli s .as 9lhhathi and /as #lhathi probably came from /as #lheti of the first three editions of the #lfonsine Tables I but in the Eth edition very incorrectly appeared /asahen for both the star and the constellation& probably taken from the neighboring #l /as al

Thu ban of 0racoI H all #rabian translations of the Greek names! The nomads title for it was #l 1alb al /a i& the Shepherd s 0og& that our a shared with the adjoining lucida of <phiuchus& J distant! The 2hinese called it Ti Tso& the 9mperor s Seat I and Tsin! Some small stars in :ercules& near a& were included with 8 and 5 <phiuchi in the asterism :o& one of the measures of 2hina! This is a beautiful pair& but apparently not binary& for there has been no certain change in the last century! The components are E"!? apart& at a position angle of 88@ ! "ts variability& discovered by Sir $illiam :erschel in 8D@J& 5 s now described by 2handler as shown by " very irregular oscillations in periods of two to four months!" "t is one of the most noted of Secchi s Td type with banded spectra! a culminates on the BTd of 6uly! %& B!?& pale yellow! 1orneforos and 1ornephoros are from the 1opwrftyopo+ which we have seen applied& to the whole figure! .urritt has 1ornephorus vel /utilicns&

BEE Star-*ames and their 'eanings perhaps the diminutive of rutilus& " golden red&" or " glittering&" an adjective applied to #rcturus I but this term is by no means appropriate for A! The #rabo- ;atin #lmagest of 8J 8J reads rutillico& adding propin+ue cillitko& this last unintelligible unless explained by the .asel edition of 8JJ8 as prnes axillam seu scapulam I so that we may perhaps consider the alternative title to be from the barbarism used to show the star s position on the shoulder of the figure! "ndeed& .ayer said of it& /utilicum barbari duunt! "deler& however& asserted his belief that it was from ruttllum& the diminutive of rutrum& a sharp instrument of husbandry or war& in /oman times& that :ercules in some early representations& especially on the #rabic globes& is carrying! The 2entury 2yclopedia gives .utilioo as a rarely used name! was the 2hinese :o 2hung& "n the /iver& while the Eth-magnitude y was :o 1een& .etween the /iver! "ts spectrum is like that of the sun& and the star is approaching our system at the rate of about BB miles a second! Q& T!8 and C!J& is a remarkable binary with a period of only TEU years& the distance between the stars ranging from o"!C to i"!D! #ccording to .elopolsky& it is approaching us at the rate of nearly forty-four miles a second& H the greatest velocity of approach or recession so far ascertained! A& E!8& with adjacent small stars& was Tien 1e& :eaven s /ecord!

5& 0ouble& E!? and D& light yellow and pale garnet! 'arfak& 'irfak& 'ania& 'arfle& and 'anic are all found for this star&H as for k <phiuchiI but it properly is 'arflk& from #l 'arfiU& the 9lbowI the titles written with the letter s probably coming from early confusion with the letter4! The 0orians similarly called it 1v%itov& the 9lbow! "n 2hina& with two other stars near by& it was Trang Tung& an #ncestral Star! %tolemy and the #rabian astronomers located it on the right elbow& but Smyth on the leftI :eis places it in the right hand& as did .ayerI while .urritt has 'arsic in the proper place& but letters it ]! 4V& E!?& deep yellow! 'asym& 'aasym& 'aanm& 'a)ym& 'a)im& and 'aaini are from the #rabic 'i .am& the $rist& although %tolemy as well as most of the stellar map-makers located o on that part of the figureI but .ayer& probably by an oversight& gave the title !to #& not far from the left shoulder& and hence the mistake which still survives! .urritt applied 'asym to this lettered

The 2onstellations BEJ star at the elbow& and duplicated it at the one on the hand& omitting the letterI but this title had appeared in the ;atin #lmagest of 8J8J and the #lfonsine Tables of 8JB 8& not as a proper name& but simply indicative of the position of the star o& which& though now unnamed& should bear that title instead of #! The same word is used in those works to describe the positions of C and r` #urigae in the similar location& but is there written 'aharim! The 2entury 2yclopedia& by a misprint for #& uses 'asym for ] :erculis in the left hand of the giant! Y also was 2haou& one of the early feudal states of 2hina! The Sun flies forward to his brother Sun I The dark 9arth follows wheel d in her ellipse! Tennyson s The Golden 3ear! #lthough 6ohann Tobias 'ayer of Gottingen seems to have been the pioneer& in 8DCA& in the efforts to ascertain the direction of the sun s motion among the stars& yet Sir $illiam :erschel was the first successful investigator as to this& about 8?AC& and he settled upon the vicinity of 4! as the objective point of our solar system& the #pex of the Sun s $ay I and his determination was& in a great measure& confirmed by later astronomers! Some recent observations& however& change this , either to v of this constellation& to the group of small stars four or five degrees north of west from v& to the immediate vicinity of $ega in the ;yre& or to the neighborhood of

#rided& near the tail of the Swan& H yet all in the same general +uarter of the heavens! Thirty-five separate determinations of this #pex& made from 8D?T to 8?@B& locate it variously between BBD 8? and B?@ of right ascension& and between 8E BC and JTW EB in north declinationI the weight of authority being in favor of some point 8 in :ercules near the boundary between it and ;yra! The velocity of the sun s motion is found by %otsdam computers of spectroscopic observations to be from DU to nUM miles a secondI this is more reliable than the value deduced by other methods! The Sun s Guit& the point in the heavens opposite to the #pex& according to Todd& lies about midway between the stars Sirius and 2anopus! f5 8 & a Eth-magnitude triple& half-way between $ega of the ;yre and a :erculis& was the 2hinese 1ew :o& the *ine /ivers! The distance between the large star and its @th-magnitude companion is 8 %rofessor 3oung thinks the #pex in about BCD of right ascension and T8 of declination& but that the data are not yet sufficient to give a very close determination of either the sun s speed or direction& since the problem is embarrassed by the probability of systematic motions among the stars themselves! /esults so far obtained are tp be regarded only as rather rough approximations! iCR

BEC Star-*ames and their 'eanings T8"I while the companion itself is a close binary with a period of about EJ years& the distance seldom exceeding 8"! v and f& of the Eth magnitude& with the small b& were the 2hinese 2hung Shan& the 'iddle 'ountain! Some recent investigations place here the #pex of the Sun s $ay! aN& a Eth-magnitude double& by some early transcriber s error& is now given as 2njam& from 2aiam& the accusative of 2aia& the word used by :orace for the 2lub of :ercules& which is marked by this star! Gaiam& Guiam& and Guyam& fre+uently seen& are erroneous! "n .urritt s #tlas the star is wrongly placed within the uplifted right arm! The 2lub of :ercules is supposed to have been a separate constellation with %liny!

f9profogium <ectffaforium& fLe Gpenbufum 2focft& lies to the eastward of #chernar& H a of 9ridanus& H and north of :ydros! "n France it is <rlogeI in "taly& <rologioI and in Germany& %endetohr!

#lthough shown on the maps& it is rarely mentionedI and the only object in it known to be of special interest is a variable star& detected by :arvard observers in %eru& changing in light from @!D to 8B!D in a period of about three hundred days! Gould catalogues C? stars down to the Dth magnitude I a& the lucidaU being T!?! $hitall had on his planisphere a figure& which he entitled :oroscope& between " 2hemica Fornar " and " 2aela Sculptoris&" but no :orologium! :is title is undoubtedly for our constellation& as it occupies :orologium s place!

2lose by the Serpent spreads I whose winding Spires $ith order d stars resemble scaly Fires! 2reech s 'anilius! is the French :ydre& the German Grosse $asserschlange& and the "talian "dra& and may be classed among the #rgonautic constellations& as it was said to represent the 0ragon of #etes!

The 2onstellations BED "ts stars are now well defined under this single title& but anciently were described& with their riders 2orvus and 2rater& as <vid wrote , #nguis& #vis& 2rater& sidera juncta micant! This continued to the 8?th century& Flamsteed and other early astronomers making of them even four divisions& :ydra& :ydra et 2rater& :ydra et 2orvus& and 2ontinnatio :ydrae! 7epa and *epas& originally #frican words for the terrestrial crab and scorpion& seem also to have been used for this constellation in classic times! #ratos called it "Tdprj I 9ratosthenes& :ipparchos& and Geminos& "Tfyoc& the :ydros of Germanicus& while others wrote it "Tdpa I but 9ratosthenes again had it all under 1opaf& and :ipparchos also used kpdtcwv! "n ;ow ;atin it has been :idra& "dra& and Tdra I and& in the #lmagest of 8 JJ 8& :ydros in the masculine& which& correct enough before .ayer s day& would now confound it with the new southern figure! /iccioli& and :yde in his translation of (lug .eg s catalogue& had it thus& showing its continuance till then as a common title& although often written "dros and "drus a+uations& as well as changed to Serpens a+uations! <ther names& also used for the northern 0ragon& have been 0raeo& #siua& and #suia& or #svia& which .ayer referred to as aaovyia non doMTla X but these are not Greek words& and doubtless are from #l Shnja & the Snake& transformed&

as only the late mediaeval astronomical writers and their immediate successors could transform classical and #rabic terms into their ;ow ;atin and Greek I 2hilmead wrote it #lsugahh! Still another conception and title may be seen in the #rabo-;atin #lmagest s Stellatio 3dre , et est species serpentium I et jam nominator #siua! secur @ I where the last word& if an abbreviation for securis& " ax&" seems not inappropriate when taking the western half of :ydra for a somewhat crooked handle& and 2orvus for the ax-head! The #siua& or She #ss& which ;a ;ande mentioned& is probably a continuation of some early type error in the barbarous #siua! 2oluber& the Snake& and 9chidna& the 7iper& also obtain for :ydra& with the adjectives Furiosus& 'agnanimus& and Sublimatus& here used as proper nouns& as they were for <rion! The #rabians similarly called it #l :ayyah& another of their words for a snake& H 9l :avic in /iccioli s *ew #lmagest! "ts representation has generally been as we have it& but the :yginus of 8E?? added a tree in whose branches the :ydra s head is restingI probably a recollection of the dragon that guarded the apple-trees of the :esperides& although this duty really belonged to our 0raco I and at times it has been shown as three-headed! 'ap-makers have always figured it in its present form& the 2up resting midway on its back& with the /aven peck-

BE? Star-*ames and their 'eanings ing at one of its folds I :ydra preventing the latterU access to the 2up in punishment for its tattling about 2oronis& or for its delay in #pollo s service! The minor constellation Tnrdus& or *octna& only recently has been added to it! Those who saw biblical symbols among the stars called :ydra the Flood I 2orvus& 7oah g /aven I and 2rater& the 2up " out of which the patriarch sinned " I but 6ulius Schiller said that the whole represented the /iver 6ordan! The Dth sieu& ;ien& a $illow .ranch& or ;in& a 2ircular Garland&H was the creature s head& 8J south of %raesaepe& C being the determinant& and formed the beak of the /ed .ird I it governed the planets and was worshiped at festivals of the summer solstice as an emblem of immortality! :ere& too& was the Dth nakshatra& #glesha& or #gresha& the 9mbracer& figured as a $heel& with Sarpas& the Serpents& as presiding divinities I c marking the junction with the nakshatra 'agna! The ?th sieu& Sing& a Star& anciently Tah& was formed by a& a& and t& with others smaller lying near them& a being the determinant! This asterism constituted the heck of the /ed .ird& and& 9dkins asserts& was also known as the Seven Stan! The @th situ consisted of k& v 8 & v B & #& `i y A& and another unascertained& and was called 2hang& or Tehang& a 0rawn .ow& H .rown says " anciently

lUnng& the #rcher&" H v 8 being the determinant I the god 2hang using this bow to slay the Sky 0og& our 2rater! The stars between 2orvus and 2rater were 1;en 'nn& and those between y :ydrae and Spica of the 7irgin were Tien 'nn& :eaven s Gate! These lie beyond the oudines of the 7irgin s robe on the :eis map& but on .urritt s are included in the tip of her left wing! :ydra is supposed to be the snake shown on a uranographic stone from the 9uphrates& of 8BAA b! c& "identified with the source of the fountains cf the great deep&" and one of the several sky symbols of the great dragon Tiamat! 2ertain stars near& or perhaps in the tip of :ydra s tail and in ;ibra& seem to have been the #kkadian 9n-te-na-mas-lnv& or 9n-te-na-ma5 mnr& the #ssyrian 9tsen-(iri& the Tail-tip! Theon said that the 9gyptians considered it the sky representative of the *ile& and gave it their name for that river! #fter #l Sufi s day& in our icth century& the figure was much lengthened& and now stretches for nearly @JW in a winding course from 2ancer to ScorpioI this well agreeing with the fable of its immense marine prototype& the Scandinavian 1raken! 2onrad Gesner& the 8Cth-century naturalist& gave an illustration of this in its apparently successful attack upon the ship #rgo!

The 2onstellations BE@ The constellation cannot be seen in its entirety till 2rater is on the meridian! #rgelander enumerates in it DJ starsI :eis& 8JT! For an unknown period its winding course symboli)ed that of the moonI hence the latter s nodes are called the 0ragon s :ead and Tail! $hen a comet was in them poison was thought to be scattered by it over the world I but these fanciful ideas are now associated with 0raco! #l Sufi mentioned an early #rab figure& #l : ail& the :orse& formed from stars some of which now belong to our :ydra& but more to ;eo and Sextans! The $ater-serpent s gleaming bend! .rown s # ratos! 2;& B& orange! #lphard& #lfard& and #lpherd& H #lphart in the #lfonsine Tables and %herd with :yde& H are from #l Fard al Shuja & the Solitary <ne in the Serpent& well describing its position in the sky! 2aesius gave #lpharad& which on the /euter wall-map was #lphrad I and a still more changed title is #lphora! The #rabs also knew a as #l Fakir al Shuja & the .ackbone of the Serpent I but (lug .eg changed this to #l (nk al Shuja & the Serpent s *eckI and it shared the Suhel of other bright stars as Suhel al Fard& and

Suhel al Sham& the Solitary& and the *orthern& Suhail! Tycho first called it 2or :ydrae& the :ydra s :eart&H /iccioli s 1alb 9lhavich and 1albelaphard& H which& with the alternative 2ollum :ydrae& the :ydra s *eck& is current even now! "n 2hina it determined the ?th sieu& and was the prominent star of the /ed .ird that combined the seven lunar divisions of the southern +uarter of the heavens! "ts longitude is said to have been ascertained there in the 8@th century before our era& but the statement may be +uestionable I as also that it was observed passing the meridian at sunset on the day of the vernal e+uinox during the time of the emperor 3ao& about BTJA b! c! "t culminates on the BCth of 'arch! and Q were the 2hinese Tsing 1ew& the Green :ill! 55V \ j it 5DV p& and a& Td to Jth magnitudes& on the head& were (lug .eg s ' in al #)al& .elonging to the (ninhabited Spot! Q is a remarkable triple& H an ?th-magnitude TU" from a T!?-magnitude& the latter divided by Schiaparelli& in 8?@B& into two of nearly e+ual brightness o"!B apart& H which probably form a rapid ternary system! 5& a Eth-magnitude& was the 2hinese %ing Sing& a Tran+uil Star! 5& a Jth-magnitude& and the stars of about the same brilliancy extending from it to 4T& with O 2rateris& were #l Sufi s #l Sharaslf& the /ibs!

BJA Star-*ames and their 'eanings _j& E!C& was (lug .eg s #l 'infiar al Shuja c & the Snake s *ose! t 8 & E!@& flushed white& and t B & E!C& lilac& with 8 and the Jth-magnitude #& form the curve in the neck& %tolemy s 1apnTj I but 1a)wini knew them as T6kdah& the 1not!

first published by .ayer& must not be confounded with the ancient :ydra! "t lies between :orologium and TucanaI the head adjoining the polar <ctans& the tail almost reaching the magnificent star #chernar of 9ridanus! The French know the figure as l :ydre 'file I and the Germans as der 1leine $auenchlange! <ut of this& with Tucana and the ;esser 2loud& 6ulius Schiller made his biblical constellation /aphael! The 2hinese formed from the stars of :ydrus& with others surrounding it& four of their later asterisms , Shay Show& the Serpent s :ead& marked by

e and QI Shay Fuh& the Serpent s .elly& towards TucanaI Shay $e& the Serpent s Tail& entirely within the boundaries of :ydrusI and %oo %ih& of unknown signification& marked by y& a red T!B-magnitude& specially mentioned by 2orsali in his account of the 'agellanic 2louds! "n it Gould catalogues CE stars from B!D to Dth magnitudes! The B!D-magnitude lucida A& in the tail& is of a remarkably clear yellow hue& and the nearest conspicuous star to the south pole& although 8B distant

TnfcuJ& fLe Tnbfan& is the German "ndianer& the "talian "ndiano& and the French "ndianI ;a ;ande giving the alternative Triangle "ndien& probably from the general outline of its chief stars! "t is one of .ayer s new constellations& south of the 'icroscope& between Grus and %avo& and& although generally supposed to represent a typical #merican "ndian& its publisher drew it as a far more civili)ed character& yet nude& with arrows in both hands& but no bow! Flamsteed s #tlas has

The 2onstellations BJ8 a similar figuring! 6ulius Schiller& however& went much further back in point of time and joined it with %avo as the patriarch 6ob! "ndus& or its lucida a& was %e Sie in 2hina& where it also was known as the %ersian& a title from the 6esuit missionaries! Gould assigned to it ?E naked-eye stars& from T!8 to Dth magnitudesI but none of these are specially noticeable except the C!T y& which may be a variable& and e& with the unusually large proper motion of E"!C annually& a rate of speed that will carry it to the south pole in JA&AAA years!

is the French ;i)ard& the "talian ;ncertola& and the German 9idechse& H .ode s 9idexe& H extending from the head of 2epheus to the star n at the left foot of %egasus& its northern half lying in the 'ilky $ay! This inconspicuous constellation was formed by :evelius from outlying stars between 2ygnus and #ndromeda& this special figure having been selected because there was not space for any of a different shape! .ut he drew " a strange weasel-built creature with a curly tail&" heading the procession of his offerings to (rania illustrated in his Firmamentum Sobicscianum of 8C?D! Flamsteed s picture is more like a greyhound& but e+ually uncouth I that by :eis is typically correct!

"ts inventor gave it the alternative title of Stellio& the Stellion& a newt with star-like dorsal spots found along the 'editerranean coast! Somewhat coincidently its stars& with those in the eastern portion of 2ygnus& were combined by the early 2hinese in their Flying Serpent :evelius catalogued 8A componentsI #rgelander& T8I and :eis& E?! They come to the meridian about the middle of #pril! "t has no named star& and its lucida& a& is only of T!@ magnitude! %& E-J5 marks the radiant point of the ;acertids& a minor meteor stream visible through #ugust and September! .efore the ;i)ard was formed& /oyer introduced here& in 8CD@& the 66cepf re anb ]anb of Surftce& commemorating his king& ;ouis Y"7I and a century later .ode substituted the Frederici :onores& in honor of his sovereign Frederick the GreatI but ;acerta has held its place& while /oyer s figure has been entirely forgotten& and .ode s nearly so!

BJB Star-*ames and their 'eanings

"n pride the ;ion lifts his mane To see his .ritish brothers reign #s stars below! 9dward 3oung s "mperium %elagi! Oeo& ffc 9ton& is ;ion in France& ;owe in Germany& and ;eone in "taly! "n #nglo-*orman times it was ;ean! "t lies between 2ancer and 7irgo& the bright 0enebola J north of the faint stars that mark the head of the latter constellation I but %tolemy extended it to include among its df'<fxtUroi the group now 2oma .erenices! "n Greek and /oman myth this was respectively #ewv and ;eo& representing the 1emean ;ion& originally from the moon& and& after his earthly stay! carried back to the heavens with his slayer :ercules& where he became the poet s *emeaeusI 7emeas #lumnusI *emees TenorI tfemeaeum "onstrum I and& in later times& :o #nimal 1emaeo truoulento of 2amJes! "t also was 2leonaeum Sidus& from 2leonae& the #rgolic town near the *emean forest where :ercules slew the creature I :erculeus I and :enmlenm #strum! .ut the /omans commonly knew it as ;eo& <vid writing :ercalens ;eo and 7iolentus ;eo! .aochi Sidus was another of its titles& that god always being identified

with this animal& and its shape the one usually adopted by him in his numerous transformationsI while a lion s skin was his fre+uent dress! .ut 'anilius had it 6ovis et 6unonis Sidus& as being under the guardianship ot these deities I and appropriately so& considering its regal character& and especially that of its lucida! The 9gyptian king *ecepsos& and his philosopher %etosiris& taught that at the 2reation the sun rose here near 0enebolaI and hence ;eo was 0omicilium Solis& the emblem of fire and heat& and& in astrology& the :on5 of the Sun& governing the human heart& and reigning in modern days over .ohemia& France& "taly& and the cities of .ath& .ristol& and Taunton in 9ngland& and our %hiladelphia! "n ancient times 'anilius wrote of it as ruling over #rmenia& .ithynia& 2appadocia& 'acedon& and %hrygia! "t was a fortunate sign& with red and green as its colorsI and& according to #mpehus! was in charge of the wind Thrascias mentioned by %liny& Seneca& and 7itruvius as coming from the north by a third northwest! #ncient physicians thought that when the sun was in this sign medicine was a poison& and even a bath e+ually harmful M=N I while the weather-wise said that thunder

The 2onstellations BJT foretold sedition and deaths of great men! The adoption of this animal s form for a )odiac sign has fancifully been attributed to the fact that when the sun was among its stars in midsummer the lions of the desert left their accustomed haunts for the banks of the *ile& where they could find relief from the heat in the waters of the inundation I and %liny is authority for the statement that the 9gyptians worshiped the stars of ;eo because the rise of their great river was coincident with the sun s entrance among them! For the same reason the great #ndrosphinx is said to have been sculptured with ;eo s body and the head of the adjacent 7irgo I although 9gyptologists maintain that this head represented one of the early kings& or the god :armachis! 0istinct reference is made to ;eo in an inscription on the walls of the /amesseum at Thebes& which& like the *ile temples generally& was adorned with the animal s bristlesI while on the planisphere of 0enderah its figure is shown standing on an outstretched serpent! The 9gyptian stellar ;ion& however& comprised only a part jof ours& and in the earliest records some of its stars were shown as a 1nife& as they now are as a Siekle! 1ircher gave its title there as nifievreiciuv& 2ubitus *ili! The %ersians called it Ser or ShirI the Turks& #rtanI the Syrians& #ryoI the 6ews& #ryfl I and the .abylonians& #rfi& H all meaning a ;ion I the last title fre+uently being contracted to their letter e+uivalent to our #! "t was the tribal sign of 6udah& allotted to him by his father 6acob as recorded in Genesis xlix& @& and confirmed by Saint 6ohn in The /evelation v& JI ;andseer suggesting that this association was from the fact that ;eo was the natal sign of 6udah and so borne on his signet-ring given to Tamar! 2hristians of the 'iddle #ges and subse+uently& who figured biblical

characters throughout the heavens in place of the old mythology& called it one of 0aniel s lions I and the apostolic school& doubting Thomas! <n *inevite cylinders ;eo is depicted as in fatal conflict with a bull& typifying the victory of light over darkness I and in 9uphratean astronomy it was additionally known as M:sbar-namrn-ea-pan& variously translated& but by .ertin as the Shining 0isc which precedes .elI the latter being our (rsa 'ajor& or in some way intimately connected therewith! :ewitt says that it was the #kkadian %a-pil-sak& the Sceptre& or the Great FireI and Sayce identifies it with the #ssyrian month #bu& our 6uly-#ugust& the Fiery :otI 'insheu assigning as the reason for this universal fiery character of the constellation& " because the sunne being in that signe is most raging and hot like a lion!" Thus throughout anti+uity the animal and the constellation always have been identified with the sun&H indeed in all historic ages till it finally appears

BJE Star-*ames and their 'eanings on the royal arms of 9ngland& as well as on those of many of the early noble families of that country! 0uring the 8Bth century it was the only animal shown on #nglo-*orman shields! #s a )odiacal figure it was of course entirely different from the ancient #sad of #rabia& that somewhat mythical ;ion extending from Gemini over our 2ancer& ;eo& 7irgo& ;ibra& and parts of other constellations& both north and south of the )odiac I but the later #rabians also adopted %tolemy s ;eo and transferred to it the #sad of the early constellation! This appeared in the various corrupted forms cited by .ayer& H #laaid& #leser& #sia& #flsid& and others similar& of which #ssemani gives a long listI Schickard adding #lasado and #sedatonI and /iccioli& specially mentioning laid and 9(esed& cautioned his readers against the erroneous #latid and #leat 9arly :indu astronomers knew it as #sleha& and as Sinha& the Tamil Simham I but the later& influenced by Greece and /ome& as ;eya& or ;eyaya& from the word ;eo! "t contained the ?th nakshatra& 'agna& 'ighty& or GenerousI as also the @th and 8Ath& %nrra& and (ttara& %halgnnf& the Former& and the ;atter& %halguni& a word of uncertain meaning& H perhaps the .ad <ne& H the single station being represented by a Fig-tree& and the combined by a .ed or 2ouch! *early the same stars were included in the ?th& @th& and 8Ath mana)iloi #rabia as #(abhah& the Forehead I #l >ubrah& the 'aneI and #l SarOh& the Turn! <f the situ& however& none appear in ;eo& the 2hinese having adopted& instead& stations among the stars of :ydra and 2rater& so that many infer that their lunar asterisms were original with themselves! "n the later native solar )odiac of 2hina the ;ion s stars were the :orse& and in the earlier a part of the /ed .irdI while $illiams says that they also were Shun :o& the

Guail s FireI but in the 8Cth century the 2hinese formally adopted our ;eo& translating it as S)e Tsae! The space between it and 7irgo was Tae $ei& or Shaou $ei& and the western half of ;eo& with ;eo 'inor& was regarded as a 3ellow 0ragon mounting upwards& marked by the line of ten stars from /egulus through the Sickle! "t also was another of the :eavenly 2hariots of imperial 2hina! "ts symbol& ft & has been supposed to portray the animal s mane& but seems more appropriate to the other extremityI the :yginus of 8E?? and the #lbumasar of 8E?@ showing this latter member of extraordinary length& twisting between the hind legs and over the back& the :yginus properly locating the star 0enebola in the end I but the "nternational 0ictionary& in a more scholarly way& says that this symbol is a corruption of the initial letter of #eoVv! ;ajard s 2ulte de 'ithra mentions the hieroglyph of ;eo

The 2onstellations BJJ as among the symbols of 'ithraic worship& but how their ;ion agreed& if at all& with ours is not known! <ne of the sultans of 1oniyeh& ancient "conium& put the stellar figure on his coins! "ts drawing has generally been in a standing position& but& in the ;eyden 'anuscript& in a springing attitude& with the characteristic Sickle fairly represented! 3oung astronomers know the constellation by this last feature in the fore parts of the figure& the bright /egulus marking the handle I its other stars successively being DD& y& f& 4i& and e! *or is this a recent idea& for %liny is thought to have given it separately from ;eo in his list of the constellations I but not much could have been left of the ;ion after this subtraction except his tail! These same Sickle stars were a lunar asterism with the #kkadians as M:fl-mes& the 2urved $eaponI with the 1horasmians and Sogdians as 1hamnhish& the ScimetarI but with the 2opts as Titefai& the Forehead! The sun passes through ;eo from the Dth of #ugust to the 8Eth of September! #rgelander catalogues in it DC stars& and :eis 8C8! "n ;eo and 7irgo lay the now long forgotten asterism Fahne& of which "deler wrote , The Flag is a constellation of the heavens& one part in ;eo and one part in 7irgo! :as many stars! <n the iron Sthe arrowhead of the staffK in front one& on the flag two& on every fold of the flag one! This is illustrated in the EDth volume of #rchaeobgia& and it appeared as a distinct constellation in a 8Jth-century German manuscript& perhaps the original of the work of 8JCE from which "deler +uoted! .rown repeats a 9uphratean inscription& " The constellation of the 3oke like a

flag floated&" although he claims no connection here& and associates the 3oke with 2apricorn! "" %etto del lione ardente! 0ante s %araduo! _Y& Triple& 8!D& ?!J& and 8T& flushed white and ultramarine! /egains was so called by 2opernicus& not after the celebrated consul of the 8st %unic war& as .urritt and others have asserted& but as a diminutive of the earlier /ex& e+uivalent to the LaoiDda1o_I of %tolemy! This was from the belief that it ruled the affairs of the heavens& H a belief current& till three centuries ago& from at least TAAA years before our era! Thus& as Sharrn& the 1ing& it marked the 8Jth ecliptic constellation of .abyloniaI in "ndia it was 'agna& the 'ighty I in Sogdiana& 'agh& the Great I in %ersia&

BJC Star-*ames and their 'eanings 'iyanU the 2entreI among the Turanian races& 'aori& the :eroI and in #kkadia it was associated with the Jth antediluvian 1ing-of-the-celestialsphere& #mil-gal-ur& #peydkapog! # *inevite tablet has , "f the star of the great lion is gloomy the heart of the people will not rejoice! "n #rabia it was 'alikiyy& 1inglyI in Greece& %aaikiaxog aorripI in /ome& .asilica StellaI with %liny& .egiaI in the revival of 9uropean astronomy& /exI and with Tycho& .as(uens! So& too& it was the leader of the Four /oyal Stan of the ancient %ersian monarchy& the Four Guardians of :eaven& 0upuis& referring to this %ersian character& said that the four stars marked the cardinal points& assigning :astorang& as he termed it& to the *orth I 7enant to the South I Tkscheter to the 9ast I and Satevis to the $est , but did not identify these titles with the individual stars! Flammarion does so& however& with Fomalhaut& /egulus& and #ldebaran for the first three respectively& so that we may consider Satevis as #n tares! This same scheme appeared in "ndia& although the authorities are not agreed as to these assignments and identifications, but& as the right ascensions are about six hours apart& they everywhere probably were used to mark the early e+uinoctial and solstitial colures& four great circles in the sky& or generally the four +uarters of the heavens! #t the time that these probably were first thought of& /egulus lay very near to the summer solstice& and so indicated the solstitial colure! 9arly 9nglish astrologers made it a portent of glory& riches& and power to all born under its influenceI $yllyam Salysbury& of 8JJB& writing& but perhaps from %roclus , The ;yon s herte is called of some men& the /oyall Starre& for they that are borne under it& are thought to have a royall nativitie!

#nd this title& the ;ion s :eart& has been a popular one from early classical times& seen in the 1apdia keovrog of Greece and the 2or ;eonis of /ome& and adopted by the #rabians as #l 1alb al #sad& this degenerating into 1albelasit& 1albeleoed& 1albeleceid& 1albol asadi& 2alb-elei-id& 2alb-elesit& 2alb-alexet& and 1ale #lased of various bygone lists! #l .lrunl called it the :eart of the /oyal ;ion& which " rises when Suhail rises in #l :ija)!" 8 .ayer and others have +uoted& as titles for /egulus& the strange Tybenme and Tuberoni 9egiaI but these are entirely wrong& and arose from a misconception of %liny s Stella /egia appellata Tuberoni in pectore ;eonis& "The province containing 'ecca& 'edina& and 6iddah& and reaching to Tehama& the low land bordering on the /ed Sea!

The 2onstellations BJD rendered " the star called by Tubero the /oyal <ne in the ;ion s breast " I :olland s translation reading , The cleare and bright star& called the Star .oyal& appearing in the breast of the signe "Veo& Tubero l mine author saith! *aturally sharing the character of its constellation as the 0omicilium Solis& in 9uphratean astronomy it was Gus-ba-ra& the Flame& or the /ed Fire& of the :ouse of the 9astI in 1horasmia& #dhir& %ossessing ;uminous /ays I and throughout classical days the supposed cause of the summer s heat& a reputation that it shared with the 0og-star! :orace expressed this in his Stella vesani ;eonis! "t was of course prominent among the lunar-mansion stars& and chief in the ?th nakshatra that bore its name& 'agna& made up by all the components of the SickleI and it marked the junction with the adjoining station %urva %halguniI the %itares& Fathers& being the regents of the asterism& which was figured as a :ouse! "n #rabia& with -y& f& and tK of the Sickle& it was the ?th man)il& #l 6abhah& the Forehead! "n 2hina& however& the ?th sieu lay in :ydra I but the astronomers of that country referred to /egulus as the Great Star in :een 3uen& a constellation called after the imperial family& comprising a& y& e& tj& #& Q& Z& v& o& p& and others adjacent and smaller reaching into ;eo 'inor! "ndividually it was tfiau& the .ird& and so representative of the whole +uadripartite )odiacal group! "n addition to the evidence& from its nomenclature& of the ancient importance of this star is the record& although perhaps +uestionable& of an observation of its longitude 8@?J years before the time of %tolemy I and of a still earlier one in .abylonia& B8BA b! c& /egulus then being in longitude @B TA & but now over 8E? ! "ts position& and that of Spica& observed by :ipparchos& when compared with the earlier records are said to have revealed to him the phenomenon of the precession of the e+uinoxes! "t was then in longitude 88@ JA ! Smyth wrote of it,

The longitude of /egulus has& through successive ages& been made a datum-step by the best astronomers of all nations! This is the faintest of the so-called ist-magnitude stars& with but -fc of the brightness of Sirius! "t has a spectrum of the Sirian type& and is approaching the earth at the rate of LbE miles a second! 9lkin has determined its parallax as o"!o?@! "t lies very close to the ecliptic& almost covered by the sun on the BAth of #ugustI and& as one of the lunar stars& is much observed in navigation! "t culminates on the Cth of #pril! 8 This was ;ucius Tubero& the intimate literary friend of 2icero! 8D

BJ? Star-*ames and their 'eanings The companion& about T away& described " as if steeped in indigo&" was discovered by $inlock to be itself closely double& T"!T apart& at a position angle of ??A!J! MT& B!T& blue! 0enebola H sometimes 0eneb H is the modern name for this star& abbreviated from #l 0hanab al #sad& the ;ion s Tail& the Greek #YicaiaI .ayer gave it as 0enebalecid and 0enebalecedI 2hilmead& as 0eneb #laaedI and Schickard& as 0hanbol-asadi! /iccioli omitted the first syllable of the original& and called the star :ebolelleeed& :ebollassid " of the *ubian astrologers&" and #la)et apud #)ophi& his title for #l Sufi! 9lsewhere it is :elmlasit and #lesitI the #lfonsine Tables have 0enebale)eth and the very appropriate 0aflra& from the similar #rabic term for the tuft of coarse hair at the end of the tail in which the star lies! %roctor called it 0eneb #leet& and there may be other degenerated forms of the original! 1a)wini cited #l #ktab al #sad& the 7iscera of the ;ion& or #l 1atab& a Small Saddle, inappropriate names& "deler said& and inferred that they should be #l 1alb& which in the course of time might have wandered here from /egulus& the genuine 1alb& or :eart& of the ;ion! "t marked the 8Ath man)il& #l Sarfah& the 2hanger& 8! e! of the weather& given by (lug .eg as the star s individual titleI and #l .irun= wrote of it, " The heat turns away when it rises& and the cold turns away when it disappears!" 2hilmead cited #sumpha& which he attributed to #lfraganusI .aily called this Serpha I and :yde changed it to 'utatrix! $ith the Eth-magnitude Fl! @T& it constituted the 8Ath nakshatra& (ttara %halgnni& and was the junction star with the adjacent :asta I the regents of this and the next asterism& the %urva %halguni& being the #dityas& #ryaman and .agha! #l .lrunl& however& said that :indu astronomers pointed out to him a star in 2oma .erenices as forming the lunar station with 0enebolaI and they claimed that the great scientific attainments of 7araha 'ihira were due to his birthday having coincided with the entrance of the moon into (ttara %halguni!

The 2hinese knew it& with four small neighboring stars& as $oo Ti Tto& the Seat of the Five 9mperors& surrounded by twelve other groups& variously named after officers and nobles of the empire! "n .abylonian astronomy it marked the 8Dth ecliptic constellation& >ibbat #!& the Tail of the ;ion& although 9pping gives this with considerable doubt as to its correctness! <ther 9uphratean titles are said to have been ;amash& the 2olossusI ?a& .lue& the #ssyrian SarnuI and 'ikid-isati& the

The 2onstellations BJ@ .urning of Fire& which may be a reference to the hot season of the year when the sun is near it! The Sogdians and 1horasmians had a similar conception of it& as shown in their titles $idhu and $idhayu& the .urning <neI but the %ersians called it #vdem& the <ne in the Tail! :ewitt writes of it as& in "ndia& the Star of the Goddess .ahn& the 2reating 'other! $ith A& it was the 2optic #flphulia& perhaps the Tail I but 1ircher had a similar #onokta& in 7irgo& as from 2optic 9gypt! 0enebola was of unlucky influence in astrology& portending misfortune and disgrace& and thus opposed to /egulus in character as in position in the figure! "ts spectrum is Sirian& and it is approaching our system at the rate of about twelve miles a second! "t comes to the meridian on the Td of 'ay& and& with #rcturus and Spica& forms a large e+uilateral triangle& as also another similar with #rcturus and 2or 2aroli& these& united at their bases& constituting the celebrated 0iamond of 7irgo! Several small stars& some telescopic& in its immediate vicinity& are the 2ompanions of 0enebola!

3& 0ouble and perhaps binary& B!B and T!J& bright orange and greenish yellow! Smyth wrote of this that it has been improperly called #lgieba& from #ljeb-bah& the forehead I for no representation of the ;ion& which " have examined& will justify that position& H a well-founded criticism& although as& after /egulus& it is the brightest member of the man)il #l 6abbah& it may have taken the latter s title! The star& however& is on the ;ion s mane& the ;atin word for which& 6uba& distinctly appeared for y with .ayer& /iccioli& and Flamsteed! :ence it is not at all unlikely that #lgieba& H also written #lgeiba& H is from the ;atin& #rabici)ed either by error in transcription or by design!

Sir $illiam :erschel discovered its duplicity in 8D?B& and 1itchiner asserted that this and a ;yrae are the only stars upon which he ventured to use his high telescopic power of CEJA! "n 8D?E he saw both components of y white& and in 8?AT he announced their binary MFN character! They now are T"! D apart& at a position angle of 88E I and according to 0oberck have a period of revolution of about EAB!CB years& although this is very uncertain& for " since the first reliable measures of distance the change to this time is only 8B !"

BCA Star-*ames and their 'eanings y is in approach toward us at the rate of about twenty-four miles a second& the greatest velocity toward our system of any star noted by the %otsdam observers& yet only half that of f :erculis as determined at %oulkowa! "ts spectrum is Solar! A& 2oarsely triple& B!D& 8T& and @& pale yellow& blue& and violet >osma and >o)ma are from >Oopa& an occasional form of fw4xo& the Girdle& found in the %ersian TablesI but its propriety as a stellar title is doubtful& for the star is on the ;ion s rump& near the tail! (lug .eg very correctly termed it #l Uhahr al #sad& the ;ion s .ack& which has become 0uhr and 0hur of modern catalogues! $ith A& on the hind +uarter& it constituted the @th man)t4& #l >ubrth& the 'ane& and itself bears this name as >ubra& H strange titles for star and station so far away from that feature of the animal! C and C also were #l 1ahil al #sad& the Space between the Shoulders of the ;ion I and #l :5aratOn& sometimes transcribed 2hortan& and translated the Two ;ittle /ibs& or the two 1hurt& or :oles& penetrating into the interior of the ;ionI but all these seem as inapplicable as are the other tides! "n "ndia they marked the corresponding nakshatra& %urva %halguni& C being the junction star between the two %halguni asterisms! <n the 9uphrates they were 9akkab >ua& the constellation of the god 1ua& the <racleI and in 9gypt& according to :ewitt& 'es-su& the :eart of Su! "n Sogdiana they were $adha& the $ise I in 1horasmia& #rmagh& the GreatI and with the 2opts %ikhorion& the Shoulder! "n 2hina d was Shang Seang& the :igher 'inister of State! "ts spectrum is Sirian& and the star is approaching our system at the rate of about nine miles a second! Flamsteed observed it and C 7irginis on the 8Tth of 0ecember& 8C@A& with the object which nearly a century later proved to be the planet (ranus! :e made record of the observation& but without any thought

of having seen a hitherto unknown member of our system! Q V T-TR yellow! The #rabians designated this as #l /as al #sad al 6anubiyyab& the Southern Star in the ;ion s :ead I but by us it is practically unnamed& although the 2entury 2yclopedia says " rather rarely #lgenub;" $ith p& it was #l #shfar& the 9yebrows& near to which they lie! "t marked the 8Eth ecliptic constellation of .abylonia& /iahu #& the :ead of the ;ion!

The 2onstellations BC8 The 2hinese knew these two stars as Tue Fe I while e& individually& was Ta Toe& the 2rown %rince! 2V 0ouble& T!D and C& is .urritt s #dhafera& #ldhafara& and #ldhafera& by some confusion perhaps with #l #shfar of the near-by c and p! "t is on the crest of the mane& and was one of the man)il #l 6abhah I sometimes taking the latter s name& as in .aily s edition of (lug .eg! From a point a little to the west of Q& and not much farther from y& 8 issue the ;eonids& the meteor stream of *ovember @th to 8Dth& its maximum now occurring on the iTth-iEth& which about every thirty-three years has furnished such wonderful displays& the last in 8?CC and the next due in 8?@@! Their first noticed appearance may have been in the year 8TD& since which date the stream has completed fifty-two revolutions! #ccording to Theophanes of .y)antium& the shower was seen from there in *ovember& EDB I but the late %rofessor *ewton& our deservedly great authority on the whole subject of meteors& commenced his list of the ;eonids with their appearance on the 8Tth of <ctober& @AB& the #rabian 3ear of the Stars& during the night of the death of 1ing "brahim ben #hmad& and added, "t will be seen that all these showers are at intervals of a third of a century& that they are at a fixed day of the year& and that the day has moved steadily and uniformly along the calendar at the rate of about a month in a thousand years! <ppol)er s and ;everrier s observations showed the identity of their orbit with that of Tempers comet& " of 8?CCI and they are supposed to have entered our system by some comparatively recent action& as they still come in shoals and are not lengthened out in a continuous line! "t was suggested by ;everrier& and confirmed by #dams& that (ranus may have produced this effect early in the year 8BC of our era! #pparently the most remarkable showers in the long ;eonid history were the one observed by 7on :umboldt and his companion .onpland on the

8 Bth of *ovember& 8D@@& from 7ene)uela& and by various other observers throughout the western hemisphereI and that of *ovember 8T& 8?TT& splendidly seen from this country! The lesser one of the iTth-iEth of *ovember& 8?CC& was more especially noticeable from the <ld $orld& and others& remarkable yet gradually declining& were annually seen from 8?CD to 8?C@! These meteors appear at an elevation of from sixty-one to ninety- six miles& during the latter part of the night& at a speed of forty-four miles a 8 $hen first observed the radiant point was in 2ancer!

BCB Star-*ames and their 'eanings second& 8 and generally are characteri)ed by a greenish& or bluish& tint& with vivid and persistent trains! "t probably was to them that 'ilton alluded in his Swift as a shooting star "n #utumn thwarts the night! The stream seems to be lengthening& and conse+uently thinning out& so that the great displays of long period may eventually cease& while the annual may become more brilliant than now! 'any other meteor streams are visible about the same time as the ;eonids& 'r! $! F! 0enning having given a list of sixty-eightI the brightest of these& the (rsidfl& being often mistaken by the casual observer for the ;eonids& as their radiant& near 45 (rsae 'ajoris& is less than BA distant from the radiant in ;eo!

C&

T-J&

in the man)il #l >ubrah& shares with C the title #l :5arQtan& #l .iruni saying that " when they rise Suhail is seen in #l ")ak&" H wherever this may be! The 2entury 2yclopedia gives 2hort as the individual name& from the combined title! (lug .eg substituted the Jth-magnitude Fl! DB for C as the second member of the man)il& his translator placing them in coxisU " in the hips&" as does the :eis #tlas& "n 2hina it was Ts)e Seang& the Second 'inister of State!

t& .inary and perhaps variable& E!C and D!E& yellowish H possibly varying! /eeves mentioned this as Ts)e Tseang& the Second General! The lesser star is suspected of change in color and in brilliancy down to the @th magnitude! The components now are about B"! C apart& at a position angle of JD ! Y& 0ouble& E!? and 8A!J& yellow and blue! This was designated by (lug .eg as #l 'infiar al #sad& the ;ion s *ose& still correct for it as laid down on the :eis #tlas& although now never used as a star-title! The components are T" apart& at a position angle of BATW!?! 8 "t is owing to this great velocity that no ;eonid has ever been known to reach the earth s surface& its substance being dissipated by the intense heat occasioned by the resistance of the atmosphere!

The 2onstellations BCT #V& E!?& red! #lterf is from #l Tarf& the name for the Dth man)il& which it formed with g 2ancri! The word has generally been rendered the Glance& 8! e! of the ;ion s eye& although on modern maps the star lies in the open mouth& where %tolemy located it! .ut it also had the secondary meaning of the 9xtremity& still more appropriate here& and so understood by "deler! dl& E-TR orange& and e were #l #difir& the 9yebrows I but& singly& the #rabians designated ft as #l :as al #sad al Shamiliyy& the ;ion s :ead towards the South& which& by abbreviation& has become /asalaa in modern listsI and sometimes& but very insufficiently& plain #lshemal; #l *asr al 0in mentioned e and ft as "a whip s length apart&" a common expression for measurement among the #rabs& here indicating a little more than B ! tt& a sth-magnitude red star& was the 2hinese 3u :eu& the :onorable ;ady! p @ a E!th-magnitude& marked the 8Cth ecliptic constellation of .abylonia& 'Uuru-ah#-arkat-Sharni& that 9pping translated the Fourth Son Mor the Four- 3ear-<ld SonN behind the 1ing! _y& E! 8 & is the 2hinese Shang Tseang& the :igher General!

Y5 a Sth-magnitude& with c and d& was ;ing Tae& a $onderful Tower& and rp& a double of the Cth and 8Ath magnitudes& bright orange and bluish white in color& was Tsew 1e& a $ine-flagon& but this included Q and w ;eonis with 5 and f 2ancri!

9ach after each& ungrouped& unnamed& revolve! .rown s # rates! Oeo e1not& f fle feewer 9ton& is the French %etit lion& the German :eine ;owe& and the "talian ;eoneino! %roctor arbitrarily changed the title to ;eaena& the ;ioness! "t was formed by :evelius from eighteen stars between the greater ;ion and .ear& in a lW n g triangle with a fainter line to the south& and thus named because he said it was " of the same nature " as these adjoining conii a tions! #rgelander assigned to it B8 components& and :eis EA&

BCE Star-*ames and their 'eanings #ratos is supposed to have alluded to these u un grouped& unnamed " stare under the hind paws of (rsa 'ajor I and %tolemy had some of them among the dfioptfxoroi of bis #ewv! "deler surmised that they were the #rabs #l TbibO wa-#ulOduha& the Ga)elle with her 3oung& shown in this location on the .orgian globeI but ;ach& that they were #l Ujfald& the %ond& into which the Ga)elle sprang& as noted under 2oma .erenices! The 2hinese made two asterisms of it& H :ay %ing& an "nner Screen& and Seaou $ei I but also included our ;esser ;ion with the Greater in their still greater 0ragon mounting to the highest heavens& and in yet another figure& the State 2hariot The 0enderah planisphere located here the )odiacal 2rab& but whether by design& or in error& is unknown I although some see in the ;esser ;ion s stars& with others from the .ear s feet& a well-marked Scarab that was 9gypt s idea of 2ancer! This was in a part of the sky thought to have been sacred to the great god %tah! Fl! EC& E! To the lucida :evelius applied the adjective %raeripua& 2hief& which %ia))i inserted as a proper name in the %alermo 2atalogue! .urritt mentioned it& under the letter 4& as the ;ittle lion& from its being the principal star in the figure!

"t culminates on the 8Eth of #pril! "n Smyth s .edford 2atalogue we read that %raecipua has three distant companions& H D6E& pale grayI 8T& reddishI and 8B& of violet tint

.ehind him Sirius ever speeds as in pursuit& and rises after& #nd eyes him as he sets! %oste s # ratat! feejme& f fle fNare& the German :ase& the %ortuguese ;obre& the "talian ;epre& and the French ;idvre& is located just below <rion and westward from his :ound! "t was #oywc among the Greeks H #aywoc in the 9pic dialect&H #ratos characteri)ing its few and faint stars by the adjective y#av5Cc! $ith the Greeks of Sicily& the country noted in early days for the great devastations by hares& the constellation was #tTropxc& whence came the fanciful story

The 2onstellations BCJ that our :are was placed in the heavens to be close to its hunter& <rion! /iccioli enlarged upon this in his # "mages turn *ovum I Guia <rion in gratiam 0ianae& +uae leporino sanguine gaudebat& plurimum venatu leporis gauderet! #mong the /omans it7as simply ;opu.& often +ualified by the descriptive auritus& " eared " I dOsypus& " rough-footed " I levipes& " light-footed " I and vclox& " swift!" The #rabians adopted the classical title in their #l #rnOb& which degenerated into #larnebet& 9larneb& and :arneb I and the :ebrews are said to have known it as #rnebeth I but the early #rabs designated the principal starsH a& A& y& and C H as #l 1ursiyy al 6abbar and #l #rab al 6an)ah& the 2hair of the Giant and the Throne of the 6au)ah! 1a)wini& repeating this& added& in "deler s rendering& Gott weiss wie sons4 noch y which Smyth assumed to be "deler s comment thereon I but it was merely his translation of 1a)wini s #rabic formula& God is the <mniscient& used when a writer did not wish to come to a decision! Smyth further wrote of it , #bdr rahman Sufi designates the throne H one of the many which the #rabs had in their heavens& although a s+uatting rather than a sitting people H al-mnakhkherah& the succeeding& as following that formed by ` 4F& U 9ridani and r <nonis! #l Sufi also cited the occasional #l *ihal& the Thirst-slaking 2amels& for the four bright stars& in reference to the near-by celestial river& the 'ilky $ay!

"t is in the space occupied by ;epus& or perhaps by 'onoceros& that :ommel locates the 9uphratean T6dkagaba& the Smiting Sun Face& although .rown assigns this to Sagittarius& "the original Sagittary being the sun!" :ewitt says that in earliest 9gyptian astronomy ;epus was the .oat of <niis& the great god of that country& identified with <rion! The 2hinese knew it as Tnh& a Shed! 2aesius made the constellation represent one of the hares prohibited to the 6ewsI but 6ulius Schiller substituted for it Gideon s Fleece! The 0enderah planisphere has in its place a Serpent apparently attacked by some bird of prey I and %ersian )odiacs imitated this! Gould catalogues in ;epus 8AT stars down to the Dth magnitude! #elian& of our Bd century& in his (epi fauv tdtoTTirotI& referred to the early belief that the hare detested the voice of the raven& H a belief that has generally been put among the )oological fables of anti+uity I but Thompson suggests for it an astronomical explanation& as " the constellation ;epus sets soon after the rising of 2orvus " I and something similar may be said of ;epus in connection with #+uila& for the

BCC Star-*ames and their 'eanings eagle in combat with the hare is fre+uent on gems& and on coins of #grigentum& 'essana& 9lis& etc! ! ! ! the wide occurrence of this subject ! ! ! indicates a lost mythological significance& in which one is tempted to recogni)e a Solar or Stellar symbol! .rown writes of the often discussed comparative location of ;epus and <rion, The problem which perplexed the ancients& why the 'ighty-hunter and his 0og should pursue the most timid of creatures& is solved when we recogni)e that <rion was originally a solar type& and that the :are is almost universally a lunar type I and mentions the very singular connection between this creature and the moon shown on 9uphratean cylinders& Syrian agate seals& 2hinese coins& the 'oon-cakes of 2entral #sia& and in the legends of widely separated nations and savage tribes! #stronomical folk-lore has many allusions to this interesting association of animal with satellite& and indirectly with our constellation! The common idea that it is because all are nocturnal does not seem satisfactory I and there are others still less so& some being mentioned by .eaumont and Fletcher in the Faithful Shepherd! # brief digression to some of these allusions may be allowed here! The :indus called the moon Qacin& or Sasanka& 'arked with the :are& from the story told of Sakya muni M.uddhaN! This holy man& in an early stage of his existence& was a hare& and& when in company with an ape and a fox& was applied to by the god "ndra& disguised as a beggar& who& wishing to

test their hospitality& asked for food! #ll went in search of it& the hare alone returning unsuccessful I but& that he might not fall short in duty to his guest& had a fire built and cast himself into it for the latter s supper! "n return& "ndra rewarded him by a place in the moon where we now see him! <ther Sanskrit and 2ingalese tales mention the palace of the king of the hares on the face of the moon I the #)tecs saw there the rabbit thrown by one of their gods I and the 6apanese& the 6eweled :are pounding omochi& their rice dough& in a mortar! 9ven the 1hoikhoin& the :ottentots of South #frica& and the .antus associated the hare and moon in their worship& and connected them in story& asserting that the hare& ill treated by the moon& scratched her face and we still see the scratches! 9skimos think the moon a girl fleeing from her brother& the sun& because he had disfigured her face by ashes thrown at her I but in Greenland the sex of these luminaries is interchanged& and the moon pursues his sister& the sun& who daubs her sooty hands over his face! The 1hasias of the :imalayas say that every month the moon falls in love with his mother-in-law& who very properly repulses his affection by throwing ashes at him! <ther ideas to account for the lunar marks are current among many na-

The 2onstellations BCD tions! <ne from our *orth #merican "ndians appears in ;ongfellow s :iawatha , <nce a warrior very angry& Sei)ed his grandmother& and threw her (p into the sky at midnight I /ight against the moon he threw herI 5Tis her body that you see there! The "ncas knew them as a beautiful maiden who fell in love with the moon and joined herself forever to himI the *ew >ealanders& as a woman pulling gnatuh I the :ervey "slanders& as the lovely "na& an earthly maiden carried away to be our satellite s wife& and still visible with her pile of taro leaves and tongs of a split cocoanut branchI and the Samoans& as a woman with her child and the mallet with which she is pounding out sheets of the native paper cloth! So that all these people long ago anticipated pretty Selene& 8 of whom Serviss tells us! "n southern Sweden a brewing-kettle is imagined on the moon s face I in northern Germany and "celand& :juki and .il with their mead burden& the originals of our 6ack and 6ill with their pail of water& the contents scattered or retained according to the lunar phases! "n Frisia the marks were a man & who had stolen cabbages& and whom& when discovered& his suffering neigh-

bors wished in the moon& and so it turned out I or a sheep-stealer& with his dog& who enticed the animals to him by cabbages& and& when detected& was transported to the moon& where he is now seen& cabbages and all! .ut others said that he was caught with a bundle of osier willows that did not belong to him& and there he is on the moon s face with his plunder! 0anish folk-lore makes the moon a cheese formed from the milk that has run together out of the 'ilky $ay I which recalls /abelais now familiar remark that some thought the moon made of green cheese! Those biblically inclined saw here the 'agdalen in tears I or 6udas "goariot I and& in the earlier record& the patriarch 6acob I "saac with the wood for the sacrifice I the :ebrew sinner gathering sticks on the Sabbath I or 2ain driven from the face of the earth to the face of the moon! This appeared even with 0ante& 2haucer& and Shakespeare& for the first had in the %aradiso , .ut tell me what k the dusky spots may be (pon this body& which below on earth 'ake people tell that fabulous tale of 2ain I 8 This may be seen on the western half of the moon after the ninth day of lunation& the face slightly upturned toward the east! "t seems to have been first described some years ago by 0octor 6ames Thompson I and an opera-glass of low power makes the phenomenon very distinct!

BC? Star-*ames and their 'eanings and in the "nferno , Touches the ocean wave 2ain and the thorns! "n # 'idsummer *ighfs 0ream Guince says , <r else one must come in with a bush of thorns and a lanthorn and say& he comes to disfigure& or to present the person of moonshine I and 2haucer described the figure as .earing a bush of thorns on his back $hiche for his theft might clime so ner the heaven I although 'ilton& from a higher plane of thought& wrote that the sinful wandered *ot in the neighbouring moon as some have dreamed! The Salish "ndians of our northwest coast tell of a toad which& pursued

by a wolf& jumped to the moon to escape his unwelcome attentions! #t the present day the handsome face of Selene shows itself in profile to the favored few I while the <ld 'an in the 'oon is seen by all! "t would be interesting to know who originated this& or& as in :udibras& $ho first found out the 'an i th 'oon& That to the ancients was unknown! 3et Shakespeare knew him well& for we find in The Tempest, The man i 8 th moon s too slow! #ges before all this& however& the 9gyptians had similar ideas I the :indus called the moon 'riga& an #ntelope I the #ethiopians saw that creature in it I while the Greeks knew it as the Gorgon s head& and %lutarch thought the phenomenon worthy a special treatise in his 0e Facie in <rbe ;uwV .ut perhaps too much attention has been paid to a probably very dead star I H let us return to those certainly alive& our more legitimate subject!

tt& 0ouble& B!D and @!J& pale yellow and gray! #rneb is from the #rabian name for the whole& but the 2entury 0utionary substitutes the early #rsh! <ther near-by stars& presumably in ;epus& were the 2hinese 1uen TriRt an #rmy $ell& and %ing Sing& the Star Screen!

The 2onstellations BC@ #rneb culminates on the BEth of 6anuary! The components are TJ"!E apart& at a position angle of 8JC I and C away is Sir 6ohn :erschel s TD?A& a sextuple star! MT& 0ouble& T!J and 88& deep yellow and blue! *ihal is from the collective title of a& A& y& and d& H :ibal with .urritt! :olden says that the companion& nearly T" away& at a position angle of B@B & is suspected to be a planet I and .uraham has discovered other faint companions! The variable /& Cth to ?!J magnitudes& is :ind s 2rimson Star& discovered by 'r! 6! /! :ind in 8?EJ&H "like a dro % of blood on a black field!" "t lies in front of the :are s head& on the border of 9ridanus& but its discoverer announced it as in <rion! "ts variability& in a very irregular period of about ET? days& was first recorded by Schmidt in 8?JJ& but accurate ob-

servations of maxima and minima are difficult in high latitudes!

the scale of night Silently with the stars ascended! ;ongfellow s <ccmltation of <rion& 9i.ra& ifyt Gtfefonce or Qc5feC& is the "talian ;ibra and .ilaneia& the French .alanoe& the German $age& H .ayer s $ag and .ode s $aage& H but the #nglo-Saxons said $age and %und& and the #nglo-*ormans& %oise& all meaning the Scales& or a $eight! The early Greeks did not associate its stars with a .alance& so that many have thought it substituted in comparatively recent times for the 2helae& the 2laws of the Soorpion& that previously had been known as a distinct portion of the double sign I :yginus characteri)ing it as dimidia pars Scorpionis& and %tolemy counting eight components in the two divisions of his YDD$& H MTCpeioL and vdno+& H with nine apopfpuToi! #ratos also knew it under that title& writing of it as a dim sign& H _fVaeuNv emdvief& H though a great one& H fieydYag U#ac! 9ratosthenes included the stars of the 2laws with those of our Scorpio& and called the whole i1opm og& but alluded to the YrjYaiI as did :ipparchos& although with him the latter also were >vyov& or >vyoc& these words becoming common for our ;ibra& and turned by

BDA Star-*ames and their 'eanings codices of the @th century into >iohos! They were the e+uivalents of the ;atin 6ugum& the 3oke& or .eam& of the .alance& first used as a stellar title by Geminos& who& with 7arro& mentioned it as the sign of the autumnal e+uinox! %tolemy wrote these two Greek titles indiscriminately& and so did the ;atin poets the three& H 2helae& 6ugum& ;ibra& H although the scientific writers of /ome all adhered to ;ibra& and such has been its usual title from their day! The ancient name was persistent& however& for the ;atin #lmagest of 8JJ 8 gave a star as injugo sive ehelis& and Flamsteed used it in his description of ;ibra s stars! The statement& often seen& that the constellation was invented when on the e+uinox& and so represented the e+uality of day and night& was current even with 'anilius& H Then 0ay and *ight are weigh d in ;ibra s Scales 9+ual a while& H repeated by 6ames Thomson in the #utumn of his Seasons& H ;ibra weighs in e+ual scales the year& H by 9dward 3oung in his "mperium %elagi& apostrophi)ing his king& H

The .alance George = from thine $hich weighs the nations& learns to weigh 'ore accurate the night and day& H and by ;ongfellow in his %oefs 2alendar for September& H " bear the Scales& when hang in e+uipoise The night and day! This idea gave rise to the occasional title :ootipares I yet ;ibra is rarely figured on an even balance& but as described by 'ilton where The fiend look d up& and knew :is mounted scale aloft! The /omans claimed that it was added by them to the original eleven signs& which is doubtless correct in so far as they were concerned in its modern revival as a distinct constellation& for it first appears as ;ibra in classical times in the 6ulian calendar 8 which 2aesar as pontifex maximus 8 The much-vaunted 6ulian calendar was substantially the same in its method of intercalation as that formed BT? b! c! under %tolemy """ M9uergetesN&H a fact discovered by ;epsius& in 8?CC& when he found the 0ecree o42anopus at Sanor Tanis!

The 2onstellations BD8 took upon himself to form& EC b! c& aided by Flavius& the /oman scribe& and Sosigenes& the astronomer from #lexandria! Some have associated #ndrew 'arvell s line& <utshining 7irgo or the 6ulian star& with ;ibra& but this un+uestionably referred to the comet of ET b! c! that appeared soon after& and& as #ugustus asserted& in conse+uence of& 2aesar s assassination in September of that year& being utili)ed by the emperor and 2aesar s friends to carry his soul to heaven! This comet& perhaps& was the same that has since appeared in JT8& 88AC& and 8C?A& and that may return in BBJJ! 'edals still in existence show ;ibra held by a figure that Spence thought represented #ugustus as the dispenser of justiceI thus recalling 7ergil s beautiful allusion& in his 8st Georgic& to the constellation s place in the sky! #ddressing the emperor& whose birthday coincided with the sun s entrance among the stars of the 2laws& he suggested them as a proper resting-place for his soul when& after death& he should be inscribed on the roll of the gods , #nne novum tardis sidus te mensibus addas&

Gua locus 9rigonen inter 2belas+ue se+uentes %anditur I ipse tibi jam bracbia contrabit ardens Scorpius& et coeli justa plus parte relin+uit I so intimating that the place was then vacant& the Scorpion having contracted his claws to make room for his neighbor! .ut subse+uently he wrote, ;ibra die somni+ue pares ubi fecerit boras I and a few lines further on tells of twelve constellations& H duodena astra! 'ilton has a reference in %aradise ;ost to ;ibra s origin& where T7 9ternal& to prevent such horrid fray& :ung forth in heav n his golden scales& yet seen .etwixt #straea and the Scorpion sign I

and :omer s

T7 9ternal Father hung :is golden scales aloft&

is similar I but& although doubtless the original of 'ilton s verse& probably is not a reference to our ;ibra I for the Greek poet very likely antedated the knowledge of it in his country& and is supposed to have known but few of

BDB Star-*ames and their 'eanings our stellar figures& H at all events& has alluded to but few in either the DOO4or the <dyssey! .ayer said that the Greeks called it Sradiios& a $eigh-beam& and lTdnfp& a $eightI while Theon used for it the old Sicilian #irpa and #lrpaiU which& originally signifying a $eight& became the /oman ;ibra! #mpelius called it 'ochos& after the inventor of the instrument I and 7irgo s tide& #ftriea& the Starry Goddess& the Greek 'ktj& has sometimes been applied to these stars as the impersonation of 6ustice& whose symbol was the Scales! #ddison devoted the 8AAth number of the Tatler H that of the B@th of *ovember& 8DA@ H to "that sign in the heavens which is called by the name of the .alance&" and to his dream thereof in which he saw the Goddess of 6ustice descending from the constellation to regulate the affairs of menI the whole a very beautiful rendering of the ancient thought connecting the 7irgin #straea with ;ibra! :e may have been thus inspired by recollections

of his student days at <xford& where he must often have seen this sign& as a 6udge in full robes& sculptured on the front of 'erton 2ollege! 'anilius& using the combined title& wrote of it in much the same way as of influence over the legal profession , This /u%d at Servius5 .irth& who first did give <ur ;aws a .eing& H a reference to Servius Sulpicius /ufus ;emonia& the great /oman lawyer& pupil& and friend of 2icero! 2icero himself used 6ugum as though it were well known I and& with evident intention of upsetting 2aesar s claim to its invention& wrote , /omam in 6ugo 2um esset ;una& natam esse diceba; The sacred books of "ndia mention it as Tula& the Tamil Tnlam orTota& a .alance I and on the )odiac of that country it is a man bending on one knee and holding a pair of scales I but 7araha 'ihira gave it as 6ug5 or 6ukaR from fvyd7& and so a reflex of Greek astr+nomy& which we know came into "ndia early in our era I but he also called it Fire& perhaps a recollection of its early #ltar form& mentioned further on! "n 2hina it was Show Sing& the Star of ;ongevity& but later& copying our figure& it was Tien 2hing& the 2elestial .alanceI and that country had a law for the annual regulation of weights supposed to have been enacted with some reference to this sign! "n the early solar )odiac it was the 2rocodile& or 0ragon& the national emblem!

The 2onstellations BDT 'anetho and #chilles Tatios said that ;ibra originated in 9gyptI it plainly appears on the 0enderah planisphere and elsewhere simply as a Scale-beam& a symbol of the *ilometer! 1ircher gave its 2optic- 9gyptian title as #afi%adia& Statio %ropi:ationis! The :ebrews are said to have known it as 'o)nayim& a Scale-beam& /iccioli s 'ignaim& inscribing it& some thought& on the banners of #sher& although others claimed Sagittarius for this tribe& asserting that ;ibra was unknown to the 6ews and that its place was indicated by their letter Tan& while still others claimed 7irgo for #sher& and Sagittarius for 6oseph! The Syrians called it "f asatha& which /iccioli gave as 'asathre I and the %ersians& Tera)fi or Tara)uk& all signifying ;ibra I the %ersian sphere showing a human figure lifting the Scales in one hand and grasping a lamb in the other& this being the usual form of a weight for a balance in the early 9ast!

#rabian astronomers& following %tolemy& knew these stars as #l >nbana& the 2laws& or& in the dual& #l >nbanatain& degenerating in $estern use to the #)ubene of the 8 J 8 J #lmagestI but later on& when influenced by /ome& they became #l 1if9atan& the Trays of the .alance& and #l 'i)On& the Scale-beam& .ayer attributing the latter to the :ebrews! This appeared in the #lfonsine Tables and elsewhere as #lmisan& #lmi)en& 'inn I Schickard writing it 'idsanon! 1ircher& however& said that $arn& $eight& is the word that should be used instead of >ubanaI /iccioli adopting this in his 7a)neschemali and 7a)negannbi& or 7a)negenubi& respectively applied to the *orthern and Southern Scale as well as to their lucidae! ;ibra is stamped on the coins of %almyra& as also on those of %ythodoris& +ueen of %ontus! $hile it seems impossible to trace with any certainty the date of formation of our present figure and its place of origin& yet there was probably some figure here earlier than the 2laws& and formed in 2haldaea in more shapes than oneI indeed& %tolemy asserted that it was from that country& while "deler and modern critics say the same! .rown thinks that its present symbol& 5h& generally considered a representation of the beam of the .alance& shows the top of the archaic 9uphratean #ltar& located in the )odiac next preceding Scorpio& and figured on gems& tablets& and boundary stones& alone or in a pair! 'iss 2lerke recalls the association of the Dth month& Tashrltu& with this Dth sign and with the :oly 'ound& Tul 1u& designating the biblical Tower of .abel& surmounted by an altar& H the stars in this constellation& a& ju& f& C& MT& xV FV an d v& well showing a circular altar! Sometimes this 9uphratean figure was varied to that of a 2enser& and fre+uently to a ;amp I Strassmaier confirming this by 8?

BDE Star-*ames and their 'eanings his translation of an inscription as die ;ampe als .uru& the Solar ;amp& synonymous with .ir& the ;ight& also found for the sky figure! "n this connection it will be remembered that another of the names for our #ra& a reduplication of the )odiacal #ltar& was %harus& or %haros& the Great ;amp& or ;ighthouse& of #lexandria& one of the seven wonders of the world! This ;amp also has been found shown on boundary stones as held in the Scorpion s claws& and we see the same idea even as late as the Farnese globe and the :yginus of 8E??& where the Scales have taken the place of the ;amp! $hen the #ltar& 2enser& and ;amp were in the course of time forgotten& or removed to the South& the 2laws were left behind& and perhaps extended& till they in turn were replaced by ;ibra! 'iss 2lerke additionally writes , The ?th sign is fre+uently doubled& and it is difficult to avoid seeing in the pair of )odiacal scorpions& carved on #ssyrian cylinders& the prototype of the Greek Scorpion ar!d 2laws! .oth ;ibra and the sign it eventually superseded thus owned a 2haldaean birthplace!

.rown also says that the 9uphratean Sngi& the 2hariot 3oke& which he identifies ! with a and 4T of this constellation& remind us by sound and signification of the DjvyCv and 6ugum of Greece and /ome respectively& and that astrology adds evidence in favor of a 2haldaean origin& for it has always claimed ;ibra H the *orthern Scale at least H as a fruitful sign& taking this from the very foundations of astrology in the 2haldaean belief that " when the Sugi stars were clear the crops were good" "n modern astrology& however& the reverse of this held in the case of the Southern Scale! "t seems not unreasonable to conclude that in 2haldaea the Dth sign had origin in all its forms! "n classical astrology the whole constituted the ancient :ouse of 7enus& for& according to 'acrobius& this planet appeared here at the 2reationI and& moreover& the goddess bound together human couples under the yoke of matrimony! From this came the title 7eneris Sidus& although others asserted that 'ars was its guardianI astrologers of the 8Eth century insisting that $hoso es born in yat syne sal be an ille doar and a traytor! "t was of influence& too& over commerce& as witness .en 6onson in The #lchemist, :is house of ;ife being ;ibra, which foreshow d :e should be a merchant& and should trade with balance I

The 2onstellations BDJ and governed the lumbar region of the human body! "ts modern reign has been over #lsace& #ntwerp& #ustria& #ethiopia& Frankfurt& "ndia& ;isbon& ;ivonia& %ortugal& Savoy& 7ienna& and our 2harlestonI but in classical times over "taly and& naturally enough from its history& especially over /ome& with 7ulcan as its guardian! "t thus became 7ulcani Sidufl! To it was assigned control of the gentle west wind& >ephyrus& 8 personified as the son of #straeus and #urora! %ious heathen called it %luto s 2hariot& in which that god carried off %roserpina& the adjacent 7irgo I but early 2hristians said that it represented the #postle %hilip I and 2aesius identified it with the .alances of the .ook of 0aniel& v& BD& in which .elsha))ar had been weighed and "found wanting!" #rgelander enumerated in it B? stars down to J!? magnitudeI and :eis& JT down to C!J I but its boundaries often have been confused with those of

Scorpio! The central portion of the figure is marked by the trape)oid of stars a& t @ y& and 4T! The sun is in the constellation from the B@th of <ctober to the B8st of *ovember! B8 Z and 2t & $idely double& T and C& pale yellow and light gray! "n Greek astronomy these were YtjUtj vonog& the Southern 2law& from the name of the whole division now our Southern Scale! <ur >nbenelgennbi is from #l >nban al 6anubiyyah& the exact #rabian e+uivalent of %tolemy s term I but >nbenelgnbi and 6anib are both wrong& and >nbenesehamali is worse& for it plainly belongs to A! 2hilmead s 'isan #liemin is from an #rabian title for the constellationI yet that people also knew it as #l 1iflah al 6anubiyyah& the Southern Tray of the Scale& from which came the #rabo- ;atin 1ifla australifl of modern lists I and as #l $a)n al 6anubiyyah& the Southern $eight& distorted by /iccioli into 7a)neganubi! The ;anx meridionalis of two centuries ago is synonymous with the first of these #rabian designations! The alphas and jT constituted the 8Eth man)il& #l >nbana& although #l .iruni said that this title should be >aban& "to push&" as though one of the stars were" pushing away the other M=NI while a marked the nakshatra 7iLakha& .ranched& under the rule of "ndragni& the dual tutelar divinity "ndra and #gni! This lunar station was figured as a decorated Gateway& and in later :indu astronomy its borders were extended to include y and t& thus 8 This was the same as Favonius& H :omer s >ttpvnng& at first regarded as strongly blowing& but later as the genial >uNUMfCUog& the ;ife-bearing!

BDC Star-*ames and their 'eanings completing the resemblance to the object for which the asterism was namedI 8 was the junction star with #nuradha! These same stars marked the sieu Ti& .ottom& anciently 0Pi& and still earlier " shi& some 2hinese authorities adding C& p& and v! The two alphas were the determinants of the B8st .abylonian ecliptic constellation (uru-sha-Shutu& the Southern ;ightI and some have included jT and y with them in the 9uphratean 9ntena-mas-lnv& the Star of the Tailtip& as though they marked that part of the enormous& but undetermined& ancient :ydra of 2haldaea& the very early #fr of #rabia! <ppert considers them the "dUu that others apply to the star #ltair! They lie ioW southwest of 4T& close to the ecliptic and almost covered by

the sun on the Jth of *ovember& the components BTA" apart I but .ayer s map and text illustrate and mention only one star! They culminate on the 8Dth of 6une! p& B!D& pale emerald! >nbeneschamali& sometimes >nben el 2hamali& is from #l >ubin al Shamaliyyah& the e+uivalent of YtjYti jTdpPoc& the *orthern 2law I 9fi borealifl is #rabic and ;atin for the *orthern Scale Tray I .ayer s ;anx septentrionalis signifies the same thing I and 7a)neschemali& the Southern $eight& was used by /iccioli! So that 4T& as well as a& seems always to have borne the name of that half of the constellation figure which it marked! 'iss .ouvier s and .urritt s >ubenelgemabi is entirely wrong& both in orthography and in application to this star! 9pping says that it marked the B Bd ecliptic constellation of .abylonia& .urn sha-0tanu& the *orthern ;ightI while 6ensen assigns it and a to that country s lunar asterism >ibanitu& connecting this word with the similar #rabic >ubana I but this is not generally accepted! .rown considers that& under the name of the Sugi Stars& they were associated with .ilat& the ;ady& or .eltisI and that the %ersians knew them as Grob& the :ornedI the Sogdians& as Ghanwand& the 2law-possessing& e+uivalent to the 1horasmian "ghnuna& and the 2optic %ritithi& the Two 2laws& H all these being lunar stations! #ccording to %tolemy& an observation was made at .abylon on the 8Dth of 6anuary& BDB b! c& H in the EDCth year of *abonassar& or *abu-na)ir& H of the very near approach of 'ars to A& one of the earliest records that we have of this planet! :ind& however& mentioned this approach as in connection with MT of Scorpio! lThe Greeks knew it as 5#+hs and as livyoug& the Fiery <neI the ;atins& as :snul'i in addition to its present title!

The 2onstellations BDD %rofessor 3oung states the opinion that fi ;ibrae formerly was brighter than #ntares& now more than a full magnitude higher& for 9ratosthenes distinctly called " the brightest of all " in the combined Scorpion and 2lawsI and %tolemy& TJA years later& gave to it and #ntares the same brilliancy! 3et #ntares may be the one that has increased! The color is very unusual& perhaps uni+ue& in conspicuous stars& for $ebb says that in the heavens " deep green& like deep blue& is unknown to the naked eye!" "ts spectrum is Sirian& and the star is approaching our system at the rate of six miles a second! The globular cluster *! G! 2! J@AE& J '!& discovered by 1irch in 8DAB& lies in ;ibra& above the beam of the .alance& not far from jT and toward the

Jth-magnitude J Serpentis! 'essier could not resolve this& but Sir $illiam :erschel& with his forty-foot reflector& counted in it more than two hundred nth- to 8 Jth-magnitude stars& besides those unresolved in the compressed nucleus! .ut it is chiefly noticeable from the recent photographic discovery by .ailey& at #re+uipa& of at least forty-six& perhaps sixty& variables in the cluster& H a remarkable fact paralleled& so far as yet known& only in the cluster *! G! 2! JBDB& T '!& of 2anes 7enatici! "n 8?@A %arker already had discovered two variables in J@@E by visual observation! g 7ariable& J to C!B& white& seems to have been associated with ju 7irginis in the #kkadian lunar asterism Yuln-i)i& the 'an of Fire& connected with the star-god ;aterak I and in the Sogdian Fasariva and the 1horasmian Sara-fasariva& both titles signifying the <ne next to the ;eader& 8! e! the preceding moon station& 5& 5& and # 7irginis! "t is a variable of the #lgol type& discovered by Schmidt in 8?J@& with a period of nearly two days and eight hours& the light oscillation occupying twelve hours! ty J-J! lies between the *orthern Scale and the northern arm of Scorpio! .urritt called it >nbenhakrabi& a title properly belonging to y Scorpii! :is errors& however& as to the nomenclature of these stars in ;ibra have caused much confusion in our popular lists& sometimes none too clear at their bestI yet the Standard 0ictionary seems to have adopted all his titles& even to >utanelgubi for y ;ibrae& which really is unnamed& as this word is merely a degenerate form of the name for the star a! i?R

BD? Star-*ames and their 'eanings The 2hinese asterism Se :an& named for a district of that country& lay around ] and included it with c& Q& A& f& and e! k and #& Jth-magnitude stars& bore the pretentious title 6ih& the Sun! F erroneously was called Graffias in .urritt s #tlas of 8?TJ& 0(t U l U e belongs to Scorpii! a is the letter attached by Gould to the disputed y Scorpii& as is more particularly noted at that star!

! ! ! another form That men of other days have called the beast!

%oste s # rata5! feujni.& ffle T9off & is the ;onp of the French& ;upo with the "talians& and $olff in Germany& an idea for the figure said to be from the astrologers erroneous translation of #l Fahd& the #rabian title for this constellation& their ;eopard& or %antherI although Suidas& the Greek lexicographer of @DA& is reported to have called it 1vrj1iag& a word for the wolf found in the fables of .abrias of the century before our era! The Greeks and /omans did not specially designate these stars& and thought of them merely as a $ild #nimal& the @iUmoi of #ratos& :ipparchos& and %tolemy I the .estia of 7itruviusI %ent of GermanicusI Guadrupes vasta of 2iceroI :ostia& the 7ictim& of :yginusI :ostiola& cited by .ayer I .estia 2entauri& by /iccioli I and 7ictima 2entauri! The $olf reappeared as ;upus in the #lfonsine Tables& and as Fers ;upus in the ;atin #lmagcsts& while Grotius said that %anthers was 2apella s name for it! .ayer also had 9+uus masculus and ;eaenaI and ;a ;ande& ;eo marinus& 0eferens leonem& 2anis ululans& ;eopardus& ;npa& 'artin5&H the wolf being sacred to 'ars& H and ;yoisca& the :ybrid of the $olf! .dus& the 'onster& is found in early works! The #rabians also called it #l #sadah& the ;ioness& H found by Scaliger repeated on a Turkish planisphere and cited by .ayer as #sida&H - and #l Saba & the $ild .east& 2hilmead s #l Snbahh& .ut the 0esert astronomer5 seem to have mixed some of its smaller stars with a part of the 2entaur as #l Shamarifi& the %alm .ranches& and 1adb al 1ara& the 7ine .ranch! >ibn& the .east& of 9uphratean cylinders& may be for this constellationI and (rbat& the .east of 0eath& or the Star of the 0ead Fathers& is a title for it attributed to the #kkadians! 2aesius said that in %ersia it was .ridemif& but :yde& commenting on

The 2onstellations BD@ this from #lbumasar& asserted that the word should be .irdun& the %ackhorse& and was really intended for the 2entaur! #ratos wrote of it& " another creature very firmly clutched&" and " the $ild-beast which the 2entaur s right hand holds " as an offering to the gods upon the #ltar& and so virtually a part of the 2entaurI but 9ratosthenes described it as a $ine-skin from which the 2entaur was about to pour a libation I while others imagined both the .east and the $ine-skin in the 2entaur s grasp! 'ycologists thought it the animal into which ;ycaon was changedI

2aesius& that it was the $olf to which 6acob likened .enjamin I but 6ulius Schiller saw in its stars .enjamin himself! #lthough very ancient& ;upus is inconspicuous& lying partly in the 'ilky $ay& south of ;ibra and Scorpio& east of the 2entaur& with no star larger than B!C magnitude& while the few visible in the latitude of *ew 3ork 2ity H y& T& > & and ft H are even smaller than this! Gould enumerates 8J@ naked-eye stars& among which is an unusual proportion of doubles! a& B!C& seems to be unnamed except in 2hina& where it was 3ang 'un or 'en& the South Gate! <n the 9uphrates it probably was 1akkab Sn-gub Gnd-9lim& the Star ;eft :and of the :orned .ull& said to have been a reference to the 2entaur that was thus figured in that valley! "t culminates on the 8Eth of 6une& nearly due south from #rcturus and north of a 2entauri! jT is the 1e 1wan& of the /eeves list of 2hinese titles& a 2avalry <fficer! This is a very close binary& of T and T!J magnitudes& both yellow& o"!BJ apart& the position angle being @A ! a and are below the hori)on of *ew 3ork 2ity! <ther 2hinese asterisms appear within the boundaries of ;upus& all bearing titles pertaining to military affairs& and so of the second period of their star-naming!

9ach after each& ungrouped& unnamed& revolve! .rown s # rates! fegnr bxh Qtgri5& tfle fegnr or Qicjer& is the "talian ;ince& the German ;uchs and ;inx& the French ;ynx! "ts stars may have been those intended by #ratos where he mentioned&

B?A Star-*ames and their 'eanings in our motto& some in front of the Greater .earI but for the modern figure we are indebted to :evelius! :e used in it nineteen stars& and in explaining the title said that those who would examine the ;ynx ought to be lynxeyed& in which he acknowledged the insignificance of the components! <f these #rgelander has catalogued EB& and :eis ?DI but the boundaries are not accurately determined!

The alternative name& now in disuse& came from the fancied resemblance of the many little stars to spots on the tigerI and the same word was applied by .artschius in 8CBE& although as the river Tigris& to some stars that subse+uently were made into the %olish .ull and the ;ittle Fox with the Goose! "n the ;ynx appeared in 6uly& 8?@T& the much-discovered comet b of that year& the /ordame-Guenisset! The constellation seems chiefly noticeable for the beauty of its numerous doubles& of which 9spin mentions fifty in his edition of $ebb s 2elestial <bjects! <f one of these %rofessor 3oung writes in his (ranography I T?& or p ;yncisI 'ags! E& D!JI %os! BEA I 0ist! B"! @I white and lilac! This is the northern one of a pair of stars which closely resembles the three pairs that mark the paws of (rsa 'ajor! This pair makes nearly an isosceles triangle with the two pairs F fi and 8 k (rsae 'ajoris! "t might well have been utili)ed by the modern constructor& whoever he was& of our (rsa 'ajor to complete the +uartette of feet! .aily thought Fl! EE ;yncis the original 8?th of (rsa 'ajor in early catalogues! Fl! T8 ;yncis& of E!E magnitude& the ?th of %tolemy s dUCp_pM0Toi of (rsa 'ajor& is given by #ssemani as the #rabic #lflciaukat& a Thorn M#lShaukahN& and 'absnthat M'absutahN& 9xpanded! The constellation comes to the meridian in February& due north from the star 2astor!

#riones harpe fyn! 2haucer s :ous of Fame! fegra& tfle fegre or fyxF & is the ;eier of Germany& ;ira of "taly& and ;yre of France& and anciently represented the fabled instrument invented by :ermes and given to his half-brother #pollo& who in turn transferred it to his son <rpheus& the musician of the #rgonauts& of whom Shakespeare wrote ,

The 2onstellations X B?8 9verything that heard him play& 9ven the billows of the sea& :ung their heads& and then lay by!

$hile 'anilius said that its service in its last owner s hands& in the release of 9urydice from :ades& Gain d it :eaven& and still its force appears& #s then the /ocks it now draws on the Stars! From its ownership by these divinities came various adjectival titles, 9pfxa4DD and 1vYYevaifb& referring to :ermes and his birthplaceI 2icero s 2lara Fides 2yllenea and Y ereurialis& that 7arro also used I and the 2ithara& or ;yra& #pollinis& <rphei& <rphica& and 'ercnrii "t also was ;yra #rionis and #mphionis& from those skilful playersI but usually it was plain ;yra and& later on& 2ithara I Fides& H the Fidis of 2olumella& who& with %liny& also used FidicnlaI 0ecachordumI and Tympanum! "n this same connection we see %idicen& the ;yrist I 0eferens %salterinmI and 2anticum& a Song! The occasional early title #+uilaris was from the fact that the instrument was often shown hanging from the claws of the 9agle also imagined in its stars! "n Greece it was 1i<dpaI the ancient Gopfiiyi-& the first stringed instrument of the Greek bardsI and #vpa or #vprj& and #vpa 1arotpepT6f& the %endent ;yre! <vid mentioned its seven strings as e+ualing the number of the %leiades I ;ongfellow confirming this number in his <ccultation of <rion , with its celestial keys& "ts chords of air& its frets of fire& The Samian s great #eolian ;yre& /ising through all its sevenfold bars& From earth unto the fixQd stars! Still it has been shown with but six& and a vacant space for the seventh& which Spence& in the %blymttisU referred to the ;ost %leiad! 'anilius seems to have made two distinct constellations of this& H ;yra and Fides& H although we do not know their boundaries& and the subject is somewhat confused in his allusions to it! The %ersian :afi) called it the ;yre of >urah& and his countrymen translated 1i<dpa by Lanj .nmi I the #rabians turning this into #l Sanj& from which :yde and others derived #sange& #senger&#sanges& #sangue&Sangue& and 'eeanguo& all titles for ;yra in 9urope centuries ago! .ut #ssemani thought that these were from Schickard s #))ango& a 2ymbal! The repro-

B?B Star-*ames and their 'eanings duced #lfonsine Tables of 8?CT-CD give #lsanjaI while Sanj was again turned into #rnig and #)nig in the translation of /eduan s 2ommentary&

and into the still more unlikely .rinek& as has been explained by "deler! "n .ohemia our ;yra was :auriicky na .ebi& the Fiddle in the SkyI but the Teutons knew it as :arapha& and the #nglo-Saxons as :eaipe& which Fortunatus of the Cth century& the poet-bishop of %oitiers& called the barbarians :arpa! $ith the early .ritons it was Talyn #rthur& that hero s :arp! *ovidius said that it was 1ing 0avid s :arp I but 6ulius Schiller& that it was the 'anger of the "nfant Saviour& %raeaepe Salvatorii! 6ugum has been wrongly applied to it& from the >vyov of :omer& but this was for the 3oke& or 2ross-bar& of the instrument& with no reference to the constellation& which :omer probably did not know I still the e+uivalent >vyoVfia was in fre+uent use for it by :ipparchos! Sundry other fancied figures have been current for these stars! #costa mentioned them as (rcnohillay& the parti-colored /am in charge of the heavenly flocks of the ancient %eruvians I #lbegala and #lbegalo occur with .ayer and /iccioli& like the #rabic #" .aghl& a 'ule& although their appropriateness is not obviousI and *asr al 0in wrote of a& f& and f collectively as 0ik %aye among the common people of %ersia I this was the Yvrpd-rrovc& or Greek tripod& and the (thflyyah of the nomad #rabs! 2hirka& also attributed to *asr al 0in& was& by some scribe s error for fia)af& figured in this location on the 0resden globe as a circular vessel with a flat bottom and two handlesI but on the .orgian it is a Scroll& commonly known& according to #ssemani& as /abesoo! The association of ;yra s stars with a bird perhaps originated from a conception of the figure current for millenniums in ancient "ndia& H that of an 9agle or 7ulture I and& in #kkadia& of the great storm-bird (rakhga before this was there identified with 2orvus! .ut the #rabs title& #l :air al $aki7 H 2hilmead s #lvaka& H referring to the swooping Stone 9agle of the 0esert& generally has been attributed to the configuration of the group o& e& Q which shows the bird with half-closed wings& in contrast to #l :ur al Ta ir& 8 the Flying 9agle& our #+uila& whose smaller stars& p and y& on either side of a& indicate the outspread wings! Scaliger cited the synonymous #l *asr al Sakit& from which came the ffessrasakat of .ayer and Seanaakito of #ssemani! #l Sufi& alone of extant #rabian authors& called it #l "wai)& the Goose! 2hrysococca wrote of it as Tut45 1a<fjuevog& the Sitting 7ulture& and it has been #+uila marina& the <sprey& and Falco sylvestrifl& the $ood Falcon! 8 These are two of the few instances in #rab astronomy where more than one star Rw utili)ed to represent an animate object!

The 2onstellations B?T

"ts common title two centuries ago was #+trila cadens& or 7ultnr cadens& the Swooping 7ulture& popularly translated the Falling Grype& and figured with upturned head bearing a lyre in its beak! .artsch s map has the outline of a lyre on the front of an eagle or vulture! #ratos called it YeYvg dYiyrj& the ;ittle Tortoise or Shell& thus going back to the legendary origin of the instrument from the empty covering of the creature cast upon the shore with the dried tendons stretched across it! ;owell thus described its discovery and use by :ermes , So there it lay through wet and dry& #s empty as the last new sonnet& Till by and by came 'ercury& #nd& having mused upon it& 5 " $hy& here&" cried he& " the thing of things "n shape& material and dimension = Give it but strings and& lo = it sings H # wonderful invention!" The e+uivalent ;atin word 2helys does not seem to have been often applied to the constellation& but the occasional adjectival titles ;utaria& 'ud-inhabiting& and 'arina were& and are& appropriate& while Testudo has been known from classical times! :orace thus alluded to it , 0ecus %hoebi& et dapibus supremi Grata testudo 6ovis I < laborum 0ulce lenimen I the poet doubtless having in mind the current story that the Tortoise;yre was placed in the sky near :ercules for the alleviation of his toil! The #lfonsine illustration is of a Turtle& Galapago in the original Spanish& which 2aesius turned into the indefinite .elua a+uatica& and ;a ;ande into 'ua and 'useulus& some marine creature& not the little rodent! <ther names were Testa& the creature s (pper ShellI and %npilla& which& by a roundabout process of continued blundering explained by "deler& was derived from Testa& or& as seems more likely& from #+uila! .ayer s .daavog is probably a mistranslation of Testa that also signified a Test! Smyth said that another Testudo was at one time proposed as a constellation title for some of the outside stars of 2etus& between the latter s tail and the cord of %isces! $hen the influence of Greek astronomy made itself felt in #rabia& many of the foregoing designations& or adaptations thereof& became currentI among them 'ablon& from *ajT4a& or :ablium& the %hoenician :arpI #l ;nra& which degenerated into #llore& #lloure& #lohore& #lchoro& etc!& found

B?E Star-*ames and their 'eanings in the #lfonsine Tables and other bygone lists I Shalyak and Sulahfit& words for the Tortoise& (lug .eg s translator having the former as ShelyOk& which %ia))i repeated in his catalogue I Salibak& which heads 1a)wini s chapter on the ;yre I H "deler tracing these #rabic words to Ye#vc! They were turned into #)ulafe and >uliaca in the original #lfonsine Tables& and Sehaliaf in 2hilmead s Treatise! The #lmagest of 8J8 J combines all these figures for ;yra s stars in its #llore , et est 7ultur cadens , et est lestudo I while that of 8JJ 8 says ;yrae Testndo! .ut& notwithstanding the singularly diverse conceptions as to its character& the name generally has been ;yra& and the figure so shown! /oman coins still in existence bear it thus& as does one from 0elos& #pollo s birthplace in the 2ycladesI and 2ilician money had this same design with the head of #ratos on the obverse! The ;eyden 'anuscript has5 the conventional instrument& with side bars of splendid horns issuing from the tortoise-shell baseI the 7enetian :yginus of 8E??& with a similar figure& calls it ;uraas well as ;yra I but the drawing of :evelius shows " an instrument which neither in ancient nor in modern times ever had existence!" 0urer s illustration& as well as others& places it with the base towards the north! ;yra is on the western edge of the 'ilky $ay& next to :ercules& with the neck of 2ygnus on the east& and contains E? stars according to #rgelander& C@ according to :eis! "ts location is noted as one of the various regions of concentration of stars with banded spectra& Secchi s Td type& showing a stage of development probably in advance of that of our sun! From near its 5& J southwest of $ega& radiate the swiftly moving ;yraids& the meteors which are at their maximum of appearance on the 8@th and BAth of #pril& but visible in lesser degree from the Jth of that month to the 8Ath of 'ay! These have been identified as followers of the comet 8 of 8 ?C 8! ! ! ! a)ure ;yra& like a woman s eye& .urning with soft blue lustre! $illis The Scholar +f Tfubtt ben 1horm; A; @ A!T& pale sapphire! $ega& less correctly 7ega& originated in the #lfonsine Tables from the $aki of the #rabs& .ayer having both titlesI Scaliger& $aghiI /iccioli& 7nega vel 7agieh I and #ssemani& 7eka! The Greeks called it #vpa& which& in the 8Cth-century #lmagests and Tables& was turned into #llore& #lahore& and #lohore! #mong ;atin writers it was ;yra& in classical days as in later& seen in

The 2onstellations B?J the #lmagest of 8JJ8 as Fulgens +uae in testa est O5 vocatur ;yra I and in FlamsteecTs Testa julgida dicta ;yra I but 2icero also used Fidis specially for the star& as did 2olumella and %liny Fides and Fidicula& its preeminent brightness fully accounting for the usurpation of so many of its constellation s titles& indeed undoubtedly originating them! "n :olland s translation of %liny it is the :arp-ftar! The /omans made much of it& for the beginning of their autumn was indicated by its morning setting! "t was this star that& when the hour of its rising was alluded to& called forth 2icero s remark& " 3es& if the edict allows it&" H a contemptuous reference to 2aesar s arbitrary& yet sensible& interference with the course of ancient time in the reformation of the calendar& an interference that occasioned as much dissatisfaction in his day as did %ope Gregory s reform 8 in the 8Cth century! Sayce identifies $ega& in .abylonian astronomy& with 0ilgan& the 'essenger of ;ight& a name also applied to other starsI and .rown writes of it, #t one time 7ega was the %ole-star called in #kkadian Tir-anna M" ;ife of :eaven "NV and in #ssyrian 0aymn-aame M" 6udge of :eaven "N& as having the highest seat therein I but fourteen millenniums have passed since $ega occupied that position = The 2hinese included it with e and Q in their 2hin 7eu& the Spinning 0amsel& or the $eaving Sister& at one end of the 'agpies .ridge over the 'ilky $ay& H #+uila& their 2ow :erdsman& being at the otherI but the story& although a popular one not only in 2hina& but also in 1orea and 6apan& is told with many variations& parts of 2ygnus sometimes being introduced! These same three stars were the BAth nakshatra& #bhijit& 7ictorious& the most northern of these stellar divisions and far out of the moon s path& but apparently utili)ed to bring in this splendid object I or& as 'ueller says& because it was of specially good omen& for under its influence the gods had van+uished the #surasI these last being the :indu divinities of evil& similar to the Titans of Greece! "t was the doubtful one of that country s lunar stations& included in some& but omitted in others of their lists in all ages of their astronomy& and entirely different from the corresponding man)ii and sieu& which lay in 2apricorn! The :indus figured it as a 8 The 9nglish refused to adopt this reform till 8DJa& when they abandoned the <ld Style on the Bd of September& and made the succeeding day September 8Eth& *ew Style , a change& however& that " was made under very great opposition& and there were violent riots in conse+uence in different parts of the country& especially at .ristol& where several persons were killed! The cry of the populace was Give us back our fortnight4 for they supposed they had been robbed of eleven days!"

B?C Star-*ames and their 'eanings Triangle& or as the three-cornered nut of the a+uatic plant 2ringata& $ega marking its junction with the adjoining Qravana! :ewitt says that in 9gypt it was 'a at& the 7ulture-star& when it marked the pole& H this was 8BAAA to 8 8AAA b! c! M=N& H and ;ockyer& that it was the orientation point of some of the temples at 0enderah long antecedent to the time when y 0raconis and a (rsae 'ajoris were so used& H probably DAAA b! c& H one of the oldest dates claimed by him in connection with 9gyptian temple worship! <wing to precession& it will be the %olaris of about 88JAA years hence& by far the brightest in the whole circle of successive pole-stars& and then ENB" from the exact point& as it was about 8ETAA years ago! "n 8??A it was J8 BA distant %rofessor ;ewis .oss and :err Stumpe place near it the #pex of the Sun s $ay! %icard failed in his efforts to obtain its parallax in the 8Dth century& but Struve thought that he had succeeded in this by his observations previous to 8?EAI still much discrepancy exists in the recent determinations! 9lkin& in 8?@B& gave it as o"!oo&B I or& to put it in popular language& if the distance from the earth to the sun be regarded as one foot& that from $ega would be 8J? miles! The ioth-magnitude companion& about E?" away& used for some of these determinations& is entirely independent of it& although difficult to be seen owing to the great brilliancy of $ega! #t least two other still fainter companions also have been found! This was the first star submitted to the camera& by the daguerreotype process& at the :arvard <bservatory on the 8Dth of 6uly& 8?JA! "t lies on the western edge of the constellation figure& and& after Sinus& is the most prominent of the stars showing spectra of the Sirian typeI yet& with all its splendor& affords but i of the latter s light Still it is supposed to be enormously larger than our sun& and proportionately very much hotter! "t is moving toward our system at the rate of about @5B miles a second& and makes " the nearest approach in the northern hemisphere to an independently blue star " I while its flashing brilliancy justifies its being called the #rc-light of the sky! 'iss 'itchell strangely called it pale yellow! $ega rises at sunset far toward the north on the 8st of 'ay& and& being visible at some hour of every clear night throughout the year& is an easy and favorite object of observation! "t culminates on the 8Bth of #ugust! $ith e and f it formed one of the #rabs several #thafiyy& this one being " of the people&" while the others& fainter& in #ries& 0raco& 'usca& and <rion& were " of the astronomers " I for sky objects are often very plain to them that are invisible to the ordinary observer!

The 2onstellations B?D p& 7ariable and binary& T!E to E!J& very white! Sheliak& Shelyak& and Shiliak are from #l ShilyOk& one of the #rabian names for ;yra! The star lies about ?W southeast from $ega and B5EW west from y! $ith _J and 8 it was Tsan Tae in 2hina! The changes in its brilliancy& detected by Goodricke in 8D?E& were fully investigated by #rgelander from 8?EA to 8?J@& and showed a regularly increasing period of variability which now is 8B days& B8U hours& with several fluctuations of a somewhat complex nature! ;ike y 2assiopeiae and other variables of the Sirian type& it shows in its spectrum& H perhaps the best specimen of %ickering s Eth class& H not only the usual dark lines& but also the bright lines of glowing gases& hydrogen and helium being especially conspicuous! %ickering concluded& from the singular character and behavior in the shifting of these lines& that the chief star must consist of at least two luminous bodies rotating around a common centre of gravity at a very great rate of speed& perhaps three hundred miles a second& the period of revolution e+ualing the period of variability! Scheiner says of it& " There is great probability that more than two bodies are concerned in the case of ;yrae5 I and yet it may not be impossible& in view of the recent discoveries at the 6ohns :opkins ;aboratory& that variations of pressure may be concerned in this remarkable shifting of lines! 8 TV T-T& bright yellow& BNEW east of is Sulafat& from another of the titles of the whole constellation! 6ugum& formerly seen for it& may have come from a misunderstanding of .ayer s text& where it probably is used merely to designate the star s position on the frame of the ;yre& his words being ad dextrutn cornu& >vyov& lugum& H a fair example of the indefiniteness of much of his stellar nomenclature! #t a point bi of the distance from to y is the wonderful /ing :etrala& * T ! G! 2! CDBA& JD '!& discovered in 8DDB by 0ar+uier from Toulouse& although its apparent annular form was not revealed till later by Sir $illiam :erschel s observations! "n our day high-powers show its oval form somewhat undefined at the edges& with a dark opening in the centre containing a fow very faint stars& among which& visible only in the largest telescopes& but prominent in photographs& is a central condensation of light like a star! 8 # full and interesting discussion of this appears in %opular #stronomy for 6uly& 8?@?!

B?? Star-*ames and their 'eanings The spectrum of nebula and central " star " is purely gaseous! #lthough appearing oval to us& it is supposed to be nearly circular& but seen obli+uely! "t is the only annular nebula visible through small telescopes& although there are six others now known!

S & or Fl! E& .inary& E!C and C!T& yellow and ruddy I B Q & or Fl! J& .inary& E!@ and J!B& both white! These are the celebrated 0ouble 0ouble& each pair probably separately revolving in a period of over two hundred years& and both pairs perhaps revolving around their common centre of gravityI but if so& the period b to be reckoned only by millenniums& for the measures of the last fifty years show no sensible orbital motion! This is by far the finest object of the kind in all the heavens! They are BAD" apart& and& to the ordinary eye& form an elongated starI but exceptionally sharp sight will resolve them without aid! The pairs are T"! B and B 4I !EJ apart respectively& and a good BU-inch glass with a power of 8EA will separate each pair! The position angle of the components of e 8 is 8B I and of those of e B & 8TB I while that of c 8 and t B is 8DT ! Their "double-double "character was first published by the 6esuit father 2hristian 'ayer in 8DD@& although its discovery has generally been attributed to Sir $illiam :erschel! The distance between e 8 and Q B & small as it is& is nearly twice that noticed by astronomers& in 8?EC& H 8B?" H between the actual and the computed positions of the planet (ranus& a discrepancy which convinced them of the existence of a still more remote planet and led to the discovery of *eptune! Such is the marvelous nicety of modern astronomical measurements = .etween these stars lie three very much fainter& two of which& of the 8Tth magnitude& are the 0ebili'ima& 9xcessively 'inute& of Sir 6ohn :erschel& discovered by him in 8?BT! e and f form an e+uilateral triangle with $ega& the sides about B longI e being at the northern angle! These three stars were one of the #thafiyj of the early #rabs! fj @ a E!E-magnitude& is #ladfar in the 2entury #tlas& by some confusion with the star `l` and with A& of the same brilliancy& was& in 2hina& ;een Taou& %aths within the %alace Grounds! fi t of the Jth magnitude& was 1a)wini s #l #thfar& the Talons Mof the Falling 9agleN& which he described as a fainter star in front of the bright one& 8! e! west of $ega!

The 2onstellations B?@

Mg(cOma _OFectt`ca& one of .ode s constellations of 8?AA& lies south of the central portion of 2etus! $ith him it was the 9lektrisir 'achine and 'achine 9lectri+ue I the "talians call it 'achina 9lettrica! "t is now generally omitted from the maps and catalogues!

M6tticrottojrium& formed by ;a 2aille south of 2apricornus and west of %iscis #ustralis& although small and unimportant& contains sixty-nine stars& varying in magnitude from E!? to D& the lucida being 8 ! The constellation comes to the meridian in September& nearly due south of #+uarii! "n its vicinity& perhaps including it& was an early figure referred to& in a German astronomical work of 8JCE from Frankfurt& as *eper& the #uger& "deler s .ohrer& which he thus described, "t is situated at the tail of Sagittarius and 2apricornus& and has many stars! #t the head of the *eper two& and on the iron three! .rown alludes to it as an unknown object& and illustrates it in the EDth volume of #rchaeologia as from a German astronomical manuscript of the 8Jth centuryI but Flammarion& in les Qtoi4esV probably referring to this same manuscript& thus mentions *eper& as the predecessor of 'onoceros , "" est +uestion de la constellation du *eper ou Foret& +ui n est autre +ue la ;icorne!

M6ttonocero.& tZe M(nicom& das 9inhorn in Germany& la ;icorne in France& and il (nicomo or ;iocorno in "taly& lies in the large but comparatively vacant field between the two 0ogs& <rion& and the :ydra& the celestial e+uator passing through it l@

B@A Star-*ames and their 'eanings lengthwise from the .elt of <rion to the tail of the animal& just below the head of :ydra! %roctor assigned to it the alternative title 2ernu!

"ts E!C-magnitude S& or Fl! 8J& marks the head of the figure& facing towards the west! This is a modern constellation& generally supposed to have been first charted by .artschius as (nioornu I but <lbers and "deler say that it was of much earlier formation& the latter +uoting allusions to it& in the work of 8JCE& as "the other :orse south of the Twins and the 2rab n I and Scaliger found it on a %ersian sphere! Flammarion s identification of it with the still earlier *eper has already been mentioned under 'icroscopium! 'onoceros seems to have no star individually named& but the 2hine5 asterisms S)e 'h& the Four Great 2analsI 1wan 1ewI and $ae 2hoo& the <uter 1itchen& all lay within its boundaries! "t contains CC naked-eye stars according to #rgelander& H :eis says 88B& H and is interesting chiefly from its many telescopic clusters& and as being located in the 'ilky $ay! "t comes to the meridian in February& due south from %rocyon! a& the lucida y is Fl! TA& of T!C magnitude!

M6tton5 M6t(enafti5& at the feet of .ootes& was formed by :evelius& and published in his Firmmentum Sobiescianum I this title coinciding with those of neighboring stellar groups bearing #rcadian names! "t is sometimes& although incorrectly& given as 'ons 'enelaus& H perhaps& as Smyth suggested& after the #lexandrian astronomer referred to by %tolemy and %lutarch! The Germans know it as the .erg 'enalus I and the "talians& as 'enrto! ;andseer has a striking representation of the :usbandman& as he styles .ootes& with sickle and staff& standing on this constellation figure! # possible explanation of its origin may be found in what :ewitt writes in his 9ssays on the /uling /aces of %rehistoric Times , The Sun-god thence climbed up the mother-mountain of the 1ushika race as the constellation :ercules& who is depicted in the old traditional pictorial astronomy as climbing painfully up the hill to reach the constellation of the Tortoise& now called ;yra& and thuV attain the polar star 7ega& which was the polar star from 8AAAA to ?AAA .! c!

The 2onstellations B@8 'ay not this modern companion constellation& 'ons 'aenalus& be from

a recollection of this early :indu conception of our :ercules transferred to the adjacent .ootes F "t culminates in 6une& due south from .ootis and north of % ;ibrae!

MStone M((neae& fLe QaCfe Mgtounfatn& now abbreviated by astronomers f to 'ensa& is translated by the French as 'ontagne de la Table I by the "talians& as 'onte Tavola I and by the Germans& as Tafelberg! ;a 2aille& who did so much for our knowledge of the southern heavens& formed the figure from stars under the Greater 2loud& between the poles of the e+uator and the ecliptic& just north of the polar <ctans I the title being suggested by the fact that the Table 'ountain& back of 2ape Town& " which had witnessed his nightly vigils and daily toils&" also was fre+uently capped by a cloud! Gould found in the constellation EE naked-eye stars& the brightest being of J!T magnitudeI but within its borders is a portion of the *ubecula 'ajor!

M(tilised GustxatiG vtt Unbica& f Le QMcufAtrn& or Tnbidn& SFg& the French 'ouche #ustrale on "ndienne& the German Sfidliehe Fliege& and the "talian 'osea #ustrale& lies partly in the 'ilky $ay& south of the 2ross& and east of the 2hamaeleon! This title generally is supposed to have been substituted by ;a 2aille& about 8DJB& for .ayer s #pis& the .eeI but :alley& in 8CD@& had called it 'naea #pis I and even previous to him& /iccioli catalogued it as #pis seu 'osea! 9ven in our day the idea of a .ee prevails& for Stieler s %lanisphere of 8?DB has .iene& and an alternative title in France is #beille! The modern 2hinese translate .ayer s title as 'eih Fung& and have so known it since the 8 Cth century! 6ulius Schiller united it with the .ird of %aradise and the 2hamaeleon as mother 9ve! Gould assigned to it DJ stars& of magnitudes from B!@ to D I these culminating& with the 2ross& about the middle of 'ay!

B@B Star-*ames and their 'eanings

GYtuec# Gj6oreafte& tfle M6tortfcrn L]& the small group of TU- to sth-magnitude stars over the back of the /am& is the "talian 'otoa& the French 'ouche& and the German Fliege! :ou)eau attributed its formation to :abrecht& but others to .artschius& who called it 7espa& the $asp& although also #pis& the .ee I and& still further changing the figure& wrote that it represented .eel-sebul& the god of flies& the %hoenician .aal-)ebubI this insect being the ideograph of that heathen divinity& varied at times by the Scarabaeus! ;a ;ande s #pes probably is a typographical error! To whom we owe its present title " can not learnI but it is thus given in the Flamsteed #tlas of 8D? 8! The constellation has been retained in some popular astronomical worts although not figured by the scientific #rgelander& :eis& nor 1lein& nor recogni)ed in the .ritish #ssociation 2atalogue! %tolemy included its stars in the five dfiopUroi of his 1ptdc& the /am! "ts chief components& Fl! E8& TT& TJ& and T@ of #ries& were common to the B?th nakshatra& .arani& .earer& or #pha .arani& H 3ama& the ruler of the spirit world& being the presiding divinity I Fl! TJ being the junction star towards the nakshatra 1rittika! They also formed the sie u <ei or $ai& anciently 7ij I and the man)il .ritain! .ut as these 2hinese and #rabic titles& signifying .elly& 8! e! of the /am& do not coincide with the present location of the stars& we may infer a change from the earlier drawings of #ries! #l Ti)ini s ffa ir al .utain& the .right <ne of the ;ittle .elly& probably was E8& a T!C-magnitude! These same stars& p being added& were the %ersian lunar station %ish %arvii& the Sogdian .arv& the 1horasmian Farankhand& the Forerunners& and the 2optic 1oleon& the .elly& or Scabbard! Flamsteed s E8& TJ& and T@ formed another of the #rabs #thaflyy! 'usca comes to the meridian on the 8Dth of 0ecember! "nstead of the Fly& /oyer figured here& in 8CD@& the ;ily& le ;il orle Fleur de ;is& with the French coat of arms& but this has entirely passed out of the books and maps!

MTtorfu#& fO MTttLf A5f& has been added by some modern to the already overweighted :ydra! " 8 is shown by .urritt perched upon the extreme tail-tip of that figure& but encroaching on the boundary of the Southern Scale!

The 2onstellations B@T "ts location formerly was occupied by ;e 'onnier s Solitaire& but neither of these asterisms is now recogni)ed!

M"tormd et M/egufa& tfye Omf dnb S+uare& originally was composed of some unformed stars of #ra and ;upus& within the branches of the 'ilky $ay& just north of #pus I but later it became the Southern Triangle of Theodor and .ayer! #ccording to "deler& it was altered by ;a 2aille to its present form& and associated with a %air of 2ompasses& the constellation 2ircinus& next to it on the north& adjoining the fore feet of the 2entaur! 'odern astronomers& however& call it simply *orma& and locate it as an entirely distinct constellation to the north of and adjoining the Triangle! "t is sometimes given as Guadra 9uclidis& 9uclid s S+uare& not Guadrant as it often is incorrectly translated! The French edition of Flamsteed s #tlas of 8DDC has it as *iveau& the ;evelI and :ou)eau cites ;ibella of the same meaningI but in France it now is l Q+uerre et la .ftgleI in "taly& /iga e S+uadraI and in Germany& ;ineal or $inkelmass! *orma contains CE naked-eye stars& from E!C to Dth magnitudes& but none seem to be named! They culminate about the Eth of 6uly& their northern limit 8JW south from the star #ntares& and so are visible only in low latitudes! ;a 2aille s a *ormae lies within the present limits of our Scorpio! "n *orma appeared in 8?@T a Dth-magnitude nova detected by 'rs! 'argaret Fleming on a photograph taken on the 8st of 6uly at the :arvard <bservatory s station near #re+uipa& although it never was visually observed! Special interest attaches to it from the identity of its spectrum with that of the nova #urigae of the preceding year& the first two of their kind discovered! The appearance of two new stars at such a short interval is also noticeable& as 'iss 2lerke says that only about eighteen had been recorded since the days of :ipparchos I %rofessor 3oung reducing this to eleven as certainly known down to 8?@B I but observers have greatly increased in recent years& the heavens are better known than formerly& and the camera i@R

B@E Star-*ames and their 'eanings shows what the eye& aided even by the best telescope& cannot& H all factors in the problem of the detection of these strangers! The photographs retain impressions of thousands of stars& while the visual observer practically is limited to a few hundred!

Mftu.ecufae MS(geffani& fLe M6l(gdfamc 2fouta& were the 2ape 2louds of the earliest navigators& being the prominent heavenly objects seen as they neared the 2ape of Good :opeI but after 'agellan became noted and fully described them& they took and have retained his name! The ;atin word is the diminutive of nudes& and literally signifies " the ;ittle 2louds!" 'iss 'itchell alluded to them as the 'agellan %atches I and Smyth& as the Sacks of 2oals of 9nglish navigatorsI but the latter term generally has been applied to the darkly vacant spaces in the 'ilky $ay near the *orthern and the Southern 2ross& and to one near the /obur 2arolinum! #lthough .ayer seems to have been the first to figure them& they were thus mentioned by %eter 'artyr in 9den s 0ecades , 2oompasinge abowte the poynt thereof& they myght see throughowte al the heaven about the same& certeyne shynynge whyte cloudes here and there amonge the starres& like unto theym whiche are seene in the tracte of heaven cauled ;actea via& that is the mylke whyte waye, and by 2orsali , S$eK sawe manifestly twoo clowdes of reasonable bygnesse movynge abowt the place of the pole continually now rysynge and now faulynge& so keepynge theyr continuall course in circular movynge& with a starre ever in the myddest which is turned abowt with them abowte !xi! degrees frome the pole! This star is y :ydri& a T!B-magnitude red& now 8JW from the pole! #ccording to 9llis& the %olynesian "slanders called the clouds l(hn& 'ist& distinguishing them as (pper and ;owerI and Gill& in his stories oi the natives of the :ervey group& cited their somewhat similar :ga 'af; /ussell s photographs& taken at Sydney in 8?@A& show them to be spiral in formation& each with two centres of condensation& and& as 0octor $illiam $hewell wrote in his %lurality of $orlds& composed of " masses of stars& clusters of stars& nebulae regular and irregular& and nebulous streaks and

The 2onstellations B@J patches!" The space around them is very blank& especially in the case of the 'inor& " as if the cosmical material in the neighborhood had been swept up and garnered in these mighty groups!" Together they serve to show the location of the pole& marking two angles of a nearly e+uilateral triangle& of which the polar point is the third!

GbuCecufa Ggiajor& 8 Ae greater 2foud& :ubes 'ajor with /oyer& is the "talian tfube 'aggiore& the French Grand 7uage& and the German Gtomo $olke! "t lies in the constellations 0orado and 'ons 'ensae& BA from the south pole& covering an irregular space in the sky of about forty-two s+uare degrees I but the intensity of its light is inferior to that of the ;esser 2loud and is obliterated by the full moon! #ccording to Flammarion& it contains B@8 distinct nebulae& EC clusters& and J?B stars! #l Sufi mentioned it as #l .akr& the $hite <x& of the southern #rabs& and invisible from .aghdad& or northern #rabia& but visible from the parallel of the Strait of .abd al 'andab& in 8B 8J of north latitude! "deler translated this as the <xen of Tehama& H Tehama being a province on the /ed Sea I this title probably includes the companion cloud! 6ulius Schiller combined it with 0orado and %iscis 7olans in his biblical figure #bel the 6ust

eu.ecufa Mgttnor& i Ae feeeeer Qfoud& .abes 'inor with /oyer& is the 7ube 'inore of the "talians& the %etit :uage of the French& and the 1;eine $olke of the Germans! "t lies within the borders of :ydrus and Tucana& with which 6ulius Schiller fashioned it into the archangel /aphael! #ccording to Flammarion& it contains TD nebulae& D clusters& and BAA stars& and covers about ten s+uare degrees& the immediately surrounding space being almost devoid of stars& or& as Sir 6ohn :erschel wrote& " most oppressively desolate&" and access to it on all sides " is through a desert!" 2lose to it& between r` :ydri and k Tucanae& is the centre of the constellational vacancy of BEAA to BAAA b! c& marking the place of the south pole of that date!

B@C Star-*ames and their 'eanings

:ie vertex nobis semper sublimisI at ilium Sub pedibus Styx atra videt& 'anes+ue profundi! 7ergil s 8st 2korgk!

<ctane QNabfeianuA&

now known simply as <ctant& was formed and published by ;a 2aille in 8DJB in recognition of the octant invented in 8DTA by 6ohn :adley! "t is the French <ctant& the German <ktant& and the "talian <ttante! The French edition of Flamsteed s #tlas has it as l <ctans "nflexion! Gould assigns to it ?? naked-eye stars down to the Dth magnitudeI the brightest& v& being only of T!? I but the constellation is noteworthy as marking the south pole& its J!?-magnitude a being about bQ of a degree away! # straight line from a 2rucis to :ydri almost touches the pole at yi of the distance from the latter star! #ncient references to a south pole are of course infre+uentI <vid& however& makes %hoebus allude to it in his instructions to %haethon I 7ergil mentions it as in our motto I 2reech thus renders from 'anilius , the lower pole resemblance bears To this above& and shines with e+ual Stars I and %liny tells us that the :indus had given it a name& 0ramasa& H #ustrinum %olum "ndi 0ramasa vocant! The heathen #rabs& too& seem to have had some knowledge of it& for they imagined that& like its northern counterpart& it exercised a healing power on all afflicted persons who would attentively observe it! The early navigators commented more or less correctly on the blankness of the heavens in this region& and %eter 'artyr wrote , They knewe no starre there lyke unto this pole& that myght be decerned aboate the poynte I %igafetta& in his description of the 'agellanic 2louds , .etweene these& are two starres not very bigge& nor much shyninge& which move a little, and these two are the pole #ntartike& H probably the colored stars 4T and y :ydri of about the Td magnitude, and 2amoes, 7imos a parte menos rutilante& 9 por falta d estrellas menos bella 0o polo fixo&

The 2onstellations B@D which probably refers to the same thing& but which his translator #ubertin claims as an allusion to the 2oal-sack& or Soot-bag! 7espucci& on the other hand& strangely stated& in his ;ettera of 8JAJ& that " the stars of the pole of the south ! ! ! are numerous& and much larger and more brilliant than those of our pole"I and that he saw in the southern sky about twenty stars as bright as 7enus and 6upiter! "deler s comment on 7espucci& in this connection& is " the greater part of his news is of this reliable character = " 9ven now it is the popular opinion that the South is richer in stars than is the *orthI Tennyson expressing this in ;ocksley :all, ;arger constellations burning!

<fficind QgpogrdjVZicd& tfle Mprint ing <ffice& was formed by .ode H at all events& first published by him H from stars immediately east of SiriusI but it is seldom found on the maps of our day& nor recogni)ed by astronomers& although Father Secchi inserted it on his planisphere of 8?D?! "talian lists have it as Tipografia& and the German as .uchdmoker %resse& or .nchdrucker $erkatadt!

! ! ! the length of <phiuchus huge "n th arctic sky! 'ilton s %aradise ;ost! Gpfyucfyu5 tVef Uetpenfdriu.& tLe Serpent 5Aofber& not <phiuohnfl Serpentarius& is <fiuco with the "talians& Sohlangentrager with the Germans& and Serpentaire with the French! "t stretches from just east of the head of :ercules to Scorpio& partly in the 'ilky $ay& divided nearly e+ually by the celestial e+uatorI but& although always shown with the Serpent& the catalogues have its stars entirely distinct from the latter! The classical :yginus& however& united the two figures into a single constellation& and some early nations& especially the Sogdians and 1horasmians& did the same& the stars being intermingled in their nomenclature!

B@? Star-*ames and their 'eanings The original title& <AtovZoQ& appeared in the earliest Greek astronomy I

ftoyepds& " toiling&" being an adjectival appellation in the %hainonuna! Transliterated as in our title it was best known to the ;atins& but also as <phiulchus& <phiulons& <phiultns& and& in the diminutive& <phiuculn5 and <phiulculiu I while the classical word plainly shows itself in the #feichm& #feichius& and #lpheiohiufl of the 8Cth and 8Dth centuries! Serpen tarius first appeared with the scholiast on Germanicus& while Serpentiger& Serpentia ;ator& Serpentis %raeses& and Serpentinarius are seen for itI as also the #nguifer of 2olumella& which was #ngniger elsewhere! 2icero and 'anilius had the peculiar #nguitenens! Golius insisted that this sky figure represents a Serpent-charmer& one of the %sylli of ;ibya& noted for their skill in curing the bites of poisonous serpentsI and this would seem to be confirmed by the constellation s title le %sylle in Schjei lerup s edition of #l Sufi s work! .ut the Serpent-holder generally was identified with #c1ktfmdU& 8 #aclepioe& or #esoulapiua& whom 1ing 6ames " described as " a mediciner after made a god&" with whose worship serpents were always associated as symbols of prudence& renovation& wisdom& and the power of discovering healing herbs! 9ducated by his father #pollo& or by the 2entaur 2hiron& #esculapius was the earliest of his profession and the ship s surgeon of the #rgo! $hen the famous voyage was over he became so skilled in practice that he even restored the dead to life& among these being :ippolytus& of whom 1ing 6ames wrote , :ippolyte! #fter his members were drawin in sunder by foure horses& 9sculapius a, *eptun s re+uest glewed them together and revived him! .ut several such successful operations and numerous remarkable cures& and especially the attempt to revive the dead <rion& led %luto& who feared for the continuance of his kingdom& to induce 6ove to strike #esculapius with a thunderbolt and put him among the constellations! The figure also was associated with 2aecius& the .linding <ne& slain by :ercules and celebrated by 0ante in the "nferno I indeed& it is said that the 8 #ccording to Greek tradition& he was a lineal ancestor of the great physician :ippocratesI and 0octor Francis #dams& in his Genuine $orks of :ippocrates& writes, # genealogical table& professing to give a list of names of bis forefathers& up to #esculapius& has been tnw mitted to us from remote anti+uity ! This list& from the 2hiliads of Tret)es of our iath century& makes :ippocrates the 8J5 in descent from #esculapius through his son %od al in us& who& with his brother 'achaon! vis an army surgeon& as well as a valiant fighter before the walls of Troy! The name and the profession were continued in the #sclepiadae& an order of priest-physicians long noted in Greece!

The 2onstellations B@@ :ero himself was assigned to these stars by :yginus& and gave them his name , a confusion that may have arisen because the boundaries between the two stellar groups were at first ill defined& or from the similarity of their original myths to that of ")hdubar and the dragon Tiamat! "t also represented Triopas& king of the %errhaebians I 2arnabon& 2arnabas& and 2antatas& the slayer of TriopasI %horbas& his Thessalian son& who freed /hodes from snakes I 2admus changed to a serpent I 6ason pursuing the goldenfleeced #ries I #eneas& from the story of :esperia I #ristaens& from the story of 9urydice I ;aocoftn struggling with the serpent I and 2aesius& or Glaueus& the sea-god& although this latter title& identified by some with that of #ndrogens& may have come from that namesake who was restored to life by #esculapius! The #rabians translated the Greek name into #l @ aww O& which #ssemani repeated as #lhava& 2ollector serpentum I but it appeared on the globes as #l :aur& turned by the 'oors into #l :ague& and by early astronomical writers into #langne& :asalangue& and #lange I the Turks having the similar 3ilange! "t has been suggested& however& that these may have come from the ;atin #nguis& a word that the astronomical #rabians and 'oors well knew! 9uphratean astronomers knew it& or a part of it with Serpens& as :utsir-daI and .rown associates it with ?a-gi-mu& the God of "nvocation! %liny said that these stars were dangerous to mankind& occasioning much mortality by poisoningI while 'ilton compared Satan to the burning comet that " fires " this constellation& H a comparison perhaps suggested by the fact that noticeable comets appeared here in the years 8E@J& 8JBT& 8JTD& and 8JC@& which might well have been known to 'ilton& for ;ord .acon wrote in his #stronomy , 2omets have more than once appeared in our time I first in 2assiopeia& and again in <phiuchus! *ovidius changed the figure to that of Saint %aul with the 'altese 7iper I 2aesius gave it as #aron& whose staff became a serpent& or as :oses& who lifted up the .ra)en Serpent in the $ildernessI but 6ulius Schiller& far more appropriately& made of it Saint .enedict in the midst of the thorns& for it was this founder of the order of the .enedictine monks who& with his followers in the Cth century& inspired and carried on all the learning of the times& as #esculapius-<phiuchus had done in his day! The constellation generally has been shown as an elderly man& probably copied from the celebrated statue at 9pidaurus I but the ;eyden 'anuscript and the planisphere of the monk Geruvigus represent it as an unclad boy

TAA Star-*ames and their 'eanings

standing on the Scorpion and holding the Serpent in his handsI and the :yginus of 8E?? has a somewhat similar representation! .ayer added to his titles for <phiuchus Grus aut 2iconia Serpen# cum inscription5 & 9lhagut& insistens& which he said was from the 'oors& but "deler asserted was from a drawing of a 2rane& or Stork& on a Turkish planisphere instead of the customary figureI and the #lmagest of 8JJ8 alludes to 2iconia as if it were a well-known title! #ll this& perhaps& may be traced to ancient "ndia& whose mythology was largely astronomical& and the #djutant-bird& 2iconia arga4a& prominent in worship as typifying the moon-god Soma& so that its devotees would only be following custom in locating it among the stars! #lthough this is not one of the )odiac twelve& 'r! /oyal :ill writes, <ut of the twenty-five days& from the B8st of *ovember to the 8Cth of 0ecember& which the sun spends in passing from ;ibra to Sagittarius& only nine are spent in the Scorpion! the other sixteen being occupied in passing through <phiuchus! Thus& according to his idea of the boundaries& this actually is more of a )odiacal constellation than is the Scorpion! .ut the boundaries are very variously given by uranographers! #rgelander enumerates in it DT naked-eye stars& and :eis 88T! "t was in <phiuchus that appeared& a! d! 8BT& the second nova of which we have reliable record& the first having been that of :ipparchos& 8TE b! c& in Scorpio! #t least three other such have appeared in <phiuchus, one in 8BTA I another& the so-called 1epler s Star& discovered by 1epler s pupil .runowski& on the 8Ath of <ctober& 8CAE& in the eastern foot near A& which gave Galileo opportunity for his " onslaught upon the #ristotelian axiom of the incorruptibility of the heavens " I and a third& discovered on the B?th of #pril& 8?E?& by :ind as of the Eth magnitude& and still visible as of the nth or 8 Bth! 2iting Firmicus as authority& ;a ;ande wrote , "" met le .ernard au nord du Scorpion avec <phiuchus I but " do not find this Fox elsewhere alluded to!

tt& B!B& sapphire! :as alhague& or /asalague& is from :as al :awwa & the :ead of the Serpent-charmer& the 'oorish 9l :auwe& the first being its only title with .ayer! The #lfonsine Tables of 8J B8 have /asalauge& and the original has

The 2onstellations TA8

been variously altered into /as #lhagas& :as #lhagus& /asalange& /as al :angue& /asalangne& /as #laghne& /asalhagh& #lhague& and #langue! The occasional #)alange has been traced to the Turkish title for the constellation I but " a universal star-name from that nation does not seem probable&" and it is more likely that the Turks adopted and altered the #rabic! :as al :ayT< also has been seen for the starI and the 2entury 2yclopedia mentions :awwa as rarely used! 1a)wini cited #l /ai& the Shepherd& from the early #rabs& which& although now a title for y 2ephei& may have come here from the adjacent /audah& or %astureI the near-by a :erculis& CW to the west& being 1alb al /ai& the Shepherd s 0ogI while neighboring stars& the present 2lub of :ercules& marked the Flock! "n 2hina a was :ow& the 0uke I and the small surrounding stars& :wan 2hay& a title duplicated at those in the hand! "ts spectrum is Sirian& and the star is receding from us about twelve miles a second! "t culminates on the B?th of 6uly!

%V T-TV yellow! 2ebalrai& 2elbalrai& and 2heleb are from 1alb al /a ; " The :eart of the Shepherd&" which .rown gives as the meaning of his 2elabrai& is erroneous& doubtless from confusion of the #rabic 1alb& :eart& and 1alb& 0og! The star is @ southeast of a& and J west of Taurus %oniatovii& the %olish .ull& now included in <phiuchus!

TV E!T& has been called 'uliphen& but " cannot trace it here& although this title is famous in other parts of the sky! and y were Taring 2hing in 2hina! DA <phiuchi& east of and y in the stars of the %olish .ull& now discarded& is a most interesting binary system& with a period of about eightyeight years! The component stars are of E!8 and C!8 magnitudes& yellow and purple in color& their distance varying from i 4I !D to C"! DI in 8?@? it was B 44 !oJ& and the position angle B?A ! "ts parallax& o"! 8C& indicates a distance of twenty light years& and certain irregularities in motion show that there may be an invisible companion!

TAB Star-*ames and their 'eanings

J& B!?& deep yellow& is Ted %rior& the Former of the two stars in the :and& H the #rabic Tad& H originating with .ayer& adopted by Flamsteed& and now common! "t is sometimes written 6ed! "t was ;eang& a 'ast& in 2hina! S& T!?& red! Ted %osterior& the star .ehind& or Following& _F& is found on our modem lists& but was not given by .ayer! "n 2hina it was Tsoo& the name of one of the feudal states I and& with 8 and some other stars& is said to have formed :wan 2hay! The two stars 3ed& with f and rj <phiuchi and a& _6& and e of Serpens& constituted the 7asak al 3amaniyy& the Southern .oundary ;ine of the /audah& or %asture& which here occupied a large portion of the heavens I other stars in <phiuchus and :ercules forming the 7asak al Shiiniyyah& or *orthern .oundary! The stars between these two *asak marked the /audah itself and #l #ghnam& the Sheep within it& now the 2lub of :ercules! These sheep were guarded by the Shepherd and his 0og& the two lucidae marking the heads of <phiuchus and :ercules! c was the 9uphratean :itaU-bat& the 'an of 0eath! 2oincidently& u in modern astrology& which contains some singular survivals& the :and of <phiuchus is said to be a star of evil influence! " C and e point out the left hand grasping the body of the Serpent I r and v& the other hand& holding the tail! Q& B!?& near the left knee& was the 2hinese :an& an old feudal state! "t sometimes shared with tj the title Sabik& or %receding <ne& attached to the latter star in #l Ti)ini s catalogue! .rown thinks that& with e& it marked the #kkadian lunar asterism 'ulubat& the 'an of 0eath I with DD& A& and f & the %ersian Garafsa& or SerpenttamerI with rj& the Sogdian .astham& .ound& "4! e! <phiuchus enveloped in the coils of <phis"I and the 1horasmian Sardhiwa& the :ead of the 9vil <ne! TU B!C& pale yellow& is Sabik with #l Ti)ini& f often being included I but .eigel thought that the name should be Saik& the 0river! .rown combines rj& C& and f in the #kkadian Tsir& or Sir& the Snake! "n 2hina it was Sung& another of the early feudal states!

The 2onstellations TAT

TE&

lies on the right foot& only a little to the southwest of the place of the noted 1epler s Star& the nova of 8CAE! 9pping says that the BJth ecliptic constellation of .abylonia was marked by it as 1aah-fhnd ?ha-ka-tar-pa& of undetermined signification! $ith f it was the Sogdian $ajrik& the 'agicianI the 1horasmian 'arkhanhik& the Serpent-bittenI and the 2optic Tshio& the Snake& and #ggia& the 'agician I i` being included in the last two! $ith adjacent stars it was the 2hinese Tien 1iang& the :eavenly /iver! l V a EU-magnitude& was :o& one of the dry measures of 2hina& but this title included 5 and two other near-by stars of :ercules! Gould thinks that it may be variable! 45& .inary& E and C& yellowish white and smalt blue! 'arfic& or 'arflk& is from the similar #rabic #l 'arfik& the 9lbow& which it marks! .ayer& .urritt& and probably others have it 'anic& doubtless from confounding the anti+ue forms of the letters4 and s! This same title appears for k :erculis! $ith neighboring stars the 2hinese knew it as ;ee S)e& a Series of Shops! The components are i"!C apart& with a position angle of JT in 8?@D& and an estimated period of revolution of BTE years! v j a EUE -magnitude& was She ;ow& a 'arket TowerI and the Jth-magnitudes A& Yj 7] anc 5 w were Tung :an& the name of a district in 2hina!

$hile far <rion o er the waves did walk That flow among the isles!

Shelley s Tfu /evolt of "slam! <rion with his glittering belt and sword Gilded since time has been& while time shall be! Thou splendid soulless warrior = $hat to thee& 'arching along the bloodless fields& are we = ;ucy ;arcom s <rion! EVrion& tfle _.fonf & punter& anb $arrior& admired in all historic ages as the most strikingly brilliant of the stellar groups& lies partly within the 'ilky $ay& extending on both sides of the

TAE Star-*ames and their 'eanings celestial e+uator entirely south of the ecliptic& and so is visible from every part of the globe! $ith Theban Greeks of 2orinna s time& about the year E@A before our era& it was GapioVv& the initial letter having taken the place of the ancient digamraa& f& which& pronounced somewhat like the letter "7& rendered the early word akin to our $arrior! 2orinna s pupil %indar followed in Gapiutveiog& but by the time of 9uripides the present f GpiuVv prevailed& and we see it thus in %olymestor s words in the 9ffa4fy of EBJ b!c! , through the ether to the lofty ceiling& $here <rion and Seirios dart from their eyes The flaming rays of fire! 2atullus transcribed <arion from %indar& shortened to #rion& and sometimes changed to #orion I but the much later #rgion& attributed to Finnicus& was for %rocyon& probably from #pyoc& the faithful dog of (lixes! The derivation of the word has been in doubt& but .rown refers it to the #kkadian (rn-anna& 8 the ;ight of :eaven& originally applied to the sun& as (ru-ki& the ;ight of 9arth& was to the moon I so that our title may have come into Greek mythology and astronomy from the 9uphrates! The <vpiov& <vpov& or TpiOv of the :yriean& or .yrsaean& story& the TTxion of the original #lfonsine Tables & graphically explained by 'insheu& is in no sense an acceptable title& although :yginus and <vid vouched for it& thus showing its currency in their day! 2aesius5 derivation from 5QBpa& as it" marking the Seasons& seems fanciful! #t one time it was #kerpoTrodiov& found in the (ranologia of %etavius of the 8 Cth century& which "delersaid should be #keicTpom tdiov& 2ock s Foot& likening the constellation to a Strutting 2ock I but .rown goes back to # #t4& /oaming& and so reads it ##r4rpoTroOov& the Foot-turning $anderer& mythologically recorded as roaming in his blindness till miraculously re-

stored to sight by viewing the rising sun! The .oeotians& according to Strabo& fellow-countrymen of the earthly <rion& called his stars 1avdduv& their alternative title for "#pijc& the god of war! well agreeing with& perhaps originating& the Greek conception of the $arrior! <vid said that the constellation was 2omeo+ne .ootaeI and some authors asserted that <rion never set& an idea possibly coming from the early confusion in name with .ootes already alluded toI although even as to that constellation the assertion would not have been strictly correct! 'atthew #rnold similarly wrote in his Sohrab and /ustutn , l This divinity was the later 2haldaeo-#ssyrian sun-god 0umu-)i& the Son of ;ife& or Tarnmu)& widely known in classical times as #donis! #ries also represented him in the sky!

The 2onstellations TAJ the northern .ear& $ho from her fro)en height with jealous eye 2onfronts the 0og and :unter in the South! "'anjae 2omes& and #masius& 2ompanion& and ;over& of 0iana& were other titles& the :ero& after his death from the Scorpion s sting inflicted for his boastfulness& having been located by 6ove in his present position& at the re+uest of the goddess& that he might escape in the west when his slayer& the Scorpion& rose in the east& H as #ratos said , $hen the Scorpion comes <rion flies to utmost end of earth! Thompson sees in this alternate rising and setting of these two sky figures an astronomic explanation of the symbolism in classic ornithology of the mutual pursuit and flight of :aliaetos and 1eiris& the Sea 9agle and 1ingfisher& compared in the poem <ris to these opposed constellations! "n :orace s <des the constellation is termed pronusI and Tennyson had Great <rion sloping slowly to the west& which& with the rest of the beautiful opening passage& adds much to the charm of his ;ocksley :al; :omer& who made but a single allusion in the "liad to this constellation& followed by a parallel passage in the <dyssey& wrote of " the might of huge <rion&55 and described the earthly hero as the " "llustrious <rion& the tallest and most beautiful of men& H even than the #loidae&" adjectives all well applied to our stellar figureI :esiod said, $hen strong <rion chaces to the deep the 7irgin stars I

%indar& that he was of monstrous si)eI as did 'anilius in his 'agna pars rru)jci4na coeli I and nearly all authors& as well as illustrators& have thus described <rion& and as an armed warrior! "n the 9ndUrf we read , with his glittering sword <rion arm dI in <vid s works& of ensiger <rionI in ;ucanUof ensifer I and 7ergil has a fine passage in the #eneid +uaintly translated in 8J 8T by the "Scottis" <avin 0ouglas& where %alinurus <f every sterne the twynkling notis he That in the still hevin move cours we se& #rthurys house& and& :yades betaikning rane& $atling strete& the :ome and the 2harlewane& The tiers <rion with his goldin glave I BA

TAC Star-*ames and their 'eanings these last a very liberal translation of the much +uoted armatum+ue auro! .ut later on in the voyage& when the fleet was off 2apreae& the old pilot& in his astronomical enthusiasm dum sidera servat& lost his balance& and tumbled overboard! The constellation s stormy character appeared in early :indu& and perhaps even in earlier 9uphratean days& and is seen everywhere among classical writers with allusions to its direful influence! 7ergil termed it a+wsus& nimbosus& and saevus I :orace& tris:s and nautis infestusI %liny& horndus sideribusI and the ;atin sailors had a favorite saying& Fallit saepisdm nautas <rion& %olybios& the Greek historian of the second century before 2hrist& attributed the loss of the /oman s+uadron in the first %unic war to its having sailed just after " the rising of <rion " I :esibd long before wrote of this same rising , then the winds war aloud& #nd veil the ocean with a sable cloud , Then round the bark& already haul d on shore& ;ay stones& to fix her when the tempests roar I and 'ilton& in %aradise ;ost, when with fierce winds <rion arm d :ath vex d the /ed-sea coast& whose waves o erthrew .usiris and his 'emphian chivalry! 'any classical authors variously alluded to it as a calendar sign& for its morning rising indicated the beginning of summer& when& as we find in the $orks and 0ays& the husbandman was instructed to

Forget not& when <rion first appears& To make your servants thresh the sacred earsI his midnight rising marked the season of grape-gathering I and his evening appearance the approach of winter and its attendant storms , an opinion that prevailed as late as the 8Dth century& for in the Geneva .ibb& familiarly known as the .reeches .ible& the marginal reading in the .ook o4' xxxviii& T8& is " which starre bringeth in winter!" %lautus& 7arro& and others called the constellation 6ngnla and 6ugulae& the 6oined& referring to the umeri& the two bright stars in the shoulders& as if connected by the4itf5 4um& or collar-bone! Such& at least& is the generally received derivation& but .uttmann claimed it as from jugulare& and hence the Slayer& a fitting title for the $arrior! The Syrians knew it as Gabbara I the #rabians& as #l 6abbar& both signifying " the Giant&" "7yae with %tolemy& H and in ;atin days occasionally Giga5I

The 2onstellations TAD the #rabian word gradually being turned into #lgebra& #lgebaro& and& especially in poetry& #lgebar& which 2hilmead gave as #lgibbar! "n early #rabia <rion was #l 6au)ah& a word also used for stars in Gemini& and much& but not very satisfactorily& discussed as to its derivation and meaning in its stellar connection! "t is often translated Giant& but erroneously& for it& at first& had no personal signification! <riginally it was the term used for a black sheep with a white spot on the middle of the body& and thus may have become the designation for the middle figure of the heavens& which from its preeminent brilliancy always has been a centre of attraction! Some think that the .elt stars& C @ e& Q& known to the #rabs as the Golden :uts& first bore the name 6au)ah& either from another meaning of that word& H $alnut& H or because they lay in the centre of the splendid +uadrangle formed by a& NT& y& and 5 I or from their position on the e+uator& the great central circle I the title subse+uently passing to the whole figure! Grotius adopted the first of these derivations& +uoting from Festus the passage +uasi nuxjuglans& that a lesser light& /obert :ues& thus enlarged upon , *ow Geu)e signifieth a $all-nut I and perhaps they allude herein to the ;atine word 6ugula& by which name Festus calleth <rion I because he is greater than any of the other 2onstellations& as a $all-nut is bigger then any other kinde of nut "n mediaeval as well as in later astronomy& the original appears in degenerate forms& such as 9lgeu)e& Geu)e& 6eu)e& and the Geu)a)guar of Grotius! #l Sufi s story of the feminine 6au)ah has been noticed at the star 2anopus and under 2anis 'inor! :yde +uoted from an #rabian astronomer& #l .ahadur& the Strong <ne& as a popular term for the constellation! Sugia and #sugia were thought by

Scaliger to be corruptions of the #rabs #l Shuja & the Snake& applied to <rion in the sense of #udax& .ellator and .ellatri)& Fortis and Fortuumus& Foriosus and Sublimatui& and all proper names for it in .ayer s and other early astronomical works& 2hilmead translating #sugia as "the 'adman!" Similar titles at one time obtained for :ydra! #l Firu)abadi Ss#l :usuk may be e+uivalent to the *asak& a ;ine& or /ow& applied to the .elt stars& but there signifying a String of %earls! :iphla& attributed to 2haldaea&has not been confirmed by modem scholars! "n 9gypt& as everywhere& <rion was of course prominent& especially so in the s+uare )odiac of 0enderah& as :orns in a boat surmounted by stars& followed by Sirius& shown as a cow& also in a boat I and nearly three thousand years previously had been sculptured on the walls of the recently discovered step-temple of Sakkara& and in the great /amesseum of Thebes about TB?J b! c! as Sahu! This twice appears in the .ook of the 0ead,

TA? Star-*ames and their 'eanings The shoulders of the constellation Saho I and, " see the motion of the holy constellation Sahu! # similar title& but of #kkad origin& appeared for 2apricornus! 9gyptian mythology laid to rest in this constellation the soul of <riris& as it did in the star Sinus that of "sisI and& again& in the .ook of the 0ead we read, The <siris * is the constellation <rion I in this connection& <rion was known as Smati-<siris& the .arley God! The Giant generally has been represented with back turned toward us and face in profile& armed with club& or sword& and protected by his shield& or& as ;ongfellow wrote& on his arm the lion s hide Scatters across the midnight air The golden radiance of its hair! 0iirer drew him facing the .ull& whose attack he is warding offI but the ;ey den 'anuscript has a lightly clad youth with a short& curved staff in the right hand& and the :are in the background! The head is marked by #& 8 & and _pV B & the stars a and y pointing out the shoulders& j@ and tc the left foot and right knee! .ut Sir 6ohn :erschel observed from southern latitudes that the inverted view of the constellation well represents a human figure I the stars that we imagine the shoulders appearing for the knees& /igel forming the head& and 2ursa of 9ridanus& one

of the shoulders! "n astrology the constellation was :yreides& .ayer s :yriades& from <vid s allusion to it as :yriea proles& thus recalling the fabled origin from the bull s hide still marked out in the sky! This& formerly depicted as a shield of rawhide& is now figured as a lion s skin I and it perhaps was this :yriean story that gave the stellar <rion the astrological reputation& re corded by Thomas :ood& of being " the verie cutthrote of cattle " I at all events& it certainly gave rise to the TprraTpoc and Tripater& applied to himSaturnus has been another title& but its connection here " cannot learn& although " ha)ard the guess that as this divinity was the sun-god of the %hoenicians& his name might naturally be used for (ruanna- <rion& the sungod of the #kkadians! #nterior to much of this& we find in the various versions of the .ook of 6ob and #mos the word <rion for the original :ebrew word Y fll& literally signifying " Foolish&" " "mpious&" " "nconstant&" or " Self-confident!"

The 2onstellations TA@ This perhaps is etymological ly connected with 1islev& the name for the ninth month of the :ebrew calendar& the tempestuous *ovember-0ecember! 6ulius Fiirst considered this 1islev an early title for <rion! The epithet " "nconstant " has fancifully been referred to the storms usual at his rising! The 14silim of "saiah xiii& 8A& rendered "constellations" in some versions& is also thought to refer to it and other prominent sky figuresI in fact& 2heyne translates the word as "the <rions" in the %olychrome .ibleI while /ahab& in the /evised 7ersion of the .ook of 6ob & ix& 8T& H the "proud helpers" in the #uthori)ed& H is referred by 9wald& /enan& and others to this& H possibly to some other group of stars& H with the same significations as those of 15sil& or perhaps " #rrogance&" " /ebellion&" " Strength&" or " 7iolence!" ;ater on the 6ews called <rion Gibbor& the Giant& considered as *imrod bound to the sky for rebellion against 6ehovah& whence perhaps came the .ands& or .onds& of <rion& which some say should be 2ords& or a Girdle I but the conception of *imrod as " the mighty :unter before the ;ord&" at least in the ordinary sense of that word& is erroneous& for the original& according to universal 9astern tradition& signifies a ;urking 9nemy& or a :unter of men rather than of beasts! This idea may have led to a ;atin title& 7enator& for the stellar <rion& .ut& relative to the renderings of biblical words supposed to refer to sky groups& the /everend 0octor #dam 2larke wrote in his 2ommentary that $ish has been generally understood to signify the Great .earI 1esil <rionI and 1iraah the %leiades& may be seen everywhere I but that they do signify these constellations is perfectly uncertain! $e have only conjectures concerning their meaning!

#s to the :ebrew words& they might as well have been applied to any of the other con stellations of heavenI indeed& it does not appear that constellations at all are meant! The discordance between the various renderings would indicate the probable correctness of these comments& and that we are in no respect assured as to the identification of .ible star-names! 3et it is worth noting that the three constellations adopted by the translators of the .ook of 6ob and of #mos in the /evised 7ersion fitly represent the cardinal points of the sky , the .ear in the north& <rion in the south& and the %leiades rising and setting in the east and west! "n the :indu .rahma nas <rion is personified as %raja-pati& 8 under the form of a stag& 'riga& in pursuit of his own daughter& the beautiful roe /ohini& our #ldebaran! "n his unnatural chase he was transfixed by the 8 :e was also& and differently& represented in the sky by :indu astronomers as an immense figure stretching from .ootes through 7irgo& 2orvus& and ;ibra into Scorpio! BA5

T 8A Star-*ames and their 'eanings three-jointed arrow H the .elt stars H shot by the avenging :unter& Srius& which even now is seen sticking in his body! This hero was the father of twenty-seven daughters& the wives of 1ing Soma& the 'oon& with whom the latter e+ually divided his time& thus referring to the nakshatras! The 2hinese made up their Eth sieii from the seven conspicuous stars in the shoulders& belt& and knees of <rion& with the title Shan& or Tits& Three Side by Side& anciently Sal& which may have originated from the .elt having at first alone formed the situ! "ndeed& the lunar asterism was mentioned in the She 1ing as the Three Stars! C was its determinantI but it overlapped the corresponding nakshatra& although entirely distinct from the Eth man)il in the feet of the Twins! <rion was worshiped in 2hina during the thousand years before our era as Shell& or Shi 2h en& from the moon station I but it also was known as the $hite Tiger& a title taken from the adjacent Taurus! The 1horasmians adopted <rion s stars as a figure of their )odiac in place of Gemini! The early "rish called it 2aomai& the #rmed 1ingI the *orsemen& <rwandil I and the <ld Saxons& 9buSrung& or 9bioring& H words that Grimm thought connected with "ringe& or "uwaring& of the 'ilky $ay! 2aesius cited the singular title .agulon& perhaps from #l /ijl& the #rabic designation for the star A& but he made this the e+uivalent of the ;atin 7vr& the 'an par excellence& the :ero I and suggested that <rion represented 6acob wrestling with the angelI or 6oshua& the :ebrew warriorI but 6ulius Schiller& that it was Saint 6oseph& the husband of the .lessed 7irgin!

$eigel figured it as the /oman Two-headed 9agleI and 0e /heita& of 8CET& found somewhere among its stars 2hrist s Seamless 2oat and a 2halice I but he was addicted to such discoveries! #rgelander has 88J stars hereI :eis& 8TCI and Gould& 8?CI while the whole is as rich in wonderful telescopic objects as it is glorious to the casual observer! Flammarion calls it the 2alifornia of the sky! tt& "rregularly variable& A!D& orange! .etelgen)e is from "bt al 6au)ah& the #rmpit of the 2entral <ne I degenerated into .ed 9lgue)e& .eit #lgue)e& .et 9l-geu)e& .eteigeue& etc& down to the present title& which itself also is written .etelgeuse& .etdguie& .etelgue)e& .etelgeux& etc! The #lfonsine Tables had .eldengenxe& and /iccioli& .eotelgense and .edalgen)e! The star also was designated by various #rabian authors as #l 'ankft the ShoulderI #l 0hira& the #rm I and #l 3ad al 3amna` the /ight :and&

The 2onstellations T88 Hall of the GiantI but 2hilmead wrote "led #lgeu)e& H that is& <rion s :and&" +uoted from 2hristmannus! The title 1ir)am& from #l 'urnm& the /oarer& or perhaps the #nnouncer& originally used for y& also is applied to this as heralding the rising of its companions! ;a ;ande& borrowing the full name of that star for this& +uoted it as #lmer)amo nnagied! Sayce and .osan+uet identify a with the 9uphratean Gula& other stars possibly being included under this titleI and .rown says that Yakkab Sar& the 2onstellation of the 1ing& or (ngal& refers to o with y and #! $e can see in this signification the origin of the astrologer s idea that .etelgeu)e portended fortune& martial honors& wealth& and other kingly attributes! a alone constituted the Eth nakshatra& #rdra& 'oist& depicted as a Gem& with /udra& the storm-god& for its presiding divinity& and so& perhaps& the origin of the long established stormy character of <rion! This lunar station& therefore& formed but a part of the Eth situ& and differed entirely from the Eth man)i; "ndividually the star was the Sanskrit .ahu& #rm& probably from the :indu conception of the whole figure as a running Stag& or #ntelope& of which a& jT& y& and k marked the legs and feet& with a on the left forearmI the adjacent Sirius being the hunter 'rigavyadha! .rown mentions its e+uivalent %ersian title& .esn& the #rm& and the 2optic 1laria& an #rmlet! .ayer +uoted ykrjvea from #ratos& but it is not in the originalI and 2hrysococca had "G4ioc diSvfiow& the Shoulder of H i!e! next to H the Twins!

#mong the many +ueerly worded descriptions in the 8J 8J #lmagest& perhaps none is more so than that of this star& reading in part thus, ipsa tendit ad rapinam +uae appropin+uat ad terram! This tendit ad rapinam& also used for the star #ntares& apparently has been an unsolved pu))le I and as " have never seen any explanation& my own suggestion may not be amiss! The 8J8 J #lmagest followed (lug .eg s Tables& and these followed %tolemy& who characteri)ed the color of a as vno1ippoU& which (lug .eg s translator turned into rubedinem& " ruddiness&" and the #lmagest into the not very different word of the +uotation& expressing ideas of war and carnage& astrology s attributes of red stars! The appropin+uat ad terram doubtless refers to the comparatively low elevation of the star above the hori)on! %rofessor 3oung says that at times& when near a minimum& it closely matches #ldebaran in color and brightness& and ;assell described it as a rich topa)! Secchi makes it the typical star of his third class with a banded spectrum& suggesting that it may be approaching the point of extinction! 9lkin finds its parallax insensibleI according to 7ogel& it is receding from the earth at the rate of 8AbU miles a second!

TtB Star-*ames and their 'eanings "t was first seen to be variable by Sir 6ohn :erschel in 8?TC& from which time till 8?EA "its variations were most marked and striking!" # similar period began in 8?E@& and on the Jth of 0ecember& 8?JB& " it was actually the largest star in the northern hemisphere!" "t was especially brilliant in 8?@E! #rgelander found a period of 8@C days& but Schoenfeld thought periodicity +uestionable! "ts position is less than T west of the solstitial colure I it rises at sunset on the TAth of 0ecember& and culminates on the B@th of 6anuary! "t has an ?th-magnitude companion BA away& first observed by $ilhelm Struve as double& 8 ?"! J apart& and the great glasses of the present day reveal other members in the combination still nearer and smaller than the original companion I while .arnard has discovered about it large and diffused nebulosity!

fa 0ouble& A!T and ?& both bluish white! #lgebar and 9lgebar are seen in poetry for this star& but it universally is known as /igel& from /ijl 6au)ah al 3usrfc & the ;eft ;eg of the 6au)ah! by which extended title the #rabians knew it after the word 6au)ah had become a personal titleI the modern name first appearing in the #lfansine Tables of 8JB 8! These say of it& in connection with 9ridanus , ;ucida +ue est in pede sinistro , et est communis ei et a+uae , et dicitur #lgebar nomi-

nator etiam /igel! /iccioli had 1egelI Schickard& /iglonI and 2hilmead& .igel #lgeu)e& or #lgibbar! #l Sufi gave the earlier popular name /ai al 6au)ah& the :erdsman of the 6au)ah& whose camels were the stars a& y& C& and if I and #l *ajid& the 2on+ueror& which also was given to a and y! 2hrysococca termed it "lotr didvpwv& the Foot of H i!e! next to H the TwinsI and .ayer& the :ebrew Yesil& of the constellation! Smyth wrote that independent of the X nautis infestus <rion " character of the constellation& /igel had one of his ownI for it was toUthe astronomical rising of this " marinus aster" in 'arch& that St! 'arinus and St! #ster owe their births in the /omish calendar! :e gave& however& no explanation of this& and these saints certainly are not familiar in any stellar connection! %ossibly its "marine" character came from its location at the end of the /iver& and from its being given in the various editions of the Syntaxis and in the #lfonsine Tables as common

The 2onstellations T8T to both constellationsI although the supposed stormy character of the whole group in affecting navigation may have induced the epithet for <rion s greatest star! #strologers said that splendor and honors fell to the lot of those who were born under it! "n the *orsemen s astronomy /igel marked one of the great toes of <rwandil& the other toe having been broken off by the god Thor when frost-bitten& and thrown to the northern sky& where it became the little #lcor of the Greater .ear! #lthough lettered below .etelgeu)e& it is usually superior to it in brightness& being estimated in the :arvard %hotometry as exactly e+ual to #rcturus& 2apella& and $ega! "ts spectrum is like that of Sirius& and it is receding from our system about iojU miles a second! The smaller star& at a position angle of BAA & is o4 !i away& but not easily seen owing to the brightness of the principal! "t is strongly suspected that this smaller star itself is closely double! #nother minute companion is EE"! J away!

3F Slightly variable& B& pale yellow! .ellatrix& the Female $arrior& the #ma)on Star& is from the translation& rather freely made in the #lfonsine Tables& of its #rabic title& #l *ajld& the 2on+ueror! 1a)wini had this last& but (lug .eg said #l 'ur)im al *ajid& the /oaring 2on+ueror& or& according to :yde& the 2on+uering ;ion heralding his presence by his roar& as if this star were announcing the immediate rising of the still more brilliant /igel& or of the whole constellation! This 'ur)im occasionally appears in our day as 'ir)am& which is also applied to both of the stars MT in the two 0ogs as heralds of Sirius and %rocyon! #l Sufi had #l /u)am& which :yde said was another of the very many #rabic words for the lion& but .eigel thought it also a reference to the camel& another roarer! Still it is well to remember in this connection 'eier s remark that " etymology has full play with a word which has not traveled beyond astronomical language&" H a statement e+ually applicable to very many other star-names! 2aesius cited #lgan)a from the name for the whole! y marks the left shoulder of <rion& and naturally shared the #rabs 'ankib& and the :indus .ahu& titles of the star a on the right shoulder of <rion and forearm of the Stag! "n #ma)on /iver myth .ellatrix is a 3oung .oy in a 2anoe with an old

T8E Star-*ames and their 'eanings man& the star .etelgeu)e& chasing the %eixie .oi& a dark spot in the sky near <rion! "n astrology it was the natal star of all destined to great civil or military honors& and rendered all women born under its influence lucky and lo+uaciousI or& as old Thomas :ood said&" women born under this constellation shall have mighty tongues!" "ts spectrum is Sirian in character& and indicates that it is receding from our system at the rate of about JU rniles a second! A& 0ouble and slightly variable& B!E and C!?& brilliant white and pale violet! 'intaka& from #l 'intakah& the .elt& is the first star seen in that portion of the rising constellation! .urritt has it 'intika! #strologers considered it of importance as portending good fortune! "t is about BT of arc south of the celestial e+uator& the components JT" apart& at a position angle of oW! The spectrum is Sirian& and the star seems to have very little motion either of approach or recession!

.urnham has discovered still another companion of the 8Tth to 8Eth magnitudes& one of the faintest ever seen near a brilliant star! S& 8!?& bright white! #lwi(m& #nilam& #inilam& and #lnihan are from #l :ithim& or #l 7athm& the String of %earls& or& as /ecorde said& the .ullions set in the middle of <rion s .elt! "t portended fleeting public honors to those born under its influence! The spectrum is Sirian& and the star recedes from us at the rate of about iCyi miles a second! "t is the central one of the .elt& culminating on the BJth of 6anuary! 2 F Triple& B!J& C!J& and @& topa) yellow& light purple& and gray! #lnitak& or #lnitah& for this& the lowest star in the .elt& is from #l /tfc the Girdle! The spectrum is Sirian& and the star recedes from us about nine miles a second! <ne of its components& B"!E distant from the largest& at a position angle of 5SSWi was singularly missed by Sir $illiam :erschel& but discovered by 1unowski in 8?8@& and seems of some nondescript hue about which ob-

The 2onstellations T8J servers do not agree! The elder Struve called it& in one specially manufactured word& olivaccasubrubicunda& "slightly reddish olive!" <rion s studded belt! Scott s ;ay of the ;ast 'instrel These #rabian tides of d& e& and Q& although now applied to them individually& were at first indiscriminately used for the three togetherI but they had other names also&H #l :ijad& the .eltI #l 7aaak& the ;ineI #l #lkat& the Golden Grains& *uts& or SpanglesI and Fakar al 6au)ah& the 7ertebrae in the 6au)ah s back! *iebuhr cited the modern #rabic #l 1)an al :5akk& the #ccurate Scale-beam& so distinguishing them from the curved line of the fainter c& C& i& d& and P& #l 'i)an al .atil& the False Scale-beam! The 2hinese similarly knew them as a $eighing-beam& with the stars of the sword as a weight at one end! They were the 6ugula and 6ugulae of %lautus& 7arro& and others in /oman literatureI the .attens& or .elt& and the 7agina& or Scabbard& of Gerraanicus! The >ona of <vid may have been taken from the >utvrj of #ristotle!

The early :indus called them "fus Trikindft& the Three-jointed #rrow I but the later transferred to it the nakshatra title& 'rigagiras! The Sogdian .aahnawand and the 1horasmian 1hawiya have significations akin to our word " /ectitude&" which this straight line of stars personified! The /abbi "saac "srael said that it was the 'a))Ordth& 'a))aloth& or 'ailfctha that most of his nation applied to the )odiac! /iccioli cited .acillus 6aoobi& which became in popular 9nglish speech 6acob s .od or StaffI H the German 6akob Stab& H from the tradition given by 9usebius that "srael was an astrologer& as& indeed& he doubtless was I and some had it %eter s ?taf9 Similarly& it was the *orse Fiakikallar& or StaffI the Scandinavian Frigge .ok& Frigg s&or Freya s& 0istaff& H in $est Gothland Frigge /akkrni& H and 'aria .ok& 'ary s 0istaffI in Schleswig& %eri-pik! "n ;apland it was altered to 1alevan 'iekka& 1aleva s Sword& or still more changed to :iallar& a Tavern I while the Greenlanders had a very different figure here& H Siktnt& the Seal-hunters& bewildered when lost at sea& and transferred together to the sky! The native #ustralians knew the stars as 3oung 'en dancing a corroboree& the %leiades being the 'aidens playing for them I and the %oignave "ndians of the <rinoco& according to 7on :umboldt& as Fuebot& a word that he said resembled the %hoenician! The (niversity of ;eipsic& in 8?AD& gave to the .elt and the stars in the Sword the new title :apoleon& which a retaliating 9nglishman offset by :elton I but neither of these has been recogni)ed on star-maps or -globes!

T8C Star-*ames and their 'eanings Seamen have called it the Golden 3ard-armI tradesmen& the ;5or 90& the Q88 and 3ard& the 3ard-stick& and the 3ard-wand& as occupying TW between the outer stars& H the 9lwand of Gavin 0ouglasI 2atholics& <ur ;ady s $andI and the husbandmen of France and along the /hine& .ateau& the /ake! "n (pper Germany it has been the Three 'owersI and it is often the 'agi& the Three 1ings& the Three 'arys& or simply the Three Stars& that Tennyson had in his %rimess& H those three stars of the airy Giants )one That glitter burnished by the frosty dark! The celestial e+uator now passes through the .elt& but was 8B below it EAAA years ago! 3j& Triple& T!J& J& and J& occasionally and very appropriately has been designated Saiph& from Saif al 6abbar& the Sword of the Giant I but this title included other adjacent stars in the same line of sight& H the 9nsis of 2icero& H and all supposed to

have been a separate constellation with %liny! #l Sufi called them #l #lkat& which we have seen applied to the .eltI and .urritt& the 9(& because this line of stars " is once and a +uarter the length of the yard!" F E!C& pale white& although not individually named& marks the Fish-mouth of the Great :ebnla& *! G! 2! 8@DC& EB '!& in the sword scabbard of the figure& with the celebrated Trape)ium in its midst! 0e Guincey gave a characteristic description of it in one of his 9ssays in %hilosophy! This nebula& faintly visible to the naked eye& was not even mentioned by Galileo& and is generally thought to have been accidentally discovered bv 2hristian :uygens in 8CJC& and described in his Sy sterna Saturnium half a century after Galileo s adaptation of the principle of the telescope to astronomical useI but 2ysatus of ;ucerne had already known it in 8C8?! ThiV was the first 8 object to which Sir $illiam :erschel directed& on the Eth ot 'arch& 8DDE& the first serviceable telescope of his own construction after two hundred failures I and the first nebula to be successfully photographed& as it was by %rofessor :enry 0raper& at :astings- upon- :udson& on the TAth of September& 8??A! 8 Similarly& too& it was the last object viewed by Sir $illiam through his forty-fi55 reflector& on the 8@th of 6anuary& 8?88& when the great glass was laid aside forever

The 2onstellations T8D "ts spectrum is purely gaseous& and spectroscopic investigations by Sir $illiam and ;ady :uggins seem to show " a unity of composition of the Strape)iumK stars and nebulae which surround them and link them together!" 1eeler finds from spectroscopic observations that it and our system are separating at the rate of ten miles a second! :olden thinks it of fluctuating brightness! The nebula proper covers a space e+ual to the apparent si)e of the moon& but nebulosity extends over a very much larger area& for recent observations by Swift& by $illiam :! %ickering in 8??@ from $ilson s %eak& and by .arnard with the camera on 'ount :amilton in <ctober& 8?@E& reveal nebulous matter& 8E to 8J in diameter& that includes the .elt and much of the body of <rion! .arnard says of it, " 2ompared with this enormous nebula& the old A& or so-called Great *ebula& is but a pigmy!" # million of globes& each e+ual in diameter to that of the earth s orbit& would not e+ual this in extent! <ne of the :arvard photographs of 8??@ showed a certain amount of spiral structure in the Great *ebula! The adjacent nebula& *! G! 2! 8@?B& catalogued separately by 'essier as ET& is shown on a photograph of the TAth of *ovember& 8??C& by /oberts& to be connected with it by threads of nebulosity!

#t least six stars are found in the Trape)ium& the four largest being ot the Jth& Cth& Dth& and ?th magnitudes& easily visible in a B 6U -inch glass with a power of 8EA! They may form a system! :uygens noted the triplicity of tt l when he discovered the nebula I the Eth component was first seen in 8C?EI the Jth was " discovered by /obert :ooke in 8CCE& but forgotten and rediscovered by Strove in 8?BC"I and the Cth was first seen by Sir 6ohn :erschel&on the 8Tth of February& 8?TA! 'ore are claimed by some recent observers& but .urnham disputes their existence! "n T!TC s+uare degrees of the 8 nebula .ond catalogued nearly 8AAA stars!

t& Triple and nebulous& T!J& ?!J& and 88& white& pale blue& and grape red! #l Ti)ini designated this as *a ir al Saif& the .right <ne in the Sword& but it is practically unnamed with us& although far more deserving of the tide Saiph than is the succeeding star k! "n 2hina it was Fa& a 'iddle-man& v and intermediate stars being included under this name I but 9dkins translates the word " %unishment&" and gives another title for it& H Tui& or 6ui& the Sharp 9dge& analogous to the #rabian Saif and perhaps taken from it!

T8? Star-*ames and their 'eanings "t lies just south of A& inclosed in faint nebulosity! The two larger stars are ii"!J apart& with a position angle of 8EB I the 8 ith -magnitude companion is E@" away& at a position angle of 8AT !

located near the right knee& was appropriately described by the #rabic astronomers as /ijl 6au)ah al 3amna & the /ight ;eg of the 6au)ah& but we now know it as Saiph& from #l Saif& the Sword& although it is at some distance from that weapon& and the name really belongs to tf& 8& and stars near by! "n his vast :ead immerst in boundless spheres Three Stars less bright& but yet as great& he bears! .ut further off removed& their Splendor s lost! 2reech s 'anilius! #& 0ouble& T!? and C& pale white and violet! #l 1aisan& the title of y Geminorum& by some error of Firu)abadi was applied to this star as 'eiasa& and is now common for it! #l Sufi called it

#l Tahayi I but #l Ferghani and #l Ti)ini knew it as .is al 6anxah& the :ead of the 6au)ah& which it marks! The original #rabic name& #l :ak ah& a $hite Spot& was from the added faint light of the smaller 8 and B in the background& and has descended to us as :eka and :ika! These three stars were another of the # thOfiyy of the #rabsI and everywhere in early astrology were thought& like all similar groups& to be of unfortunate influence in human affairs! They constituted the 9uphratean lunar station 'as-tab-ba-tur-tur& the ;ittle Twins& a title also found for y and rj Geminorum I and individually were important stars among the .abylonians& rising to them with the sun at the summer solstice& and& with a and y& were known as 1akkab Sar& the 2onstellation of the 1ing! "n other lunar )odiacs they were the Sogdian 'are)Onfc& and the 1horasmian "khma& the TwinsI the %ersian #vep& the 2oronet I and the 2optic 1lusos& $atery! They also were the Td mansii& #l :ak ah I the sieu Tsee& or Troy :e& the .eak& or %outing ;ips& anciently Taok& which /eeves gave as 1eo I and the nakshatra 1rigaGiraa& or 1rigiGiraha& the :ead of the Stag& H Soma& the 'oon& being its presiding divinity& and Y the junction star towards #rdra& and its determinant! #s to this lunar station %rofessor $hitney very reasonably wrote , "t is not a little strange that the framers of the system should have chosen for marking the Td station this faint group& to the neglect of the brilliant and conspicuous pair T and

The 2onstellations T8@ 2 Tauri&the tips of the .ull s horns! There is hardly another case where we have so much reason to find fault with their selection! .ut they were possibly influenced by recollection of the fact that the vernal e+uinox lay here EJAA .!2! "n addition to the customary :indu title& $eber mentioned #ndhaka& .lind& apparently from its dimnessI #ryika& :onorable& or $orthyI and "nvaka& of doubtful meaning& sometimes read "nvala! "n 2hina these stars were S" ma ts ien& the :ead of the Tiger! (lug .eg& as well as *asral 0in& likened the group to the letter of the %ersian alphabet that was similar in form to the Greek #! ;a ;ande wrote of them , +ui ressemblent a un jeu de trois noix& ce +ui a fait appeller cette constellation *ux& ou 6uglans& Stella jugula! :ipparchos did not allude to them& but %tolemy called them C vetpeYoei_]& the *ebulous <ne& for such is their appearance to the casual observer& and has been their designation in all early catalogues& even to Flamsteed s in his in capite <rionis nebulosa!

#lthough called double& k has a second faint companion 8E@" above it& visible by a TU-inch glassI and another& of the 8Bth magnitude& BD" distant! The two largest stars are E"! B apart& at a position angle of EoW!T! # and the two stars phi furnish an easy refutation of the popular error as to the apparent magnitude of the moon s disc& 2olas writing of this in the 2elestial :andbook of 8?@B , "n looking at this triangle nobody would think that the moon could be inserted in it I but as the distance from Y to Mp 8 is BD & and the distance from Al to U B is TT & it is a positive fact I the moon s mean apparent diameter being T8 D"! This illusion& prevalent in all ages& has attracted the attention of many great menI %tolemy& /oger .acon& 1epler& and others having treated of it! The lunar disc& seen by the naked eye of an uninstructed observer& appears& as it is fre+uently expressed& " about the si)e of a dinner-plate&" but should be seen as only e+ual to a peppercorn& or as a circle a half-inch in diameter fifty-seven inches awayI or& to write it astronomically& e+ual to the planet 6upiter viewed at opposition through a telescope magnifying forty diametersI or e+ual to 'ars magnified seventy-four times when at his nearest approach to the earth and distant thirty-four millions of miles! To still better illustrate this& %rofessor 3oung tells us that the planet 7enus& when about midway between greatest elongation and inferior conjunction& has an apparent diameter of EA"& so that& with a magnifying power of only EJ& she looks exactly like the moon four days old& and of precisely the same apparent si)e!

TBA Star-*ames and their 'eanings 7& E!D& and Q& E!C& were the 2hinese Shwuy %oo& a $ater-depot! They mark <rion s right hand& f being the radiant point of the fine meteor stream& the <rionids& of the 8?th of <ctober! 8 & B & 82 8 & DT & "T& 82 & Dt & D2 & and U& all of the Eth to the Jth magnitudes& in a vertical line at the right of the figure& indicate the lion s skin I but #l Ti)ini said that they were the %ersians #l Taj& the 2rown& or Tiara& of their kingsI and the #rabians #l 1umm& the Sleeve of the garment in which they dressed the Giant& the skin being omitted! (lug .eg called them #l 0hawaib& #nything %endent I and the .orgian globe had the same& perhaps originated it I but #l Sufi s title was :anics& a ;atin term for a protecting GauntletI and Grotius gave a lengthy dissertation on the 'antile which some anonymous person applied to them& figured as a cloth thrown over the Giant s arm!

$ith %liny these stars in the lion s skin are supposed to have been a separate constellation known as the Shield& made from the bull s hide of the :yriean legend! They were the 2hinese Tsan 1e& the Three Flags! r& T!C& lies just north of /igel& and was known in 2hina as 3uh Tiffig& the Golden $ell! u! E!D! Thabit is .urritt s name for an unlettered star on his #tlas& the v of :eis! "t lies on the lower edge of the tunic& but " cannot learn the derivation or history of the title& although the #rabic #l Thabit signifies the " 9ndurer!"

6unonis volucrem& +uae cauda sidera portat! <vid s 'etamorphoses!

Mpat5& fLe Mpeacoclt&

lying south of Sagittarius and the Southern 2rown& is one of .ayer s twelve constellations& and the "talian %avone& the French %aon& the German %fau!

The 2onstellations TB8 The title is an appropriate one for enduring stars& as this bird has long been a symbol of immortality& fancifully said to be from the annual renewing of its feathersI but this is common to all birds& and the symbolism probably is from the fact that& its starry tail rendered the peacock sacred to 6uno& the immortal +ueen of the heavens& and thus in classical times& as in the days of chivalry& an object of adjuration! This bird was still further astronomical in originally having been #rgos& the builder of the ship #rgo& who was changed by 6uno to a peacock when his vessel was transferred to the sky& where he has since rejoined her! "n 2hina the constellation was 6oo Tseo& their translation of our word! 6ulius Schiller united it with "ndus in his biblical figure " S! 6ob!" Gould catalogued 8B@ component stars& from the Bd to the Dth magni-

tudes& but none seem to be individually named& as is the case among all the new southern figures!

That poetic steed& $ith beamy mane& whose hoof struck oat from earth The fount of :ippocrene! .ryant s Tkt 2ons((aiicns!

MpeQEC(A&

called thus in Germany& but %Cgase in France and %egaso in "taly& lies north of the (rn of #+uarius and the easternmost Fish& the stars of the Great S+uare inclosing the body of the :orse! 'ythologically he was the son of *eptune and 'edusa& sprung by his father s command from the blood of the latter which dropped into the sea after her head had been severed by %erseusI and he was named either from ntjyai& the Springs of the <cean& the place of his birth& or from "li4ydc& Strong! :e was snowy white in color& and the favorite of the 'uses& for he had caused to flow their fountain %irene on :elicon& H or :ippocrene on the #crocorinthus& H whence came one of the constellation titles& Fontis 'nsanun "nventor! ;ongfellow prettily reproduced in modern dress this portion of the story& in his %egasus in %ound& where "this wondrous winged steed with mane of gold&" straying into a +uiet country village& was put in pound I but& finding his +uarters uncomfortable& made his escape& and B8

TBB Star-*ames and their 'eanings To those stars he soared again! .ut they found upon the greensward $here his struggling hoofs had trod& %ure and bright a fountain flowing From the hoofmarks in the sod! :e seems& however& to have come back to earth again& for he was subse+uently caught by .ellerophon at the waters of his fountain& and ridden by him when he slew the 2himaera& helping in the latter s destruction! .y this time classical legend had given him wings& and .ellerophon sought by their aid to ascend to heaven I but 6upiter& incensed by his boldness& caused an insect to sting the steed& which threw his rider& and& as $ordsworth

wrote , .old .ellerophon Mso 6ove decreed "n wrathN fell headlong from the fields of air! %egasus then rose alone to his permanent place among the stars& becoming the Thundering :orse of 6ove that carried the divine lightning! %tolemy mentioned the wings as well recogni)ed in his day I and this has X continued till ours& for the sky figure is now known as the $inged :one& H a recurrence to 9truscan& 9uphratean& and :ittite ideas& for the wings are clearly represented on a horse s figure on tablets& vases& etc& of those countries& where this constellation may have been known in preclassical times! "ndeed& it is said to have been placed in the heavens by the early #ryans to represent #sva& the Sun! 9arly classical mythology did not associate the :orse with %erseus& although artists and authors do not seem to have remembered this& for the celebrated picture by /ubens in the .erlin Gallery shows the winged %egasus held by a 2upid& while %erseus in full armor is unbinding #ndromeda from the rocks& 2etus raging in the waters close byI and the late ;ord ;eighton left unfinished his %erseus on %egasus at the cliffs of 6oppa& with the Gorgoneion in his hand I while in Troilus and 2ressida Shakespeare mentioned " %erseus horse!" The Greeks called the constellation simply "Uttoc& although #ratos added iep_Jc& " divine&" and 9ratosthenes alluded to it as "lf4yoaoc& but distinctly asserted that it was without wings& and until after middle classical times it generally was so drawn& although loose plumes at the shoulders occasionally were added! The figure was considered incomplete& a possible reason for this being given under #ries! Thus it was characteri)ed as TjutreY fa and U4itro4ioc& "cut in two&" or as if partly hidden in the clouds, while *onnus had 1fi1pavU #lGvg lixUo+ ] the :alf-visible ;ibyan :orse!

The 2onstellations TBT Thus the 9+ui Sectio used by Tycho and others for 9+uuleus would seem e+ually appropriate for this! 9uripides is said to have called it 1elanippe& after a daughter of 2hiron& also known as 9uippe& changed by the goddess #rtemis into a .lack 'are and placed in the skyI but .ayer +uoted from some later writer 'enalippe! The Geiava& or Theano& of *onnus does not seem intelligible! Translated from Greece by the /omans& it was 9+uus& and later on 9+uus #les& +ualified at times by the adjectives alter y major& Gorgoneus& and 'edusaeusI but "sidorus and ;ampridius degraded it to Sagmarius 2aballus& a %ack-horseI ;a ;ande cited 9phippiatus& 2aparisoned I and elsewhere

it was 2ornipes& :orn-footedI Sonipes& *oisy- footedI and Sonipes #les! Germanicus was apparently the first of ;atin authors to style it %egasus! "n the #lfonsine Tables it was #latus& $inged& Secundus sometimes being added to distinguish it from 9+uuleus& which preceded it on the sphere I :at #lmagest of 8JJ 8 had 9+uus %egasus& which the 8Dth-century astronomers extended to %egasus 9+uus alatus! 2aesius cited %egasides& and .ayer +uoted 9+uus posterior& volans& aereus& and dimidiatus& .ellerophon&and .ellerophontes! 6ewish legends made it the mighty *imrod s :orseI 2aesius& one of those of 6eremiah iv& 8T& that "are swifter than eagles"I other pious people& the #ss on which 2hrist made his triumphal entry into 6erusalemI but 6ulius Schiller exalted it into the #rchangel Gabriel! $eigel drew it as the heraldic ;uneburg :orse! %egasus appears on coins of 2orinth from JAA to ETA b! c& and from TJW tA TT? b! c& and BAA years thereafter& on the dccadrachma& complete and with wings I as well as on coins of ;ampsacus& Scepsis& and 2arthage& H on these last with the asterisk of the sun& or with the winged disc& and the hooded snakes over its back! "t is also shown on a coin of *arbonne as a sectional winged figure& and as a winged horse on a 9uphratean gem& with a bull s head& a crescent moon& and three stars in the field! # coin of %anormus& the modern %alermo& has the :orse s head with what was probably intended for a dorsal plume! .ochart said that the word is a compound of the %hoenician %ag& or %ega&and Sus&the .ridled :orse& used for the figurehead on a ship& which would account for the constellation being shown with only the head and fore +uartersI but others have considered it of 9gyptian origin& from %ag& " to cease&" and Sus& " a vessel&" thus symboli)ing the cessation of navigation at the change of the *ile flow! From this& %egasus seems to have been regarded& in those countries at least& as the sky emblem of a ship! "n the

TBE Star-*ames and their 'eanings old work the 0estruction of Troye& we read of " a ship built by %erseus& and named %egasus& which was likened to a flying horse!" .rugsch mentions as in its location an 9gyptian constellation& the ServantI and some of its stars would seem to be shown on the 0enderah planisphere as a 6aokal! The #rabs knew the familiar +uadrangle as #l 0alw& the $ater-bucket& the #mphora of some ;atin imitator& which generally was used for the (rn in #+uarius I and the #rabian astronomers followed %tolemy in #l Farai al ThOniy the Second :orse& which .ayer turned into #lpheras I 2hilmead& into #lffcras #lathem I and ;a ;ande& into #lpharta! #rgelander catalogued 8A? stars here& down to the Cth magnitudeI and

:eis& 8D?& to the CU! The starless region toward %isces was #l .iruni s #l .aldah& the Fox s 1ennel& a term for whose stellar connection " find no explanation! .efore leaving this constellation& it is worth while to note that an asterism& now virtually lost to us and seldom mentioned except in the lists of #l Sufi& #l #masch& and 1a)wini& is described by the last-named under the title #l Faras al Tamm& the 2omplete :orse! #lthough somewhat indefinitely marked out& it is said to have occupied the space between the eastern wing of the Swan& the chest of %egasus& 9+uuleus& and the tail of ;acerta& drawing for its components from the last three I but .eigel held that it could have existed only with the grammarians& H the Tamm in its title being easily confused& in transcription& with the Than= in the #rabians name for %egasus! "deler s Sternnamen is the sole modern work in which " find any reference to this 2omplete :orse& and even that author& in one passage& seems to regard 'onoceros as the modern representative of this somewhat mythical constellationI but this is impossible if 1a)wini s description be accepted! "ndeed& "deler himself& later on in his book& changed his opinion to agree with that of .eigel! 2t& B!J& white! 'arkab H Flamsteed s 'archab H is the #rabs word for a Saddle& Ship& or 7ehicle& H anything ridden upon& H that was early applied to this starI but they also designated it as 'atn al Faras& the :orse s $ithers or Shoulder& and .ayer cited Ted #lpheras& the :orse s :and& or& more properly& Forearm& H the #rabian Tad! 1a)wini knew it and as #l f #rkiwah& the 2ross-bar of the well in which #l 0alw& the .ucket& was used! "n "ndia it was noted as the junction star of the .hadra-pada nakshatros& detailed under jT!

The 2onstellations TBJ "n 2hina it was Shih& a title borrowed from the sieu that it marked! .rown thinks that& with y and f& it was the 9uphratean asterism "dkbax-ra& the :yaena& H perhaps (r-bar-ra! #mong astrologers it portended danger to life from cuts& or stabs& and fire! "t culminates on the Td of *ovember& and when on the meridian forms& with y& the southern side of the Great S+uare& and d forming the northern& and all 8J to 8? apart! 'arkab s spectrum is Sirian& and it is receding from us at the rate of three +uarters of a mile a second! "t is one of the so-called lunar stars& much observed in navigation!

p& "rregularly variable& B!B to B!D& deep yellow! This is the .cheat of Tycho& the %alermo 2atalogue& and modern lists generally& either from #l Said& the (pper %art of the #rm& or& as :yde suggested& from the early Sad& appearing in the subse+uent three pairs of stars! .ayer had Seat #lpheras I 2hilmead& Seat #lfaras I /iccioli& .cheat #lphera) I and Schickard& Saidol-phara); #rabian astronomers knew it as 'anlrib al Faras& the :orse s Shoulder& mentioned by (lug .eg and still occasionally seen as 'enkib! 2hilmead had #lmenkeb! The Great S+uare& of which formed one corner& constituted the double asterism& the BEth and BJth nakshatras& %urva& Former& and (ttara& ;atter& .hadra-pada& .eautiful& #uspicious& or :appy Feet& sometimes also called %roahtha-pada& %roshtha meaning a 2arp or <x I but %rofessor $hitney translated it " Footstool Feet&" and said that the authorities do not agree as to the figures by which they are represented& for by some the one& by others the other& is called a 2ouch or .ed& the alternate one& in either case& being pronounced a .ifaced Figure& or Twins! This 2ouch is a not inapt representation of the group if both asterisms are taken together& the four stars well marking the feet! $eber calls them %ratishthana& a Stand or Support& as $hitney wrote& an evident allusion to the disposition of the four bright stars which compose it& like the four feet of a stand& table& bedstead& or the like I the regents of these nakshatras being #ja 9kapat& the <ne-footed Goat& and #hi .udhya& the .ottom Snake& " two mythical figures& of obscure significance& from the 7edic %antheon!" The BEth man)il& formed by a and A& was #l Fargh al 1uUdim& the Fore Spout& 8! e! of the water-bucket& H #l

TBC Star-*ames and their 'eanings .irGni s #l Fargh al #wwal& the First& or the (pper& SpoutI and the BEth situ was these same stars known as Ting She& or Shih& a :ouse& anciently Sal and Shat I but it also comprised parts of #+uarius and 2apricornus! They also were the %ersian 7aht& the Sogdian and 1horasmian 9anhftt .ath& and the 2optic #rtulos& all signifying something pertaining to $ater I while in astrology indicated danger to mankind from that element! $ithin the area of this S+uare #rgelander counted only about TA naked-eye stars& but in the clearer sky of #thens Schmidt saw 8AB! "t was in the BEth situ that the 2hinese record a conjunction of the planets 'ercury& 'ars& 6upiter& and Saturn& on the B?th of February& BEE@ b! c& according to .ailly s computations I but we sometimes see this statement made as to five planets& 7enus being added& and as having taken

place on the B@th of February& that year being bissextile! Smyth indefinitely mentions this conjunction as at some point between a #rietis and the %leiadesI Flammarion states that it was in 2apricornI and Steele alludes to it as of BBEC b! c& and between the tenth and eighteenth degrees of %isces! #t that date the signs and constellations were about coincident! The variability of 4T was discovered by Schmidt in 8?ED& and #rgelander found a period of forty-one daysI but Schoenfeld thinks that irregular oscillations& in a period of thirty to fifty days& are more probable! The spectrum of Scheat is of the third type of Secchi s classification& which includes the red and orange stars and most of the variables, "a <nonis& o :erculis& #ntares& and 2eti M'iraN are good examples!" The star is receding from us about four miles a second!

3& T& white& erroneously placed by Tycho in %isces& marks the extreme tip of the :orse s wing& so that its name #lgenib has been considered as derived from #l 6anafe& the $ing& but it probably is from #l 6anb& the Side! "t has sometimes been written #lgemo! #l .iruni +uoted it& with C Ma #ndromedaeN& as #l Fargh al Thani& the Second& or ;ower& Spout& 8! t! of the .ucket! This also is the title of the BJth man)il& but appears in %rofessor $hitney s list as #l Fargh al 1u 1ir& the /ear Spout& and in Smyth s as #l FargT; 2hrysococca called it nfjyaoog from the constellation! /eeves said that it is the 2hinese %eih& a $all or %artition& thus taking the title of the BJth situ& which it marked and& with C& constituted! "t lies at the junction of the nakshatras .hadrapada and /evatiI and& with d& was included in the corresponding lunar station of several other nations!

The 2onstellations TBD $ith the same star and 2assiopeiae it makes up the Three Guides& all these being almost exactly on the prime meridian& the vernal e+uinox lying in a starless region of %isces about 8J south of y %egasi! Two uth-magnitude stars are close by! A& B!B& white! This& as already noted& is the same as #lpherat) Ma #ndromedaeN& and recogni)ed by astronomers of every age as in either constellation I or& as #ratos wrote& Qvvoc aorfip& " a common star!" "t seems to be unnamed as a member of %egasus! #l #chsasi included it with y in the Fargh al 'u fiir!

S& Triple& B!J& 8 8!J& and ?!?& yellow& & and blue! 9nif& 9nf& and 9nir& all titles for this& are from #l #nf& the *ose& by which the #rabians designated it! Scaliger had 9nf #lpheras& and Schickard #niphol %haran; "t was also Fnm al Farai& the :orse s 'outh I and #l 6afrfalah& the ;ip& this last being found on one of their globes! .ayer +uoted from " the interpreters of the #lmagest" 2hromium and 'uscida& respectively 6aw and 'u))le& so describing its position I but these have become proper names for f 0raconis and tx (rsae 'ajoris! Flamsteed knew it as <i %egaii! $ith A& and the star a #+uarii& it was the BTd sieu& Goei& or $ei& Steep or 0anger& anciently Gui 9nif s spectrum is Solar& and it is receding from us about five miles a second! Gould thinks it probably variable!

2& T-DV (g ht yellow! :omam seems to have been first given to this in the "hlermo 2atalogue& from Sad 8 al :umOm& the ;ucky Star of the :ero& in which (lug .eg included f I other lists have :oman! .ut :yde said that the original was #l :ammam& the $hisperer! #l Ti)ini mentioned it as Sad al 8 This #rabic Sa d is our " Good ;uck " and a component word of many titles in the 0esert sky& all of which seem to have been applied to stars rising in the morning twilight at the commencement of the pleasant season of spring! #l Sa dain& the dual form& was the title for 6upiter and 7enus& the Two Fortunate %lanets I #l :fthiftn& the (nlucky& referring to 'ars and Saturn!

TB? Star-*ames and their 'eanings :a ainah& the ;ucky Star of the <striches I and #l #chsasi& as :a ir Sad al .ahaim& the .right Fortunate <ne of the Two .easts& which #l Sufi had said were and v! Thus f was one of the general group #l Su' al tfujum& the Fortunate Stars! The 2hinese called it ;uy Tien& Thunder! D to the north of f is the point assigned by 0enning as the radiant of the first stream of%egauda& the meteors visible about the B?th of 6uneI although 9spin locates it near d 2ygni!

FN& 0ouble& T!B& on the left forearm& is the 'atar of $hitall s %lanisphere& from #l Sad al 'atar& the Fortunate /ainI as such& however& was included with it! C& T!?& and v& E!?& were #l Sufi s Sad al .ahaim& the Good ;uck of the Two .eastsI #l #chsasi adding to the group the still brighter Q alone is .aham in some modern listsI but (lug .eg had .iham& the 3oung of domestic animals! "t appears on the 0resden globe as #l :awa im& the Thirsty 2amels! ]& Triple and binary& E!?& J!T& and 8A!?& yellowish and orange& marking the right forearm& is unnamed except in 2hina& where it is 6ih& the Sun& a title also for P and Y ;ibrae! The two largest stars were divided by .urnham in 8??A and found to be o 4D !B apart& this decreasing to o"!i in 8?@8! Their orbital period of revolution is `iyi years& and& with that of C 9+uulei& the most rapid known to astronomers until See discovered the binary character of ;"! @A@8 in <rion! The first and third stars are 8 8" apart& at a position angle of TA?AJ! ` E!8& and n& T!E& were Sad al .bf& the Good ;uck of the 9xcelling <neI but 1a)wim designated it as Sad al :a)T& the Good ;uck of the 2amel Striving to Get to %asture!

The 2onstellations TB@ v was Fum al %aras and #l 6afrfalah& but both titles are more correctly applied to e! -n was the 2hinese $oo& a %estle!

with v& was #l Sufi s Sad al :a amah& which 1nobel thinks should be #l :a aim& the 2ross-bars over a wellI but they also were known as #l 1arab& the .ucket-rope! The usual titles for r H 'arkab and Sagma or Salma H are from .ayer& but the last two should be Salm& a ;eathern .ucket! ` :&DK o& and v t& forming a group of three pairs& were a noted asterism in 2hina& under the title ;i 1ung! This long list of names for rather inconspicuous stars shows unusual early interest in the constellation!

There was the knight of fair-hair d 0anae born& %erseus! 9lton s translation of the Shield of :ercules! %erseus& even amid the stars& must take #ndromeda in chains aetherial = 'rs! .rowning s %araphrases on *ohhhs!

MptrtmO& Ze 2fyxmpion&

the French %ersCe& the "talian %erseo& and the German %erseus& formerly was catalogued as %erseus et 2aput 'edusae! :e is shown in early illustrations 5 as a nude youth wearing the 4a4aria& or winged sandals& with a light scarf thrown around his body& holding in his left hand the Gorgoneion& or head of 'edusa-Guberna& the mortal one of the Gorgons& and in his right the OpnDj t or4a4x& which he had received from 'ercury! 0iirer drew him thus& but added a flowing robe& a figuring that .ayer& #rgelander& and :eis have followed& as they have& in the main& all of that great artist s constellation figures! # title popular at one time& and still seen& was the /esener& for& according to the story& %erseus& when under obligations to furnish a Gorgon s head to %olydectes& found the Sisters asleep at the <cean I and& using the shield of 8 Tintoretto s celebrated painting of the hero s exploit now hangs in the :ermitage Gallery of Saint %etersburg!

TTA Star-*ames and their 'eanings 'inerva as a mirror& that he might not be petrified by 'edusa s glance& cut off her head& which he then utili)ed in the rescue of #ndromeda! Some one has written about this , "n the mirror of his polished shield /eflected& saw 'edusa slumbers take& #nd not one serpent by good chance awake I Then backward an unerring blow he sped& #nd from her body lopped at once her head!

#ratos characteri)ed the stellar hero as " stirring up a dust in heaven&" either from the fact that his feet are in the celestial road& the 'ilky $ay& or from the haste with which he is going to the rescue of #ndromeda I and 'anilius& describing his place in the sky& wrote , :er %erseus joyns& her Foot his Shoulder bears %roud of the weight& and mixes with her Stars! :is story probably was well known in Greece anterior to the Jth century b! c& for 9uripides and Sophocles each wrote a drama based on #ndromeda s history I and with them& as with the subse+uent Greeks& he was (eporis& a word that may be derived from the :ebrew %arash& a :orseman& although 2tesias& in his Tl)poind of about EAA .! c& had %anondOs as a stellar name from .abylonia that may be this! %araOiea& current in late "ndian astronomy& is only another form of the Greek original! "nno-iys& the :orseman& and %rofogus& the Flying <ne& also are titles for these stars! 2lassical poets called it %innipes& referring to the 'aria4 2ylleniui& the :ero having been aided by 'ercuryI #bantiadet and #crisioniades& from his grandfather and father I "naohides& from a still earlier ancestor& the first king of #rgosI and 0eferens caput #lgol& 7iotor Gorgonei monstri& Gotgonifer& Gorgonisue& and 0eferens cathenam& from the association of %erseus with 'edusa and the chain of #ndromeda! #love probably came& by some error in transcription& from #l Ghul& more correctly applied to the star I while .ershawish& Fersaus& and Siaush are plainly the #rabians orthography of the Greek title& the letter % not being found in their alphabet! They& however& commonly called it :indi 'i al Ghul& the .earer of the 0emon s :ead& which became #lminugual in 'oorish Spain& and was translated from (lug .eg as %ortans caput larvae& the same being still seen in the German Trager des 1edusen 1opQ The 2eleub& 2heleub& and 2helub of the 8J8J #lmagest ` #l4onsine Tabks& and .ayer s (ranometria probably are from the #rabic 1ullab& the :ero s weapon& although Grotius and others have referred them to 1alb& a 0og& which would render intelligible the occasional title 2anifl!

The 2onstellations TT8 ;a ;ande identified the figure with the 9gyptian 1hem& and with 'ithras of %ersia& :erodotus having asserted that %erseus& through his and #ndromeda s son %erses& gave name to that country and her people& who previously were the 2hephenes& as descended from 2hepheus& the son of .elus& identified by some with the 2epheus of the sky! The kings of 2appadocia and of %ontus& similarly descended& represented the :ero on their coins! 2acodaemon was the astrologers 8 name for this constellation& with special reference to #lgol as marking the demon s head I while Schickard& *ovid-

ius& and the biblical school generally said that it was 0avid with the head of Goliath I but others of the same kind made of it the #postle %aul with his Sword and .ook! 'rs! 6ameson thought that the legend of %erseus and 2etus was the foundation of that of Saint George and the 0ragon& one version making this saint to have been born at ;ydda& only nine miles from 6oppa& the scene of %erseus exploit! The constellation is B? in length& H one of the most extended in the heavens& H stretching from the upraised hand of 2assiopeia nearly to the %leiades& and well justifying the epithet TrepiU1croc& " very tall&" applied to it by #ratos! "t offers a field of especial interest to possessors of small telescopes& while even an opera-glass reveals much that is worthy of observation! #rgelander gives a list of ?8 naked-eye stars& and :eis 8TC! The former has suggested that within its boundaries may lie the possible central point of the universe& which 'adler located in the %leiades and 'axwell :all in %isces& H all probably unwarranted conclusions! _6& L & _r& a& y& rj& and others on the figure s right side& form a slight curve& open towards the northeast& that has been called the Segment of %erseus! Gt& B!8& brilliant lilac and ashy! #lgenib& with the early variations of #lgeneb& 9lgenab& Gonib& 2henib& and #lehemb& is from #l 6anb& the Side& its present position on the maps I 2hrysococca similarly called it (Yevpd (epadovg! #nother name& 'arfak or 'irfak& the 9lbow& sometimes written 'ir)ao& comes from the #rabians 1arfik al Thurayya& thus +ualified as being next to the %leiades to distinguish it from the other elbow! .ut this may indicate a different representation of %erseus in their day& H a suspicion stengthened by the nomenclature of others of his stars& especially of f and A! #ssemani alluded to a title on the .orgian globe& H 'ughammid& or 'ufiammir& al Thurayya& the 2oncealer of the %leiades& H which& from its location& may be for this star! $ith y& d& and others it was the 2hinese Tien 3uen& the :eavenly 9nclosure!

TTB Star-*ames and their 'eanings #lgenib never sets in the latitude of *ew 3ork 2ity& but just touches the hori)on at its lower culmination! "ts spectrum is of Secchi s second& or Solar& type& and the %otsdam observations indicate that the star is approaching our system at the rate of CjQ miles a second! the Gorgon s head& a ghastly sight& 0eformed and dreadful& and a sign of woe!

.ryant s translation of the "liad! MT& Spectroscopic binary and variable& B!T to T!J& white! #lgol& the 0emon& the 0emon Star& and the .linking 0emon& from the #rabians .it s al Ghul& the 0emon s :ead& is said to have been thus called from its rapid and wonderful variations I but " find no evidence of this& and that people probably took the title from %tolemy! #l Ghul literally signifies a 'ischief-maker& and the name still appears in the Ghoul of the #rabian *ights and of our day! "t degenerated into the #love often used some centuries ago for this star! %tolemy catalogued it as tgjv tv yopyov4w C #a4irrpdc& " the bright one of those in the Gorgon s head&" which #l Ti)ini followed in his :air& for& with Dr& p& and w& it made up that well-known group& itself being the Gotgonea prima I the Topyoviov of 2hrysococca& Gorgoneum 2aput of 7itruvius& 2aput Gorgonis of :yginus& and the Gorgonii <ra of 'anilius! $ith astronomical writers of three centuries ago #lgol was 2aput "w vae& the Spectre s :ead! :ipparchos and %liny made a separate constellation of the Gorgon stars as the :ead of 'edusa& this descending almost to our own day& although always connected with %erseus! The :ebrews knew #lgol as .osh ha Sfttan& Satan s :ead& 2hilmead s .osch hassatan& the 0ivela head I but also as ;ilith& #dam s legendary first wife& 8 the nocturnal vampyre from the lower world that reappeared in the demonology of the 'iddle #ges as the witch ;ilis& one of the characters in Goethe s $alpurgis *acht! The 2hinese gave it the gruesome title Tseih She& the %iled-up 2orpses! 8 $e are indebted to the Talmudists for this story& which probably originated in .abyloniaI and they added that& after #dam had separated from ;ffith and their demon children& 9ve was created for him! <ur #uthori)ed 7ersion renders the originalword!in4ftuo#xxxiv& 8E& by55scn5cb owl"I the /evised 7ersion& by "night-monster"I 2heyne adopts the :ebrew ;(ith in the %ofychrome .ibleI and ;uther s .ible had 1obold& but this corresponded to the Scottish .rown5 and the 9nglish "/obin Goodfellow4 H Shakespeare s "%uck!" Saint 6eromes 7vlg5 translated it " ;amia&" the Greek and /oman title for the fabled woman& beautiful above& bat a serpent below& that 1eats reproduced in his "jtmia!

The 2onstellations TTT #strologers of course said that it was the most unfortunate& violent& and dangerous star in the heavens& and it certainly has been one of the best observed& as the most noteworthy variable in the northern sky! "t " continues sensibly constant at B!T magnitude during B y B days& then decreases& at first gradually& and afterward with increasing rapidity& to T!J magnitude"I its light oscillations occupying about nine hoursI its total period being stated as

B days BA hours E? minutes JJ seconds! #l Sufi& a good observer for his day& yet strangely making no allusion to its variability& called it a Bdmagnitude I and the phenomenon was first scientifically noted by 'ontanari during several years preceding 8CDB! This was confirmed by 'araldi s observations of 8C@E& and& later& by those of the Saxon farmer %alitsch& 8 but its approximate period seems to have been first announced by Goodricke in 8D?B& who even then advanced the theory of a dark companion revolving around it with immense velocity& which periodically cut off its light! This& reaffirmed by %ickering in 8??A& was made certain by the spectroscope in the hands of 7ogel of %otsdam in 8??@! 2handler thinks that there must exist another invisible body larger than either #lgol or its companion& around which both revolve in a period of 8TA yearsI but Tisserand has shown that the phenomenon on which 2handler bases this opinion can be explained in a different and simpler way! "ts name is used for the type indicating short-period variables whose changes may be explained by this theory of " eclipses!" <f these seventeen are now known! #lthough classed among the white stars with a Sirian spectrum& #l Sufi wrote of it as red& which Schmidt confirmed as seen by him at #thens for a short time in 8?E 8! "t seems to be approaching us at the rate of about a mile a second I and is estimated as a little more than a million miles in diameter! $hen on the meridian #lgol is almost exactly in the )enith of *ew 3ork 2ity! This is at nine o clock in the evening of the BTd of 0ecember!

Q& 0ouble& T!J and @& greenish white and lilac! "n 2hina this& with the Eth-magnitude v and some others& was 1euen She! "t has been suspected of variation in color as well as in light! The components are about @" apart& at a position angle of ioW& and form an interesting object for a four-inch telescope! 8 %alitsch also was famous for his discovery of :alley s comet on 2hristmas night& 8DJ?!

TTE Star-*ames and their 'eanings yK& 0ouble& J and ?!J& orange and smalt blue& is unnamed except in 2hina& where& with y& it was Tien! 2huen& :eaven s Ship! .ut it is noticeable in having three small stars on one side nearly in line& and one on the other& forming a miniature representation of 6upiter and his satellites! The components are B?" apart& at a position angle of TAA ! Y and p& Eth- to Jth-magnitude stars& were Tseih Shwuy& %iled-up $aters!

6& a `] -magnitude& is the 'enkib of .urritt& from 'ankib al Thurayya& the Shoulder of H 5 ! e! next to H the %leiades in the #rabian figure& although on modern charts it marks the left ankle! o& a double star of Eth and @th magnitudes& is #ti and #tik& from the word #l #tik found on the .orgian globe& at the space between the shoulders& and applied to it by (lug .egI but it is now located near the left foot Dr& a Ly B -magnitude& was Gorgonea secandaI and p& a variable from TE to E!B& orange in color& was Gorgonea tertia! t& a EjQ -magnitude& with others in the constellation& was known by the 2hinese as Ta ;ing& the Great 'ound! marking the tip of the weapon in %erseus hand& bears many titles with .ayer& all referring to its locationI but none of these H indeed& no name at all H is seen in modern lists! .ayer wrote of them , "n fake adamanthina trium praecedcns! Falx dicitur O curvus :arpes& Gladios falcatus& O incurvus& #rab! *embus& 'aroni 9nsis falcatus& O curvus Saturni dens! The " #rab" would seem erroneous& for *embns is neither #rabic nor ;atin& and if intended for *imbus& is e+ually wrong& as there is no suspicion of nebulosity about the star! 2urvus Saturni dens was 7ergil s designation in the Georgics for a " pruning-hook&" and the e+uivalent of Falx and a #p-xiK& so well known in connection with %erseus! Y& a multiple star& and the little h mark two clusters noticeable with the naked eye& *os! ??E and ?C@ of the *ew General 2atalogue& TA and 8J in diameter& almost connected& and apparently a protuberant part of the 'ilky $ay! They were the #rabians 'i Mam al Thurayya& the $rist of H 8! e! next to H the %leiades! :ipparchos seems to have been the first to record them& which he did as ve_tVeYo9iCrfg f a " cloudy spot "I %tolemy& as ovorpoUfj& a " dense mass"I and subse+uent astronomers down to Galileo s day similarly considered them nebulous! The #lfonsine Tables said& revolutic nebulosa& and the #lmagest of iSLi&girus ille in eapulo ensis & this girus H correcdy gyrus H signifying a circle! They seem strangely to have escaped the notice of astrologers&

The 2onstellations TTJ who& as a rule& devoted much attention to clusters as harmful objects which portended accidents to sight and blindness! "n 2hina they were Foo Shay! These stars and clusters are now known as the Sword :and of %ersons& R gV EVj and v marking the outstretched sword! "n small telescopes the twin clusters form one of the most beautiful objects within their reach!

.etween ] an U 7 ues tne diverging point of the %erseids& the prominent meteor stream visible from the 8@th of 6uly to the 8D th of #ugust& its maximum occurring about the 8Ath of the latter month and continuing several days! These appear in the early part of the night& at an elevation of from fifty-six to seventy miles& moving with moderate speed and leaving streaks of yellow light I the radiant advancing nearly TA eastward during their period of visibility! Schiaparelli found their orbit coincident with that of Turtle s comet& """ of 8?CB! The %erseids were recorded as far back as ?8 8& seven appearances being mentioned down to ?E8& and they are supposed to have been members of the solar system for thousands of years& although now& perhaps& steadily decreasing in number! 0ante may have made reference to them in the %urgatorio , 7apors enkindled saw " ne er so swiftly #t early nightfall cleave the air serene& *or& at the set of sun& the clouds of #ugust I and in the later 'iddle #ges they were known as the ;armes de Saint ;ament& Saint ;aurence s l Tears& his martyrdom upon the red-hot gridiron having taken place on the 8Ath of #ugust& BJ?! o& of the Jth magnitude& was <orgonea +narta!

Mpfloenur&

the French %hftnix& the Gennan %honix& and the "talian Fenioe& is one of .ayer s new Cgures& between 9ridanus and Grus& south of Fornax and Sculptor& H its a& k& fi& A& v& and y in a line curving toward the south like that of a primitive .oat& by which figure& as #l >auxak& the #rabs knew them! #l Sufi cited another name&H #l /ial& the 3oung <striches& H which :yde wrongly read #l >ibal& perhaps a synonymous titleI and 1a)wini used #l Sufi s term in describing some stars of #l *ahr& the /iver& in which our %hoenix was then included by #rabian astronomers! 8 "t is in the church of this Saint ;aurence at (pton that the remains of Sir $illiam :erschel lie buried& and over them is the fitting inscription , 2oelorumperrup( claustra!

TTC Star-*ames and their 'eanings <thers changed the figure to that of a Griffin& or 9agle& so that the introduction of a %hoenix into modern astronomy was& in a measure& by adoption rather than by invention! .ut& whether .ayer knew it or not& his title is an appropriate one& for

with various early nations H at all events& in 2hina& 9gypt& "ndia& and %ersia H this bird has been " an astronomical symbol of cyclic period&" some versions of the well-known fable making its life coincident with the Great 3ear of the ancients beginning at noon of the day when the sun entered among the stars of #riesI and& in 9gypt& with the Sothic %eriod when the sun and Sirius rose together on the BAth of 6uly! Thompson further writes of this , # new %hoenix-period is said to have commenced a! d! 8T@& in the reign of #n toning %ius I and a recrudescence of astronomical symbolism associated therewith is manifested on the coins of that 9mperor! 2oincidently& %tolemy adopted as the epoch of his catalogue the year 8T?& the first of #ntoninus! $ith the 9gyptians& who knew this bird as .ennu and showed it on their coins& it was an emblem of immortalityI indeed it generally has been such in pagan as well as in 2hristian times! "n 2hina the constellation was :o *eaou& the Fire .ird& showing its derivation there from the 6esuits! 6ulius Schiller combined it with Grus in his #aron the :igh %riest Gould catalogues 8T@ naked-eye stars here& from B!E to D! a& of B!B magnitude& was #l Ti)ini s *a ir al >anrak& the .right <ne in the .oat& rendered in :yde s translation lucida 2ymbat! "t culminates just above the hori)on of *ew 3ork 2ity on the 8Dth of *ovember& and is +uite conspicuous from its solitary position southeast from Fomalhaut # iEth-magnitude companion& purple in tint& has recently been discovered by See& @" away& with a position angle of B?A !

#nd here fantastic fishes duskly float& (sing the calm for waters& while their fires Throb out +uick rhythms along the shallow air! 'rs! .rowning s # 0rama& of 9xi(! are the German Fiache& the "talian %esci& the French %oisaons& the #nglo*orman %eiaun& and the #nglo-Saxon Fixaa! The #lfonsine Tables of

The 2onstellations TTD 8 JB 8 had %esoes& and the #lmagest of 8J 8J 9chiguen& .ayer s "chiguen& a word that has defied commentators unless 2aesius has explained it as being a corruption of "ehthues! The figures are widely separated in the sky& the northeastern one lying

just south of 4T #ndromedae& headed towards it& and the southwestern one east from and headed towards #+uarius and %egasus& the lucida marking the knot of the connecting bands! .oth are north of the ecliptic& the first culminating on the B?th of *ovember& and the second about three weeks earlier! "n early days they were shown close together& one above the other& but in reversed directions& although united as now! .y reason of precession this constellation is now the first of the )odiac& but entirely within its boundaries lies the sign #riesI the vernal e+uinox being located in a comparatively starless region south of gV in the tail of the southwestern Fish& and about B west of "a line from a #ndromedae through y %egasi continued as far again!" This e+uinoctial point is known as the First of #ries& and the Greenwich of the Sky I and from their containing it& the Fishes are called the ;eaden of the 2elestial :ost The Greeks knew them as lZAve and lx<veg& in the dual and plural I the /omans as we do& often designating them as "mbrifer 0uo %uces& Gemini %isces& and %iscis Gemellus! 2lassic authors said #+uilonius& sometimes #+nilonarisI and very appropriately& for the #+uilo of the /omans& perhaps derived from a+ua& or a+uilus& signified a rain-bringing wind from the north& and well represented the supposed watery character of the constellation& as also its northerly position! #mpelius& however& ascribed #+uilo to Gemini& and 9urus& or 7ulturnus& the Southeast $ind& to %isces! 'iss 2lerke thinks that the dual form of this constellation recalls the additional morith which every six years was inserted into the .abylonian calendar of TCA days I and Sayce& agreeing in this opinion& translates the early title for these stars as the Fishes of :ea or la! "t has also been found on 9uphratean remains as *uni& the Fishes& a supposed e+uivalent of its other title& >ib& of the later Graeco-.abylonian astronomy I although this last word may mean " .oundary " as being at the end of the )odiac! #nother signification is the $ater& which we have already seen with #ratos for this part of the skyI this also is the meaning of the word #tl& the #)tecs name for %isces! "t was the .abylonian *unu& the Syriac :uno& the %ersian 'ahik& and the Turkish .affle& all translated " Fish "I while 1ircher cited& from 2optic 9gypt& Tli1<Tupiuv& %iscis :ori& which .rown translates " %rotection&" but claims for a 2optic lunar asterism formed by and y #rietis! "n earliest 2hinese astronomy& with #+uarius& 2apricornus& and a part of BB

TT? Star-*ames and their 'eanings Sagittarius& it was the northern one of the four +uarters of the )odiac& the 0ark $arrior& or the residence of the 0ark& or *orthern& 9mperorI but later& in their )odiac of twelve figures& it was the %ig& TPeu Two I and& after the 6esuits& Shwang 3u& the Two Fishes!

$ith the #rabians it was #l Samakah& H 2hilmead s #laemcha&H or& in the dual& #l Samakatain I and #l :ilt& the Fish& referring to the southern one& the 7ernal Fish& as marking that e+uinoxI the northern being confounded with #ndromeda s stars and so not associated with the )odiac! From these came Sameh& :aut& 9l :aut& and 9lhautine in .ayer s (ranonutria! 0ante combined the two in his 2eleste ;aaea& the 2elestial /oach or 'ullet& saying that here and in #+uarius geomancers saw their Fortuna 'ajorI and thus described " %esci , +uivering are the Fishes on the hori)on& #nd the $ain wholly over 2aurus lies! This was on a Saturday morning& and the positions of the constellations indicate that the time was just before sunrise in the month of #prilI 2aurus! or 2orns& the *orthwest $ind& symboli)ing that +uarter of the heavens! 7araha 'ihira mentioned the constellation as "ttha& in which the Greek word appears I but before his day it was #nta& 6itu& and 'ina or :ioam in the Tamil dialect! The BCth nakshatra& /evati& #bundant or $ealthy& lay here in the thirtytwo stars from Q northwards& figured as a .rum or Tabor! .ut the man)i; .atn al :ut& the Fish s .elly& or #l /isha & the 2ord& and the corresponding situ& 1oei& or 1wei& Striding ;egs& were formed by sixteen stars in a figure ? from U %iscium to v #ndromedae& and mainly lay in this constellation& although and f in #ndromeda seem to have been their determinant points! #ll of these stations& however& may have been even more extended& for there certainly is " a perplexing disagreement in detail among the three systems!" #l .iruni asserted that " the name of the sign in all languages signifies only one fish&" and it is probable that the original asterism was such& for! according to 9ratosthenes& it symboli)ed the great Syrian goddess 0erke or 0erketo& and so& later& was named 0ea Syria& 0ercis& 0ereetis& 0ercete& %roles 0ercia& and %hacetis! The Greeks called this #TopyancI 8 and from a supposed derivation of this word from #dir and 0ag MGreat and FishN it was drawn with a woman s head upon a huge fish s body! "n this manner it was connected with the Syrian 0agdn and the 6ews 0agafin& their 8 #llusion was made to this #targatis in the apocryphal Bd .ook of 'accabees& xii! BCI and gems now in the .ritish 'useum show the fish-god with a star or other astronomical symbol!

The 2onstellations TT@ title for the Two Fishes& H /iccioli s 0agiotho! #vienus called the constellation .ombyoii :ierapolitani I Grotius correcting the error in orthography to .ambyoii& as 0erke was worshiped at .ambyce& H the 'abog of 'esopotamia& or :ierapolis& H on the borders of Syria! Thus& too& it was

0iiSyri; .ut the Greeks confounded this divinity with another Syrian goddess& #starte& identified with #Gpodirrj M7enusN& who precipitated herself& with her son "9pwc M2upidN& into the 9uphrates when frightened by the attack of the monster Typhon I these becoming two fishes that afterwards were placed in the )odiac! ;atin classical authors& with the same groundwork of the story& made %isces the fishes that carried 7enus and her boy out of danger& so that& as 'anilius said& 7enus ow d her Safety to their Shape! The constellation was thus known as 7enus et 2upido& 7enus Syria cum 2upidine& 7enus cum #done& 0ione& and 7eneris 'aterI and it has been <vpavia and (rania& the Sarmatian #phrodite! #ll this& perhaps& was the foundation of the Syrians idea that fish were divine& so that they abstained from them as an article of food I <vid repeating this in the Fasti& in Gower s rendering , :ence Syrians hate to eat that kind of fishes I *or is it fit to make their gods their dishes! .ut Yenophon limited this restriction to the fish of the river 2halos! # scholiast on #ratos& commented on by Grotius& said that the " 2haldaeans " called the northernmost Fish Yekidovtag 4ZAiIc& shown with the head of a swallow& a representation that Scaliger attributed to the appearance of the bird in the spring& when the sun is in this region of the sky! 0upuis had much to say about this changed figure& calling it l :irondelle& but as of the #rabsI and this idea has led to confusion in the %iscine titles already noticed under #pus! The Greek word& however& was common for a Tunny& so that there is reason enough for its application to either of the %isces in their normal shape! This northern Fish has sometimes been considered as representing the monster sent to devour #ndromeda& and its proximity to the latter would render this more appropriate than the comparatively distant 2etus I in fact& 1t6toc was as often used by the Greeks for the Tunny as it was for the $hale! Some of the 6ews ascribed the joint constellation to the joint tribes of Simeon and ;evi& whose sanguinary character 6acob on his death-bed so vividly portrayedI others& to Gad the 'arauder! %erhaps it was from

TEW Star-*ames and their 'eanings this that %isces was considered of such malignant influence in human affairs& H "a dull& treacherous& and phlegmatic sign"I yet this opinion& doubtless& was anterior to the patriarch s time& for the 9gyptians& the instructors of the :ebrews in astrology& are said to have abstained from eating sea-fish out of dread and abhorrence I and when they would express

anything odious& represented a fish in their hieroglyphics! %liny& too& asserted that the appearance of a comet here indicated great trouble from religious differences besides war and pestilence I but this became the common reputation of comets wherever they showed themselves! "n early astrology the constellation appropriately was under the care of the sea-god *eptune& and so the *eptuni Sidus of 'anilius I and it was the 9xaltation of 7enus& as 2haucer said in the $yf of .athes Ta4e y H "n %isces where 7enus is exaltat& H which Sir Thomas .rowne& the author-physician of the 8Dth century& thus commented upon , $ho will not commend the wit of astrology F 7enus& born out of the sea& bath her exaltation in %isces! Thus it naturally ruled the 9uphrates& Tigris& and the /ed Sea& and %arthiaI but in later days was assigned to& the guardianship of 6upiter& whose :ome it was& reigning over 9gypt& 2alabria& Galicia& *ormandy& %ortugal& Spain& and /atisbon! "t was predominant in influence with mariners& and had charge of the human feet I the designated color being a glistening white& as of fish just out of the water I and it was fruitful& like its namesakes& for& according to 'anilius , %isces fill the Flood! %tolemy distinguished the members of the constellation as Uropfvoc4 the rear or eastern&" and rjyovfisvoU& " the front or western " I the Southern Fish being his vortocI a precaution rendered necessary by the fre+uent confounding of these three by classical writers! # notable instance of this is seen in the %oetkon #stronomicon& where our %isces are made to receive the water from the (rn! "n :umboldt s 2osmos they are %isces boreal5 The constellation is popularly thought to have taken its name from its coincidence with the sun during the rainy season I and the symbol for the sign& Y& to represent the two Fishes joinedI but Sayce thinks it the :ittite determinative affix of plurality! %ostellus asserted that the Fishes represented those with which 2hrist fed " about five thousand men& beside women and children " I and 2aesius& that they were the "YATB of lrjoovg Yp4_rrCc <eov Ttoc "wnjp& a fish

The 2onstellations TE8

always being the symbol of the early 2hristians faith I but when the old twelve figures were turned into those of the apostles& these became Saint 'atthias& successor to the traitor 6udas! The Fishes were changed to a 0olphin in the )odiac sculptured on the wall of 'erton 2ollege& taken from the armorial bearings of Fit) 6ames& bishop of ;ondon& and warden of the college from 8E?B to 8JA?I a dolphin being of as sacred significance among pagans as a fish was among 2hristians! $ithin their boundaries took place die three distinct conjunctions of 6upiter and Saturn in the year DED of /ome& H the year to which for a long time was assigned 2hrist s birthI these phenomena strikingly agreeing in some of their details with Saint 'atthew s account of the Star of .ethlehem! The opinion that these appearances guided the 'agi in their visit to 6udaea was first advanced and advocated by the celebrated 1epler& and worked out in 8?BC by "deler& and in 8?T8 by 9ncke! 8 "t is noticeable that the /abbis held the tradition& recorded by #brabanel in the 8Jth century& that a similar conjunction took place in %isces three years previous to the birth of 'oses& and they anticipated another at their 'essiah s advent! Thus the Fishes were considered the national constellation of the 6ews& as well as a tribal symbol! 6upiter and Saturn were again together here in February& 8 ?? 8& 7enus being added to the group& H a well remembered and most beautiful sight! :ere& too& was the seat of the predicted conjunction of three planets that Stonier said would cause another 0eluge in 8JBE& H an announcement that created universal consternation I but& unfortunately for the prophet s reputation& the season was unusually dry! "t was in %isces& on the Bd of September& 8?AE& that :arding& of ;ilienthal in :anover& discovered the minor planet 6uno! "n his Shephear_Ts 1alendar for *ovember& 9dmund Spenser thus described the constellation s place in the sky , .ut nowe sadde $inter welked hath the day& #nd %hoebus& weary of his yerely taskc& 7stabled hath his steedes in lowly laye& #nd taken up his ynne in Fishes haske! ;a ;ande& +uoting indirectly from Firmicus& mentioned as from the 9gyptian sphere of %etosiris , au nord des %oissons& il place le 2erf& O une autre constellation du ;ievre I 8 'ore recent determinations& by the late /everend 'r! 2harles %ritchard of <xford& have somewhat altered the previous conclusions& while our chronologists& meanwhile& have changed the date of the *ativity& so that the time-honored identification of the Star of the 'agi with these planetary conjunctions now seems to be discarded!

BB5

TEB Star-*ames and their 'eanings but this second :are " cannot trace& although .ayer had 2erva as a title for 2assiopeia " north of the Fishes!" There is a sprinkling of indistinct stars between the Fishes and the $hale that 7itruvius called 9pjuedov54& explained by :esychios as the Stream of Faint Stars& but by some French commentator as (s delices dt 'ercur2y whatever that may be! /iccioli& calling it :ermidone& said that it was effusio #+uarii& the classical designation for the Stream from the (rn I but .aldus& with Scaliger& said that the word was #pnedovrj& the 2ord& although this seems e+ually inapplicable here! These stars may be the proposed new Testudo noted under 2eti! #rgelander gives DJ components visible to the naked eye& and :eis 8B?I but the lucida is only of the Eth magnitude!

Gt& 0ouble and probably binary& E and J!J& pale green and blue! #l /esoha& or #l 1ucha& derived from the #rabians #l /isha & the 2ord& is BA south from the head of #ries& BW!D north of the celestial e+uator& and marks the knot in the united cords of the Fishes I the same tide being applied to jT #ndromedae! This word originally may have come from the .abylonian /iksu& 2ord! :ipparchos and %tolemy designated it as Svvdeonog twv & "ZAvCnV& or rwr #ivuNv& the 1not of the Fishes& or of the Threads& varied by #ratos and Geminos in #ea4)ocI these words being transcribed by Germanicus and the scholiasts as Sundesmos and 0esmos! They were rendered by 2icero and others as *odus& *odus coelestis& and *odus %iscium I by %liny as 2ommissura %iscium I and in the 8J 8J #lmagest as *odus duorum fllorm The #rabians translated these by (kd al :aitain& which& as <kda and 1aitain& are not unusual titles now! The uniting cords& branching from a through o& DD& tj& and p to the tail of the northernmost Fish& and through f& v& 45&4& e t f& e& and C to gV that marks the tail of the one to the south& were %tolemy s kivov& "thread&" the kivoi of other authors! 2icero called them 7incla& the .ondsI and the scholiast on Germanicus& #(igamentum linteum or luteum& divided by :evelius into ;inum boreum and austrinum! Some of these terms also were applied to the star C as marking one of the cords! The #rabians knew these cords as #l :alt al 1attaniyy& the Flaxen ThreadI and #l #sma i& about the year ?AA& mentioned them in his celebrated romance #ntarah as a distinct constellation I but %liny had done

the same long before him!

The 2onstellations TET #l /ischa& although lettered first& is somewhat fainter than y and +! "t culminates on the Dth of 0ecember! The component stars are T" apart& at a position angle of TBE ! A& a EbE -magnitude& is given by #l #chsasi as Fnm al Samakah& the Fish s 'outh& descriptive of its position near that feature in the westernmost of the two! $ith y& A& 8& and u it was the 2hinese %eih ;eih& ;ightning!

PV E-i! has in .ayer s (ranometria many of the titles already noted under a& but they would seem to be words merely indicative of the star s position on the 2ord& although some have used them as proper names! d& a& c& Q& p& v& and f made up the 2hinese figure $ae %ing& a /olled Screen! f& a double Jth- and C!T-magnitude& apparently unnamed& was prominent in :indu astronomy as marking the initial point of the celestial sphere about the year JDB& when it coincided within io of longitude with the vernal e+uinox! "t formed part of the 1horasmian lunar station >idadh& the Sogdian 8 .iwand& and of the BCth nakshatra& 9evati& /ich& being the junction star between /evati and #@vini! $ith e it was the %ersian lunar station 1aht and the 2optic 1uton& 2ord!

TG& 0ouble& E and 88! 9pping asserts that this marked the 8st ecliptic constellation of the .abylonians& 1ullat :unu& the 2ord of the Fish& which& if correct& would show the origin of the Greek title& and the probable great anti+uity of the present figure! #nother signification may be the 0welling of the Fish! "n 2hina& with o& p& and Z& it was 3ew 1ang& the /ight-hand $atch! The components of DD are 8" apart& at a position angle of iBW!@! k and Yj Eth-magnitude stars just above the ventral fin of the western Fish& were the 2hinese 3un 3u& the 2loud and /ain! o& E!C& appeared in the 8J 8J #lmagest as Toroularis ieptentrionalis& a translation of Yrjvog& erroneously written for #4iVoc& this star being on the Thread northeast from a! .ut the ;atin word should read Toroular!

Fl! CJ& a Cth-magnitude double& has been regarded by 'axwell :all as the 2entral Sun of the (niverse! 8 The #rabs considered Sogdiana one of the four fairest lands on earth I its capital& Samarkhand& was the home of the great Tamerlane and of (lug .eg& his grandson!

TEE Star-*ames and their 'eanings

*ext swims the Southern Fish which bears a *ame From the South wind& and spreads a feeble Flame! To him the Flouds in spacious windings turn! 2reech s 'aniliu5! MpY.2Y. MO(Af TEftC& tfc U<(ffcm QlL& is the "talian %eace #urtrale I the French %oisson #nrtraleI and the German Sudliche Fisch! "t lies immediately south of 2apricorn and #+uarius& in that part of the sky early known as the $ater& #ratos describing the figure as " on his back the Fish&" and The Fish reversed still shows his belly s stars I but modern representations give it in a normal attitude! "n either case& however& it is very unnaturally drinking the whole outflow from the (rn! This idea of the Fish drinking the Stream is an ancient one& and may have given rise to the title %iscis a+uosus& found with <vid and in the Eth Georgic& which has commonly been referred to this constellation I 7ergil mentioning it in his directions as to the time for gathering the honey harvest I but the proper application of this adjectival title is uncertain& for %rofessors /idgeway and $ilkins& in their admirable article on #stronomia in 0octor Smith s 0ictionary of Greek and /oman #nti+uities& write , The %iscis in +uestion has been variously supposed to be one of the Fishes in the >odiac H the Southern Fish H :ydra H the 0olphin H or even the Scorpion! Smyth said that "n the early 7enetian editions of :yginus& there is a smaller fish close under it& rtmm fashion& interfering with the Solitarius by which that astronomer& from its insulated position& designated %iscis *otius! #ccordingly the edition of 8E??& with this representation& had it %iioet& and the German manuscript of the 8Jth century showed it with a still larger companion!

The figure is strangely omitted from the Farnese globe& the stream from the (rn of #+uarius ending at the tail of 2etus! "n early legend our australis was the parent of the )odiacal two& and has always been known under this specific title& varied by the other adjectives of e+uivalent signification& austrinus& meridionalis& and notius! ;a ;ande asserted that 0upuis had proved this to be the sky symbol of

The 2onstellations TEJ the god 0agon of the Syrians& the %hagre and <xyrin+ue adored in 9gyptI and it even has been associated with the still greater <annes! "t also was TZAvc and TZAvc voriog I lZAvc peyag and %istil magnufl I tyflvc povdfav and %iscis solitaries I %isci. 2apricomi& from its position I and it is specially mentioned by #vienus as the Greater Fish! ;ongfellow& in the notes to his translation of the 0ivine 2omedy& called it the Golden Fish& probably as being so much more conspicuous than those in the north! $hen the #rabians adopted the Greek constellations and names this became #l :nt al 6annbiyy& the ;arge Southern Fish& distorted in late mediaeval days into :aut elgenubi& and given by 2hilmead as #haut #lgennbiI but their figure was extended further to the south than ours& and so included stars of the modem Grus! Smyth wrote of it , The 'osaicists held the asterism to represent the .arrel of Ym" belonging to Sarephtha s widow I but Schickard pronounces it to be the Fiih taken by St! %eter with a piece of money in its mouth! .ayer said that it partook of the astrological character of the planet Saturn! Gould assigns to it DJ naked-eye components!

a& 8!T& reddish! Fomalhaut& from the #rabic Fum al :ut& the Fish s 'outh& has long been the common name for this star& Smyth saying that %om #lhout #lgenubi appears& with its translation <s %iscis 'eridiani& in a still existing manuscript almanac of 8TEA! #ratos distinctly mentioned it as <ne large and bright by both the %ourer s feet& which is its location in the maps of to-day& although sometimes it has marked the eye of the Fish& and formerly was still differently placed& as is noted at A!

"n addition to putting it in its own constellation& %tolemy inserted it in his TdpoUooc& and Flamsteed followed him in making it his BE of %iscis #ustralis and D@ of #+uarius& calling it #+uae (ltima Fomalhaut! *o other star seems to have had so varied an orthography! The #l4onsine Tables of 8JB 8 locate it in #+uarius as Fomahant and of the 8st magnitude& but they describe it in %iscis Yeridionalis as in ore& omitting its title and calling it a Eth-magnitude! The other editions of these Tables& and 1a)wini& do not mention it at all in this constellation& but

TEC Star-*ames and their 'eanings in #+uariusI nor does .ullialdus in his edition of the /udolphine Tables& although in his reproduction of the %ersian Tables of 2hrysococca he calls it <s %iscis notdi and Fumahand! The #stronomica 0anica of ;ongomontanus includes it in #+uarius as ultima in effusione Fomahant& giving no %iscis at allI Tycho s /udolphine Tables & in 1epler s edition of 8CBD& have the same& and :evelius also puts it there as Fomahandt! .ayer cites it& in %iscis *otius& as Fumahant& Fumahant rectius Fumalhaut I 2hilmead&%hom #hntI 2aesius has Fomahand and FontabantI /iccioli s names for it are Fomauth& %homaut&%homault& %homant& %homaant& %homhant& %hamelhant I ;a 2attle s& %homalhaut I ;a ;ande s are Fnmalhant& Fomahant& and %homahant I and Schickard s& Fomalcnti! 2ostard gives it as FomahontI and Sir $illiam :erschel had it Fomalhout& writing to his sister , ;ina& H ;ast night " " popt " upon a comet ! ! ! between Fomalhout and T 2eti! 'ore correctly than all these& :yde wrote it %ham #l :9t .urritt s #tlas has the present form Fomalhaut& but his %lanisphere& Fomalhani "t generally& but wrongly& is pronounced Fomalo& as though from the French! The :arleian 'anuscript of 2icero s #ratos has the words Stella 2anepus at the Fish s mouth& which is either an erroneous title& or another use of the word for any very bright star& as is noted under a #rgus& H 2anopus! #mong early #rabs Fomalhaut was #l 0ifdf al #wwal& the First Frog , and in its location on the .orgian globe is the word Thalim& the <strich& evidently another individual title! Flammarion says that it was :astorang in %ersia TAAA b! c& when near the winter solstice& and a /oyal Star& one of the four Guardians of :eaven& sentinels watching over other starsI while about JAA b! c! it was the object of sunrise worship in the temple of 0emeter at 9leusis I and still later on& with astrologers& portended eminence& fortune& and power! The 2hinese knew it as %i ;o S)e Ynn! $ith #chernar and 2anopus it made up 0ante s Tre FacelleI and sixty years ago& .oguslawski thought that it might be the 2entral Sun of the

(niverse! "t lies in about TA 8J of south declination& and so is the most southerly of all the prominent stars visible in the latitude of *ew 3ork 2ity& but it is in the )enith of 2hile& the 2ape of Good :ope& and South #ustralia! To the uninstructed observer it seems a full ist-magnitude& perhaps from the absence of near-by stars! "t culminates on the BJth of <ctober! #s one oM the so-called lunar stars it is of importance in navigation& and appears in the 9phemerides of all modern sea-going nations!

The 2onstellations TED See calls its color white& and has discovered a 8E!? bluish companion TA" away& at a position angle of TCW!B! %& 0ouble& E!T and ?! #l Ti)ini knew this& instead of a& as Fum al :ilt& H evidence either of a different figuring of the constellation from that of %tolemy& which we follow& or of its extension towards the northeast by the #rabian astronomers! This may account for the location of Fomalhaut in #+uarius by some early authors! $ith d and F it was the 2hinese Tien 1ang& the :eavenly /ope! #l Ti)ini mentioned the stars& now y& a& and jT of Grus& as the Tail& the .right <ne& and the /ear <ne of the Fish& H additional proof that our lucida of %iscis #ustralis was not his nd ir of #l :ut al 6anubiyy! ti& C& 8& and 45 were Tien Tsien& :eavenly 2ash! .ayer s lettering extended only to M5& and there seems to be no star lettered k in the constellation!

Mpiscis M$ane& ffc LFging LCL& now known by astronomers as 7olans& is the %oisson 7olant of the French and the Fliegende Fiach of the Germans! The /udolphine Tables have it %asser& the Sparrow& and& as such& it is translated Fe 3u by the 2hinese! This is another of the new southern constellations formally introduced by .ayer& comprising forty-six stars south of 2anopus and 'iaplacidus& H a and #rgus! 6ulius Schiller included it with 0orado and the *ubecula 'ajor in his biblical figure of #bel the 6ust The lucida is A& a colored T!@-magnitude& culminating on the 8Bth of 'arch!

fpeOt(xium M.eorgti or _FeorLtanum& sometimes :arpa Georgii& was formed in 8D?8 by the #bbe 'aximilian :ell& and named in honor of 1ing George "" of 9ngland! <n the Stieler %lanisphere it is Georg s :arfe& from .ode s Georgs :arffe!

TE? Star-*ames and their 'eanings "t lies between the fore feet of Taurus and the /iver 9ridanus& its stars all very inconspicuous& unless it be the E U-magnitude o B 9ridani& which was borrowed for its formation! .ut the loan has been returned& for %salterium is not now recogni)ed by astronomers!

Mftaris G(uficE& tLe Mg(nner s 2ompass! %yxis was formed by ;a 2aille from stars in the 'ast of #rgo& and so associated with the Ship& although there& of course& it is an anachronism! .aily reannexed it to #rgo& since four of its members had been placed by %tolemy where ;a 2aille found them& so that for a time it fell into disuseI but Gould inserted it in his (ranotnetria #rgentina of 8?D@& with sixty-six stars from T!? to Dth magnitudes!

Guabrans Mgturafts& tLe Mgturaf Guobranf & between the right foot of :ercules& the left hand of .ootes& and the constellation 0raco& was formed by ;a ;ande in 8D@J& as a souvenir of the instrument with which he and his nephew& 'ichel ;e Francais& observed the stars subse+uently incorporated under this title into the tatter s :istoire 2eleste Franfaise! "t is the 'anor Guadrant of Stieler s %lanisphere& and the Gnadiante of the "talians& but is not figured by #rgelander or :eis& nor recogni)ed by modern astronomers! "t comes to the meridian with MT (rsae 'inoris on the 8@th of 6une! # rich meteor stream& the Guadrantids& radiates from this group on the Bd and Td of 6anuary!

M/eficufttm M/fcm.ottofte& tfc Mgfcm.oifef Mlief&

is generally supposed to be of ;a 2aille s formation as a memorial of the reticle which he used in making his celebrated southern observations I but

The 2onstellations TE@ it was first drawn by "saak :abrecht& of Strassburg& as the /hombus& and so probably only adopted by its reputed inventor! "t lies north of :ydras and the Greater 2loud& containing thirty-four stars from T!T to Dth magnitudes! "t is the French /eticule or /hombe& the German /homboidische *et5& and the "talian /eticolo!

M/o.ut \Erofmum& 2farfc5 Aa5V the Guercia of "taly and the 1arlseiche of Germany& was formally published by :alley in 8CD@ 5 n commemoration of the /oyal <ak of his patron& 2harles ""& in which the king had lain hidden for twenty-four hours after his defeat by 2romwell in the battle of $orcester& on the Td of September& 8 CJ 8! This invention secured for :alley his master s degree from <xford& in 8CD?& by the king s express command! .ut ;a 2aille complained that the construction of the figure& from some of the finest stars in the Ship& ruined that already incomplete constellation& " and the <ak ceases to flourish after half a century of possession&" although .ode sought to restore it& and .urritt incorporated it into his maps& assigning to it twenty-five stars! :alley s Bd-magnitude a /oburis was changed to jT #rgus& now in 2arina! /eeves list of 2hinese star-titles has only one entry under /obur H :an <hnen& the Southern Ship& A& etc!& but doubtful& incorrectly laid down!

There is in front another #rrow cast $ithout a bow I and by it flies the .ird *earer the north! .rown s # rates! the French Flfcche& the German %feil& and the "talian Saetta& lies in the 'ilky $ay& directly north of #+uila and south of 2ygnus& pointing eastward I and& although ancient& is insignificant& for it has no star larger than the Eth magnitude& and none that is named!

TJA Star-*ames and their 'eanings

"t has occasionally been drawn as held in the 9agle s talons& for the bird was armor-bearer to 6oveI but 9ratosthenes described it separately& as #ratos had done& and as it now is on our maps! The common belief that the latter included it with his #4etoc was based& Grotius said& on an error in the version of Germanicus! #nd it has been regarded as the traditional weapon that slew the eagle of 6ove& or the one shot by :ercules towards the adjacent Stymphalian birds& and still lying between them& whence the title :erculea I but 9ratosthenes claimed it as the arrow with which #pollo exterminated the 2yclopesI and it sometimes was the #rrow of 2opii The :yginus of 8E?? showed it overlying a bowI indeed& 9ratosthenes called it Tofov& a .ow& signifying #rrows in its plural form I #ratos mentioned it as the Feathered #rrow and the $ell-shaped 0art& the akkoc dioros of our motto& " another arrow&" in distinction from that of Sagittarius! Still& it has often been thought of as the latter s weapon strayed from its owner! :ipparchos and %tolemy had plain <iaroc! ;atin authors of classical times and since knew it as 2anna& 2ahurnu& and :arundo& all signifying the /eed from which the arrow-shafts were formed I and as 'issile& 6aoulum& and Telum& the $eapon& 6avelin& and 0art I Telum descending even to 1epler s day! .ut Sagitta was its common title with all the /omans who mentioned its starsI 2icero characteri)ing it as clara and fulgenSy which& however& it is not! .ayer& who ascribed to it the astrological nature of 'ars and 7enus& picked up several strange names , 0aemon& Feluco& and Fossorium& apparently unintelligible hereI <belus& one of the oefxeiat& or notaeU of ancient grammarians& or& possibly& an <belisk& which it may resemble I <rfercalim& cited by /iccioli and .eigel from #lbumasar for the Turkish <tysys Salon& a Smooth #rrowI Temo meridianns& the Southern .eamI 7ectis& a %oleI 7irga and 7irgula jacens& a Falling $and! The 'issore attributed to 2icero is erroneous& and was never used by the latter as a star-name& but for the one who shot the arrow I while the 'osator of #ben 9)ra is either a barbarism for 'issore& or may be from the #rabic Satar& a Straight ;ine! The :ebrews called it :Js or :?tsI the #rmenians and %ersians& Tigris I and the #rabians& #l Sahm& all meaning an #rrow I this last& given on the 0resden globe& being turned by 2hilmead into #lsoham& by /iccioli into Schaham& and by %ia))i into Sham! "n some of the #lfonsine Tables appeared "stusc& repeated in the #lmagest of 8J 8J as "stiusc& both probably disfigured forms of C5PttCcI and the #lfonsine Tables of 8JB 8 had #lahance& perhaps from the #rabic #l :-ans or : amsah& the Five MStarsN& its noticeable feature! The same #lmagest also had #lbanere& adding est nun& all unintelligible except from Scaliger s note,

The 2onstellations TJ8 legendum #lhance& id est Sagitta& hebraicae originis& converso 0ages in *un& ut saepe accidit in #rabismo et Syriasmo!

Schickard wrote it #lohan)ato! Sagitta is not noticed in the /eeves list of 2hinese asterisms! 2aesius imagined it the #rrow shot by 6oash at 9lisha s command& or one of those sent by 6onathan towards 0avid at the stone 9)el I and 6ulius Schiller& the Spear& or the 7ail& of the 2rucifixion! <riginally only E in length& modern astronomy has stretched the constellation to more than ioWI #rgelander assigning to it 8C naked-eye stars& and :eis 8?! 9ratosthenes gave it only E! "t comes to the meridian on the 8st of September! *one of Sagitta s stars seem to have been named& but its triple f is an interesting system! "t has long been known as double& but the larger star was discovered by the late #lvan G! 2lark to be itself an extremely close double and rapid binary! The components are of C& C& and @ magnitudesI the two larger o"!i apart in 8?@8& at a position angle of i?BW!?! The smallest star is ?"!J distant! The colors are greenish& white& and blue!

! ! ! glorious in his 2retian .ow& 2entaur follows with an aiming 9ye& :is .ow full drawn and ready to let fly! 2reech s 'anilius! the French Sagittaire& the "talian Sagittario& and the German Schut)e& H .ayer s Schiit)& H next to the eastward from Scorpio& was Tofev-nyc& the #rcher& and %wrwp rogov& the .ow-stretcher& with #ratosI Tofyvrfip with other Greeks I and Toforijc with 9ratosthenes& :ipparchos& %lutarch& and %tolemy! The .eko1pdrcjp cited by :yde& though not a lexicon word& probably signifies the 0rawer of the #rrow! These were translated by ;ucian and the /omans into our title& although 'anilius had SagittiferI #vienus& SagittigerI and 2icero& Sagittipotens& a term peculiar to him! :is e+uivalent #r+uitenens& the ancient form of #rcitenens& H reappearing with #usonius and with #l .iruni in Sachau s

TJB Star-*ames and their 'eanings translation& H was also used by early classic writers for this constellation , although where the word is seen with 7ergil it is for the god #pollo! Flamsteed s #tlas has Sagittary& common for centuries before himI Shakespeare calling <thello s house H probably the #rsenal in 7eniceH

the Sagittary& 8 4! e! bearing the )odiac sign! The word was early written Sagitary I and Sagittarie and Saagittare in 2haucer s #strolabe& from bis #nglo-*orman predecessor& 0e Thaun! The #nglo-Saxons had Seytta! 2olumella called it 2rotos& and :yginus& 2roton& the :erdsmanI but how these names are applicable does not appear! <thers have been "ttttottjs& <n :orsebackI Semivir& the :alf 'anI Taurus and 'inotauros& from his fabled early shape& although now figured in e+uine form I while 2icero s #ntepes and #ntepedes may be for this& or for our 2entaur! 2ornipedes& :orn-Footed& also has been applied to it! Sometimes the whole was personified by its parts& as with #ratos& where we see TCQov& the .ow& the #rcns of 2icero and GermanicusI and the :aemonios #reas of <vid I in 9gypt& where it is said to have been known as an #rrow held in a human handI and with <vid again in Thessalicse Sagitta& Thessaly being the birthplace of the 2entaurs! This induced ;ongfellow s lines in his %oets 8 2alendar for *ovember , $ith sounding hoofs across the earth " fly& # steed Thessalian with a human face! #nd it has been Sagitta aroni applicataI or plain Telum with 2apella of 2arthage! .ayer cited %haretra& the Guiver& and& recurring to the .ow! 9(cansn or 9lknsu& Schickard s #lkauuso& from the #rabic #l 1ans! The translator of (lug .eg added to its modern name auem etiam #rcum wcant! which the #lmagest of 8J8 J confirmed in its et est #rcus! "t was the %ersian 1aman and 7imasp I the Turkish 3ai I the Syriac 1eahta and the :ebrew 1eshethI /iccioli s 1ertko& "from the 2haldaeans"I all signifying a .ow& whence some early maps illustrated Sagittarius simply as a .ow and #rrow! This was an idea especially prevalent in #siatic astronomy! #mong the 6ews it was the tribal symbol of 9phraim and 'anasseh& from 6acob s last words to their father 6oseph& " his bow abode in strength! *ovidius claimed it as 6oash& the 1ing of "srael& shooting arrows out of "the window eastward&" at the command of the dying 9lishaI but the 8 "n Troilus and 2ressida& where #gamemnon says , The dreadful Sagittary appals our numbers& the reference is not a stellar one& but to the famous imaginary monster introduced into tfc armies of the Trojans by the fabling writer Guido delle 2olonne& whose work was translate and versified in the Troye .ook by ;ydgate& the great poet of the 8Jth century!

The 2onstellations TJT biblical set generally identified it with Saint 'atthew the #postle& although 2aesius claimed that Sagittarius was "shmae;

The formation of this constellation on the 9uphrates undoubtedly preceded that of the larger figure& the 2entaur 2hiron I but the first recorded classic figuring was in 9ratosthenes description of it as a Satyr& probably derived from the characteristics of the original 2entaur& :ea-bani& and it so appeared on the more recent Farnese globe! .ut 'anilius mentioned it& as in our modern style& mixtus e+uo y and with threatening look& very different from the mild aspect of the educated 2hiron& the 2entaur of the South I while it sometimes is given in later manuscripts and maps with flowing robesI but his crown always appears near his fore feet& and his arrow is always aimed at the Scorpion s heart! 0upuis said that it was shown in 9gypt as an "bis or Swan I but the 0enderah )odiac has the customary #rcher with the face of a lion added& so making it bifaced! 1ircher gave its title from the 2opts as nipdTjpe& StatuF amoenitatis! The illustrated manuscript partly reproduced in the EDth volume of #rchaeologia has a centaur-like figure& #stronochus& which& perhaps& is our #rcherI but the title is of unexplained derivation& unless it be the Starholder& as <phiuchus is the Serpent-holder& and :eniochus& the /einholder! "t is in this same manuscript that is illustrated a sky group& 6ocnlator& 8 usually rendered the " 6ester&" and representing the 2ourt Fool of mediaeval days I but " find no trace of this elsewhere! $e have already noticed the confusion in the myths and titles of this )odiacal 2entaur with those of the southern 2entaur& some thinking Sagittarius the Yelpwv of the Greeks& H 2hiron with :yginus and the /omansI although 9ratosthenes and others& as did the modern "deler& understood this name to refer to the 2entaur proper! <vid s 2entaurus& however& and 'ilton s 2entaur are the )odiac figure& as has been the case with some later poetsI 6ames Thomson writing in the $inter of his Seasons , *ow when the chearless empire of the sky To 2apricorn the 2entaur #rcher yields! 9arly tradition made the earthly 2hiron the inventor of the #rcher constellation to guide the #rgonauts in their expedition to 2olchis I although& and about as reasonably& %liny said that 2leostratos originated it& with #ries& during the Cth or Jth century b! c! #s to this we may consider 8 The ;atin word& the e+uivalent of the early French 6ongleur& is seen with old .ishop Thomas %ercy for a 'instrel& applied to 1ing #lfred! BT

TJE Star-*ames and their 'eanings

that& while 2leostratos& possibly& was the first to write on it& certainly none of the Greeks gave it form or title& for we see abundant evidence of its much greater anti+uity on the 9uphrates! 2uneiform inscriptions designate Sagittarius as the Strong <ne& the Giant 1ing of $ar& and as the "lluminator of the Great 2ity& personifying the archer god of war& :ergal or *erigal& 8 or under his guardianship& as the Great ;ord! This divinity is mentioned in the Second .ook of 1ings& xvii& TA! #n inscription& on a fragment of a planisphere& transcribed by Sayce as (tueagaba& the ;ight of the $hite Face& and by %inches as (dgudua& the Flowing MFN 0ay& or the Smiting Sun Face& is supposed to be an allusion to this constellation I while on this fragment also appear the words :ibat #nn& which accord with an astrolabe of Sennacherib& and were considered by George Smith as the name of its chief star! #nother inscribed tablet& although somewhat imperfect& is thought to read 1akkab 1astn& the 2onstellation& or Star& of the .ow& H in #kkadian .an& H indicating one or more of the bow stars of the #rcher! This will account for the Totjov of #ratos and the #rcus of the ;atins& Sayce agreeing with this in his rendering 'illban& the Star of the .ow! Fa and Znt& 0ayspring& also seem to have been titles& the latter because our #rcher was a type of the rising sun! (pon some of the boundary stones of Sippara MSepharvaim of the <ld TestamentN& a solar city& Sagittarius " appears sculptured in full glory!" "n #ssyria it always was associated with the ninth month& 1islivu& corresponding to our *ovember-0ecember& with which we have already seen <rion associated! From all the foregoing it would seem safe to assume the #rcher to be of 9uphratean origin! "ndia also claimed Sagittarius for its )odiac of TAAA years ago& figured as a :one& :one s head& or :orseman& H #c!vini& H a word that appeared in :indu stellar nomenclature in different parts of the sky! #l .iruni said that the constellation was the Sanskrit 0hann& or 0hanasn& the Tamil 0hamsn& given by %rofessor $hitney as 0hannsI while we have a very early statement that the stars of the bow and human part of the #rcher represented the fan of lions tails twirled by 'ula& the wife of 2handra Gupta& the Sandrokottos of TAA b! c& ruler over the "ndian kingdom 'aurya and the Gangaridae and %rasii along the Ganges! .ut in later "ndian astronomy it became Taukshika& derived from the Greek ToUotj4cThe :indus located here another of their double nakshatras& the 8?th and 8@th& the Former and the ;atter #shadha& (ncon+uered& which& in the main& were coincident with the mana)il and siett of the same numbering! These were under the protection of the divinities #pas& $aters& and 7icve "This may be seen in the 'andaeans name to-day H *erig H for the planet 'ars!

The 2onstellations TJJ 0evas& the 2ombined Gods I each being figured as an 9lephant s Tusk& and both together as a .ed!

"n ancient #rabia the two small groups of stars now marking the head and the vane of the #rcher s arrow were of much note as relics of still earlier asterisms& as well as a lunar station! The westernmost of these& H y& _J& e& and @D& H were #l tfaam al $arid& the Going <striches I and the easternmost&H _r& Q EV f Yf an d r& H #l 7a Om al Sadirah& the /eturning <striches& passing to and from the celestial river& the 'ilky $ay& with the star Y for their 1eeper! "deler thought it inexplicable that these non-drinking creatures should be found here in connection with water& and #l 6auhari compared the figures to an <verturned 2hair& which these stars may represent! .ut #l .iruni said that #l >ajjaj had a word that signifies the .eam over the mouth of a well to which the pulleys are attachedI while another authority said that pasturing 2amels& or 2attle& were intended! There evidently is much uncertainty as to the true reading and signification of this title! #ll of the foregoing stars& with 4x 8 and 4x B & were included in the 8?th man)il& #l tfa am! The 8@th man)il lay in the vacant space from the upper part of the figure toward the horns of the Sea-Goat& and was known as #l .aldah& the 2ity& or 0istrict& for this region is comparatively untenanted! "t was marked by one scarcely distinguishable star& probably rr& and was bounded by six others in the form of a .ow& the #rabs 8 1ans& which& however& was not our .ow of Sagittarius! "t also was #l 1iladah& the *ecklace I and #l (dhiyy& the <strich s *est& marked by our t& v& i4V& gV& #& and f I while the space between this and the preceding mansions was designated by #l .iruni as "the head of Sagittarius and his two locks!" "n his discussion of this subject& +uoting& as he often did& from #rab poets& he compared this 8@th man)il to " the interstice between the two eyebrows which are not connected with each other&" H a condition described by the word #bldd& somewhat similar to the .aldah generally applied to it! The 8 ?th siru& 1i& a Sieve& anciently 1it& was the first of these groups I and the 8@th& Tew& Tow& or 7an Tow& a ;adle or 'easure& anciently 0ew& was the secondI both being alluded to in the She 1ing, "n the south is the Sieve "dly showing its mouth

.ut it is of no use to sift I

the commentator explaining that the two stars widest apart were the 'outh& and the two closer together the :eels I but he does not give the connection of these with the Sieve! #nd of the second group ,

TJC Star-*ames and their 'eanings "n the north is the ;adle

/aising its handle to the west .ut it lades out no li+uor I so that our 'ilk 0ipper& f& -& a& _p& and Y& in the same spot& is not a modern conceit after all! The stars of this ;adle were objects of special worship in 2hina for at least a thousand years before our era I indeed& also were known as a Temple! The whole constellation was the 2hinese Tiger& $illiams giving& as another early name& Seih 'uh& the 2left Tree& or .ranches cut for fire-wood& and the later name& from the 6esuits& 6in 'a& the 'an-:orse! # part of it was included with Scorpio& ;ibra& and some of 7irgo s stars in the large )odiacal division the #)ure 0ragon& The astrologers incorporated it with 2apricornus in their Sing 1i #strologically the constellation was the :ouse of 6upiter& that planet having appeared here at the 2reation& a manuscript of 8T?C calling it the Schoter " ye principal howce of 6upit " I although this honor was shared by #+uarius and ;eo! *or did 6upiter monopoli)e its possession& for it also was the domicile of 0iana& one of whose temples was at Stymphalus& the home of the Stymphalian birds! These last& when slain by :ercules& were transferred to the sky as #+uila& 2ygnus& and 7ultur 2adens& and are all paranatellons of Sagittarius& as has been explained under #+uila! Thus the constellation was known as 0ianae Sidus! "t inclined to fruitfulness& a character assigned to it as far back as the .abylonian inscriptionsI and was a fortunate sign& reigning over #rabia Felix& :ungary& ;iguria& 'oravia& and Spain& and the cities of #vignon& 2ologne& and *arbonne I while 'anilius said that it ruled 2rete& ;atium& and Trinacria! #mpelius associated it with the south wind& #uster& and the southwest wind& #fricusI #ries and Scorpio being also associated with the latter! 3ellow was the color attributed to it& or the peculiar green sanguineI and #rcandum in 8JEB wrote that a man born under this sign would be thrice wedded& very fond of vegetables& would become a matchless tailor& and have three special illnesses& the last at eighty years of age! Such was much of the science of his day= Sagittarius is shown on a coin of Gallienus of about a! d! BCA& with the legend #pollini 2onservatori I and on those of 1ing Stephen emblematic of his having landed in 9ngland in 88TJ when the sun was here! ;a 2aille took the star rj out of this constellation for the of his new Telescopium! This was the BJth of %tolemy s list in the otivpov& or pastern& which would indicate that with him the feet had a very different situation from that on the present maps!

The 2onstellations TJD The symbol of the sign& 4 & shows the arrow with part of the bow! Sagittarius contains JE naked-eye stars according to #rgelander& and @A

according to :eis& although none is above the Bd magnitude! The sun passes through the constellation from the 8Cth of 0ecember to the 8 ?th of 6anuary& reaching the winter solstice 8 near the stars fi on the B8st of 0ecember& but then of course in the sign 2apricorn! # noticeable feature in the heavens lies within the boundaries of Sagittarius& an almost circular black void near the stars y and C& showing but one faint telescopic starI and to the east of this empty spot is another of narrow crescent form! #n extraordinarily brilliant nova is said to have appeared low down in the constellation in ion or 8A8B& visible for three months! This was recorded in the 2hinese annals of 'a Touan ;in!

a& E! This is .nkbat& but variously written .ucba& .ucbah& .ukbah& and .ucbar& from (lug .eg s .nkbat al .ami& the #rcher s 1neeI in some early books it is #l .ami& the #rcher himself! The Standard 0ictionary has .uchbar nr .anioh! The 9uphratean 7ibat #nn& already alluded to& may be for this& or for some other of the chief components of the constellationI perhaps for e if& in early days& that star was comparatively as bright as now! p & 0ouble& T!? and ?& and p & E!E! #rkab and (rkab are from #l (rkub& translated by "deler as the Tendon uniting the calf of the leg to the heel& and this coincides with their location in the figure on modern maps& as well as with their 9uphratean title (r-nergub& the Sole of the ;eft Foot I but #l Sufi and the engraver of the .orgian globe assigned these stars to the rear of the horse s body! 1a)wini knew a and the two betas as #l Suradain& the two Surad& desert birds differently described& H by some as " larger than sparrows " and variegated black and white MmagpiesFNI by others as yellow and larger than doves! 3V T!8& yellow! #l :aal& the %oint& is #l Ti)ini s word designating this as marking the head of the #rrow I but :yde cited >ujj al *uahshabah of similar meaning! 8 The solstices are first mentioned by :esiod in three different passages of his $orks and 0ays! BT5

TJ? Star-*ames and their 'eanings

The .orgian globe termed it #l $a)l& the 6unction& indicating the spot where the arrow& bow& and hand of the #rcher meet! This star& with C and e and with jT of the Telescope& was the situ Yi& but in the worship of 2hina the three were Feng Shi& the General of $ind ?& 0ouble& T and 8E!J& orange yellow and bluish! 1ans 'eridionalis& or 'edia& is #rabic and ;atin for the 'iddle Mof theN .ow! "t marked the junction of the two #shadha I and& with y and c& was the #kkadian Sin-nun-tu& or Si-nn-nn-tum& the Swallow! The companion was BC" away in 8?@C& at a position angle of BDCWE!

S& 0ouble& B and 8E!T& orange and bluish& is 1ans #ustralia& the Southern Mpart of theN .ow! "n 9uphratean days it may have been tfibat #nn! e comes to the meridian on the ?th of #ugust! The companion is TB"!J away& at a position angle& in 8?@C& of B@J ! # comparison of the magnitudes of a& jT& y& d& and e in Sagittarius& each one being brighter than the preceding& goes far to show that .ayer was not guided in his star-lettering by any such rule of alphabetical arrangement in order of brilliancy as has been attributed to him! 2 J .inary& T!@ and E!E! The ;atin #lmagest of 8J 8J gives this as #floella& 8! e! #xilla& the #rmpit of the figure& still its location on the maps! The two components have the rapid orbital revolution of i?bQ years! $ith a& t& and it formed a portion of the 8?th man)il& #l *a ais& or #l :a aim al Sadirah& and the whole of that nakshatraI but the corresponding sieu included Y and 4a& with _4V as the determinant! h& T!8& yellow! 1ans .orealis& the *orthern Mpart of theN .ow& was #l Ti)ini s 9ii il 7alim& the 1eeper of the *a ams& the uncertainty as to the meaning of which has already been noticedI but 1a)wini evidently understood by it <striches& for in his list it is& with the stars jti& #l Thalimain& plainly meaning these desert birds!

The 2onstellations TJ@ $ith the same stars it may have been the #kkadian #nu-ni-tnm& said to have been associated with the great goddess "star! *ear # appeared in a! d! T?C a bright nova& the fourth on recordI and D northeasterly the cluster BJ '! is visible to the naked eye! 8B M8 & Triple& T!J& @!J& and 8A& and S8 & J!?& form a wide naked-eye double on the upper part of the bow& and are named in #kkadia and #rabia with the preceding star! They mark the point of the winter solstice two thirds of the way southward towards& and in line with& the cluster *! G! 2! CJBT& ? '!& visible to the naked eye& with other noticeable clusters and nebulae close by! <ne of these& *! G! 2! CCAT& BE '!& towards the northeast& is Secchi s 0elle 2anstiohe& from its peculiar arrangement of curves& while the celebrated Trifid :ebnla& *! G! 2! CJ8E& BA '!& lies not far off to the southwest! This was discovered in 8DCE& and so named from its three dark riftsI it is now specially noted from a suspected recent change in its position with regard to a star in one of these rifts! Spectroscopic observations of this object show considerable discordance in their results! .rown says that the stars in the bow were the %ersian Gail and the Sogdian and 1horasmian 3augh& but by these nations were imagined as a .ullI the 2opts knew them as %olis& a Foal! v l and v B & red stars of the Jth magnitude& 8B apart& and both double& were #in al /ami& the #rcher s 9ye! %tolemy catalogued them as a nebulous double star& H veipeYoeidfjs tcai dnrkovs& H among the first to be so designated! $ith f and o they were the 2hinese 1ien Sing& a Flag- staff! 5& a Td-magnitude on the back of the head& was #l Ti)ini s #l .aldah& from the 8@th man)il& which it markedI #l #chsasi considering it as #l 'ir& the .right <ne& of that lunar station! _5@ B!T! This has been identified with 7unki of the 9uphratean Tablet of the Thirty Stars& the Star of the %roclamation of the Sea& this Sea being the +uarter occupied by #+uarius& 2apricornus& 0elphinus& %isces& and %iscis #ustralis! "t is the same space in the sky that #ratos designated as the $aterI perhaps another proof of the 9uphratean origin of much of Greek astronomy! "n "ndia it marked the junction of the nakshatra #shadha with #bhijit!

"t lies on the vane of the arrow at the #rcher s hand!

TCA Star-*ames and their 'eanings _r& with f and n& may have been the #kkadian Gu-sbi-rab-ba& the 3oke of the Sea! The Jth-magnitude stars ]lV 8 & ] l & and x B were tne 2hinese asterism Yow& the 0og! 2<& E!?I #& JI b y E!DI and _r& E& forming a small +uadrangle on the hind +uarter of the horse& were the rerpd-rrYevpov of %tolemy& which .ayer repeated in the ;ow ;atin Tewbellum& still often seen for these stars! The Standard 0ictionary gives it thus& but mentions the components as w& or a` b and e! The 2hinese knew this little figure as 1ow 1wo& the 0og s 2ountry!

Uctptxum Mgrdnfeen.urgicum& tLe Mgranben.urg gkepttt& was charted in 8C?? by Gottfried 1irch& the first astronomer of the %russian /oyal Society of Sciences& and& more than a century thereafter& was published by .ode& who thus rescued it for a time from the oblivion into which& however& it seems to have lapsed again! "t contains but four stars& of the Eth and Jth magnitudes& standing in a straight line north and south& below the first bend in the /iver& west from ;epus! The 2hinese here had an asterism& 1ew Tew& the nine Scallops of a %ennon& but in this they included `i y gV& and b of 9ridanus! There was& in the sky& still another Soeptre held by the :and of 6uitiee& introduced by /oyer in 8CD@ in honor of 1ing ;ouis Y"7& in the place of ;acerta I but this also has been forgotten!

! ! ! that cold animal $hich with its tail doth smite amain the nations! ;ongfellow s translation of 0ante s %urgattrieScorpio& or 6fcorpiu5& tfc Scorpion& was the reputed slayer of the Giant& exalted to the skies and now rising from the hori)on as <rion& still in fear of the Scorpion& sinks below itI al-

The 2onstellations TC8 though the latter itself was in danger& H Sackville writing in his "nduction to the 'irror of 'agistrates& about 8JCJ , $hiles Scorpio& dreading Sagittarius dart $hose bow prest bent in flight the string had slipped& 0own slid into the ocean flood apart! 2lassical authors saw in it the monster that caused the disastrous runaway of the steeds of %hoebus #pollo when in the inexperienced hands of %haethon! For some centuries before the 2hristian era it was the largest of the )odiac figures& forming with the YrjYcu& its 2laws& H the prosectae chelae of 2icero& now our ;ibra& H a double constellation& as <vid wrote, %orrigit in spatium signorum membra duorura I and this figuring has been adduced as the strongest proof of Scorpio s great anti+uity& from the belief that only six constellations made up the earliest )odiac& of which this extended sign was one! $ith the Greeks it universally was Snop-ntoFI #ratos& singularly making but slight allusion to it& added 'eyaGripiov& the Great .east& changed in the 8DBA edition of .ayer to 'eYadvpiovI while another very appropriate term with #ratos was Tipag fieya& the Great Sign! This reputed magnitude perhaps was due to the mythological necessity of greater si)e for the slayer of great <rion& in reference to which that author characteri)ed it as T#cidrcpoc Trpo_tVaveis& "appearing huger still!" The ;atins occasionally wrote the word Soorpios& but usually Soorpiu.& or ScorpioI while 2icero& 9nnius& 'anilius& and perhaps 2olumella gave the kindred #frican title *epa& or :epas& the first of which the #lfonsine Tables copy& as did 'anilius the Greek adjective <Tno<o-%dfiwv& $alking .ackward! #stronomical writers and commentators& down to comparatively modern times& occasionally mentioned its two divisions under the combined title Scorpiu. cum 2helisI while some representations even showed the Scales in the creature s 2laws! Grotius said that the .arbarians called the 2laws Graffias& and the ;atins& according to %liny& Forficulae! "n early 2hina it was an important part of the figure of the mighty but genial #)ure 0ragon of the 9ast and of spring& in later days the residence of the heavenly .lue 9mperor I but in the time of 2onfucius it was Ta $ho& the Great Fire& a primeval name for its star #ntares I and Shing 1ung& a 0ivine Temple& was applied to the stars of the tail! #s a member

TCB Star-*ames and their 'eanings of the early )odiac it was the :are& for which& in the 8Cth century& was substituted& from 6esuit teaching& Tien :e& the 2elestial Scorpion! Sir $illiam 0rummond asserted that in the )odiac which the patriarch #braham knew it was an 9agleI and some commentators have located here the biblical 2hambers of the South& Scorpio being directly opposite the %leiades on the sphere& both thought to be mentioned in the same passage of the .ook of 6ob with two other opposed constellations& the .ear and <rion I but the original usually is considered a reference to the southern heavens in general! #ben 9)ra identified Scorpio& or #ntares& with the 1 f sil of the :ebrews I although that people generally considered these stars as a Scorpion& their #Urabh& and& it is claimed& inscribed it on the banners of 0an as the emblem of the tribe whose founder was " a serpent by the way!" $hen thus shown it was as a crowned Snake or .asilisk! # similar figure appeared for it at one period of 9gyptian astronomy I indeed it is thus met with in modern times& for 2hatterton& that precocious poet of the last century& plainly wrote of the Scorpion in his line& The slimy Serpent swelters in his course I and long before him Spenser had& in the Faerie Gueen , and now in <cean deepe <rion flying fast from hissing snake& :is flaming head did hasten for tosteepe! .ut the 0enderah )odiac shows the typical form! 1ircher called the whole constellation lo-iac& Statio fsidis& the bright #ntares having been at one time a symbol of "sis! The #rabians knew it as #l #krab& the Scorpion& from which have degenerated #laorab& #latrab& #latrap& :acrab& H /iccioli s #akrab and :acerab I and similarly it was the Syrians 8 #kreva! /iccioli gave us #crobo 2haldaeis& which may be true& but in this ;atin word he probably had reference to the astrologers! The %ersians had a Scorpion in their Ghe)hdum or 1a)hdfcro& and the Turks& in their 1oiroghi& Tailed& and ()nn 1oirughi& ;ong-tailed! The #kkadians called it Girtab& the Sei)er& or Stinger& and the :aw where <ne .ows 0own& titles indicative of the creature s dangerous character I although some early translators of the cuneiform text rendered it the 0ouble Sword! $ith later dwellers on the 9uphrates it was the symbol of darkness& showing the decline of the sun s power after the autumnal e+uinox& then located in it! #lways prominent in that astronomy& 6ensen thinks that it was formed there JAAA b! c& and pictured much as it now isI

The 2onstellations TCT perhaps also in the semi-human form of two Scorpion-men& the early circular #ltar& or ;amp& sometimes being shown grasped in the 2laws& as the Scales were in illustrations of the 8Jth century! "n .abylonia this calendar sign was identified with the eighth month& #rakh Savna& our <ctober-*ovember! 9arly "ndia knew it as #li& 7iGrika& or 7rouehieam& H in Tamil& 7rishamanI but later on 7araha 'ihira said 1aurpya& and #l .iruni& 1anrba& both from the Greek Scorpios! <n the 2ingalese )odiac it was (ssika! 0ante designated it as (n Secchione& Formed like a bucket that is all abla)e I and in the %urgatorio as "" Friddo #nimal of our motto& not a mistaken reference to the creature s nature& but to its rising in the cold hours of the dawn when he was ga)ing upon it! 0ante s translator ;ongfellow has something similar in his own %oets 8 2alendar for <ctober , <n the frigid Scorpion " ride! 2haucer wrote of it& in the :ous of Fame& as the Scorpioun I his #nglo*orman predecessors& 9scorpiunI and the #nglo-Saxons& Throwend! 2aesius mistakenly considered it one of the Scorpions of 9ehoboOm I but *ovidius said that it was the scorpion or serpent whereby %haraoh& 1ing of 9gypt& was enforced to let the children of "srael depart out of his country I of which :ood said " there is no such thing in history!" <ther 2hristians of their day changed its figure to that of the #postle .artholomewI and $eigel& to a 2ardinal s :at "n some popular books of the present day it is the 1ite& which it as much resembles as it does a Scorpion! "ts symbol is now given as fll& but in earlier times the sting of the creature was added& perhaps so showing the feet& tail& and dart I but the similarity in their symbols may indicate that there has been some intimate connection& now forgotten& between Scorpio and the formerly adjacent 7irgo M$N! #mpelius assigned to it the care of #fricus& the Southwest $ind& a duty which& he said& #ries and Sagittarius shared I and the weather-wise of anti+uity thought that its setting exerted a malignant influence& and was accompanied by stormsI but the alchemists held it in high regard& for only when the sun was in this sign could the transmutation of iron into gold be performed! #strologers& on the other hand& although they considered it a fruitful sign& " active and eminent&" knew it as the accursed constellation&

TCE Star-*ames and their 'eanings the baleful source of war and discord& the birthplace of the planet 'ars& and so the :ouse of 'ars& the :artis Sidnj of 'anilius! .ut this was located in the sting and tail I the claws& as >vydc& 6ugum& or the 3oke of the .alance& being devoted to 7enus& because this goddess united persons under the yoke of matrimony! "t was supposed to govern the region of the groin in the human body& and to reign over 6udaea& 'auritania& 2atalonia& *orway& $est Silesia& (pper .atavia& .arbary& 'orocco& 7alencia& and 'essina I the earlier 'anilius claiming it as the tutelary sign of 2arthage& ;ibya& 9gypt& Sardinia& and other islands of the "talian coast! .rown was its assigned color& and %liny asserted that the appearance of a comet here portended a plague of reptiles and insects& especially of locusts! #lthough nominally in the )odiac& the sun actually occupies but nine days in passing through the two portions that project upwards into <phiuchus& so far south of the ecliptic is it I indeed& except for these projections& it could not be claimed as a member of the )odiac! Scorpio is famous as the region of the sky where have appeared many of the brilliant temporary stars& chief among them& perhaps& that of 8TE b! c& the first in astronomical annals& and the occasion& %liny said& of the catalogue of :ipparchos& about 8BJ b! c! The 2hinese She 1e confirmed this appearance by its record of " the strange star " in 6une of that year& in the sieu Fang& marked by A& M6& n& p& and others in Scorpio! Serviss thinks it conceivable that the strange outbursts of these novae in and near Scorpio may have had some effect in causing this constellation to be regarded by the ancients as malign in its influence! .ut this character may& with at least e+ual probability& have come from the fiery color of its lucida& as well as from the history of the constellation in connection with <rion& and the poisonous attributes of its earthly namesake! "n southern latitudes Scorpio is magnificently seen in its entirety& H nearly EJ & H Gould cataloguing in it 8?E naked-eye stars! #long its northern border& perhaps in <phiuchus& there was& in very early days& a constellation& the Fox& taken from the 9gyptian sphere of %etosiris! but we know nothing as to its details! ! ! ! capricious #n tares Flushing and paling in the Southern arch! $illis The Scholar of Thebet .en 1ken; 2t& .inary& A!D and D& fiery red and emerald green! #irfares& the well-nigh universal title for this splendid star& is transcribed from %tolemy s dvrdprfg in the Syntaxis& and generally thought to be from

The 2onstellations TCJ avri #piyc& " similar to&" or the " rival of&" 'ars& in reference to its color& H the ;atin Tetrabiblos had 'arti comparator I or& in the :omeric signification of the words& the " e+uivalent of 'ars&" either from the color-resemblance of the star to the latter& or because the astrologers considered the Scorpion the :ouse of that planet and that god its guardian! Thus it naturally followed the character of its constellation& H perhaps originated it& H and was always associated with eminence and activity in mankind! Grotius& however& said that the word signifies a .at& which& as 7eapertilio& Sophocles perhaps called itI but .ayer erroneously +uoted from :esychios "#vTapTUc& a /ebel& and Tyranxras! 2aesius appropriately styled the constellation "nsidiata& the ;urking <ne! <thers say that it was #ntar g Star& H but they forget %tolemy& H the celebrated #ntar or #ntarah who& just previous to the time of 'uhammad& was the mulatto warrior-hero of one of the Golden 'u allakdt! 8 <ur word& however& is sometimes written #ntar& which .eigel said is the #rabic e+uivalent of " Shone " I but the ;atin translator of the 8 J 8 J #lmagest connected it with 67alar& /apine& and so possibly explaining the generally unintelligible expression tendit ad rapinam applied to #n tares in that work and in the #lfonsine Tables of 8JB 8 I or the expression here may refer to the character of 5#pUc& the god of war! The /udolphine lables designated it as rutilansy %liny s word for " glowing redly!" The #rabians 1alb al #krab& the Scorpion s :eart& which probably preceded the 1apdia >nopmov and 2or Soorpii of Greece and /ome respectively& became& in early 9nglish and 2ontinental lists& 1elbalacrab& 2albalacrab& 2albolacrabi& 2albalatrab& and 2abalatrab I /iccioli having the uni+ue #lcantub& although he generally wrote 1alb #akrab! #n tares alone constituted the 8 Cth man)il& #l 1alb& the :eart& one of the fortunate stationsI but the 2hinese included a and r& on either side& for their sieu& the synonymous Sin& anciently Sam& a being the determinant I although .rown says that this :eart refers to that of Tsing ;ung& the #)ure 0ragon& one of the four great divisions of their )odiac! They also have a record of a comet JT8 b! c& X to the left of Ta Shin&" which last $illiams identified with #ntares I while& as the Fire Star& $ho Sing& it seems to have been invoked in worship centuries before our era for protection against fire! $ith some adjacent it was one of the 'ing t ang& or 9mperor s 2ouncil-hall I his sons and courtiers& other stars& standing close by& to whom #ntares& as Ta $ho& announced the principles of his government! 8 These were the famous seven selected poems of #rabia& said to have been inscribed in letters of gold on silk& or 9gyptian linen& and suspended& as their title signifies& in the 1abah at 'ecca!

TCC Star-*ames and their 'eanings

The :indus used a& a& and t for their nakshatra 6yeotha& <ldest& also known as Sohini& /uddy& from the color of #n tares& H "ndra& the sky-goddess& being regent of the asterism that was figured as a pendent 9ar 6ewe; "t was one of the four /oyal Stars of %ersia& TAAA b! a& and probably the Guardian of the :eavens that 0upuis mentioned as Safaris I but& as their lunar asterism& it was Gel& the /ed I the Sogdians changing this to 'aghan sadwif& the Great <ne saffron-colored! The 1horasmians called it 0harind& the Sei)erI and the 2opts& 1harthian& the :eart "t pointed out to the .abylonians their BEth ecliptic constellation& :um& of uncertain meaning& itself being (rbat according to an astrolabe discovered in the palace of Sennacherib and interpreted by the late George SmithI .rown& however& assigns this title to stars in ;upus! <ther 9uphratean names were .ilu-sha-)iri& the ;ord of the Seed I 1ak-thisa& the 2reator of %rosperity& according to 6ensen& although this is generally ascribed to SiriusI and& in the lunar )odiac& .ar ;ugal& the 1ing& identified with the god of lightning& ;ugal Tudda& the ;usty 1ing! *aturally the inscriptions make much of it in connection with the planet 'ars& their (l Suru& showing that its #rean association evidently had very early origin I and from them we read 1ara MFN Sar& the :ero and the 1ing& and 1akkab .ir& the 7ermilion Star! .rown identifies it with the seventh antediluvian king& 9vedupavxot& or (dda-an-Uu& the 0ay-heaven -bird! From his #ssyrian researches 2heyne translates the TCth verse from the T?th chapter of the .ook of 6ob I $ho hath put wisdom into the ;ance-star F <r given understanding to the .ow-star F 6ensen referring this ;ance-star to #ntares! :ommel& however& identifies it with %rocyon of 2anis 'inor! "n 9gyptian astronomy it represented the goddess Selkit& Selk-t& or Ser: heralding the sunrise through her temples at the autumnal e+uinox about TDAA-TJAA b! c& and was the symbol of "lis in the pyramid ceremonials! /enouf included it with #rcturus in the immense figure 'enat %enrose mentions the following early Grecian temples as oriented towards the rising or setting of #ntares at the vernal e+uinox , the :eraeum at #rgos&inthe year 8DCA& perhaps the oldest temple in the cradle of Greek civili)ationI the first 9rechtheum at #thens& 8ADAI one at 2orinth& DDAI an early temple to #pollo at 0elphi& rebuilt with this orientation in CTAI and one of the same date to >eus at #egina I H all of these before our era! "t rises at sunset on the 8st of 6une& culminating on the nth of 6uly&and is one of the so-called lunar starsI and some have asserted that it was the

The 2onstellations TCD

first star observed through the telescope in the daytime& although Smyth made this claim for #rcturus! %tolemy lettered it as of the Bd magnitude& so that in his day it may have been inferior in brilliancy to the now very much fainter ;ibrae! #ntares belongs to Secchi s third type of suns& which ;ockyer says are " in the last visible stage of cooling&" and nearly extinct as self-luminous bodiesI although this is a theory by no means universally accepted! The companion is T"! J away& and suspected of revolution around its principalI their present position angle is BDA ! # photograph by .arnard in 8?@J first showed the vast and intricate 2loud *ebula stretching to a great distance around #ntares and the star a! "t was here& two or three degrees north of #ntares& that was discovered& on the @th of 6une& 2oddington s comet& c of 8?@?& the third comet made known by the camera! p& Triple& B& 8A& and E& pale white& & and lilac! Graffias generally is said to be of unknown derivationI but since Tpaxpalog signifies " 2rab&" it may be that here lies the origin of the title& for it is well known that the ideas and words for crab and scorpion were almost interchangeable in early days& from the belief that the latter creature was generated from the former! 8 "t was thought by Grotius to be a ".arbarian" designation for the 2laws of the double constellation I and .ayer said the same& although he used the word for f Scorpii in the modern northern claw! "n .urritt s #tlas of 8?TJ it appears for f of the northern Scale& the ancient northern 2lawI but in the edition of 8?JC he applied it to our Scorpii& and in both editions he has a second at the base of the tail& west of e! The 2entury 0ictionary prints it Grassias& probably from erroneously reading the early type for the letter4! is near the junction of the left claw with the body& or in the arch of the 1ite bow& ?W or @ northwest of #ntares! "n some modern lists it is #crab& H /iccioli s #akrab schemali "t was included in the 8Jth man)i4& "klil al 6abhah& the 2rown of the Forehead& just north of which feature it lies& taking in with this& however& the other stars to C and n I some authorities occasionally adding v and p! This was one of the fortunate stations& and from this man)il title comes the occasional 6clil! The :indus knew the group as their 8Jth nakshatra& #nnridha& %ropitious or Successful& H 'itra& the Friend& one of the #dityas& being the presiding divinity I and they figured it as a Sow or /idge& which l This was held even by the learned Saints #ugustine and .asil of the Eth century& and confidently expressed by Saint "sidore in his <rigines et 9tymologiae!

TC? Star-*ames and their 'eanings the line of component stars well indicates! The corresponding situ& Ftag&

a /oom or :ouse& anciently Fong& consisted of NT with C& n& and p& although %rofessor $hitney thought it limited to the determinant it& the faintest of the group and farthest to the south! "t shared with #ntares the title Ta $ho& and was the central one of the seven lunar asterisms making up the #)ure 0ragon& Tsing ;ung! .ut individually seems to have been known as Tien S)e& the Four-horse 2hariot of :eaven& and was worshiped by all horsemen! "t probably also was Fu 1wang& the .asket with :andles& and highly regarded as presiding over the rearing of silkworms& and as indicating the commencement of the season of that great industry of 2hina! Timochares saw occulted by the moon in the year B@J b! aI and :ind repeats a statement by %tolemy& from 2haldaean records& that the planet 'ars almost occulted it on the 8Dth of 6anuary& BDB b! cI Smyth! however& substituted jT ;ibrae in this phenomenon and BD8 b! c! as the date! The two largest components are 8E" apart& at a position angle of BJWI the third being o"!g from the first& with a position angle of ?@ ! :alf-way from dT to #ntares lies the fine cluster *! G! 2! CA@T&?A '!&on the western edge of a starless opening E broad! "t was this that called forth Sir $illiam :erscheFs exclamation , :ier ist wahrhaftig ein ;och im :immel = although powerful telescopes reveal in it many minute stars! :is son afterwards described forty- nine such spots in various parts of the sky! This cluster& that Sir $illiam thought might perhaps have been formed by stars drawn from that vacancy& " was lit up in i?CA for a short time by the outburst of a temporary star!" T& T!BJ& red& lies& in .ayer s map& on the tip of the southern claw& and is the same star as Flamsteed s BA ;ibraeI but Smyth strangely alluded to it as being at the end of the sting and nebulous I and .urritt placed .ayer s letter at the object mentioned by Smyth! "ndeed for at least three hundred years there has been disagreement among astronomers as to this star I for although #rgelander and :eis follow .ayer& Gould writes , Since it appears out of the +uestion that it should ever again be regarded as belonging to Scorpius& " have ventured to designate it by the letter o S;ibraeK! .ayer cited for it .rachium& the #rm& as from 7ergil& but this was erroneous in so far as being a title for this star& the original brachia in the Gcvrpcs

The 2onstellations TC@ simply signifying the " claws " that it marks I .ayer added 2onm& the :orn& as from some anonymous writer!

"n #rabia it was >ubOn al #krab& the Scorpion s 2law& which has become >uban al 1ravi& >uben #crabi I and .ayer said >uben :akrabi and >uben el Genubi& contracted from #l >ubOn al 6anftbiyyah& the Southern 2law! Similar titles also appear for stars in ;ibra& the early 2laws! "n 2hina it was 2hin 2hay& the 2amp 2arriage! .rown included it& with others near by in :ydra s tail& in the #kkadian 9ntena-mas-luv& or 9nte-maa-mur& the #ssyrian 9tsen-tsiri& the Tail-tip!

?&

B!J!

0schubba is found in the $hitall %lanisphere& probably from #l 6abhab& the Front& or Forehead& where it lies! "n the %alermo 2atalogue the title "clarkrav is applied to a star whose assigned position for the year 8?AA would indicate our C5! "f this be the case& it may have been a specially coined word from the #rabs "klfl al #krab& the 2rown of the Scorpion I and this conjecture would seem justified by our previous experience of that catalogue s star nomenclature as seen in its remarkable efforts with a and 0elphini! /iccioli had #akrOb genubi d was of importance in early times& for with and n& on either side in a bending line& it is claimed for the 9uphratean Gifl-gan-gu-sur& the ;ight of the :ero& or the Tree of the Garden of ;ight& " placed in the midst of the abyss&" and so reminding us of that other tree& the Tree of ;ife& in the midst of the Garden of 9den! "t was selected by the .abylonian astronomers& with jT& to point out their BTd ecliptic constellation& which 9pping calls Gablu Mund +abuN sha rishu a+rabi& the 'iddle of the :ead of the Scorpion! The earliest record that we have of the planet 'ercury is in connection with these same two stars seen from that country BCJ b! c! "n the lunar )odiac C& A& and n were the %ersian *ur& .right I the Sogdian and 1horasmian .ighanwand& 2lawless I and the 2optic Stephani& the 2rown! "n 2hina the Bd-magnitude e& with 4i& f& rj& A& i& k& v& and #& formed the 8Dth sieu& $ei& the Tail& anciently known as 'i and as 7i& pi being the determinantI but& although this Tail coincided with that part of our Scorpion& .rown thinks that reference is rather made to the tail of the #)ure 0ragon& one of the +uadripartite divisions of the 2hinese )odiac which lay here! A& a Bd-magnitude red star& was the 9uphratean Sargas& lying in the 'ilky $ay just south of # and v& with which it formed one of the seven

pairs of Twin StarsI as such it was 'a-a-tn; #nd it may have been& with 5V 5& #& and v& the Girtab of the lunar )odiac of that valley& the 7anant of BE

TDA Star-*ames and their 'eanings %ersia and 7anand of Sogdiana& all meaning the " Sei)er&" " Smiter&" or " Stinger " I but the %ersian and Sogdian words generally are used for our /egulus! "n 1horasmia these stars were 1hachman& the 2urved! C has a iEth-magnitude greenish companion that may be in revolution around it& C"!DD away in 8?@D& at a position angle of TiCW!@! See writes of this, a magnificent system of surpassing interest I one of the most difficult of known doable stars!

8!D!

Shaula probably is from #l Shaulah& the Sting& where it liesI but according to #l .iruni& from 'nahalah& /aised& referring to the position of the sting ready to strike! These words have been confused with the names for the adjoining v& and in the course of time corrupted to Shanka& #laioha& 'osclek& and ShomlekI 2hilmead writing of these last, "t is also called .ohomlek& which Scaliger thinkes is read by transposition of the letters for 'osclek& which signifieth the bending of the taile! *aturally it was an unlucky star with astrologers! # and v were the 8Dth man)il& #l Shaulah& and the nakshatra 7icritau& the Two /eleasers& perhaps from the 7edic opinion that they brought relief from lingering disease! Some :indu authorities& taking in all the stars from e to v& called the whole 'ula& the /oot& with the divine *irrity& 2alamity& as regent of the asterism& which was represented as a ;ion s TailI this title appearing also for stars of Sagittarius! "n 2optic 9gypt # and v were 'inamrcfi the StingI and& on the 9uphrates& Saror! #n imaginary line extended from v through Shaula serves to point out

the near-by clusters C '! and *! G! 2! CEDJ& D ' -R visible together in the field of an opera-glass! These probably were the ancient termination of the sting to which Smyth alluded in his comments on # and v& although he is not +uite clear about the matterI they certainly were the veUYaeidrfc of %tolemy& among his apoptpuroi of B4tdpDr4oc I and Girus $e nebulosus in the ;atin #lmagest of 8JJ8! (lug .eg s translator had Stella nebuhsa +uae se+uitur aculeum Scorpionis& H Tali al Shaulah& That which follows the Sting! "n the legends of the %olynesian "slanders& notably those of the :ervey group& the stars in the Scorpion& from the two lettered `l to # and v& were the Fiflh-hook of 'aui& with which that god drew up from the depths the great island Tongareva I and the names and legend that 9llis& in his %blynesian /esearches& applied to 2astor and %ollux in Gemini& the /everend

The 2onstellations TD8 'r! $! $! Gill asserts& in his 'yths and Songs of the South %acific& belong here& and are the favorites among the story-tellers of the :ervey "slands! They make the star fi l a little girl& %iri-ere-na& the "nseparable& with her smaller brother& ft B & fleeing from home to the sky when ill treated by their parents& the stars # and v& who followed them and are still in pursuit! This fi 8 has recently been discovered to be a spectroscopic binary& with a period of about TJ hours! "t is a T!T-magnitude& and of Secchi s 8st class! u B is of T!D magnitude! 7& Guadruple& E& J& D!B& and ?!T& is 6abbah in the 2entury 2yclopedia& perhaps from its being one of the man)il 0dll al 6abhab! "t lies B east of A& and is another 0oable 0ouble like e ;yrae& although less readily resolved& the larger pair being only e"!?@ apart& and the smaller about 8 "!@! 9spin- $ebb says, " %robably a +uadruple system!" .urnham finds it surrounded by a remarkable winglike nebula some B in diameter! \& Triple& J& J!B& and D!J& bright white& pale yellow& and gray! .ayer wrote that the " .arbarians " called this Graffias& a title that .urritt assigned in 8?TJ to f of ;ibraI but he transferred this in his #tlas of 8?JC to Scorpii& SjEW to the north& leaving this star nameless! <n the :eis map f is near the tip of the northern claw& so close to the northern scale that Flamsteed made it the J8 ;ibrae of his catalogue! The components are i"!E and D"!T apart& and may form a triple system with a possible period of about 8AJ years!

<& 0ouble& T and @& creamy white& and T& B!@& were #l *iyat& the %raecordia& or <utworks of the :eart& on either side of& and& as it were& protecting& #ntares& the :eart of the Scorpion! 1nobel& in his translation of #l #chsasi s work& explains the word as " the vein which suspends the heart " = A& B!?! ;esath& or ;esuth& is from #l ;as ah& the Sting& which& with #& it marks I yet Smyth& who treats of these two stars at considerable length& says that the word is

TD B Star-*ames and their 'eanings formed by Scaliger s conjecture from #lasclia& which is a corruption of al-shaulai ;esath& therefore& is not a term used by the #rabs& who designate all these bumps& which form the tail& #l-fikrah t vertebrated twirls I they are formed by e& 4i& 2& 7t AL R 5R 1 Pwi t& and it is supposed that the sting& punctura scarpianis t was formerly carried to the following star& y& marked nebulous by %tolemy! .ut this y is surely wrong I that letter really applying to a star in the right claw very far to the west of the sting& H as far as the make-up of the creature will allow! Still .urritt located it as Smyth did! #l .iruni wrote that 4 and v were in the :ara)ah& the 6oints of the 7ertebrae! /iccioli mentioned v as ;esath vel potius ;essaa 9laakrab 'orsum Soorp! vel 0enneb 9(5 krabI and .ayer& ;esehat recti ;esath& Yosehleek& #laseha& which we have seen for k I but the proximity of these stars renders this duplication not unnatural! The 2hinese knew them as 1een %i& the Two %arts of a ;ock! "deler thought v the y of Telescopium& but this does not agree with .ode s drawing of the latter! AN& E!8& and AN& E!C& red! The #rabians called these 6abhat al #krab& the Forehead& or Front& of the Scorpion I and the 2hinese& 1ow 1in& a :ook and ;atch! They are an interesting naked-eye pair& 8E5U apart& lying just south of Tbut .ayer mentions and shows only a single star!

as it is now generally known& was formed by ;a 2aille from stars between 2etus and %hoenix! :e called it l #telier du Senlptenr& the Sculptors Studio or $orkshop& which .urritt and others have changed to <fficii5 Scnlptoria& or occasionally #pparatus Seulptoris! The "talians say Scultfflt& and the Germans .ildhauerwerkstatte&--.ode s .ildhauer $erkstsdt

"t is an inconspicuous figure& but contains the intensely scarlet variable /& one of the most brilliantly colored stars in the heavens& with a period oi variability from J!? to about D!D in BAD days! The constellation culminates with the bright star of the %hoenix on the 8Dth of *ovember& and is visible from the latitude of *ew 3ork 2ity! Gould catalogues 8T8 stars& from E!B to Dth magnitudes!

The 2onstellations TDT

the French lieu& or .ouchiere& de Sobieski& the "talian Soudo di Sobieski& and the German Sobieskiseher Sehild& was formed by :evelius from the seven unfigured Eth-magnitude stars in the 'ilky $ay west of the feet of #ntinoiis& between the tail of the Serpent and the head of Sagittarius! :eis increased this number to eleven!! The title is often seen as Scutum ?Abieskii or Sobiesii& sometimes as 2lypens Sobieskii& more correctly written 2lipens I but our astronomers follow Flamsteed in his plain Scutum! 8 8 is pictured as the 2oat of #rms of the third 6ohn Sobieski& king of %oland& who so distinguished himself in the defensive wars of his native land& as well as in his successful resistance of the Turks in their march on 7ienna when turned back at the 1alenberg on the 8Bth of September& 8C?T! "t was just after this& when he had made his triumphal entry into the city& that at the cathedral service of thanksgiving the officiating priest read the passage , There was a man sent from God& whose name was 6ohn! Seven years subse+uently this new constellation was named for him by :ewel& with a glowing tribute to his merit and heroic deedsI the sign of the 2ross for which he fought being embla)oned on his Shield as we have it to-day! Some identify this 2ross& however& with that of the fighting Franciscan friar& Saint 6ohn 2apistrano& famous at .elgrade in 8EJC& and now honored by a colossal statue on the exterior of the 7ienna cathedral! The four stars on the border of the Shield are for the four sons of the king! #lthough Scutum is a recent creation with us& it has long been known in 2hina as Tien %ian& the :eavenly 2as+ue& but in this are included some components of #ntinoiis! "t comes to the meridian about the 8Ath of #ugust! "t has no named star& H indeed the figure itself does not appear upon some modern maps& H and is chiefly noticeable from the peculiar brightness of the surrounding Galaxy I for within its boundaries& in five s+uare degrees of space& Sir $illiam :erschel estimated that there are TT8&AAA starsI and

it is very rich in nebulae! <f these the notable cluster *! G! 2! CDAJ& 8 8 '!& discovered by 1irch in 8C?8 and likened by Smyth to a flight of wild ducks& lies on the dexter chief of the Shield! This is just visible to the naked eye& and Sir 6ohn :erschel called it " a glorious object!" 6ust below the constellation is the celebrated :orseshoe& or fl& *ebula& *! G! 2! CC8?& 8D '!& one of the most interesting in the heavens& although 5E Z

TDE Star-*ames and their 'eanings in small glasses it bears more resemblance to a swan seen on the water& whence comes another title& the Swan *ebula!

The starry Serpent Southward winding from the *orthern $ain& Shoots to remoter spheres its glittering train! Statius! le Serpent in France& il Serpente in "taly& and die .ehlange in Germany& probably is very ancient& and always has been shown as grasped by the hands of <phiuchus at its pair of stars d& e& and at v& t <phiuchi! The head is marked by the noticeable group i& P& y& A& v& p& and the eight little stars all lettered r& and consecutively numbered& ioW south from the 2rown and BoW due east from #rcturus I the figure line thence winding southwards 8 JW to ;ibra& and turning to the southeast and northeast along the western edge of the 'ilky $ay& terminating at its star A& ?W south of the tail of the 9agle and west of that constellation s C! <f the four stellar Snakes this preeminently is the Serpent& its stars originally being combined with those of <phiuchus& although 'anilius wrote Serpentem Graiis <phiuchus nomine dictus dividit I but it now is catalogued separately& and occasionally divided into 2aput and 2auda on either side of the Serpent-holder! The Greeks knew it as 5A_jVig GGiovxov& or simply as 5<Atc& and familiarly as 9pneTov and 9yUe#vf& respectively the Serpent and the 9el I the ;atins& occasionally as #ngnilla& #nguis& and 2oluberI but universally as Serpeni& often +ualified as the Serpent of #esculapius& 2aesins& Glauons& ;aoooon& and of <phiuchus I and as Serpens :erculeus& ;eraaeus& and Sagarinus! The 8J8J #lmagest and the #lfonsine Tables of 8J B8 had Serpens #langne& thus combining their corrupted ;atin with their e+ually corrupted #rabic& as often is the case with those works! "t also was 0raoo ;esbins and Tiberinus& and&

perhaps& <vid s and 7ergil s ;ncidus #nguis! "n the astronomy of #rabia it was #l :ayyah& the Snake& H 2hilmead s #lhaftI but before that country was influenced by Greece there was a very different constellation here& #l 9augah& the %astureI the stars jT and D&

The 2onstellations TDJ with y and :erculis& forming the *aiak Shfimiyy& the *orthern .oundary I while d& a& and c Serpentis& with M6& Q& Q& and r` <phiuchi& were the *aiafc 3amSniyy& the Southern .oundary! The enclosed sheep were shown by the stars now in the 2lub of :eroules& guarded on the west by the Shepherd and his 0og& the stars a in <phiuchus and :ercules! To the :ebrews& as to most nations& this was a Serpent from the earliest times& and& /enan said& may have been the one referred to in the .ook of 6ob& xxvi& 8T I but 0elit)sch& who renders the original words as the " Fugitive 0ragon&" and others with him& consider our 0raco to be the constellation intended& as probably more ancient and widely known from its ever visible circumpolar position! The biblical school made it the serpent seducer of 9ve& while in our day imaginative observers find another heavenly 2ross in the stars of the head& one that belongs to Saint #ndrew or Saint %atrick! Serpens shared with <phiuchus the 9uphratean title of *u-tair-da& the "mage of the Serpent I and is supposed to have been one of the representatives of divinity to the <phites& the- :ivites of <ld Testament times! The comparatively void space between v and c was the 2hinese Tien Shi 3uen& the 9nclosure of the :eavenly 'arket! #rgelander counts J8 stars within the constellation boundaries& and :eis ?B! "n its cluster *! G! 2! J@AE& J '!& .ailey has discovered ?J variables! a V T& pale yellow! (nnk 8 al :ay&H or (nnkalhai&H is from (nfc al :ayyah& the *eck of the Snake& the later #rabic name for this starI the (nnk al :ay of the Standard 0ictionary is erroneous& H a type error perhaps for (nuk! "t was also #lioth& #lyah& and #lyat& often considered as terms for the broad and fat tail of the 9astern sheep that may have been at some early day figured here in the <rientals skyI but we know nothing of this& and these are not #rabic words& so that their origin in #l :ayyah of the constellation is more probable! Smyth somewhat indefinitely states that #langne and .at #langue appear in the #lfonsine Tables& presumably for this star! _5 may have been the lucidus anguis of <vid and 7ergil& as it certainly was the 2or Serpentis of astrology! $ith # it was known as Shuh& the title of certain territory in 2hina I and 9dkins rather unsatisfactorily writes ,

The twenty-two stars in the Serpent are named after the states into which 2hina was formerly divided! #lthough errors in the adoption of #rabic star-names into our popular lists are common& indeed almost universal& thisT6nuk is peculiarly wrong& for (nuk is the plural of (nk!

TDC Star-*ames and their 'eanings #s their radiant point it has given name to the #lpha Serpentida of the 8Jth of February! "t is of Secchi s Bd type of spectra& and receding from us about 8E miles a second! "t culminates on the B?th of! 6uly I and a iBth-magnitude blue companion is J?" distant! %& 0ouble& T and @!B& both pale blue! This was 2how with the 2hinese& the title of one of their imperial dynastiesI but it does not seem to have been named by any other nation! The components are To &4 !C apart& at a position angle of BCJ ! *ear it is the radiant point of the .eta Serpentidfl& a minor stream of meteors visible from the 8?th to the BAth of #pril! y& a Eth-magnitude& was 2hing& and _J& Tain& in 2hinese lists! This last& a white and bluish Eth- and sth-magnitude double& was first noted as a binary by Sir $illiam :erschel! The components are T"!C apart& with a position angle at present of about 8?J ! e& of T!D magnitude& was %a& the name of a certain territory in 2hina! Q& a EU -magnitude& and rj were Tung :ae& the heavenly 9astern Sea of that country I the latter star being a golden-yellow T!T-magnitude with a small& pale lilac companion! @& .inary and perhaps slightly variable& E and E!J& pale yellow and gold yellow! #lya& of the %alermo 2atalogue and others Msometimes& but erroneously& #lgaN& probably is from the same source as the similar title of the lucida! The 2hinese knew it as Sen& one of their districts! "t is the terminal star in the SerpentI and lies southwest of #+uila& in a comparatively starless region between the two branches of the 'ilky $ay! The components are B8" apart& at a position angle of 8AE !

f& T!D& on the lower part of the body& was :an :ae& the Southern SeaI and v& J!T& on the back of the head& was 2ha Sre& a 2arriage-shop!

Urtane M(rdniae was formed by :evelius to commemorate the Sextant so successfully used by him in stellar measurements at 0ant)ig from 8CJ? to 8CD@! The

The 2onstellations TDD original figure comprised the twelve unclaimed stars between ;eo and :ydra& west of 2raterI and Smyth writes, $ith more )eal than taste& he fixed the machine upon the Serpent s back& under the plea that the said Sextant was not in the mo@t convenient situation& but that he placed it between ;eo and :ydra because these animals were of a fiery nature& to speak with astrologers& and formed a sort of commemoration of the destruction of his instruments when his house at 0ant)ic was burnt in September& 8CD@ I or& as he expresses it& when 7ulcan overcame (rania! "ts inventor s great name has kept it in the sky till now& and it is still generally recogni)ed by astronomers as Sextans! :ere& on the frame of the instrument& @ south by east from the star /egulus& 0e /heita thought that he had found a representation of the Sudarixun 7eronicae& the sacred handkerchief of Saint 7eronica! 2ommenting upon this discovery& Sir 6ohn :erschel said that " many strange things were seen among the stars before the use of powerful telescopes became common!" The lucida& a Eth-magnitude& is 8B south from /egulus! <ne of the Sextant stars& which /eeves gives as +& .ode s BTAC& a Cthmagnitude& was the 2hinese Tien Seang& the :eavenly 'inister of State! #rgelander catalogues 8D naked-eye stars& and :eis E?!

Uofdrtum& fZe QunI5tdf& lies east from :orologium& between the head of :ydrus and the tail of 0oradoI but " can nowhere find anything as to the origin of the figure& although 'iss .ouvier included it in her list& and .urritt drew it on his #tlas! "t seems to be ignored by our astronomers& its stars being combined with those of the neighboring constellations!

2ardntoui tVef Gfatngif et& Ze G/einfceer& a small and faint asterism between 2assiopeia and 2amelopardalis& was formed by %ierre 2harles ;e 'onnier& under the title 9enne& as a memento

TD? Star-*ames and their 'eanings of his stay in ;apland when engaged in geodetic work in 8DTC! The Germans know it as /ennthier& and .ode so inserted it in 0ie Gestirne! "t has seldom been figured& and now is never mentioned!

9re the heels of flying 2apricorn :ave touched the western mountain s darkening rim& " mark& stern Taurus5 through the twilight gray& The glinting of thy horn& #nd sullen front& uprising large and dim& .ent to the starry :unter s sword at bay! .ayard Taylor s :ymn ( Tmatrus! tdurus& tfc Mguff& le Taureau of France& il Toro of "taly& and der Stier of Germany& everywhere was one of the earliest and most noted constellations& perhaps the first established& because it marked the vernal e+uinox from about EAAA to 8DAA b! c& in the golden age of archaic astronomyI in all ancient )odiacs preserved to us it began the year! "t is to this that 7ergil alluded in the much +uoted lines from the 8st GeorgicU which 'ay rendered , $hen with his golden homes bright Taurus opes& The yeare I and downward the crosse 0og-starre stoopes I and the poet s description well agrees with mythology s idea of 9uropa s bull& for he always was thus described& and snowy white in color! This descended to 2haucer s $hyte .ole& in Troilus and 2riseydeU from the candidus Taurus of the original! The avtrso& " crosse&" in the second line of this passage , ! ! ! averso cedens 2anis occidit astro& H adversus with <vid& and aversa+ut Tauri sidera with 'anilius&H generally has& however& been translated " backward&" as a supposed allusion to the constellation rising in reversed position I but +uite as probably it is from the mutual hostility of the earthly animals!

TavpoU& its universal title in Greek literature& was more specifically given as Tofirj and npoTopfj& the .ust& the .ull generally being drawn with only his forward parts& 2icero following this in his prosecto corpore Taurus& and <vid in his %ars prior apparet %osteriora latent&

The 2onstellations TD@ which the mycologists accounted for by saying that& as Taurus personified the animal that swam away with 9uropa& his flanks were immersed in the waves! This association with 9uropa led to the constellation titles %ortitor& or %roditor& 9nxopaeI #genoreus& used by <vid& referring to her fatherI and Tyrius& by 'artial& to her country! This incomplete figuring of Taurus induced the fre+uent designation& in early catalogues& Seetio Tauri& which the #rabians adopted& dividing the figure at the star o& but retaining the hind +uarters as a sub-constellation& #l fiatt& recogni)ed by (lug .eg& and& in its translation& as Seetio& by Tycho& the line being marked by A& Q& s& and4! #ncient drawings generally showed the figure as we do& although some gave the entire shape& %liny and 7itruvius writing of the %leiades as cauda Tauri y so implying a complete animal! #ratos +ualified his TavpoL by ttctttUc& "crouching"I 2icero& by inflexo+ut genu& " on bended knee " I 'anilius& by nixus& " striving " I and further& in 2reech s translation, The mighty .ull is lame I :is leg turns under I and Taurus bends as wearied by the %lough I this crouching position also being shown in almost all 9uphratean figuring& as are the horns in immense proportions! The last descended to #ratos& who styled the constellation 1epaov& and is seen in the 2onras of <vid! The latter author wrote again of the sky figure , 7acca sit an taurus non est cognoscere prompt um& from the conflicting legends of "o and 9uropaI for some of the poets& changing the sex& had called these stars "o& the $anderer& another object of 6upiter s attentions& whom 6uno s jealousy had changed to a cow! They also varied the title by the e+uivalent 6uvenca "nachia and "nachis& from her father "nachus! She afterwards became the ancestress of our 2epheus and #ndromeda! Still another version& from the myth of early spring& made Taurus #nurias %asiphaes& the ;over of %asiphaeI but ;a ;ande s 2hironis Filia seems unintelligible! The story that the .ull was one of the two with bra)en feet tamed by the #rgonaut 6ason& perhaps& has deeper astronomical meaning& for Thompson writes ,

The sign Taurus may have been the 2retan .ull I and a transit through that sign may h5ve been the celestial .Onropor of the #rgonautic voyage!

T?A Star-*ames and their 'eanings "t bore synonymous titles in various languages , in #rabia& #l Thaur& which degenerated to 9l Taur& #ltor& #taur& #ltauro& by Schickard I Tor& by /iccioli I and even now Taur& in our Standard 0ictionary& "n Syria it was TanraI in %ersia& Tora& <hav& or GauI in Turkey& (ghuxI and in 6udaea& ?hCr& although also known there as 1 Jm& a word that )oologically appears in the #uthori)ed 7ersion of our .ible as the " unicorn&" but better in the /evised as the " wild ox!" ;atin writers mentioned it under its present name& to which Germanicus added .os from the country people& although it also was %rinoept aimenti& the ;eader of the herd& and .ubulcus& the peasant 0river of the <xen& a title more usual and more correct& however& for .ootesI ;a ;ande +uoting it as .ubulum 2aput 'anilius characteri)ed Taurus as dives pue :is U " rich in maidens&" referring to its seven :yades and seven %leiades& all daughters of #tlas& and the chief attraction in a constellation not otherwise specially noticeable! #n early Grecian gem shows three nude figures& hand in hand& standing on the head of the .ull& one pointing to seven stars in line over the back& which ;andseer referred to the :yades I but as six of the stars are strongly cut& and one but faintly so& and the letter % is superscribed& 0octor 2harles #nthon is undoubtedly correct in claiming them for the %leiades& and the three figures for the Graces& or 2harites! These were originally the 7edic :arits& associated with the sun& stars& and ! seasons I and this astronomical character adhered to the 2harites& for their symbols in their ancient temple in .oeotia were stones reputed to have fallen from the sky! # coin& struck ET b! c! by %! 2lodius Turrinus& bore the %leiades in evident allusion to the consular surnameI while earlier still H T8B-CE b! aH the Seleucidae of Syria placed the humped bull in a position of attack on their coins as symbol of this constellation! The gold mu4irs& or mohurs& and the )odiacal rupees& attributed to 6ehangir Shah& of 8C 8?& show Taurus as a complete& although spiritless& creature& with the gibbous hump peculiar to "ndian cattle! This is always drawn in the 9uphratean stellar figure& and was descnbed as 1vpToc by an early commentator on the Syn4axis! .ut the silver rupees of the same monarch have the customary half animal in bold& butting attitude exactly as it is now& and as it was described by 'anilius in his flexus and nisus& and by ;ucan in his curvatus! # very ancient coin of Samos& perhaps of the Cth century before 2hrist& bears a half-kneeling& sectional figure of a bull& with a lion s head on the obverseI and one of Thurii& in ;ucania& of the Eth century b! c& has the complete animal in position to charge! #nother of this same city bears the .ull with a bird on its back& perhaps symboli)ing the %eleiad 0oves!

The 2onstellations T?8 %lutarch wrote& in his 0e Facie <rbe ;unae& that when the planet Saturn was in Taurus& 8! e& every thirty years& there took place the legendary migration from the external continent beyond the 2ronian& or Saturnian& Sea to the :omeric <rgyia& or to one of its sister islands! South #merican savage tribes held ideas similar to our own about Taurus& for ;a 2ondamine& the celebrated French scientist of the last century& said that the #ma)on "ndians saw in the V of the :yades the head of a bull I while Goguet more definitely stated that& at the time of the discovery of that river& by 3ane) %in)on in 8 JAA& the natives along its banks called the group Tapura .ayoaba& the 6aw of an <xI and even in civili)ed countries it has been fancifully thought that its shape& with the horns extending to and Q& gave tide to the constellation! "n 2hina it formed part of the $hite Tiger& and also was known as Ta ;eang& the Great .ridge& from a very early designation of the :yades and %leiades I but as a )odiac constellation it was the 2ook& or :en& recalling the modern :en and 2hickens of the %leiades! $hen the 6esuits introduced their $estern nomenclature it became 1in :en& the Golden <x! #fter 9gyptian worship of the bull-god <siris had spread to other 'editerranean countries& our Taurus naturally became his sky representative& as also of his wife and sister "ns& and even assumed her name I but the starry .ull of the *ile country was not ours& at least till late in that astronomy! Still this constellation is said to have begun the )odiacal series on the walls of a sepulchral chamber in the /amesseum I and& whatever may have been its title& its stars certainly were made much of throughout all 9gyptian history and religion& not only from its then containing the vernal e+uinox& but from the belief that the human race was created when the sun was here! "n 2optic 9gypt it& or the %leiades& was GpiaF& the Good Season& 1ircher s Statio 4fori& although it was better known as #pia& the modern form of the ancient :api& whose worship as god of the *ile may have preceded even the building of the pyramids! #s first in the early :ebrew )odiac it was designated by # or #leph& the first letter of that alphabet& coincidently a crude figure of the .ull s face and horns I some of the Targums assigning it to the tribes of 'anasseh and 9phraim& from 'oses5 allusion to their father 6oseph in the TTd chapter of 0euteronomy & H "his horns are the horns of the wild ox"I but others said that it appeared only on the banners of 9phraim I or referred it to Simeon and ;evi jointly& from 6acob s death-bed description of their character& H " they houghed an ox " I or to "ssachar& the " strong ass " which shared with the ox the burdens of toil and carriage! "t has been associated with the animal that #dam first offered in sacrifice&

T?B Star-*ames and their 'eanings

or with the later victims in the 6ewish templeI and the 2hristian school of which *ovidius was spokesman recogni)ed in Taurus the <x that stood with the ass by the manger at the blessed *ativity! :ood said of this, " .ut whether there were any ox there or no& " know not how he will prove it!" "n the " apostolic )odiac " it became Saint #ndrew I but 2aesius said that long before him it was 6oseph the %atriarch! /epresentations of the 'ithraio .ull on gems of four or five centuries before 2hrist& reproduced in ;ajarde s 2uite de 'ithra& prove that Taurus was at that time still prominent in %ersico- .abylonian astronomy as well as in its religion! <ne of these representations& showing the front of the .ull s head& may very well be the origin of our present symbol of this sign& b & although it also has been considered a combination of the full and crescent moon& associated with this constellation as a nocturnal sign I and some assert that Taurus was drawn as a demi-bull from his representing the crescent moon! This appears on a .abylonian cylinder seal of about B8JA b!c Still earlier in #kkadia it seems to have been known as the .ull of ;ight& its double title& Te Te& referring to its two groups& the :yades and %leiades& which in every age have been of so much interest to mankindI and a cylinder has Gut-an-na& the :eavenly .ull& mentioned in connection with rain! so recalling the rainy :yades! 9pping says that it was the .abylonians Shur& and that four of their ecliptic constellations were marked by its starsI while 6ensen mentions it as symbolic of 'ardftk& the Spring Sun& son of la& whose worship seems to have been general BBAA b! c& H probably long before& H and that it was originally complete and extended as far as the Fish of la& the northern of the two Fishes! This high authority carries the formation of Taurus still farther back& to about JAAA b! c& even before the e+uinox lay here! The name of the second of the antediluvian .abylonian kings& the mythical #laparos& seems connected with this constellation or with the lucid a& #ldebaran I and its stars certainly were associated with the second month of the #ssyrian year& #-aru& the 0irecting .ull& our #pril'ay& as they were in the 9pic of 2reation with the con+uest of the 2entaur! Taurus was the 2ingalese (rusaba& the early :indu 7riaha& 7riahan& or 7rouehabam& H in the Tamil tongue& /iahabam I but subse+uendy 7araha 'ihira gave it as Taouri& his rendering of Taurus& and #l .iruni& in his "ndia& as Tambiru $ith the 0ruids it was an important object of worship& their great religious festival& the Tauric& being held when the sun entered its boundariesI and it has& perhaps fancifully& been claimed that the tors of 9ngland were the old sites of their Taurine cult& as our cross-buns are the present representatives of the early bull cakes with the same stellar association& tracing

The 2onstellations T?T back through the ages to 9gypt and %hoenicia! #nd the Scotch have a story that on *ew 3ear s eve the 2andlemas .ull is seen rising in the twilight and sailing across the sky& H a matter-of-fact statement& after all!

The #nglo-Saxon 'anual of #stronomy four centuries ago gave it as Fearr! #strologers made this sign the lord of man s neck& throat& and shoulders I Shakespeare having an amusing passage in Twelfth *ight& in the dialogue between Sirs Toby .elch and #ndrew #guecheek& when both blunder as to this character of Taurus! #nd it was considered under the guardianship of 7enus& sharing this distinction with the body of Scorpio& H some said with ;ibra& H whence it was known as 7eneris .idns& 0omus 7eneris nocturaa& and Gaudinm 7eneris , an idea also perhaps influenced by its containing the "leYeiddes& the 0oves& the favorite birds of that goddess! "t ruled over "reland& Greater %oland& part of /ussia& :olland& %ersia& #sia 'inor& the #rchipelago& 'antua& and ;eip)ig in modern astrology& as it did over #rabia& #sia& and Scythia in ancient I #mpelius assigned to it the care of the much dreaded west-northwest wind& %liny s #rgestes! $hite and lemon were the colors allotted to it! <n the whole& it was an unfortunate constellation& although a manuscript almanac of 8T?C had " whoso is born in yat syne schal have grace in bestis " I and thunder& when the sun was here& "brought a plentiful supply of victuals!" The extent and density of the stars in Taurus are shown by the fact that& according to #rgelander& it contains 8B8 visible to the naked eyeI 8??& according to :eis! ! ! ! go forth at night& #nd talk with #ldebaran& where he flames "n the cold forehead of the wintry sky! 'rs! Stgourney s The Stars! 2t& 8!B& pale rose! #ldebaran is from #l 0abaran& the Follower& i! c! of the %leiades& or& as %rofessor $hitney suggested& because it marked the Bd mati)il that followed the first! The name& now monopoli)ed by this star& originally was given to the entire group of the :yades and the lunar mansion which& as *O ir al 0fcbarOn& the .right <ne of the Follower& our star marked I yet there was diversity of opinion as to this& for the first edition of the #lfonsine Tables a %p:ed it solely to a& while that of 8E?T& and #l Sufi& did not recogni)e a as included in the title! /iccioli usually wrote it #ldebara& occasionally

T?E Star-*ames and their 'eanings #ldebaram& adopted in the French edition of Flamsteed s #tlas of 8DDCI Spenser& in the Faerie Gueen wrote #ldeboran& which occasionally still appears I 2haucer& in the :ous of Fame& and even the modern ;a ;ande& had #ldeboranI Schickard gave the word as #ddebiris and 0ebironI and

2ostard& in his :istory A4 #stronomy& cited #ldebaron! #l .iruni +uoted& as titles indigenous to #rabia& #l Fanik& the Stallion 2amelI #l FatiU& the Fat 2amelI and #l 'njtdij& the Female 2amel&H the smaller adjacent stars of the :yades being the ;ittle 2amels I and it was Tali al *ajm and :ad= al *ajm& e+uivalents of the Stella 0ominatrii of classical ages& as if driving the %leiades before it! "ndeed in the last century *iebuhr heard the synonymous Sttk al Thnrayya on the #rabian shores of the %ersian Gulf! # later name was #in al Thaw&H which $estern astronomers corrupted to #tin and :ain #lter& H identical with Gufia .ooF& <oulus Tauri& and the early 9nglish .ull s 9ye& even now a common title! /iccioli gave this more definitely as <cnlns anitralif& and #ben 9)ra as the ;eft 9ye! The #lfonsine Tables& however& said 2or Tauri& the .ull s :eart& which is far out of the wayI and it has borne the constellation s #rabic title& changed to 9l Tanr! #ldebaran was the divine star in the worship of the tribe 'isam& who thought that it brought rain& and that its heliacal rising unattended by showers portended a barren year! The :indu 9ohinl& a /ed 0eer& used also for the nakshatra in Scorpio marked by #ntares& was un+uestionably from the star s ruddy hue& ;eonard 0igges writing& in his %rognostication for 8JJJ& that it is "ever a meatc rodde SredK " I and the #lfonsine Tables had +uae trahit ad aerem clarum valde H est ut cerea& %alilicium& 8 in various orthography& but correctly %arilioium& used for the whole group of the :yades& descended as a special designation for #ldebaran through all the catalogues to Flamsteed s& where it is exclusively used! 2olumella called it Sucula as chief of the peasants Suculae! %tolemy s #afinadiag& Torch-bearer& was #afi-rravpag in %roclus %araphrase! The 8CAT and 8DBA editions of .ayer s (ranometria distinctly terminate their lists of #ldebaran s titles with the words Subrufla and #ben 9xraI but .ayer s star-names are often by no means clear& and here incorrect! The latter of these is merely the name of the famous 6ewish commentator to whom he often refers I and the former a designation of the light red color MSubrvfoN l This word is from %alilia& or %arilia& the feast of %ales& H the ;atin shepherds divinity and their feminine form of %an& H which marked the birthday of /ome the aist of #pril& when thi5 star vanished in the twilight!

The 2onstellations T?J of the star which we all recogni)e! Some poet has written "red #ldebaran 5 burns " I and $illiam /oscoe Thayer& in his :alid , " saw on a minaret s tip

#ldlbaran 8 like a ruby aflame& then leisurely slip "nto the black hori)on s bowl! "n all astrology it has been thought eminently fortunate& portending riches and honorI and was one of the four /oyal Stars& or Guardians of the Sky& of %ersia& JAAA years ago& when it marked the vernal e+uinox! #s such Flammarion +uoted its title Taschter& which ;enormant said signified the 2reator Spirit that caused rain and delugeI but a different conception of these Guardian Stars among the :indus is noted under #rgo& and still another is given by 9dkins& who makes #ldebaran Sataves& the leader of the western stars! Flammarion has assigned to it the :ebrew #leph that we have seen for Taurus& rendering it God s 9ye I and #ben 9)ra identified it with the biblical inraOhj probably in connection with all the :yades and as being directly opposed on the sphere to 1 f ril which he claimed for #ntares! Sharing everywhere in the prominence given to its constellation& this was especially the case in .abylonian astronomy& where it marked the Jth ecliptic asterism %idnu-sha-Shame& the Furrow of :eaven& perhaps representing the whole )odiac& and analogous to the :ebrew and #rabic %adan and Fadan& the Furrow! So that& before the /am had taken the .ull s place as ;eader of the Signs& #ldebaran was 1u& "-ku& or "-ku-u& the ;eading Star of Stars! Still more anciently it was the #kkadian Gift-da& also rendered the " Furrow of :eaven " I and 0il-gan& the 'essenger of ;ight& H this& as we have seen& being applied to :amal& 2apella& $ega& and perhaps to other bright stars& as their positions changed with respect to the e+uinox! "n the same way the Syriac word "yiltha& which we have seen for the star 2apella& seems to have been used also for #ldebaran! #s marking the lunar station it was the %ersian %aha and the 1horasmian-Sogdian .aharn& signifying the Follower! /iccioli cited& from 2optic 9gypt& "ltupt'v& Static :ori I and /enouf identified #ldebaran with the indigenous *ile figure Sarit #n old .ohemian title is :nua! The :ervey "slanders associated it& as #umea& with Sirius in their legend of the %leiades! #l .iruni +uoted strange #rabic titles for the comparatively vacant space l Thus the pronunciation of the word seems to be in doubt& although the best usage follows the original #rabic in #ldebaran! BJ

T?C Star-*ames and their 'eanings

westward towards the %leiades& H #l 0aika& Growing Small& 8! e! from its rapid setting& and 1alb al 0abaran& the 0og of #ldebaran& H asserting that it was considered a place of evil omen! .ut there seems to have been dispute as to its location& for he added that those authors were wrong who marked this 0og by the B8st and B Bd stars of Taurus& H k and v! #ldebaran is but slightly south of the ecliptic& and& lying in the moon s path& is fre+uently occulted& thus often showing the optical illusion of projection! #s one of the lunar stars it is much used in navigation! "t is the only star in the :arvard %hotometry which is exactly of the 8st magnitude& although by the 9stimates of that catalogue it is 8!B! "t thus has three times the brilliancy of %olaris! The parallax is given by 9lkin as o"!ioi& showing a distance from us of twenty-eight light yearsI or& if the interval between the earth and the sun& the astronomers unit of stellar measurement& be considered as one inch& that between the sun and this star would be twenty-seven miles! "t is receding from our system at the rate of thirty miles a second& and& next to 2 :erculis& seems to have the greatest velocity in the line of sight of any of the bright stars yet determined! The spectrum is Solar& and a beautiful example of the type! #ldebaran comes to the meridian on the 8Ath of 6anuary! "t has a 8Athmagnitude companion& 8A@" away& which has long been known& but .umham recently divided this into 88 and 8T!J& i"!? apart& at a position angle of BD@ I and& in 8???& discovered a iEth-magnitude companion Ti"E distant& at a position angle of 8A@ ! The Tanrids of the BAth of *ovember radiate from a point north of& and preceding& this star! These meteors " are slow& and fireballs occasionally appear among them!"

The :yades marked by the sailor! %otter s translation of 9uripides =XRX #s when the seaman sees the :yades Gather an army of 2immerian clouds& #uster and #+uilon with winged steeds! 2hristopher 'arlowe s :istory o4 0octor FotatR! a R 8 5 # B = yR _5V and e Tauri& ioW southeast of the %leiades& $hitening all the .ull s broad forehead& form one of the most beautiful objects in the sky& and have been famous for ages& especially with the classical authors!

The 2onstellations T?D 'ythologically they were daughters of #tlas and #ethra& and hence halfsisters of the %leiades& with whom they made up the fourteen #tlantides I or the 0odonides& the nymphs of 0odona& to whom 6upiter entrusted the nurture of the infant .acchus& and raised them to the sky when driven into the sea by ;ycurgus! Similarly they were said to be the *ysiades& the nymphs of *ysa& and teachers of .acchus in "ndia! #nciently supposed to be seven in number& we moderns count but six& and :esiod named only five& H 1leea& 9udora& 1oronis& %haeo& and %haesula I but %herecydes gave a complete list of them& although one of his names has been lost& and the rest& preserved by :yginus& vary from those given by :esiod& and doubtless are somewhat corrupted in form! These were #esula or %edile& #mbrosia& 0ione& Thyene or Thyone& 9udora& 1oronis& and %olyxo or %hyto! 8 %herecydes probably took in and Q at the tips of the horns& omitting some of the fainter stars now included in the group I Thales& however& is said to have acknowledged but two& H a and c in the eyes& H "one in the *orthern :emisphere& and the other in the South " I :ipparchos and %tolemy named only a and y as "Tddctv I 9uripides& in the %hatthon& counted threeI and #chaeus& four! <vid used Thyone for the whole& but none of the sisters names have been applied to the individual stars as in the case of the %leiades! They are among the few stellar objects mentioned by :omer& H and by him& :esiod& 'anilius& %liny& and doubtless others& given separately from Taurus! %liny called them %arilienim& from their lucida y #ldebaran! The Greeks knew them as Trfcfec& which became " :yades " with the cultured ;atins& supposed by some to be from veiv& " to rain&" referring to the wet period attending their morning and evening setting in the latter parts of 'ay and *ovemberI and this is their universal character in the literature of all ages! Thus we have :yades Gratis ab imbre vocat of <vid s FastiI pluvias+ue :yadas of the #eneid and of <vid again I said p4uviae generally& which 'anilius expressed in his Sad 2ompanions of the taming 3ear! $hile far back of all these& in the She 1ing, The 'oon wades through :yads bright& Foretelling heavier rain! %liny wrote of them as being " a violent and troublesome star causing stormes and tempests raging both on land and sea " I in later times 9dmund Spenser called them the 'oist 0aughtersI Tennyson& in his (lysses& said , Thro 8 scudding drifts the rainy :yades vext the dim sea I i Grotius has much information as to their titles in his Syntagma #rattorutn!

T?? Star-*ames and their 'eanings and <wen 'eredith has " the watery :yades " in The 9arl s /eturn& The +ueer old Guide into Tongues of 6ohn 'insheu& calling them the Seven Stan& H the only instance of this title that " have met for this group&H makes still more intimate their connection with the showersI for at its word :yades the reader is referred to the word /aine& where we see , :yades& iade)& dictae stellae +uaedam in cornibus Tauri I +uae ortu occasu+! sus plavias largos+ue imbres concitant! #nd in 0octor 6ohnson s 0ictionary the word is defined as " a watery constellation!" Thus they have always been considered most noteworthy by husbandmen& mariners& and all who were dependent upon the weather& even to the last two or three centuries! <vid called them .idus :yantia& after their earthly brother& :yas& whose name& after all& would seem to be the most natural derivation of the title , and it was their grief at his death which gave additional point to :orace s tristes :yadas& and& in one version of their story& induced 6ove to put them in the sky! .ut their collo+uial title among the /oman country-people was Sncnlae& the ;ittle %igs& as if from Sus& Sow& the Greek Tc& :omer s 0vc& which indeed might as well be the derivation of c T_Qo5ec as vetv! This name constantly occurs in astronomical literature from the time of 2olumella and %liny to 1epler& :evelius& and Flamsteed I %liny accounting for it by the fact that the continual rains of the season of their setting made the roads so miry that these stars seemed to delight in dirt& like swine = #nd this idea& trivial though it seems& was sufficiently prevalent for 2icero& a century before %liny& to think worthy of contradiction in his 0e *atura 0eorum! Smyth said that the title might come from the resemblance of the group to a pig s jaws I or because #ldebaran and its companion stars were like a sow with her litter! %eck suggests& in his 0ictionary of 2lassical ;iterature and #nti+uities& that Suculae was the oldest /oman name& given before the Greek appellation was known& and to be compared with our popular stellar titles such as the 0ipper& 2harles $ain& etc! "sidorus traced it to stuus& " moisture&" a pleasanter derivation& and possibly more correct& than that held in ancient "taly! This will account for .ayer s Suoeidae! .assus and others knew the group as v-tytkov& the symbol with %ythagoras for human lifeI and the /oman 7& as it resembles those letters&H a and e being the extremes& y at the vertex! .ut (lug .eg s translator wrote, Guin+ue stellae +uae sunt in facie& in forma ;ambdae Graecoruxn et forma rob 0il! "n the #lfonsine Tables we find ;ampadas& the accusative plural of ;ampada& a Torch!

The 2onstellations T?@ <ccasional #rabic titles were #l :ijdaU& a Triangular Spoon& and #l 1ilOf& the ;ittle She 2amels& referring to the smaller stars in distinction from #ldebaran& the ;arge 2amel I #l Ferghani wrote the word 1ala ij! These ;ittle 2amels appeared in one #rabic story as driven before the personified #ldebaran& in evidence of his riches& when he went again to woo #l Thurayya& the %leiades& who previously had spurned him on account of his poverty! #nother author made the word #l 1allis& the .oiling Sea& so continuing in #rabia the Greek and /oman ideas of its stormy and watery character! Generally& however& in that country& the :yades were #l 0abaran& which was adopted in the 8J8 J #lmagest& as well as in the #lfonsine Tables of 8JB8& where we read sunt stellae aldebaran& specially referring to the star y " of those in the face!" The #rabic title& therefore& was identical with that of the Bd man)il& which these stars constituted& as they also did the Bd nakshatra& .ohini& #ldebaran marking the junction with the adjacent 'rigacfrsha! The :indus figured this asterism as a Temple& or $agon I and there are many astrological allusions to it in the Siddhdntas& the collective term for the various standard astronomical books of that people! The 2hinese utili)ed it for their Bd situ& %i& or %eih& anciently %al& a :and-net& or a /abbit-net& but included Y and aI although some limited this station to e& the farthest to the north! The She 1ing thus described it , ;ong and curved is the /abbit *et of the sky I but with that people generally it was the Star of the :unter& and& with the astrologers& the 0rought 2ar! This title& however& was inappropriate& for the :yades seem to have been as closely identified with rain in 2hina as in Greece or /ome& H indeed were worshiped as Tfi Shi& the General& or /uler& of /ain& from at least 8 8AA b! c! Still this character was not native& but must have been derived from western #sia& where the early rains coincided with the heliacal rising of these stars& which was not the case in 2hina by nearly two months! The adjacent small stars& with f& were Tien ;in& the 2elestial %ublic GranaryI and the whole group was known as the #nnouncer of "nvasion on the .order! The :yades have been identified with the scriptural 1a))iroth& but there is little foundation for this I even less than for their identification& by Saint 6erome and by /iccioli& with the 1lmOh of the .ook of 6ob& ix& @! #nglo-Saxon titles are .aedgaitran& .aedgasnan& and .edgaesrom& whatever these may mean I and the .oar-Throng which that people saw in the sky may have been this group rather than <rion as generally is supposed! "t is thought that the :yades have a united proper motion towards the

T@A Star-*ames and their 'eanings west! They are rich in doubles and full of interest to the owners of even small glasses! MT& 0ouble& B!8 and 8A& brilliant pure white and pale gray! 9l :ath is from #l *atil;& the .utting <ne& because located on the tip of the northern t horn& JW from f& similarly placed on the southern! This title also appears for #ries and its star :amal! .ayer said that many included it and Q in the :yades group& but this seems improbable& although %herecydes had it thus! Tauriis identical with y #urigae& and has been considered as belonging to either constellation I .urritt s #tlas calling it #urigae or Q8 :ath! #s a member of #uriga it lies on the left ankle& and was the #rabians Yabd al "nan& usually translated the :eel of the /ein-holder! Smyth& who is often humorous amid his exact science& referring to the position of this star at the greatest possible distance from the hoof& says , " 2an this have given rise to the otherwise pointless sarcasm of not knowing . from a bull s foot F " $ith 2apella and other stars in #uriga it was the 2hinese $oo 2hay& a Fire-carriage! "n .abylonia it was Shur-narkabti-.ha-iltanu& the Star in the .ull towards the *orth& or the *orthern Star towards the 2hariot&H not our $ain& but the 2hariot of #uriga& H and marked the Cth ecliptic constellation! The sun stood near this star at the commencement of spring CAAA years ago! #mong the :indus it represented #gni& the god of fire& and commonly bore that title I as also the similar :utabhuj& the 0evourer of the Sacrifice! #strologers said that 9l *ath portended eminence and fortune to all who could claim it as their natal star! "t has a Sirian spectrum& and is receding from us at the rate of about five miles a second! .etween it and 7 #urigae was discovered on the BEth of 6anuary& 8?@B& the now celebrated nova #urigae that has occasioned so much interest in the astronomical world! 3& E!B& yellow! :yadum " is generally seen for this& and& synonymously& %rimus :yRdum& or& more correctly& as with Flamsteed& %rima :yadum I but this was not original with him& for long before it evidently was an #rabic designation& as #l #chsasi had #wwal al 0abaran& the First of the 0abaran!

:ipparchos described it as ev tw pvyxUh "in the mu))le&" still its location at the vertex of the triangle!

The 2onstellations T@8 $ith others adjacent it was 2hoo $an& the 'any %rinces& of 2hina! _J& E!B& is :yadmn : f& T!C& one of the :yades& according to $hitall& is #in& from the #rabic #in& the 9ye& near which it lies& Flamsteed calling it <oulus barens& the *orthern 9ye! Some think that it alone constituted the Bd situ& %i! 2lose by is a small nebula& *! G! 2! 8JJJ& one of the few known to be variable in light! 2V T-JR was the determinant of the Dth ecliptic constellation of .abylonia& Shnrnarkafati-aha-flhatf& the Star in the .ull towards the South& or the Southern Star towards the 2hariot! /eeves gave it& with others near by& as Tien 1wan& the :eavenly Gate! "n astrology Q has been considered of mischievous influence! "t marks the tip of the southern horn and the singular 2rab *ebula& a little to the northwest& the first in 'essier s catalogues& 8 and now known as *! G! 2! 8@JB& 8 '! #lthough .evis had seen this in 8DT8& it was accidentally rediscovered by 'essier on the 8Bth of September& 8DJ?& while observing f and a neighboring comet& and led to his two catalogues of 8AT nebulae and clusters& published from 8DD8 to 8D?B& the first attempt at a complete list of these objects! The return of :alley s comet was first observed in #ugust& 8?TJ& close to this star& when the nebula was a perfect mare s-nest to astronomical tyros!

The seven sweet %leiades above! <wen 'eredith s The $anderer! The group of sister stars& which mothers love To show their wondering babes& the gentle Seven! .ryant s The 2onstellations! fcAe tftfeiaoee&

the :arrow 2loudy Train of Female Stan of 'anilius& and the Starry Seven& <ld #tlas 2hildren& of 1eats 9ndymion& have everywhere been 8 The work of 'essier& shared by ;a 2aille and 'echain& was supposed to have brought rr gether all objects of that class in the heavens I but twenty years afterwards Sir $illiam :erschel had added asoo to their lists& and his son s General 2atalogue of 8?CE has JAD@ nebulae and clusters! This was enlarged by 0reyer& in his *ew General 2atalogue& to @E8C discovered ( % to 0ecember& 8??D I and since then at least 8AAA more have been added by Swift and the observers at 'arseilles! :alley& in 8D8C& knew only six& and of these four are clusters!

T@ B Star-*ames and their 'eanings among the most noted objects in the history& poetry& and mythology of the heavens I though& as #ratos wrote& not a mighty space :olds all& and they themselves are dim to see! #ll literature contains fre+uent allusions to them& and in late years they probably have been more attentively and scientifically studied than any other group! They generally have been located on the shoulder of the .ull as we have them& but :yginus& considering the animal figure complete& placed them on the hind +uarterI *icander& 2olumella& 7itruvius& and %liny& on the tail& "n cauda Tauri septem +uas appellavere 7ergilias I H although %liny also is supposed to have made a distinct constellation of them! %roclus and Geminos said that they were on the backI and others& on the neck& which .ayard Taylor followed in his :ymn to Taurus& where they 2luster like golden bees upon thy mane! 9ratosthenes& describing them as over the animal& imitated :omer and :esiod in his "(PacI while #ratos& calling them& in the #ttic dialect :kffi'fft& placed them near the knees of %erseus I thus& as in most of his poem& following 9udoxos& whose sphere& it is said& clearly showed them in that spot! :ipparchos in the main coincided with this& giving them as (keidc and l(emdecI but %tolemy used the word in the singular for four of the stars& and did not separate them from Taurus! The #rabians and 6ews put them on the rump of #ries I and the :indu astronomers& on the head of the .ull& where we now see the :yades! The %leiades seem to be among the first stars mentioned in astronomical

literature& appearing in 2hinese annals of BTJD b! c& #lcyone& the lucid55 then being near the vernal e+uinox& although now BE north of the celestial e+uatorI and in the :indu lunar )odiac as the 8st nakshatra& Yrittitt 8 1arteek& or 1artiguey& the General of the 2elestial #rmies& probably long before 8DTA b! c& when precession carried the e+uinoctial point into #ries! #l .iruni& referring to this early position of the e+uinox in the %leiades& which he found noticed " in some books of :ermes&" B wrote , 8 The 1rittikas were the six nurses of Skanda& the infant god of war& represented by 55 planet 'ars& literally motherless& who took to himself six heads for his better nourishment& and his nurses name in 1arttikeya& Son of the 1rittikas! B These :ermetic .ooks were the sacred canon of 9gypt& in forty-two volumes& treating W5 religion and the arts and sciences& their authorship being ascribed to the god Thoth& wboo the Greeks knew as :ermes Trismegistos& Thrice Great :ermes!

The 2onstellations T@T This statement must have been made about TAAA years and more before #lexander! #nd their beginning the astronomical year gave rise to the title " the Great 3ear of the %leiades" for the cycle of precession of about BJ&@AA years! The :indus pictured these stars as a Flame typical of #gni& the god of fire and regent of the asterism& and it may have been in allusion to this figuring that the western :indus held in the %leiad month 1artik M<ctober-*ovemberN their great star-festival 0ibali& the Feast of ;amps& which gave origin to the present Feast of ;anterns of 6apan! .ut they also drew them& and not incorrectly& as a /a)or with a short handle& the radical word in their title& kart& signifying " to cut!" The Santals of .engal called them .ar enI and the Turks& (lgher! #s a %ersian lunar station they were %erv& %erven& %ervifl& %arvig& or %arvi)& although a popular title was %eren& and a poetical one& %arnr! "n the /ubd isUox /ubOiydt& of the poet-astronomer <mar 1hayyam& the tentmaker of *aishdpur in n BT& " who stitched the tents of science&" they were %arwin& the %arven of that country to-day I and& similarly& with the 1horasmians and Sogdians& %arvi and %arnr I H all these from %eru& the .egetters& as beginning all things& probably with reference to their beginning the year! "n 2hina they were worshiped by girls and young women as the Seven Sifters of "ndustry& while as the 8st sieu they were 'ao& 'an& or 'aon& anciently 'ol& The 2onstellation& and Gang& of unknown signification& #lcyone being the determinant! <n the 9uphrates& with the :yades& they seem to have been 'as-tabba-gal-gal-la& the Great Twins of the ecliptic& 2astor and %ollux being the same in the )odiac!

"n the Jth century before 2hrist 9uripides mentioned them with #ctCc& our #ltair& as nocturnal timekeepers I and Sappho& a century previously& marked the middle of the night by their setting! 2enturies still earlier :esiod and :omer brought them into their most beautiful verseI the former calling them #rkdyevrjU& #tlas-born! The patriarch 6ob is thought to refer to them twice in his word 1"mah& a 2luster& or :eap& which the :ebrew herdsman-prophet #mos& probably contemporary with :esiod& also usedI the prophet s term being translated "the seven stars" in our #uthori)ed 7ersion& but " %leiades " in the /evised! The similar .abylonian-#ssyrian 1imtn& or 1immatn& signifies a " Family Group&" for which the Syrians had 1ima& +uoted in :umboldt s 2osmos as <emat I this most natural simile is repeated in Seneca s 'edea as densos %leiadum greges! 'anilius had Glomerabile Sidns& the /ounded #sterism& e+uivalent to the

T@E Star-*ames and their 'eanings Globus %leiadmn of 7alerius FlaccusI while .rown translates the "(+idfyf of #ratos as the Flock of 2lustexen! "n 'ilton s description of the 2reation it is said of the sun that the gray 0awn and the %leiades before him danc d& Shedding sweet influence& H the original of these last words being taken by the poet from the .ook of 6ob& xxxviii& T8& in the #uthori)ed 7ersion& that some have thought an astrological reference to the %leiades as influencing the fortunes of mankind& or to their presumed influential position as the early leaders of the ;unar 'ansions! The /evised 7ersion& however& renders them " cluster& and the Septuagint by the Greek word for "band&" as if uniting the members of the group into a fillet I others translate it as " girdle&" a conception of their figure seen in #mr al 1ais contribution to the 'uailakdt& translated by Sir $illiam 6ones , "t was the hour when the %leiades appeared in the firmament like the folds of a silken sash variously decked with gems! 7on :erder gave 6ob s verse as , 2anst thou bind together the brilliant %leiades F .eigel as , 2anst thou not arrange together the rosette of diamonds of the %leiadesF and :afi) wrote to a friend , To thy poems :eaven affixes the %earl /osette of the %leiades as a seal of immortality!

#n opening rose also was a fre+uent 9astern simile I while in Sadi s Guiisian& the /ose-garden& we read , The ground was as if strewn with pieces of enamel& and rows of %leiades seemed to hug on the branches of the trees I or& in Grafs translation , as though the tops of the trees were encircled by the necklace of the %leiades! $illiam /oscoe Thayer repeated the %ersian thought in his :alid, slowly the %leiades 0ropt like dew from bough to bough of the cinnamon trees!

The 2onstellations T@J That all these wrote better than they knew is graphically shown by 'iss 2lerke where& alluding to recent photographs of the cluster by the 'essrs! :enry of %aris& she says , The most carious of these was the threading together of stars by filmy processes! "n one case seven aligned stars appeared strung on a nebulous filament "like beads on a rosary!" The " rows of stars&" so often noticed in the sky& may therefore be concluded to have more than an imaginary existence! The title& written also %liades and& in the singular& %lias& has commonly been derived from nkeiv&"to sail&" for the heliacal rising of the group in 'ay marked the opening of navigation to the Greeks& as its setting in the late autumn did the close! .ut this probably was an afterthought& and a better derivation is from rr#e>oc& the 9pic form of tt#cwc& " full&" or& in the plural& " many&" a very early astronomical treatise by an unknown 2hristian writer having %ly odes a pluraliiate! This coincides with the biblical 1imah and the #rabic word for them H #l Thurayya! .ut as %leione was the mother of the seven sisters& it would seem still more probable that from her name our title originated! Some of the poets& among them #thenaeus& :esiod& %indar& and Simonides& likening the stars to /ock-pigeons flying from the :unter <rion& wrote the word (eYeiddeg u which& although perhaps done partly for metrical reasons& again shows the intimate connection in early legend of this group with a flock of birds! $hen these had left the earth they were turned into the %leiad stars! #eschylus assigned the daughters pious grief at their father s labor in bearing the world as the cause of their transformation and subse+uent transfer to the heavensI but he thought these %eleiadesdkrepoi& " wingless!" <ther versions made them the Seven 0oves that carried ambrosia to the infant >eus& one of the flock being crushed when passing between the Symplegades& although the god filled up the number again! This story probably originated in that of the dove which helped #rgo

through I :omer telling us in the <dyssey that *o bird of air& no dove of swiftest wing& That bears ambrosia to the ethereal king& Shuns the dire rocks I in vain she cuts the skies& The dire rocks meet and crush her as she flies I and the doves on *estor s cup described in the "liad have been supposed to refer to the %leiades! 3et some have prosaically asserted that this columbine title is merely from the loosing of pigeons in the auspices customary

T@C Star-*ames and their 'eanings at the opening of navigation! These stories may have given rise to the Sicilians Seven 0ovelets& the Sette %alommielle of the %entameron! #nother title analogous to the foregoing is .utrom from "sidores&H 2aesius wrongly writing it .rutnm& H in the mediaeval ;atin for .orptU& 8 .unch of Grapes& to which the younger Theon likened them! "t is a happy simile& although Thompson 5 considers it merely another avian association like that seen in the poetical %eleiades and the #lcyone of the lucida! 7ergiliae and Sidus 7ergiliarum have always been common for the cluster as rising after 7er& the Spring& H the .reeches .ible having this marginal note at its word " %leiades" in the .ook of 6ob y xxxviii& T8 , which starres arise when the sunne is in Taurus which is the spring time and bring flowers #nd these names obtained from the times of the ;atin poets to the 8?th century& but often erroneously written 7irgiliae! %liny& describing the glow-worms& designated them asstellae and likened them to the %leiades, .ehold here before your very feet are your 7ergiliae I of that constellation are they the offspring! #nd the much +uoted lines in ;ocksley :all are similar , 'any a night " saw the %leiads& rising thro the mellow shade& Glitter like a swarm of fire-flies tangled in a silver braid! .ayer cited Signatricia ;amina! :esiod called them the Seven 7irgins and the 7irgin StanI 7ergil& the 9oae #tlantidesI 'ilton& the Seven #tlantic SistersI and :esperidet& the title for another batch of #tlas daughters from :esperis& has been applied to them! 2haucer& in the :ous of Fame & had #tlantes donghtres XeveneI but his " Sterres sevene " refer to the planets! #s the Seven Sisters they are familiar to all I and as the Seven Stars they occur in various early .ible versions I in the Siftansterri of the #nglo-Saxons& though they also wrote

%liade I in the Septistelliutn vestis institoris& cited by .ayer I and in the modern German Siebengestirn! This numerical title also fre+uently has been applied to the brightest stars of the Greater .ear& as in early days it was to the " seven planets&" H the Sun& 'oon& 'ercury& 7enus& 'ars& 6upiter& and Saturn! 'insheu had the words " Seven Starres " indiscriminately for l :e traces the word back as e+uivalent to <trag& a 0ove& probably 2olumba omas of <$ $orld ornithology& and so named from its purple-red breast like wine& H oPiPF& H and nahiralo referred to a bunch of grapes I or perhaps because the bird appeared in migration at the time of the vintage! This is strikingly confirmed by the fact that coins of ' alios in 2ilicia bore doves with bodies formed by bunches of grapes I these coins being succeeded by others bearing grapes aloneI and we often see the bird and fruit still associated in early 2hristian symbolism!

The 2onstellations T@D the %leiades& :yades& and (rsa 'ajor& saying& as to the first& "that appear in a cluster about midheaven!" #s the group outline is not unlike that of the 0ipper in (rsa 'ajor& many think that they much more deserve the name ;ittle 0ipper than do the seven stars in (rsa 'inorI indeed that name is not uncommon for them! #nd even in our Cth century& with :esychios& they were >drtkka& a 2hariot& or $agon& another well-known figure for (rsa 'ajor! "deler mentioned a popular designation by his countrymen& H SehifOhrta Geetirn& the Sailors Stars& H peculiarly appropriate from the generally supposed derivation of their Greek title and meteorological character of BAAA years agoI but the Tables of some <bscure $ordis of 1ing 6ames " anticipated this in _ Seamen5 Starres H the seaven starrest The Teutons had SenlainerI the Gaels& Griglean& Grioglachan& and 'eanmnaehI the :ungarians& who& Grimm says& have originated B?A native names for stars& called the %leiades Fiastik and :eteveny& H this last in Finland :et e wa neI the ;apps of *orway knew them as :iedgierreg I while the same people in Sweden had the strange Suttjenes /auko& Fur in Frost& these seven stars covering a servant turned out into the cold by his master! The F mns and ;ithuanians likened them to a Sieve with holes in itI and some of the French peasantry to a 'os+uito 7et& 2oufiniOre& H in the ;anguedoc tongue 2ousigneiros! The /ussians called them .aba& the <ld $ife I and the %oles& .aby& the <ld $ives! #s we have seen the :yades likened to a .oar Throng& so we find with :ans 9gede& the first *orse missionary to Greenland& 8DB8-TE& that this sister group was the 1illnktnrset of that country& 0ogs baiting a bearI and similarly in $ales& 3 twr tewdws& the 2lose %ack! $eigel included them among his heraldic constellations as the 'ultiplication Table& a coat of arms for the merchants!

Sancho %an)a visited them& in his aerial voyage on 2lavileno #ligero& as las Siete 2abrillas& the Seven ;ittle *anny GoatsI and la .acchetta& the .attledore& is a familiar and happy simile in "taly I but the astronomers of that country now know them as %lejadi& and those of Germany as %lejaden! The /abbis are said to have called them Snkkoth / f ndth& usually translated "the .ooths of the 'aidens" or "the Tents of the 0aughters&" and the Standard 0ictionary still cites this supposed :ebrew title I but /iccioli reversed it as Filiae Tabernaonli! #ll this& however& seems to be erroneous& as is well explained in the Speaker s 2ommentary on the Bd .ook of the 1ings xvii& TA& where the words are shown to be intended for the .abylonian goddess >arbanit& >irat-banit& or >ir-pa-nit& the wife of .el 'arduk! The #lfonsine Tables say that the " .abylonians&" by whom were proba-

T@? Star-*ames and their 'eanings bly meant the astrologers& knew them as #torage& evidently their word for the man)il #l Thnrayya& the 'any ;ittle <nes& a diminutive form of Tharwan& #bundance& which #l .iruni assumed to be either from their appearance& or from the plenty produced in the pastures and crops by the attendant rains! $e see this title in .ayer s #thoraie I in 2hilmead s #tauria Fi5aft TaurinaeI and otherwise distorted in every late mediaeval work on astronomy! /iccioli& commenting on these in his #lmagestum *ovum& wrote #rabic5 non #thoraiae vel #tarage sed #ltorieh seu .esat 9lnasch& hoc estfiliae congregationis I the first half of which may be correct enough& but the .enat& etc!& singularly confounded the %leiad stars with those of (rsa 'ajor! "n his #stronomia /eformata he cited #thorace and #ltorieh from #ben /agel! Turanya is another form& which :ewitt says iV from southern #rabia& where they were likened to a :erd of 2amels with the star 2apella as the driver! # special #rabic name for them was #l :ajm& the 2onstellation par excellence& and they may be the Star& or the Star of piercing brightne'& referred to by 'uhammad in the JTd and ?Cth Suras of the 1ufdn& and versified from the latter by Sir 9dwin #rnold in his #l :afi)& the %reserver ! .y the sky and the night star = .y #l Tarik the white star = To proclaim dawn near I Shining clear H $hen darkness covers man and beast H the planet 7enus being intended by #l TariU! Grimm cited the similar Syryan 7oykodsynn& the *ight Star! They shared the watery character always ascribed to the :yades& as is shown in Statius5 %liadum nivosum sidus I and 7alerius Flaccus distinctly used the word " %liada " for the showers& as perhaps did Statius in his fluid5

movere I while 6osephus states& among his very few stellar allusions& that during the investment of 6erusalem by #ntiochus 9piphanes& 8DA b! c& the besieged suffered from want of water& but were finally relieved " by a large shower of rain which fell at the setting of the %leiades!" "n the same way they are intimately connected with traditions of the Flood found among so many and widely separated nations& and especially in the 0eluge-myth oi 2haldaea! 3et with all this well established reputation& we read in the $orks and 0ays , $hen with their domes the slow-pac d snails retreat& .eneath some foliage& from the burning heat <f the %leiades& your tools prepare!

The 2onstellations T@@ They were a marked object on the *ile& at one time probably called 2hu or 2how& and supposed to represent the goddess :it or 1eith& the Shuttle& one of the principal divinities of ;ower 9gypt& identified by the Greeks with #thene& the /oman 'inerva! :ewitt gives another title from that country& #thur-ai& the Stars of #thyr M:athorN& very similar to the #rabic word for them I and %rofessor 2harles %ia))i Smyth suggests that the seven chambers of the Great %yramid commemorate these seven stars! Grecian temples were oriented to them& or to their lucida y those of #thene on the #cropolis& of different dates& to their correspondingly different positions when rising! These were the temple of 8JTA b! c!I the :ecatompedon of 88 JA b! c! I and the great %arthenon& finished on the same site ET? b! c! The temple of .acchus at #thens& 8ATA b! c& looked toward their setting& as did the #sclepieion at 9pidaurus& 8BDJ b! c& and the temple at Sunium of ?EJ b! c! $hile at some unknown date& perhaps contemporaneous with these Grecian structures& they were pictured in the *ew $orld on the walls of a %alen+ue temple upon a blue backgroundI and certainly were a well-known object in other parts of 'exico& for 2orte) heard there& in 8J 8@& a very ancient tradition of the destruction of the world in some past age at their midnight culmination! # common figure for these stars& everywhere popular for many centuries& is that of a :en with her 2hickens& H another instance of the constant association of the %leiades with flocking birds& and here especially appropriate from their compact grouping! #ben /agel and other :ebrew writers thus mentioned them& sometimes with the 2oop that held them& H the 'ama Gallinae of the 'iddle #ges I these also appearing in #rabic folk-lore& and still current among the 9nglish peasantry! "n modern Greece& as the :encoop& they are :ovYia or :ovYeki& not unlike the word of ancient Greece! 'iles 2overdale& the translator in 8JTJ of the first complete 9nglish .ible& had as a marginal note to the passage in the .ook of 6ob, these vii star res& the clock henne with her ohioken. I and /iccioli& in his # "mages turn *ovum ,

Germanice .rathean , #nglice .ntrio id est gallina fovens pullos! $e see in the foregoing the .ntrnm of "sidorus& /iccioli s great predecessor in the 2hurch! The German farm laborers call them <lnck :enneI the /ussian& 7astidha& the Sitting :enI the 0anes& #ften :oehne& the 9ve :en I while in $allachia they are the Golden 2luck :en and her five 2hicks! "n Servia a Girl is added in charge of the brood& probably the star #lcyone& 'aia appropriately taking her place as the 'other! The French and

E-AA Star-*ames and their 'eanings "talians designate them& in somewhat the same way& as %u;nniere& %oiwinidre& and Gallinelle& the %ullets& /iccioli s Gallinella! #borigines of #frica and .orneo had similar ideas about them! %liny s translator :olland called them the .rood-hen star 7ergiliae! Savage tribes knew the %leiades familiarly& as well as did the people of ancient and modern civili)ation I and 9llis wrote of the natives of the Society and Tonga "slands& who called these stars 'atarii& the ;ittle 9yes, The two seasons of the year were divided by the %leiades I the first& 'atarii i nia& the %leiades #bove& commenced when& in the evening& those stars appeared on the hori)on& and continued while& after sunset& they were above! The other season& 'atarii i raro& the %leides .elow& began when& at sunset& they ceased to be visible& and continued till& in the evening& they appeared again above the hori)on! Gill gives a similar story from the :ervey group& where the ;ittle 9yes are 1atariki& and at one time but a single star& so bright that their god Tane in envy got hold of #umea& our #ldebaran& and& accompanied by 'ere& our Sirius& chased the offender& who took refuge in a stream! 'ere& however& drained off the water& and Tane hurled #umea at the fugitive& breaking him into the six pieces that we now see& whence the native name for the fragments& Tauono& the Six& +uoted by Flammarion as Tan& both titles singularly like the ;atin Taurus! They were the favorite one of the various avelas& or guides at sea in night voyages from one island to anotherI and! as opening the year& objects of worship down to 8?JD& when 2hristianity prevailed throughout these islands! The #ustralians thought of them as 3oung Girl. playing to 3oung 'en dancing& H the .elt stars of <rionI some of our "ndians& as 0ancers I and the Solomon "slanders as Togo ni oanra& a 2ompany of 'aidens! The #bipones of the %araguay /iver country consider them their great Spirit Groaperikie& or GrandfatherI and in the month of 'ay& on the reappearance of the constellation& they welcome their Grandfather back with joyful shouts& as if he had recovered from sickness& with the hymn& " $hat thanks do we owe thee = #nd art thou returned at last F #h " thou hast happily recovered = " and then proceed with their festivities in honor of the %leiades reappearance! #mong other South #merican tribes they were 2ajupal& the Six Stars!

The pagan #rabs& according to :afi)& fixed here the seat of immortalityI as did the .erbers& or 1abyles& of northern #frica& and& widely separated from them& the 0yaks of .orneoI all thinking them the central point of the universe& and long anticipating $right in 8DJA and 'adler in 8?EC! and& perhaps& ;ucretius in the century before 2hrist! 'iss 2lerke& in a charming and instructive chapter in her System of the Stars which should be read by every star-lover& tells us that ,

The 2onstellations EA8 $ith *ovember& the " %leiad-month&" many primitive people began their year I and on the day of the midnight culmination of the %leiades& *ovember " D& no petition was presented in vain to the ancient 1ings of %ersia I the same event gave the signal at .usiris for the commencement of the feast of "sis& and regulated less immediately the celebration connected with the fifty-two-year cycle of the 'exicans! Savage #ustralian tribes to this day dance in honor of the " Seven Stars&" because " they are very good to the black fellows!" The #bipones of .ra)il regard them with pride as their ancestors! 9lsewhere& the origin of fire and the knowledge of rice-culture are traced to them! They are the "hoeing-ttan" of South #frica& take the place of a farming-calendar to the Solomon "slanders& and their last visible rising after sunset is& or has been& celebrated with rejoicings all over the southern hemisphere as betokening the " waking-up time " to agricultural activity! They also were a sign to ancient husbandmen as to the seeding-time I 7ergil alluding to this in his 8st Georgk& thus rendered by 'ay , Some that before the fall oth %leiades .egan to sowe& deceaved in the increase& :ave reapt wilde oates for wheate! #nd& many centuries before him& :esiod said that their appearance from the sun indicated the approach of harvest& and their setting in autumn the time for the new sowingI while #ristotle wrote that honey was never gathered before their rising! *early all classical poets and prose writers made like reference to them! 'ommsen found in their rising& from the B8st to the BJth of the #ttic month .apyrjYiuyv& 'ay-6une& the occasion for the prehistoric festival (>vvrfjpia& #thene s 2lothes-washing& at the beginning of the corn harvest& and the date for the annual election of the #chaeans I while 0rach surmised that their midnight culmination in the time of 'oses& ten days after the autumnal e+uinox& may have fixed the day of atonement on the 8Ath of Tishri! Their rising in *ovember marked the time for worship of deceased friends by many of the original races of the South& H a custom also seen with more civili)ed peoples& notably among the %arsis and Sabaeans& as also in the 0ruids midnight rites of the 8st of *ovemberI while a recollection of it is found in the three holy days of our time& #ll :allow 9ve& #ll Saints 0ay& and #ll Souls 0ay! :ippocrates made much of the %leiades& dividing the year into four

seasons& all connected with their positions in relation to the sun I his winter beginning with their setting and ending with the spring e+uinox I spring lasting till their risingI the summer& from their appearing to the rising of #rcturusI and the autumn& till their setting again! #nd 2aesar made their heliacal rising begin the 6ulian summer& and their cosmical setting the commencement of winter! "n classic lore the %leiades were the heavenly group BC

EAB Star-*ames and their 'eanings chosen with the sun by 6ove to manifest his power in favor of #treus by causing them to move from east to west! *otwithstanding& however& all that we read so favorable to the high regard in which these stars were held& they were considered by the astrologers as portending blindness and accidents to sight& a reputation shared with all other clusters! The #rabs& especially& thought their forty days disappearance in the sun s rays was the occasion of great harm to mankind& and 'uhammad wrote that " when the star rises all harm rises from the earth!" .ut :ippocrates had differently written in his 9pidemics& a thousand years before& of the connection of the %leiades with the weather& and of their influence on diseases of autumn , until the season of the %leiades& and at the approach of winter& many ardent fevers set inI and, in autumn& and under the %leiades& again there died great numbers! #lthough the many legends of their origin are chiefly from 'editerranean countries& yet the Teutonic nations have a very singular one associated with our Saviour! "t says that once& when passing by a baker s shop& and attracted by the odor of newly baked bread& :e asked for a loafI but being refused by the baker& was secretly supplied by the wife and six daughters standing by! "n reward they were placed in the sky as the Seven Stars& while the baker became a cuckooI x and so long as he sings in the spring& from Saint Tiburtius 8 0ay& #pril 8Eth& to Saint 6ohn s 0ay& 6une BEth& his wife and daughters are visible! Following this story& the %leiades are the Gaelic 2rannarain& the .aker s %eel& or Shovel& a title shared with (rsa 'ajor! #nother& still homelier& but appropriately feminine& name is hinted at in :olland s translation from the :istoria *aturalis& where %liny treats of " the star 7ergiliae " , So evident in the heaven& and easiest to be known of all others& it is called by the name of a garment hanging out at a .roker s shop! Those who have traced out the origin of the title %etticoat ;ane for the well-known ;ondon street will recogni)e what %liny had in mind!

"n various ages their title has been taken for noteworthy groups of seven in philosophy or literature! This we see first in the %hilosophical %leiad of CBA to JJA b! c& otherwise known as the Seven $ise 'en of Greece& or the Seven Sages& generally given as .ias& 2hilo& 2leobulus& 9pimenides or l 'ay it not be from this that comes the 9nglish term " 2uckoo .read&" that we find in 'rs! 0ana s and 'iss Satterlee s delightful book! :ow to 1now the $ild Flowers& for the 6ow flowering <xalis& the dainty $ood Sorrel of our northern groves F

The 2onstellationU EAT %eriander& %ittacus& Solon& and the astronomer Thales I again in the #lexandrian ;iterary %leiad& or the Tragic %leiades& instituted in the Td century b! c! by %tolemy %hiladelphus& and composed of the seven contemporary poets& variously given& but often as #pollonius of /hodes& 2allimachus or %hiliscus& :omer the 3ounger of :ierapolis in 2aria& ;ycophron& *icander& Theocritus& and our #ratos I in the ;iterary %leiad of 2harlemagne& himself one of the Seven I in the Great %8Ciade of France& of the 8Cth century& brought together in the reign of :enri """& some say by /onsard& the " %rince of %oets&" others by d #urat& or 0orat& the " 'odern %indar&" called "#uratus&" either in punning allusion to his name or from the brilliancy of his genius& and the " 0ark Star&" from his silence among his companionsI and in the ;esser %leiade& of inferior lights& in the subse+uent reign of ;ouis Y"""! ;astly appear the %leiades of 2onnecticut& the popular& perhaps ironical& designation for the seven patriotic poets after our /evolutionary $ar , /ichard #lsop& 6oel .arlow& Theodore 0wight& Timothy 0wight& ;emuel :opkins& 0avid :umphreys& and 6ohn Trumbull& H all good men of 3ale! " have not been able to learn when& and by whom& the titles of the seven sisters were applied to the individual stars as we have themI but now they are catalogued nine in all& the parents being included! These last& however& seem to be a comparatively modern addition& the first mention of them that " find H in /iccioli s # "mage stum *ovum of 8CJ8 H reading, 'ichael Florentius ;angrenius l lllarum exactam figuram observavit& O ad me misit& in +ua additae sunt duae Stellae aliis innominatae& +uas ipse vocal #tlantem& O %leionem I nescio an sint illae& +uas 7endelinus ait observari tan+uam novas& +uia mod C apparent& modo latent! ! ! ! the great and burning star& "mmeasurably old& immeasurably far& Surging forth its silver flame Through eternity& ! ! ! #lcyone = #rchibald ;ampman s #lcyone! f`& or Fl! BJ& T& greenish yellow! #lcyone represents in the sky the #tlantid nymph who became the mother

of :yrieus by %oseidonI but& though now the ;ight of the %leiades& its mythological original was by no means considered the most beautiful! /iccioli wrote the word #loione and #loinoe& and some early manuscripts have #ltione! The early #rabs called it #l 6au)& the $alnut I #l 6au)ah or #l $asat& the 2entral <neI and #l :air& the .right <neIH all of #l Thurayya! The Uhis 'ichel Florent van ;angren was of #ntwerp& a contemporary and friend of /iccioli& and associated with him in giving names to the various features of the moon s surface!

EAE Star-*ames and their 'eanings later #l #chsasi added to this list Thanr al Thurayya& which& literally the .ull of the %leiades& i! e! the ;eading <ne& probably was a current title in his day& for his "talian contemporary /iccioli said& in his #stnmotma /eformata& that the lucida " #lcinoe " was #ltorich turn #thorric :ipparch os has been supposed to allude to it in his CQvc& and _6fvraT<f& rfc nYeiddog& the .right <ne& and the .rightest <ne& of the %leiad! 3et& in the face of these epithets& %tolemy apparently did not mention it in the SytitaxisI while .aily& in his edition of :yde s translation of (lug .eg s lablts& affixed Flamsteed s BJ and .ayer s i` to the TBd star of Taurus& which is described as stella externa minuta vergiliarumU +uae est ad latus boreale L Ho`ix #tlas! "n .abylonia it determined the Eth ecliptic constellation& Temennu& the Foundation Stone! "n "ndia it was the junction star of the nakshatras 1rittika and /ohini! and individually #mba& the 'otherI while :ewitt says that in earlier :indu literature it was #rundhati& wedded to 7ashishtfia& the chief of the Seven Sages& as her sisters were to the six other /ishis of (rsa 'ajorI and that every newly married couple worshiped them on first entering their future home before they worshiped the pole-star! :e thinks this a symbol of the prehistoric union of the northern and southern tribes of "ndia! $e often see the assertion that our title is in no way connected with #kitvOv& the :alcyon& that " symbolic or mystical bird& early identified with the 1ingfisher&" the ornithological #lcedo or 2eryle I so that although the myth of the :alcyon 0ays& that " clement and temperate time& the nurse of the beautiful :alcyon&" $hen birds of calm sit brooding on the charmed wave& is not yet understood& some of Thompson s conjectures as to its stellar aspect will be found interesting! :e writes that the story originally referred to some astronomical phenomenon& probably in connexion with the %leiades& of which constellation #lcyone is the principal star! "n what appears to have been the most vigorous period of ancient astronomy Mnot later than BAAA %! c& but continuing long afterwards to influence legend and nomenclatureN the sun rose at the

vernal e+uinox& in conjunction with the %leiad& in the sign Taurus, the %leiad is in many languages associated with bird-names ! ! ! and " am inclined to take the bird on the bull s back in coins of 9retria& 0icaea& and Thurii for the associated constellation of the %leiad! ! ! ! Suidas definitely asserts that the %leiades were called ##xvovef! #t the winter solstice& in the same ancient epoch& the %leiad culminated at nightfall in mid-heaven! ! X X This culmination& between three and four months after the heliacal rising of the %leiad in #utumn& was& " conjecture& symboli)ed as the nesting of the :alcyon! <wing to the anti+uity and corruption of the legend& it is impossible to ha)ard more than a conjectureI but that the phenomenon was in some form an astronomic one " have no doubt

The 2onstellations EAJ 'adler located in #lcyone the centre of the universe& but his theory has been shown to be fallacious! There is no satisfactory reason for his conclusion& and not much more for 'iss 2lerke s remarks as to the probable si)e and distance of #lcyone& H that it shines to its sister stars with eightythree times the lustre of Sirius in terrestrial skies& while its intrinsic brilliancy& as compared with that of the sun& is 8AAA times greater! #ll this rests upon the extremely doubtful assumption of a parallax of o"!oiT deduced from the star s proper motion! "t culminates on the T8st of 0ecember! The three little companions& easily visible with a low-power& form a beautiful triangle T away from #lcyone! 'ulti ante occasum 'aiae coepere! 7ergil s xst Gtorgic! Fl! BA& or .essel s c& E! 'aia appears in the motto as personifying all the %leiad stars& and the poet cautions the farmer against sowing his grain before the time of its setting! She was the first-born and most beautiful of the sisters& and some have said that her star was the most luminous of the group I in fact& /iccioli& in his #imagestum *ovum& distinctly wrote of 'aia, dicta lucida %leiadum O5 tertii honoris& +uae mater 'ercurii perhibetur& although in the #stronomia /eform at a his " #lcinoe " is the lucida I so that we are uncertain which of these stars was the %leiaa that he used for some one of the group! .ut the mythological importance of the goddess whose name 'aia bears would indicate that /iccioli may have been correct as to the first of these identifications& and that the titles of the two stars perhaps should be interchanged! The name also is written 'ea and 'aja& the feminine form of ma4us& an older form of magnus! 2icero had the word 'ajja& calling the %leiad sanctissitna& for in his day 'aia was only another figure for the great and

much named /hea-2ybele& Fauna& Faula& Fatua& <ps& familiarly known as 'a& or 'aia 'aiestas& the .ona 0ea& or Great and Fruitful 'other& who gave name to the /oman month& our 'ay! <vid added to her title %leias uda& the 'oist %leiad& as another symbol for the groupI and 0ante used her title for the planet 'ercury& as the #tlantid was mother of that god! The e+uivalent 'aou& for the %leiades in 2hina& is singularly like the ;atin word! BC5

EAC Star-*ames and their 'eanings The nebula attached to this star& a part of the general nebulosity that envelops the group& was first noticed in 8??B on photographs by %ickering and the 'essrs! :enry!

! ! ! the lost %leiad seen no more below! .yron s .tfpo! Fl! 8D& or Q& E!C! 9leetra& although for at least two or three centuries the title of a clearly visible star& has been regarded as the ;ost %leiad& from the legend that she withdrew her light in sorrow at witnessing the destruction of "lium& which was founded by her son 0ardanos& H as witness <vid in the Fasti, 9lectra Trojae spectare ruinas *on tulit ante oculos& opposuit+ue manum I or& as :yginus wrote& left her place to be present at its fall& thence wandering off as a hair-star& or comet I or& reduced in brilliancy& settled down close to 'i)ar as #YtonrjU& the Fox& the #rabs #l Suha& and our #lcor! "n the :arleian 'anuscript the word is written 9lecta! <vid called her #tlantis& personifying the family! The %irt-1opan-noot tribe of #ustralia have a legend of a ;ost %leiad& making this the +ueen of the other six& beloved by their heavenly 2row& our 2anopus& and who& carried away by him& never returned to her home!

Thy beauty shrouded by the heavy veil Thy wedlock won!

9lixabeth $orthington Fiske! Fl! BT& or _4& J& silvery white! 'erope often is considered the ;ost %leiad& because& having married a mortal& the crafty Sisyphus& she hid her face in shame when she thought of her sisters alliances with the gods& and reali)ed that she had thrown herself away! She seems& however& to have recovered her e+uanimity& being now much brighter than some of the others! The name itself signifies "'ortal!" This star is enveloped in a faintly extended& triangular& nebulous ha)e& visually discovered by Tempel in <ctober& 8?J@ V anM 5 there is a small& distinct nebula& discovered by .arnard in *ovember& 8?@A& close by 'erope& almost hidden in its radiance& although intrinsically very bright!

The 2onstellations EAD Taygete simul os terris ostendit hones turn %leias! 7ergil s Eth Georgic! Fl! 8@& or e @ 0ouble& J!8 and 8A& lucid white and violet! Taygete& or Taygeta& a name famous in Spartan story for the mother of ;ace daemon by >eus& was mentioned by <vid and 7ergil as another representative of this stellar familyI the former calling it .oror %leiadum& and the latter using it to fix the two seasons of the honey harvest& as in 0avidson s translation of the passage beginning with our motto , as soon as the %leiad Taygete has displayed her comely face to the earth& and spurns with her foot the despised waters of the ocean I or when the same star& flying the constellation of the watery Fish& descends in sadness from the sky into the wintery waves! (lug .eg applied to it #l $aaat& the 2entral <ne& usually and more appropriately given to #lcyone! .ayer lettered it +& describing it as %leiadum minimaI but the 2entury 2yclopedia s Q is a misprint for e! #nd is there glory from the heavens departed F H <h= void unmarkld= H thy sisters of the sky Still hold their place on high& Though from its rank thine orb so long hath started& Thou& that no more art seen of mortal eye! 'rs! :emans The ;ett %leiad! Fl! 8C& or g& C!J& silvery white!

2e;aeno& or 2eleno& has been called the ;ost %leiad& which Theon the 3ounger said was struck by lightning " "t gives but one half the light of Taygete I still it can be seen with the naked eye& if a good one& and is so given in the :eis 7er)eichniss! The Sister Stars that once were seven 'ourn for their missing mate in :eaven! #lfred #ustin! F; B8 and Fl! BB& or k and 4& C!J and D! Sterope " and Sterope ""& less correctly #sterope& are a widely double star at the upper edge of the rising cluster& and faintly visible only by reason of the combined light I so that #l Sufi s Jth magnitude seems large! <vid made use of Steropes sidufl to symboli)e the whole& but the present magnitudes would show that his star H if& indeed& he referred to any special

EA? Star-*ames and their 'eanings star at all& as is improbable H was not ours& or else that a change in brilliancy has taken place! "n fact& this also& and not without reason& has been called the ;ost %leiad! #tlas& that on his bra)en shoulders rolls 3on heaven& the ancient mansion of the gods! %otter s translation of 9uripides 5lwr! Fl! BD& or4& 0ouble& E!J& intense white! #tlas was %ater #tlas with /iccioli& apparently having been added in his day to the original group of the seven daughters! "t was of him that <vid wrote , %leiades incipiunt nmeros relevare paternos I for their setting relieved the father of some of his burden as bearer of the heavens! $ith %leione it marks the end of the handle of the %leiad 0ipper& and probably has a very minute& close companion& said to have been discovered by Struve in 8?BD& and again revealed& at an occultation by the moon& on the Cth of 6anuary& 8?DC! :inc sata %leione cnm caelifero #tlante 6ungitur& ut fama est& %leladas+ne parit!

<vid s Fasti! Fl! B?& or #& C!J! %leione& /iccioli s 'ater %leione& and %lione& were e+ually modern additions& although 7alerius Flaccus used the word to personify the whole! #s the spectrum of this star shows the bright lines of hydrogen like that of % 2ygni& %ickering suggests that it may similarly have had a temporary brilliancy and thus be the ;ost %leiad , a scientific and H if there ever has been in historic time a star in the cluster that is now missing H the most probable solution of this much discussed +uestionI so that the mother seems to have been lost& as well as many of the daughters = The :arleian 'anuscript of 2icero s #ratos represents the Sisters by plain female heads under the title 7"" %liades et #thlan:des& and individually as 'erope& #lcyone& 2elaeno& 9lectra& Ta 3gete& Sterope& and 'aia! 8 Grotius has them in the same way& but in far more attractive style& from 8 <ther names& too& were assigned to the mythological septette I the scholiast on Theocritus giving them as 2occymo& %lancia& %rotis& %arthemia& ;ampatho& Stonychia& and the familiar 'aia!

The 2onstellations EA@ the old ;eyden 'anuscript& where we find the orthography #sterope and 'ea& the former of which& appearing with Germanicus& has become common in our day! The German manuscript& dating from the 8Jth century& shows seven full-length figures& the 0ark Sister smaller than the others& and wearing a dark-blue head-dress& the rest brighter in color& with faces of true German type! $hile this list includes all the named %leiad stars& some practically invisible without opticaK aid& yet every increase of power reveals a larger number! /iccioli wrote about this in 8CJ8 , Telescopio autem spectatae visae sunt Galileo plus +uam EA! ut narratur in *uncio Sidereo I a first-rate field- glass& taking in TUW and magnifying seven diameters& shows JD I :ooke& in 8CCE& saw D? with the best telescope of his dayI Swift sees TAA with his EjQ-inch& and CAA with his 8C-inchI and $olf catalogued& at the %aris <bservatory in 8?DC& CBJ in a space of @A by 8TJ ! .ut with the camera the 'essrs! :enry photographed 8EB8 in 8??J& and two years later& by a four-hours exposure& BTBC down to the 8Cth magnitude within three s+uare degrees& H more than are visible at any one time by the naked eye in the whole sky! #nd a recent photograph by .ailey& with the .ruce telescope& reveals T@DB stars in the region B s+uare around #lcyoneI although there is no certainty that all of these belong to the %leiades group!

Statements as to their magnitudes and distances make many of them exceed Sirius in si)e& and to be BJA light years awayI but these are based upon an assumption of parallax as yet only hypothetical! .ut& if correct& how appropriate are 3oung s verses in his *ight Thoughts, :ow distant some of these nocturnal Sans = So distant Msays the SageN twere not absurd To doubt& if .eams set out at *ature s .irth& #re yet arrived at this so foreign $orld Tho nothing half so rapid as their Flight I and ;ongfellow s stan)a in his <de to 2harles Sumner, $ere a star +uenched on high& For ages would its light& Still travelling downward from the sky& Shine on our mortal sight! $hile some of these undoubtedly are only optically connected with the true %leiades& yet the larger part seem to form a more or less united group&

E8 o Star-*ames and their 'eanings which the spectroscope shows to be of the same general typeI this fact being first brought out by :arvard observers in 8??C& from comparisons of the spectra of forty of its stars! They are supposed to be drifting together toward the south-southwest& and so may be called a natural constellation! *icander wrote of them as _(4 QaVvac& " the smaller ones " I 'anilius& as tertia forma y "the third-si)ed" I and many think that the light of some has decreased& not only from the legends of the ;ost %leiad and the fact that some of the sisters names are applied to stars which could not possibly have been seen by the unaided eye& but also because only six are now visible to the average observer& and whoever can see seven can as readily see at least two more! 'iss #iry counted twelve I 'r! 0awes& thirteen I and 1epler said that his scholar 'ichel 'ostlin could distinguish fourteen& and had correctly mapped eleven before the invention of the telescope& while others have done about as well I indeed 2arl von ;ittrow has seen sixteen! "n the clear air of the tropic highlands more of the group are visible than to us in northern latitudes& H from the :arvard observing station at #re+uipa& %eru& eleven being readily seen I so that $illis was unconsciously right in his verses , the linked %leiades (ndimm d are there& though from the sister band The fairest has gone down I and South away =

Smyth wrote , "f we admit the influence of- variability at long periods& the seven in number may hare been more distinct& so that while :omer and #ttalus speak of six& :ipparchus and #ratas may properly mention seven! 3et we find :umboldt& in 2osmos& saying that :ipparchos refuted the assertion of #ratos that only six are to be seen with the naked eye& and that <ne star escaped his attention& for when the eye is attentively fixed on this constellation& on a serene and moonless night& seven stars are visible! .ut #ratos5 words do not justify this statement as to his opinion! :e wrote , seven paths aloft men say they take& 3et six alone are viewed by mortal eyes! From >eus abode no star unknown is lost Since first from birth we heard& but thus the tale is toldI

The 2onstellations E8 8 this " seven paths&" inTtiTropoi& being first found in the Tjb_toQ attributed to 9uripides! 9ratosthenes called it (Yeidc "nrdoTepoF& the Seven-starred %leiad& although he described one as (avatfmvrjU #ll-invisibleI <vid repeated from the %hainomena the now trite Guae septem did& sex tamen esse solent I and again , Six only are visible& but the seventh is beneath the dark clouds! 2icero thought of them in the same way I and Galileo wrote 0ico autem sex& +uando +uidcm septimafere nun+uam apparet .ut the early 2opts knew them as "9gaorpov& the Six-starred #sterism& and many :indu legends mention only six! 0iscarding& of course& all the mythical explanations of the ;ost %leiad& " would notice some of the modern and serious attempts at an elucidation of the supposed phenomenon! 0Gctor 2harles #nthon considered it founded solely upon the imagination& and not upon any accurate observation in anti+uity! 6ensen thinks that& as a favorite object in .abylonia& the astronomers of that country attached to it& with no regard to exactitude& their number of perfection or completeness& D playing with them a more important part even than it did among the 6ewsI thence it descended to Greece& where& its origin being lost sight of& was caused the discrepancy which we cannot now explain& as well as the legends and folk-lore on the subject! ;amb asserted that the astronomers of #ssyria could see in their sky seven stars in the group& and so described them I but the Greeks& less favorably situated& finding only six& invented the story of the missing sister!

/iccioli propounded a theory H which " have nowhere found adopted by any later writer H that the seventh and missing %leiad may have been a nova appearing before that number was recorded by observers& but extinguished about the date of the Trojan warI this last idea accounting& too& for the association of 9lectra with the lost one! Still another explanation is hinted at by Thompson under 2oma .erenicesI and the really scientific theories of Smyth and %ickering have already been noticed! "t is in these last two& " think& that the solution of this interesting +uestion will be found& if at allI and with the astronomers " would leave it& as perhaps " ought to have done before! %tolemy mentioned (keidg for only four stars in Tavpog that .aily said were Flamsteed s 8?& 8@& BT& and BD& our #lcyone singularly being disregarded& as well as four others of our named stars I and #l Sufi& who revised %tolemy s observations& stated that this " #lexandrian Guartette " also were

E8B Star-*ames and their 'eanings the brightest in his day H the ioth century! .ut (lug .eg& although he is supposed to have followed %tolemy& applied " #l Thurayya " to the five that .aily said were Fl! 8@& BT& B8& BB& and BJ M#lcyoneN! .aily himself& editing :yde s translation of (lug .eg& gave only Fl! 8@ and BT as of " #l Thuraja!" /ecent photographic observations have revealed other nebulous matter& in different degrees of condensation& scattered throughout the cluster& connecting its various membersI while .arnard in 8?@E found vast nebulosity extendin g almost as far as >& %ersei! The %leiades afford so convincing a proof of the popular misapprehension as to the moon s apparent magnitude that " am tempted to introduce another illustration drawn from these stars! The angular distance between #lcyone and 9lectra and between 'erope and Taygeta is greater by several minutes than the mean angular diameter of the moon s disc& H T8 D"&-so that the latter could be inserted within the +uadrangle formed by those four stars with plenty of room to spare I although in looking at the cluster the impression is that our satellite would cover the whole! #n occultation of the %leiades by the moon gives a vivid reali)ation of this fact I and as this is a not infre+uent phenomenon& " commend its observation to any unbeliever! @ and ? B & E!8 and L!C& pearly white and yellowish& form a naked-eye double in the :yades to which 'r! $illiam %eck applies the name #lya I but& as this is inappropriate and found with no other author for these stars& may we not suspect error in transcription F H this title belonging by universal recognition to another 8 & H that of Serpens! #lthough TTD" apart& our thttas may be in physical relation to each other!

5& with ky 4& P& and o& between the horns& all of about the Jth magnitude& were the 2hinese 2hoo $ang& the 'any %rinces!

Y 8 and ] B & E!E and C!J& and o& E!T I _p& 0ouble& J!8 and ?& and U& 0ouble& J!C and ?& stretching from the left eye to the left ear of the .ull& were the #rabs #l 1albain& the Two 0ogs& 8! e! of #l 0abaran& who& as the 0river of the %leiades& would naturally have his dogs as near-by attendants! /eeves included A& Z& and U in the 2hinese ;i .lub& a 2oarse SandstoneI Y and v in Tien 1eae& the :eavenly Street I and n and p& of the Jth mag-

The 2onstellations E8T nitude& with other small stars near the :yades& in Tien Toe& :eaven s Festival& # pair of nth- magnitude stars& E 4I !@ apart& lies between the kappasI the phi stars& yellow and orange in color& are JT"! C apart I and the components of x& white and bluish white& are i@ 4I !T apart!

gaum Mpomdtotrii& Mponiafotwftt . Mgtoff& the Taurus .egalis of :ou)eau& is the Taurean .oyal of the French I Toro di %oniatowiki of the "talians I %oniatowsky s Stier of the Germans I and& on the Stieler %lanisphere& %oln Stier& the %olish .ull "t was made up from unformed stars of <phiuchus& Smyth writes& in 8DDD by the #bbe5 %oc)obut& of $ilna& in honour of Stanislaus %oniatowski& 1ing of %oland I a formal permission to that effect having been obtained from the French #cademy! "t is between the shoulder of <phiuchus and the 9agle& where some stars form the letter 7& and from a fancied resemblance to the )odiac-bull and the :yades& became another Taurus! %oc)obut was content with seven component stars& but .ode has scraped together no fewer than eighty& H of course chiefly telescopic& for only BA to BJ are visible to the unaided eye I but as a distinct constellation it is not generally recogni)ed by astronomers& and its stars have been returned to <phiuchus! $e have no individual names for any of these& but sundry small ones in the head were the 2hinese Tiling Ting& or Tsung 6in& a /elative! # century and a half before %oc)obut s time these stars& with those of our 7ulpecula& had been introduced by .artsch into his plates as the /iver

Tigris& although this probably had previously been a recogni)ed constellation! "ts course was from and y& in the right shoulder of <phiuchus& onwards between #+uila and the left hand of :ercules I thence between #lbireo MA 2ygniN and Sagitta to 9+uuleus and the front parts of %egasus& ending at the latter s neck! This Tigris continued until as late as 8CD@ with /oyer& but has long since disappeared from the maps& and indeed from the memory of most observersI while the /oyal .ull itself seems to be lapsing into similar obscurity! Three or four centuries before all this the #rabian engraver of the .orgian globe appropriately represented the stars of this constellation by a triangular figure! "t comes to the meridian on the 8Ath of #ugust! #lthough it has no named star& its " DA <phiuchi&" the middle one in the eastern leg of the 7& is a celebrated binary& with a period of about ninety

E8E Star-*ames and their 'eanings years& the components B" apart& at a position angle& in the year 8?@D& of BDCW!J?! # third invisible companion is suspected!

OfeAcopium& or QuCub MUsfrcmomtcue& was formed by ;a 2aille between #ra and Sagittarius on the edge of the 'ilky $ay& but in such irregular form that it encroached upon four of the old constellations I r` Sagittarii having been taken as 4T to mark the Telescope s standI d <phiuchi for its ?I a was in 2orona #ustralis I and y was the v of Scorpio! .ode had it in his Gestirne of 8?AJ as the #.tronomiiche Fernrohr& crowding it in between Sagittarius and ScorpioI but .aily and Gould restricted it to the south of Scorpio& Sagittarius& and 2orona #ustralis! Gould assigned to it ?D naked-eye stars& the brightest a T U-magnitude! Small as these are& two bore individual titles in 2hinese astronomyI P being known as $e& 0angerI and y as the mythological 2huen Shwa The constellation culminates on the 8Tth of #ugust& at the same time as $ega of the ;yre!

QefeAcoptum gewcfcfii

formed by the #bbe" :ell in 8 D?8& in honor of Sir $illiam :erschel& was

first published by .ode in 8?AA! "t lay between the ;ynx and Gemini and appears on .urritt s #tlas I but since his day has passed away from the maps and catalogues! The star n of Gemini marks its former location& the western end having been among the i4V stars of #uriga& not far from the latter s A!

Five splendid Stars in its une+ual Frame 0dtoton bears& and from the shape a *ame I .ut those that grace the sides dim ;ight display #nd yield unto the .asis brighter /ay! 2reech s 'ani:us! Qridngufum& the German .reieok& the French and 9nglish Triangle& and the "talian Triangolo& appeared as Triangulus in the /udolphine Tables& always +uali-

The 2onstellations E8J fied as major till the ;esser Triangle was discarded! "t lies just south from y #ndromedae on the edge of the 'ilky $ay& and although small and faint notwithstanding our poet s description& is one of the old constellations evidently more noticed by the ancients than by us! They drew it as e+uilateral& but now it is a scalene figure& A& C& y at the base and a at the vertex! :ood strangely said that it was placed in the heavens only that the head of #ries might be better known& which recalls the blunder of #ratos as to the faintness of #ries stars! "t was beYTtorov with the earlier Greeks& from their similarly shaped letter #& to which <vid in his *ux likened it I as did #ratos in his lines that .rown renders& more literally than rhythmically , .elow #ndromeda& in three sides measured ;ike-to-a-0elta I e+ual two of them #s it has& less the third& yet good to find The sign& than many better stored with stars! Transcribed by 2icero and :yginus as 0eltoton& it became .eltotom with the /omans& as well as with astronomers to the 8Dth century! *aturally it also was 0elta& and so& associated with 9gypt and the *ile& became #egyptns& *ilus& *ili 0omum& the :ome of the *ile& which originally was 'i 0onum& the Gift of the *ile& from :erodotus norafiov dwpov& " the river s gift!" Tp4ywvov& used by :ipparchos and %tolemy& became Trigonum with

7itruvius& and Trigonus with 'anilius& translated Trigon by 2reech! Tricnapis& Three-pointed& and Tri+netrum& the Trinal #spect of astrology& are found for it I while .ayer had Triplicitas and <rbis terrarum tripertitns as representing the three parts of the earth& 9urope& #sia& and #frica I and Triangula5 Septentrionalis& to distinguish it from his own Southern Triangle! %ious people of his day said that it showed the Trinity& its shape resembling the Greek initial letter of #>oUI while others of the same sort likened it to the 'itre of Saint %eter! "ts titles Sieilia& Trinacria& and Tri+netra are those of the ancients for the similarly shaped island of Sicily& H that 2eres had begged of 6ove might be reproduced in the sky& H triangular from its three promontories& ;ilybaeum& %elorus& and %achynus& and at times identified with the mythical Thrinakia of the <dyssey ` the pasture-ground of the <xen of the Sun& that Gower called 'ela s :oly <x-land! "n modern days it has been noted as the site of the famous %alermo <bservatory! "t was here that was discovered by %ia))i& on the first *ew 3ear 0ay of the present century& the first minor planet& which he named 2eres For-

E8 C Star-*ames and their 'eanings dinandea in joint honor of the patron goddess of the island and of his king& the .ourbon Ferdinand of *aples I but the adjective has been dropped by astronomers as not conforming to their rule of mythological nomenclature for the planets& H a rule& however& much deviated from in recent times in the naming of these little bodies! %erhaps the astronomers have exhausted their classical dictionaries= "t was found 8 as an ?th-magnitude starH Flammarion says as a comet H between #ries and Taurus& coincidently not far from our Triangulum& the ancient Sioilia I but it was little imagined at the time that ETT similar bodies would be found in the next ninety-seven years& more than 8JA of them since 8?@B& and all but seven of these last by photography& B then an unknown art! The #rabians translated our title as #l 'nthftllath& variously seen in $estern usage as #lmutallath& #lmutaleh& #lmutlato& 'utlat& 'utkton& :nf(thum& 'utlathun& and 'ntlatnn& with probably still other similarly degenerated forms of the original! The 6ews are said to have known it as Sha(fth& from the name of an instrument of music of triangular shape& or with three cords& mentioned in the 8st .ook of Samuel& xviii& C! This same figure& for the three bright stars of #ries& has already been noticed at y of that constellation! :eis enumerates here TA naked-eye components& but #rgelander only 8J! The 2hinese asterism Taien Ta Twang& :eaven s Great General& included this with Y of #ndromeda and the stars of the Smaller Triangle!

a V TP C = yellow! 2aput Triangnli was translated .aa al 'nthallath by the #rabian astronomers! "t is a half-magnitude inferior to A& although the latter bears no name! Together these two were the #rabs #l 'ixiii& the Scale-beam! a comes to the meridian on the Cth of 0ecember! l This& like many other important discoveries& was by a happy accident& H %ia))i& very differently& being in search of an extra star& the eighty-seventh of 'ayer s list& wrongly laid down in $ollaston s catalogue! /ecent measurements by .arnard show that 2eres is only a lit(e less than JAA miles in diameter& and thus the first in si)e of the minor planets as in order of discovery! 5 The first of such discoveries by the camera was by $olf on the BAth of 0ecember& 8?@8! of .rucia& *o! TBT I the first applications of the new art to the heavens having been made with the daguerreotype process by 0octor 6ohn $! 0raper& of *ew 3ork 2ity& on the moon in 8?EAI again& by the professional $hipple of .oston& under .ond s direction& at the :arrani <bservatory& on the star $ega in 8?JA I and at the same place on 'ixar and #lcor in 8?JDThe first photograph of a star s spectrum was in 8?DB I of a nebula& in 8??A I of a comet Mnear the sun during the latter s total eclipseN& in x??aI and of a meteor& in 8?@8!

The 2onstellations E8D QridnLuftmt M6tttnor was formed& and thus named& by :evelius& from three small stars immediately to the south of the major constellation& towards :amal of #ries I but it has been discontinued by astronomers since Flamsteed s day! Still Gore has recently revived it in the title Triangula on the planisphere in his translation of r #stronomic %opulaire y as did %roctor in his reformed list!

Qriangufum Uuefrafe& ffc QoufLem trtdngfe& much more noticeable than its northern original& first appeared in print in .ayer s (ranometria of 8CAT& although its formation is attributed to %ieter Theodor of nearly a century previous! 2aesius cited names for it drawn from the older constellation& among them #lmntabet algenubi #rabice neotericisU which would show that either the #rabians had anticipated .ayer& or were very prompt to learn of his work! .ut he also called it the Three %atriarchs& doubtless #braham& "saac& and 6acob& from its three prominent stars I and 6ulius Schiller had recourse to their descendants for his alphabetical title Signum Tan! ! %roctor catalogued it as plain Triangulum& the *orthern Triangle being one of his

Triangula! The French& Germans& and "talians exactly translate the ;atin words! The 2hinese e+uivalent is San 1id :ung! The constellation lies south of #ra& between the tail of %avo and the fore feet of the 2entaur& Gould assigning to it EC components down to the Dth magnitude! The lucida a comes to the meridian on the 8Eth of 6uly! a& B!B& % and y& T!8 each& were H perhaps are now H the seamen s Triangle Stan! "deler said that ;a 2aille substituted for it *orma et /egula& but in maps of the present day both constellations appear side by side!

>ucana& tLe Qoucan& was published by .ayer under our 9nglish name& 8 but some one has ;atini)ed it in ornithologists style as we now see it! .urritt had Toueana and 8 %rofessor #lfred *ewton says that the avian word may be from the Guaranis T"& *ose& and 2ang& .oneI and that it first was mentioned in print by Treve5t in 8JJ? as from that .ra)ilian "ndian tribe! "t is the /hamphastos toco of the naturalists! BD

E8 ? Star-*ames and their 'eanings TonchanI the French& ToucanI the "talians& Toucano I and the Germans! Tukan! The 2hinese translated the original word& given to them by the 6esuits& as *eaou 2huy& the .eak .ird& very appropriate to a creature that is almost all beak! "n the 8Dth century the 9nglish called it the .rarilian %ye& but 2aedus gave it the geographically incorrect %ica "ndicaI while 1epler& /iccioli and even later authors knew it as the #nfer #mericanui& a title that appears as late as Stieler s planisphere of 8?DB& in the #merican <am! Tucana lies immediately south of %hoenix& bordering on the south polar <ctans& its tail close to the bright #chernar of 9ridanus& and marks the crossing of the e+uinoctial colure and the antarctic circle! Gould assigned to it ?8 naked-eye stars& from B!? to the Dth magnitudes! The Eth-magnitude y is very blue& and the JjQ v& strongly redI but its most notable object is .ode s cluster ED& *! G! 2! 8AE! This celebrated " ball of suns " has been lettered f by Gould& as it shines like a ha)y EF B magnitude star! .ailey counted& within CCA" of its centre& BBTJ stars& and among them six variables! The cluster seems to be completely insulated

with regard to the surrounding stars!

>uxhus 6'tortu.& Le Qofifarg \AniAL& was formed by ;e 'onnier in 8DDC from the faint stars over the tail-tip of the :ydra& where some modern seeker of fame has since substituted another avian figure& the :octua& or *ight <w; The title 8 is said to be that of the Solitaire& formerly peculiar to the little island /odrigue) in the "ndian <cean& TEE miles to the eastward of 'auritiusI although the bird has been extinct for two centuries& H as indeed now is the constellation! ;ittle seems to be known of this sky figure& although "deler wrote of it as 9infiedler& the German 0rosse; 8 The generic word Turdus& however& is erroneous I for the bird was not a thrash& but& as its correct name& %e top #ap solitaria& denotes& an extremely modified form of flightless pigeon allied to the dodos" yet larger and taller than a turkey!

The 2onstellations E8@

Twas noon of night& when round the pole The sullen .ear is seen to roll! Thomas 'oore s translation of the <de5 of #nacreon! ! X ! round and round the fro)en %ole Glideth the lean white bear! ! /obert $i0iams .uchanan s .allad A4 6udas luariot! GYxta Mg( jor& ffc M.reatet Mgear& the Grande <urse of the French& the <ria :aggiore of the "talians& and the <roete .fir of the Germans& always has been the best known of the stellar groups& appearing in every extended reference to the heavens in the legends& parchments& tablets& and stones of remotest times! #nd Sir George 2ornewall ;ewis& +uoting allusions to it by #ristotle& Strabo& and many other classical writers& thinks& from :omer s line& #rctos& sole star that never bathes in th ocean wave Mby reason of precession it then was much nearer the pole than it now isN& that this was the only portion of the arctic sky that in the poet s time had been reduced to constellation form! This statement& however& refers solely

to the Greeks I for even before :omer s day we know that earlier nations had here their own stellar groupsI yet we must remember that the #p5Toc and 5#paQa of the "liad and <dyssey consisted of but the seven stars& and that these alone bore those names till Thales formed our (rsa 'inor! ;ater on the figure was enlarged " for the purpose of uranographic completeness&" so that :eis now catalogues BBD components visible to his naked eye& although only 8EA appeared to #rgelander& down to the Cth magnitude! "t is almost the first object to which the attention of beginners in astronomy is called& H a fact owing partly to its circumpolar position for all points above the E8st parallel rendering it always and entirely visible above that latitude& but very largely to its great extent and to the striking conformation of its prominent stars! "t is noticeable& too& that all early catalogues commenced with the two (rsine constellations! #lthough the group has many titles and mythical associations& it has almost everywhere been known as a .ear& usually in the feminine& from its legendary origin! #ll classic writers& from :omer to those in the decline of /oman literature& thus mentioned it& H a universality of consent as to its form which& it has fancifully been said& may have arisen from #ristotle s idea that its prototype was the only creature that dared invade the fro)en *orth!

EBA Star-*ames and their 'eanings 3et it is remarkable that the Teutonic nations did not know this stellar group under this shape& although the animal was of course familiar to them and made much of in story and worship! $ith them these stars were the $agen& our familiar $ain! #ratos wrote in the %hainomena, Two .ears 2alled $ains move round it& either in her placeI <vid& in the T7istia& 'agna minor+ne feraeI and %ropertius included both in his Gemmae (rsaeI while :orace& 7ergil& and <vid& again& called them <elidae #ret; $e also meet with #rctoi and #rotoe! The #nglo-Saxon 'anual of #stronomy of the ioth century adopted the Greek #rctoi& although it adds "which untaught men call 2arlee-wRn"I rare old .er! 6onson& in 8CA@& in his 9picoene& or the Silent $oman & called 1allisto a star 'iitre' (rmia in the heavens I and ;a ;ande cited Fera major& Filia (rsae& and (rsa cum pnernlo& referring to #reas! The well-known& although varied& story of 1a##iarw& H as old as :esiod s time& H who was changed to a bear because of 6uno s jealousy and tranVferred to the skies by the regard of 6ove& has given rise to much poetical allusion from :esiod s day till ours& especially among the ;atins! "n #ddison s translation of <vid s 'etamorphoses y where this myth is related!

we read that 6ove snatched them through the air "n whirlwinds up to heaven and fix d them thereI $here the new constellations nightly rise& #nd add a lustre to the northern skies I although the dissatisfied 6uno still complained that in this location they proudly roll "n their new orbs and brighten all the pole! This version of the legend turned 1allisto s son #reas into (rsa 'inor! although he was .ootesI 'atthew #rnold correctly writing of the mother and son in his 'erope, The Gods had pity& made them Stars! Stars now they sparkle "n the northern :eaven H The guard #rcturus& The guard-watch d .ear!

The 2onstellations EB8 #nother version substituted her divine mistress #prefug H also known to the Greeks as 1aY'oTTj& the /oman 0iana H for the nymph of the celestial transformation I the last Greek word well describing the extreme beauty of this constellation! ;a ;ande& however& referred the title to the %hoenician Yalitsah& or 2halitsa& Safety& as its observation helped to a safe voyage! #mong its names from the old story are 1allisto herselfI ;ycaonia& ;yeaonia %nella& ;ycaonia #rctos& from her father& or grandfather& king of the aboriginal race that was known as late as Saint %aul s day& with the distinct dialect alluded to in the #cts of the #postles& xiv& 8 8 I .ianae 2omes and %hoebei 'iles are from her companionship in arms with that goddess , and it was one of the arctos oceani metuentes ae+uore tingi& because Tethys& at 6uno s instigation& had forbidden 1allisto to enter her watery dominions! 3et 2amoes& from a lower latitude& wrote of #s (nas, $e saw the .ears& despite of 6uno& lave Their tardy bodies in the boreal wave!

<vid s arctos ae+uoris expertes I immunem+ue ae+uoris #rcton I li+uidi+ue immunia ponti& and utra+ue sicca& were from the fact that& being circumpolar& neither of the .ears sets below the ocean hori)on! This was a favorite conceit of the poets& and astronomically correct during millenniums before and centuries after :omer s day& although not so in recent times as to the Greater& except in high latitudes! 2haucer reproduced this in his rendering of the 0e 2onsolatione %hilosophiae by .oetius& whom he styles .oece , *e the sterre y-cleped " the .ere&" that enclyneth his ravisshinge courses abouten the soverein heighte of the worlde& ne the same sterre (rsa nis never-mo wasshen in the depe westrene see& ne coveiteth nat to deyen his flaumbe in the see of the occian& al-thogh he see other sterres y-plounged in the seeI our .ryant rendering this idea, The .ear that sees star setting after star "n the blue brine& descends not to the deep! %oetical titles induced by the legend of #reas were 7irgo :onacrina and Tegeaea 7irgo& from the #rcadian towns *onacris and Tegea I 9rymanthis& perhaps the 9rymanthian .oar that :ercules slew& but more probably the 9rymanthian .earI 'aenalia #rctos& :aenalis& and 'aenalis (rsa& from those mountains I %arrhasis& %arrhasia 7irgo& and %arrhasides Stellae& from 5D Z

EBB Star-*ames and their 'eanings the tribe& although %luche went farther back for this to the %hoenician pilots %arraiu& the Guiding Star&H the :ebrews %haraaha; Sophocles wrote of it in the <edipus as #roadium Sidus& referring to the whole country of #rcadia& the Swit)erland of Greece& famous in the classical world for its wild mountain scenery I and very early silver coins of 'antinea showed the .ear as mother of the patron god! Such has been the myth of this constellation current for at least three millenniumsI but 'ueller discards it all& and says, The legend of 1allisto& the beloved of >ens and mother of #rkas& has nothing to do with the original meaning of the stars! <n the contrary& 1allisto was supposed to have been changed into the #rktos or Greater .ear because she was the mother of #rkas& thai is to ay& of the #rcadian 5 or bear race& and her name& or that of her son& reminded the Greeks of their long established name of the northern constellation! #ratos5 version of the legend& from very ancient *axian tradition& made the two .ears the 2retan nurses of the infant 6upiter& afterwards raised to heaven for their devotion to their charge! From this came the 2retaaee fdve #rotoe of GermanicusI but ;ewis said , This fable is inconsistent with the natural history of the island I for the ancients testify

that 2rete never contained any bears or other noxious animals! Subse+uent story changed the nurses into the 2retan nymphs :elice and 'elissa! :yginus and Germanicus also used the masculine form (ifitf as well as #rctufl! The :ebrew word #jh or #yilh in the .ook of 6ob& ix& @& and xxxviii& TB& supposed to refer to the S+uare in this constellation as a .ier& not a .ear& was translated #roturns by Saint 6erome in the 7ulgate I and this was adopted in the version of 8C8 8 authori)ed by 1ing 6ames! :ence the popular belief that the .ible mentions our star a .ootis I but (mbreit had already corrected this to " the .ear and her young&" and in the /evision of 8??J the patriarch talks to us of " the .ear with her train&" these latter being represented by the three tail stars! 7on :erder strangely rendered the first of these passages " ;ibra and the %ole Star& the Seven Stars"I but the second& more correctly& as " the .ear with her young " feeding around the poleI or& by another tradition& the nightly wanderer& a mother of the stars seeking her lost children& H those that no longer are visible! The 8 ;ucian& 1u0e #strologia& wrote that " the #rcadians were an ignorant people and despised astronomy " I and <vid graphically described their great anti+uity and primitive mode oflife well justifying their title of the .ear /ace& his lines being +uaintly translated by Gower, Therefore they naked run in sign and honour <f hardiness and chat old bare-skinned manner!

The 2onstellations EBT .reeches .ible has this marginal note to its word #rcturus , " The *orth Star& with those that are about him!" :ebrew observers called the constellation 0JbhI %hoenician& 0ubI and #rabian& #l 0ubb al #kbar& the Greater .ear&H 0ubhelaobar with .ayer and 0ub #lacber with 2hilmead& H all of these perhaps adopted from Greece! 2aesius cited the " 'ohammedans " 0ubbe& 0nbhe& and 0uben I and /obert .rowning& in his 6ochanan :akkadosh& repeated these as 0ob! .ut whence came the same idea into the minds of our *orth #merican "ndiansF $as it by accidentF or is it evidence of a common origin in the far anti+uity of #sia F The conformation of the seven stars in no way resembles the animal& H indeed the contrary I yet they called them <kuari and %auknnawa& words for a " bear&" before they were visited by the white men& as is attested by ;e 2lerc+ in 8 C@8& by the /everend 2otton 'ather in 8D 8 B& by the 6esuit missionary ;a Fitau in 8DBE& and by the French traveler 2harlevoix in 8DEE! #nd .ancroft wrote in his history of our country , The red men !!! did not divide the heavens& nor even a belt in the heavens& into constellations! "t is a curious coincidence& that among the #lgon+uins of the #tlantic and of the 'ississippi& alike among the *arragansetts and the "llinois& the *orth Star

was called the .ear! "n justice& however& to their familiarity with a bear s anatomy& it should be said that the impossible tail of our (rsa was to them either Three :unters& or a :unter with his two 0ogi& in pursuit of the creature I the star #lcor being the pot in which they would cook her! They thus avoided the incongruousness of the present astronomical ideas of .ruin s make-up& although their cooking-utensil was inade+uate! The :ousatonic "ndians& who roamed over that valley from %ittsfield through ;enox and Stockbridge to Great .arrington& said that this chase of the stellar .ear lasted from the spring till the autumn& when the animal was wounded and its blood plainly seen in the foliage of the forest! The long tail of the .ear& a +ueer appendage to a comparatively tailless animal& is thus accounted for by old Thomas :ood in his didactic style , Scholar! 8 marvell why Mseeing she hath the forme of a bearcN her tail should be so long! 'aster! "magine that 6upiter& fearing to come too nigh unto her teeth& layde holde on her tayle& and thereby drewe her up into the heaven I so that shee of herself being very weightie& and the distance from the earth to the heavens very great& there was great likelihood that ner taile must stretch! <ther reason know " none!

EBE Star-*ames and their 'eanings 'y friend the /everend 0octor /obert '! ;uther of *ewark& *ew 6ersey! tells me that a similar story was current with the %ennsylvania Germans of forty years ago! The same " weightie " reason will apply e+ually well to the Smaller .ear I indeed the latter s tail is even proportionately longer& although the kink in it takes a different turn! "t is probably this association of these Seven Stars with our aborigines that has given them the occasional title of the Seven ;ittle "ndians& Trevisa derived the title thus , " alwey thoo sterres wyndeth and turneth rounde aboute that lyne& that is calde #xis& as a bere aboute the stake! #nd therefore that cercle is clepid the more bere!" .oteler borrowed this for his :udibras , #nd round about the pole does make # circle like a bear at stake! The great epic of the Finns& the 1alewala& makes much of this constellation& styling it <tawa and <tawainen& in which 'iss 2lerke sees likeness to the names used by our aborigines for " the great Teutonic 1ing of beasts!" .ut that people also said that the .ear stars& and especially the pole-star& were young and beautiful maidens highly skilled in spinning and weaving& H a story originating from a fancied resemblance of their rays of

light to a weaver s web! The 2entury 0ictionary has a theory as to the origin of the idea of a .ear for these seven stars& doubtless from its editor& %rofessor $hitney& that seems plausible& H at all events& scholarly! "t is that their Sanskrit designation& /iksha& signifies& in two different genders& " a .ear&" and "a Star4 " .right&" or "to shine&" H hence a title& the Seven Shiners& H so that it would appear to have come& by some confusion of sound& of the two words among a people not familiar with the animal! ;ater on /iksha was confounded with the word .ishi& and so connected with the Seven Sages& or %oets& of "ndiaI afterwards with the Seven $ise 'en of Greece& the Seven Sleepers of 9phesus& the Seven 2hampions of 2hristendom& etc!I while the Seven Stars of early authors& as often used for (rsa 'ajor as for the %leiades& certainly is much more appropriate to the (rsine figure than to the Taurine! 'insheu had "the Seven Starres called 2harles $aine in the *orth&" and three centuries earlier 2haucer wrote of "the sterres seven" with manifest reference to this constellation! The 1alewala had the e+uivalent Seitsen tahtinenI the %ortuguese 2amoes& Sete FlammaiI and the Turks& 3idigher 3ildn)! :ewitt says that these seven stars at first were known in "ndia as Seven .ears& although also as Seven #ntelopes& and again as Seven .ulls& the latter merged into one& the Great Spotted .ull& as the Seven .ears also

The 2onstellations EBJ were into (rsa 'ajor& with our #rcturus for their keeperI and he gives their individual titles as 1ratu for a& %ulaha for A& %ulastya for y& #tri for _J& #fkgiras for e& and 'arici for DD& the six sons of .rahma& who himself was 7ashishtha& the star f! The 7ishnu-0harma y however& claimed #tri as their ruler I indeed& there seems to be much variance in Sanskrit works as to the identity of these stars and titles! $hen the figure of the .ear was extended to its present dimensions& four times as great as :omer s #rktos& we do not know& and& to +uote again from 'iss 2lerke& we can only conjecture I but there is evidence that it was fairly well established when #ratos wrote his description of the constellations! S:e stretched it over Gemini& 2ancer& and ;eo!K #ratos& however& copied 9udoxus& and 9udoxus used observations made H doubtless by #ccad or 2haldaean astrologers H above BAAA .! c! $e infer& then& that the .abylonian .ear was no other than the modern (rsa 'ajor! ! ! ! Thus& circling the globe from the valley of the Ganges to the great lakes of the *ew $orld& we find ourselves confronted with the same sign in the northern skies& the relic of some primeval association of ideas& long since extinct! 9xtinct even in :omer s time! #nd #chilles Tatios distinctly asserted that it was from 2haldaea! .ut .rown thinks& in regard to the identity of the archaic and modern constellations of this name in that country&

that at present there is no real evidence to connect the 1akkata 0abi Mor 0abu& the .abylonian .earN with the %lough or $ain& still less with (rsa 'ajor I and identifies the latter with the 9uphratean .el-me-1hi-ra& the 2onfronter of .el& H .ertin& with .el himself! # group of seven stars is often shown on the cylinders from .abylonia& ;ajard s 2ulte de 'ithra giving many instances of this& although the reference may have been to the %leiadesI while it is Sayce s suggestion that perhaps "the god seven&" so fre+uently mentioned in the inscriptions& is connected with (rsa 'ajor! Theon s attribution of the invention of the constellation to the mythical *auplius& son of %oseidon& and a famous navigator& hardly seems worthy of mention! #mong the adjacent Syrians it was a $ild .oar& and in the stars of the feet of our .ear the early nomads saw the tracks of their Gha)a; Similarly& in the far *orth& it has been the Sarw of the ;apps& their familiar /eindeer& the ;os of the <stiaks& and the Tukto of the Greenlanders! Smyth wrote in his Speculum :artwdlianum , 1ing #rthur& the renowned hero of the 'abinogionV typified the Great .earI as his name& H #rth& bear& and (thyr& wonderful& H implies in the $elsh languageI and the constellation& visibly describing a circle in the *orth %olar regions of the sky& may possibly have been the true origin of the Son of %endragon s famous /ound Table& the earliest institution of a military order of knighthood!

EBC Star-*ames and their 'eanings $hatever may be the fact in this speculation& we know that the early 9nglish placed 1ing #rthur s home here& and that the people of Great .ritain long called it #rthur s 2hariot or $ain& which appears in the ;ay of the ;ast 'instrel , #rthur s slow wain his course doth roll& "n utter darkness& round the pole! "n "reland it has been 1ing 0avid s 2hariot& from one of that island s eariy kingsI in France& the Great 2hariot& and it was seen on Gaulish coins! The #nglo-*orman poet 0e Thaun of the 8Bth century had it 2haiereI and ;a ;ande cited the more modern la .one& the $heel! <ccasionally it has been called the 2ar of .odtes! #nd this carries us back to another of the earliest titles for our constellation& the "#4iafa& $ain or $agon& H /iccioli s #maxa& H of the "liad and <dyssey& that :omer used e+ually with m #picToL& although with the same limitation to the seven stars! 0escribing the shield made by :ephaistos for #chilles& the poet said& in Sir 6ohn :erschel s rendering , There the revolving .ear& which the $ain they call& was ensculptured&

2ircling on high& and in all its course regarding <rionI Sole of the starry train which refuses to bathe in the <cean I which " have +uoted& in preference to others more rhythmical& from the interest that we all feel in the translator as an astronomer& although but little known as a poet! :omer repeated this in the Jth book of the <dyssey& where (lixes& in .ryant s translation& is Ga)ing with fixed eye on the %leiades& .odtes setting late and the Great .ear& .y others called the $ain& which wheeling round& ;ooks ever toward <rion and alone 0ips not into the waters of the deep! For so 2alypso& glorious goddess& bade That& on his ocean journey& he should keep That constellation ever on his left I "thaca& whither he was bound& lying due east from 2alypso s isle& <rgygia%ope rendered the original the :orthera Team& and the lines on <rion, To which& around the axle of the sky& The .ear& revolving& points his golden eye! These passages clearly show the early use of the $ain stars in Greek navigation before 2ynosura was known to them I as #ratos wrote ,

The 2onstellations EBD .y it on the deep #chaians gather where to sail their ships I <vid imitating this in the Fasti and Tristia! <rion seems to have been often joined in this use& for #pollonius wrote , The watchful sailor& to <rion s star #nd :elice& turned heedful! #ratos called the constellation the " $ain-like .ear " I and& alluding to the title 5#4iafa& asserted that the word was from Opa& " together&" the "#fiaUcu thus circling together around the pole I but no philologist accepts this& and it might as well have come from afov& " axle&" referring to the axis of the heavens! "n fact& :ewitt goes far back of #ratos in his statement that the Sanskrit god #kshivan& the 0river of the #xle M#kshaN& was adopted in

Greece as "xion& whose well-known wheel was merely the circling course of this constellation! #nacreon mentioned it as a 2hariot as well as a .ear I and :esychios had it "#yavva& an archaic word from dyetv& " to carry&" singularly like& in orthography at least& the #kkadian title for the $ain stars& #ganna& or #lcanna& the ;ord of :eaven I and #ben 9)ra called it #jala& the :ebrew word for "wagon!" The /omans expressed the same idea in their 2urrus I %laustrum& 8 or %lostrum& magnum I with the diminutive %laustricula& which 2apella turned into %laustriluca& imitating the " *octiluca" used by :orace for the moon! #pollinaris Sidonius& the 2hristian writer of the Cth century& called the constellation %laustra %arrhasis I and /ycharde 9den wrote it %lastrum& H al the sterres cauled %lastrnm or 2harles $ayne& are hydde under the *orthe pole to the canibals! "n all these& of course& reference was made to the seven stars only& .artschius plainly showing this on his chart& where he outlines them& with the title %laustrum& included within the limits of the much larger (rsa 'ajor! The "talians have 2ataletto& a .ier& and 2arroI and the %ortuguese 2amJes wrote it 2arreta! The 0anes& Swedes& and "celanders knew it as Stori 7agn& the Great $agon& and as 1arlfl 7agn I 1arl being Thor& their greatest god& of whom the old Swedish /hyme 2hronicle I describing the statues in the church B at (psala& says , 8 The ;atin plaustrum& originally a two-wheeled ox-cart& appears in the 0e /e /ustica of 2ato 2ensorius as plaustrum maius for one with four wheels! 8 "t is in this church& or cathedral& that the great ;innaeus lies buried& and over its south %orch is sculptured the :ebrew story of the 2reation!

EB? Star-*ames and their 'eanings The God Thor was the highest of them I :e sat naked as a child& Seven stars in his hand and 2harles s $ain! The Goths similarly called the seven stars 1arl $agen& which has descended to modern Germans as $agon and :immel $agen& the last with the story that it represents the 2hariot in which 9lijah journeyed to heaven! .ut in the heathen times of the northern nations it was the $agon of <din& $oden& or $notan& the father of Thor& and the "rmines $agen of the Sax ons! Grimm cites :erwagen& probably the :orwagen of .ayer and the :nrwagen of 2aesius I while a common 9nglish name now is the $aggon! The %oles call it $os :iebeski& the :eavenly $ain! "n all these similes

the three tail stars of our .ear were the three draught-horses in line! The royal poet 1ing 6ames wrote , :eir shynes the charlewain& there the :arp gives light& #nd heir the Seamans Starres& and there Twinnis bright! This old and still universally populat title& 2harles s $ain& demands more than mere mention! "t has often been derived from the Saxon ceorl& the carle of mediaeval times& our churl y and thus the " peasant s cart "I but this is incorrect& and the *ew 9nglish 0ictionary has an exhaustive article on the words& well worthy of repetition here, 2hariot5= $ain! Forms , carles-waen& 2herlemaynes-wayne& 2harlmons wayn& carle wensterre& carwaynesterre& 2harel-wayn& 2harlewayn& 2harle wane& 2harles wayne or waiot& 2harles or 2arol s wainMeN& 2harlemagne or 2harles his wane& wainMeN& 2harle- waine& 2harlmaigne $ain& 2harles s $ain! S<9! 2arles wagn& the wain Ma^iaQaV plaustrumN of <rl M2harles the Great& 2harlemagneN! The name appears to arise out of the verbal association of the star-name # returns with #rturus or #rthur& and the legendary association of #rthur and 2harlemagne I so that what was originally the wain of #rcturus or .ooteF M5 .ootes golden wain& %opeN became at length the wain of 2arl or 2harlemagne! MThe guess churt s or carle s wain has been made in ignorance of the history!NK #s the name #rcturus was formerly sometimes applied loosely to the constellation .ootes& and incorrectly to the Great .ear& the name 2arletoayne -sterre occurs applied to the star #rcturus! The editor cites from various authors since the year iooo& when he finds 2arlesws.n M" can make a still earlier citation of this word from one of the #nglo-Saxon 2ottonian 'anuscripts of some years previouslyN& and +uotes from Sir 6ohn 0avies& the philosophical poet of the 9li)abethan age, Those bright starres $hich 9nglish Shepheards& 2harles his waine& do nameI .ut more this :e is 2harles& his waine& Since 2harles her royall wagoner became I and from 6ohn Taylor& "the 1ing s water-poet&" of 8CTA,

The 2onstellations EB@ 2harles his 2art Mwhich we by custome call 2harles his waneN is most gloriously stellifide! The list ends with a +uotation from 6! F! .lake& of 8?DC& who even at this late day had 1ing 2harles $ain! This connection of these Seven Stars with 9ngland s kings was due to the courtiers of 2harles " and ""& who claimed it as in their masters honor& and elsewhere occursI $illiam .as& or .asse& about 8CJA& having& in <ld Tom of .edlam,

.id 2harles make ready his waineI 6ames :ogg& the 9ttrick Shepherd& in the Gueen s $ake of 8?8T , 2harles re-yoked his golden wain I and Tom :ood& of fifty years ago , looking at that $ain of 2harles& the 'artyr s! This is from the 2omet& the humorous #stronomical #necdote of the great Sir $illiam :erschel& whom the poet called the " be-knighted&" and further described as like a Tom of 2oventry& sly peeping& #t 0ian sleepingI <r ogling thro his glass Some heavenly lass Tripping with pails along the 'ilky $ay! 2overdale s .ible alludes to it and its companion as the $aynes of :eaven& which 9dmund .ecke& in his edition of 8JE@& transforms into 7aynes& and 2admarden& in his /ouen edition of 8J8 J& into the $aves of :eaven! 0utch and German versions have $agen am :inunelI the Saxon versions& $anes Thisl& or $agon-pole I and this idea of a wagon& or its parts and its driver& is seen in all the *orthern tongues where the .ear is not recogni)ed! Grimm s Teutonic 'ythology is very full as to this branch of the stellar $ain s nomenclature! (keidda& the Septuaginfs rendering of the :ebrew #sh& is manifestly incorrect& but may have misled the later /abbis who applied this last word to the group in Taurus! The Feshitta-Syriac 7ersion translates the 'a))ardth of the .ook of 6ob by galta& meaning our $ain! The isth-century German manuscript so often alluded to mentions it as the Southern Tramontane& a title more fully treated under (rsa 'inorI and 7espucci& in his jW ;ettera& wrote of the two .ears ,

ETW Star-*ames and their 'eanings ;a Stella tramontana o l orsa maggiore O minore! .oth of these have been H perhaps still are H night clocks to the 9nglish rustic& and measures of time generally& as in %oe s (lalume& " star-dials that pointed to morn!" Shakespeare s 2arrier at the /ochester inn-yard said , #rTt be not four by the day& " ll be hang dI 2harles $ain is over the new chimney& and yet our horse not pack d I

Tennyson& in his touching *ew 3ear s 9ve , $e danced about the 'ay-pole and in the ha)el copse& Till 2harles s $ain came out above the tall white chimney tops I and again& in the %rincess, " paced the terrace& till the .ear had whee%d Thro 8 a great arc his seven slow suns! Spenser& in the Faerie Gueen& thus refers to the $ain as a timepiece5 and to %olaris as a guide , .y this the northern wagoner had set :is sevenfold teme behind the steadfast starre That was in ocean waves never yet wet& .ut firme is fixt& and sendith light from farre To all that in the wide deep wandering arre! "ts well-known use by the early Greeks in navigation was paralleled in the deserts of #rabia& "through which&" according to 0iodorus the Sicilian& " travellers direct their course by the .ears& in the same manner as is done at sea!" They serve this same purpose to the .adawiyy of to-day& as 'rs! Sigourney describes in The Stars& writing of %olaris , The weary caravan& with chiming bells& 'aking strange music mid the desert sands& Guides by thy pillar d fires its nightly march! Sophocles made a similar statement of the .ear as directing travelers generally I Falstaff& in 1ing :enry "7& said , $e that take purses go by the moon and the seven starsI and the modern 1eats& in his /obin :ood, the seven stars to light you& <r the polar ray to right you!

The 2onstellations ET8 .ut the astrologers of Shakespeare s time ascribed to it evil influences& which 9dmund& in 1ing ;ear y commented upon with ridicule , This is the excellent foppery of the world& that& when we are sick in fortune& Moften the surfeit of oar own behaviourN& we make guilty of our disasters the sun& the moon& and the stars& H claiming that his own

nativity was under (rsa 'ajor& so that it follows " am rough and lecherous! .oth of the .ears have been fre+uently found on the old sign-boards of 9nglish inns& and& in a more important way& are embla)oned on the shields of the cities of #ntwerp and Groningen in the *etherlands! The %lough has been a common title with the 9nglish down to the present time& even with so competent a scientist as 'iss 2lerke& one of the few astronomical writers who still continue the use of the good old names of stars and constellations! She& however& takes the three line stars as the :andle& not the Team! 'insheu mentioned it in the same way& but added ut placet astrologis dicitur Temo& 8! e! the .eam& a term originating with Guintus 9nnius& the Father of /oman Song& adopted by 2icero& <vid& Statius& and 7arro& and common with the astrologers! Fale& in 8J@T& described it as called " of countrymen the plough&" the first instance in print that " have found! Thus it was& perhaps still is& the "rish 2aineheaeta! :ewitt sees this :eavenly %lough even in prehistoric "ndia& and +uotes from Sayce the title Sugi& the $ain& which later became ;ibra s name as the 3oke! $ith the $ain and %lough naturally came the %lough <xen& the Triones of 7arro& #ulus Gellius& and the /omans generally& turned by the grammarians into Teriones& the Threshing-oxen& walking around the threshingfloor of the pole! 'artial +ualified these by hyperborei <drysii and %arrkasii& but also called the constellation %arrhasium 6ugum I and 2laudian& inoccidui& "never setting!" 2icero& with contemporary and later ;atin writers& said Septem- or Septentriones& as did the long-haired "opas in his #eneid song of the two *orthern <ars I and %ropertius wrote of them , Flectant "carii sidera tarda boves I while 2laudian designated them )Opigri I all of which remind us of similar epithets for their driver .ootes! Septentrio seems to have been applied to either constellationI and 0ante used it for the 'inor& with a beautiful simile& in his %urgatorio& 9ventually it became a term for the north pole and the north wind I then for the *orth

ETB Star-*ames and their 'eanings generally& as the word #rctic has from the stellar _Qp5roc! 0ante had seltentriondle sito I 2haucer spoke of the " Septentrioun "asa compass point I Shakespeare& in 1ing :enry 7", as the South to the Septentrion I 'ichael 0rayton& the friend of Shakespeare and poet laureate in 8CBC! wrote in the %oly-<lbion of "septentrion cold"I 'ilton& in %aradise /egained& of " cold Septentrion blasts"I and& in our day& <wen 'eredith in

the $anderer has " beyond the blue Septentrions " I while the word seems current as an adjective in nearly all modern languages! Still there is nothing new in all this& for in the #vesta the Seven Stars marked the *orth in the four +uarters of the heavens! The %ersian title was :afturengh& :eft #verengh& or :eft .engh& +ualified by 'ihin& Greater& to distinguish it from 1ihui& ;esserI :ewitt giving this as originally :apto-iringas& the Seven .ulls& that possibly may be the origin of the Triones! 2ox& however& goes far back of this classic title and says , They who spoke of the seven triones had long forgotten that their fathers spoke of the taras MstarasN or strewers of light I and #l .iruni derived the word from tarana& " passage&" as of the stars through the heavens! Thus from the results of modern philological research it is possible that our long received opinions as to the derivations of many star-names should be abandoned& and that we should search for them far back of Greece or /ome! :eraclitos& the "onic philosopher of 9phesus of about JAA b! c& asserted that this constellation marked the boundary between the 9ast and the $est& which it may be regarded as doing when on the hori)on! # coin of DE b! c& struck by the consul ;ucretius Trio& bears the Seven Stars disposed in an irregular curve around the new moon& while the word Trio within the crescent is an evident allusion to the consul s name& albeit one hardly known in /oman history! The :ebrew #sh& or #yish& is reproduced by& or was derived from& the #rabic .anat :aash al 1nbra& the 0aughters of the Great .ier& 8! e! the 'ourners& H the .enenas& .enethasch& and .eneth #s of 2hilmead aod 2hristmannus& H applied to the three stars in the extreme end of the group! DD being #l 1a id& the 2hief <neI from this came .ayer s 9l 1eid for the whole constellation! /iccioli& +uoting 1ircher& said that the #rabian 2hristians with more definiteness termed it :a ash ;aa)ar& the .ier of ;a)arus& with 'ary& 'artha& and 9llamath& H this last being given in 'rs!

The 2onstellations ETT 6ameson s Sacred and ;egendary #rt as 'arcella or 'anilla& but by Smyth as 'agdalenI /iccioli s word should be #l #mah& the 'aid& the position that 'arcella occupied toward the two women during their journey to 'arseilles& where she was canoni)ed! 1arsten *iebuhr said that the constellation was known& even in his day& as tfa ash by the #rabs along the %ersian GulfI and $et)stein tells the modern story& from that people& in which these mourners& the children of #l *a ash& who was murdered by #l 6adi& the pole-star& are still nightly surrounding him in their thirst for vengeance& the wdliddn among the daughters H the star 'i)ar H holding in her arms her new-born infant& the little #lcor& while Suhail is slowly struggling up to

their help from the South! 0elit)sch says that even to-day the group is known as a .ier in SyriaI Flammarion attributing this title to the slow and solemn motion of the figure around the pole! This seems to have originated in #rabiaI and from it come the titles even now occasionally heard for the +uadrangle stars H the .ier and the Great 2offin! $ith the early #rab poets the .anat stars were an emblem of inactivity and la)iness! "t had other names also! 2ynosuris appeared with <vid and Germanicus for this& although it generally is applied to the ;esser .earI (klv?tov t used for it or for its +uarter of the sky& was from the Greek& as we see in %lutarch s dl rOv nYiv<iwv vnoypaGai& the " fields&" or " spaces&" into which the augurs divided the heavens& the templa& or regioties& coeli of the ;atins I while "9#-if & the 2urved& or Spiral& <ne& and 9#4ktI& apparently first used for the constellation by #ratos and #pollonius /hodius& became common as descriptive of its twisting around the pole& H whence one of its titles now& the Twitter I Sophocles having the same thought in "#picrov orpo_lVdCeg 1iYevdot& the " circling paths of the .ear!" Some& however& derived the name from the curved or twisted position of the chief stars I and others& still more probably& from the city :elice& 1allisto s birthplace in #rcadia! <vid used this tide in the Fasti& where he wrote of both the .ears& in navigation , 9sse duas #rctos& +uarum& 2ynosura petatur Sidoniis& :elicen Graia carina notet I but later on :elice was considered a nymph& one of the two 2retan sister nurses who nourished the infant 6upiter "n odorous 0ikte& near the "daian hill& whence she was transferred to the skies! 0ante& in the %aradiso& alludes to barbarians coming from some region That every day by :elice is covered /evolving with her son whom she delights in! B?

ETE Star-*ames and their 'eanings :omer s 9#S4cutoF has been rendered " observing :elice&" and so applied to the early Grecian sailorsI but there seems to be no foundation for this& as the word merely signifies " black-&" " glancing-&" or " rolling-eyed&" and fre+uently was applied to various characters in the "4iad& with no limitation )s to sex or profession! #ncient& however& as are "#picroc and (rsa& #sh and the .ier& "#uafa& %laustrum& and Triones& this splendid constellation ran still further backH three or four or even more millenniums before even these titles were current H as the .ull s Thigh& or the Fore Shank& in 9gypt! There it was represented on the 0enderah planisphere and in the temple of 9dfu by a single thigh or hind +uarter of the animal& alluded to in the .ook of the 0ead as

The constellation of the Thigh in the northern sky I and thus mentioned in inscriptions on the kings tombs and the walls ol the /amesseum at Thebes! Sometimes the figure of the Thigh was changed to that of a cow s body with disc and horns I but& however called or represented& these stars always were prominent in the early astronomy and mythology of 9gypt! 'esUet seems to have been their designation& and specially for some one of them& as representative of the malignant red Set& 8 Sit& or Sith& Sut or Sutech& who& with his wife Taurt or Thoueris& shown by the adjoining :ippopotamus Mnow a part of our 0racoN& represented darkness and the divinities of evil! Set also was a generic term applied to all circumpolar constellations& because& as always visible& they somewhat paradoxically were thought to typify darkness! :ewitt writes of Set in his earliest form as 1api& the #pe-God& stars of our 2epheus marking his head I while at one time on the *ile the $ain stars seem to have been the 0og of Set or of Typhon! This may have given rise to the title 2anii 7enatica that ;a ;ande cited& if this be not more cor rectly considered as the classic 1allisto s houndI and the same idea appears in the 2atuli& ;ap-dogs& and 2anes ;aconicae& the Spartan 0ogs& that 2aesius cited for both of the $ains! The myth of :orus& one of the most ancient even in ancient 9gypt& deciphered from the temple walls of 9dfu& JAAA b! c& as connected with the stellar :ippopotamus& was& about TAAA years afterwards& transferred tu the Thigh& which then occupied the same circumpolar position that the :ilr popotamus did when the original inscription was made! "n view of this& 2hampollion alluded to the Thigh as :orns #pollo! 8 Set& also #nubis& #pap& #pepi& .es& Tebha& Teirtha& and Typhoeus according to %5 tarch& was one of 9gypt s greatest gods& who subse+uently became the Greek giant TyphW r " father of the fierce winds& but slain by >eus with a thunderbolt and buried under 'W unt #etna!

The 2onstellations ETJ Towards our era& when 9gypt began to be influenced by Greece& her former pupil& our $ain was regarded as the 2ar of <siris& shown on some of that country s planispheres by an #rk& or .oat& near to the polar point& although it also seems to have been known as a .ear! #l .iruni devoted a chapter of his work on "ndia to these seven stars& saying that they were there known as Saptar Shayar& the Seven #nchorites& with the pious woman #l Suha Mthe star #lcorN& all raised by 0harma to the sky& to a much higher elevation than the rest of the fixed stars& and all located "near 7as& the chaste woman 7umdhati"I but who was this last is not explained! #nd he +uoted from 7araha 'ihira , The northern region is adorned with these stars& as a beautiful woman is adorned with

a collar of pearls strung together& and a necklace of white lotus flowers& a handsomely arranged one! Thus adorned& they are like maidens who dance and revolve round the pole as the pole orders them! %rofessor $hitney tells us that to these stars the ancient astronomers of "ndia& and many of the modern upon their authority& have attributed an independent motion about the pole of the heavens& at the rate of eight minutes yearly& or of a complete revolution in BDAA yearsI and that this strange dogma well illustrates the character of :indu astronomy! The matter-of-fact #l .iruni& commenting on this same thing& and on the absurdly immense numbers in :indu chronology& wrote , The author of the theory was a man entirely devoid of scientific education& and one of the foremost in the series of fools who simply invented those years for the benefit of people who worship the Great .ear and the pole! :e had to invent a vast number of years& for the more outrageous it was& the more impression it would make! "n 2hina the Tseih Sing& or Seven Stars& prominent in this constellation& were known as the Government& although also called %ih Tow& the *orthern 'easure& which Flammarion translates the .ushel I while the centre of the S+uare was 1wei& an object of worship and a favorite stellar title in that country& as it occurs twice in their list of sieu& although there rendered the Spectre& or Striding ;egs! /eeves said that the four stars of the S+uare were Tien ;i& the :eavenly /eason& and 9dkins& in his /eligion in 2hinaU assigns to this spot the home of the Taouist female divinity Tow 'oo! 2olas gives Ti Tone& the 9mperor s 2hariot I but this was doubtless a later designation from 6esuit teaching! $eigel of 6ena figured it as the heraldic 0anish 9lephant I but 6ulius Schiller& as the archangel 'ichaelI while 2aesius said that it might represent one of the .ean sent by 9lisha to punish his juvenile persecutors& or the 2hariot that %haraoh gave to 6oseph!

ETC Star-*ames and their 'eanings %opular names for it have been the .utcher s 2leaver& somewhat similar to the :indu figure for the other Seven Stars& the %leiadesI the .rood :en& also reminding us of that cluster& as do the Gaelic Grigirean& 2rann& and 2rannarainI %eter s SkiffI from& or the original of& 6ulius Schiller s ?hip of Saint %eter I the ;adle I and& what is known to every one& star-lover or not& the .ig 0ipper& the universally common title in our country! "n southern France this has been changed to 2asserole& the Saucepan! .efore the observations of the navigators of the 8Jth and 8Cth centuries the singular belief prevailed that the southern heavens contained a constellation near the pole similar to our .ear or $ain I indeed& it is said to have been represented on an early map or globe! 'anilius wrote ,

The lower %ole resemblance bears To this #bove& and shines with e+ual stars I $ith .ears averse& round which the 0raco twines I and #l .iruni repeated the Sanskrit legend that at one time in the history of the 2reation an attempt was made by 7isvOmitra to form a southern heavenly home for the body of the dead king& the pious SomadattaI and this work was not abandoned till a southern pole and another .ear had been located in positions corresponding to the northern& this pole passing through the island ;unka& or 7adavamukha M2eylonN! The #nglo-Saxon 'anual made distinct mention of this duplicate constellation " which we can never see!" Towards our day 9den& describing the " pole #ntartike&" said, #loysius 2adamustus 5 wryteth in this effecte , $e saw also syxe cleare bryght tnd great starres very lowe above the sea! #nd consyderynge theyr stations with our coompasse& we found them to stande ryght south& fygured in this maner& P5PR&! $5 judged them to bee the chariot te or wayne of the south , .ut we saw not the principal= star re& as we coulde not by good reason& except we shuld first lose the syght of the north pole! #nd& +uoting from Francisco ;opes of 8JJB , #bowt the poynt of the Sou the or pole #ntartike& they sawe a lyttle whyte cloude and foure starres lyke unto a crosse with three other joynynge thereunto& which resemble oure Septentrion& and are judged to bee the signes or tokens of the south exeltree of heaven! $hat is referred to here is not known& for& although the figure represented is that of the Southern 2ross& this constellation always is upright when on the meridian& and& as the observation was made in latitude 8E or 8JW! This #lois& or ;uigi& di 2ada 'osto was a noted 7enetian navigator in the service of %ortugal& for whom is often claimed the discovery of the 2ape 7erd "slands in 8EJCI but these had been seen& at least in part& fifteen years previously& by #ntonio and .artolomeo di *olli-

The 2onstellations ETD its base star was plainly visible! Still it would seem that some early knowledge of the 2ross was the foundation of this idea of a southern $ain! ! %liny strangely blundered in some of his allusions to (rsa 'ajor& asserting in one its invisibility in 9gypt& and& again& describing the visit to /ome of ambassadors from 2eylon& H 'ilton s "utmost "ndian isle Taprobane&" H wrote of them , Septentriones 7ergilias+ue apud nos veluti novo coelo mirabantur! a i Aj D5 U@ e 6 it an d 75 m tn i s order& as one follows the line of seven stars

from the north& form the familiar 0ipper& of which 'r! .! F! Taylor writes in his $orld on $heels, From that celestial 0ipper& H or so " thought& H the dews were poured out gently upon the summer world! #ll these stars& unless possibly c6& which is too faint for the ! %otsdam observers& are approaching our system at various rates of speed! Flammarion has a page& on this so-called star-drift& in his %#stronomie fbpulaire& concluding that from their proper motions they will form an exaggerated Steamer 2hair JA&AAA years hence& as they did a magnificent 2ross JA&AAA years ago! MY& .inary& B and n& yellow! 0ubb @ more generally 0ubhe& the .ear& is the abbreviation of the #rabians Thahr al 0ubb al #kbar& the .ack of the Greater .ear& 0ubb being first found in the #lfonsine Tables! #l .iruni said that it was the :indu 1ratu& the /ishi or Sage! ;ockyer asserts that it was #k& the 9ye& i! e! the prominent one of the constellation& utili)ed in the alignment of the walls of the temple of :athor at 0enderah& and the orientation point of that structure perhaps before JAAA b! c! I at all events& before the Thigh became circumpolar& about EAAA b! c! This was in the times of the :or-she-shu& the worshipers of :orus& before the reign of 'ena& 8 when the star had a declination of over CE & H now about CB BE ! #nd he finds two other temples also so oriented! #s typifying a goddess of 9gypt& it was .ast "aia and Taurt "sis! The 2hinese know it as Tien 2hoo& :eaven s %ivot& and as 1ow 2hing! a is J from jT and ioW from c6& and& being always visible& these stars afford a ready means of accurate eye measurement of others adjacent! l 'ena& 'enes& or 'in was the first historic king of 9gypt& his date being variously given from J?CD b! 2! to T?@a .! c! & Flinders %etrie making it& from astronomical data& EDDD .! c! B?R

ET? Star-*ames and their 'eanings The 1eepers was #rago s name for themI while& as the %ointers& they indicate to beginners in astronomy the pole-star& B?UW distant from a& and /egulus& EJ away towards the south I and they have been called the Two Stan! They are circumpolar north of about TB EJ I and& with %olaris& received much attention in the first almanac l that was printed in ;ondon& in 8EDT! 1lein surmised& in 8?CD& that 0ubhe shows remarkable& although irregu-

lar& variations in color& H not in light& H from red to yellow& in a period of JEU days I but this is still in doubt! "ts spectrum is Solar& and it is approaching our system at the rate of twelve miles a second! The nth-magnitude companion& !@D of a second away& was discovered by .urnham in 8??@& and is thought to be in rapid revolution around it!

%F B!J& greenish white! 'erak& or 'irak& is from #l 'arakk& the ;oin Mof the .earN I but 2hilmead said 'irae& and Scaliger& 'i)ar! "t may have been known by the Greeks as :elike& one of their names for the whole! The 2hinese called it Tien Senen& an #rmillary Sphere& and the :indus& %nlaha& one of the /ishis! "ts spectrum is Sirian& and it is moving toward us about i?Z miles a second! 2lose to it& on the west& lies the <wl *ebula& *! G! 2! TJ?D& @D '!& discovered by 'echain in 8D?8& and so called from the two interior circular spaces& each with a central star representing the eyeI although one of theVe stars seems to have disappeared since 8?JA! The angular diameter of thb nebula H B EA" H indicates a magnitude sufficient to contain thousandV of solar systems! "fV B!J& topa) yellow! %haed and %hachd& %had& %haed& %hecda& %hekda& and %hegda& are all from #l Fafidh& the Thigh& where this star is located in the figure! #l .iruni said that it was %ulastya& one of the :indu Seven Sages! The 2hinese knew it as 1e Seuen 1e& and as Tien 1e& another #rmillan Sphere! "ts spectrum is similar to that of 4T& and the star is approaching us at the rate of 8C!C miles a second! "t is ?W distant from A& and `]W from d! 8 This is said to have been the second of such worksI the first being variously given as polished in 7ienna by %urbach& or in .uda& or in %oland a few years previously!

The 2onstellations ET@ t5@ T-C& pale yellow! 'egre) is from #l 'aghres& the /oot of the Tail!

"n 2hina it was 1wan& and Tien 1uen& :eavenly #uthority! $ith the :indus it may have been #tri& one of their Seven /ishis& and the 7ishnu-0harma said that it ruled the other stars of the .ear! "t is ioW distant from aI EUW from y` LbEW from cI and TB from the pole& directly opposite jT 2assiopeiae& and almost on the e+uinoctial colure! P& T& y f and C form the bowl of the 0ipper& the body of the .ear& and the frames of the .ier& %lough& and $ain& but occupy a space of less than bQ of the whole constellation! $ithin this s+uare :eis shows eight stars! 'egre) is thought to be slightly variable& and to have decreased in lustre during the present century& on the very doubtful ground that it is much fainter than the succeeding e! #s to this 'iss 2lerke writes , The immemorially observed constituents of the %lough preserve no fixed order of relative brilliancy& now one& now another of the septett having at sundry epochs assumed the primacy! .ut this is uncertain& although we know that %tolemy rated it at the Td magnitude and Tycho at the Bd! S& B!8! #lioth& sometimes #llioth& seems to have originated in the first edition of the #lfonsine Tables& and appeared with 2haucer in the :ous of Fame as #liot I with .ayer& as #liath& from Scaliger& and as /isalioth I with /iccioli& as #labieth& #laioth& #lhiath& and #lhaiath& all somewhat improbably derived& Scaliger said& from #lyat& 8 the Fat Tail of the 9astern sheep! .ut the later #lfonsine editions adopted #liare and #liore H /iccioli s #lcore H from the ;atin #lmagest of 8J 8J& on #l Ti)ini s statement that the word was #l :awar& the $hite of the 9ye& or the $hite %oplar Tree& 8! e! "ntensely .rightI :yde transcribing the original as #l :aur! (lug .eg had #l :arm& but "deler& rejecting this as not being an #rabic word& substituted #l 6aun& the .lack 2ourser& as if belonging to the governor& #l 1a id& the star DD& and its comparative faintness gives some probability to this conjecture! #ssemani& however& said that on the 2ufic globe it is " #lhut&" the Fish& H one of the many instances of blundering that "deler attributed to him! .ayer also assigned to it the 'icar& 'iraoh& and 'i)ar that we give to iTbe syllable #l& in this word #lyat& is not the #rabic definite article!

EE-A Star-*ames and their 'eanings rj& and designated it as #ayOv& the Flank& and TrrdUw4ia& the 0iaphragm& as marking those parts of the .ear s figure!

#l .iruni said that it was #figiras among the :indu Seven Sages! "n 2hina it was 3uh 1ang& the Gemmeous Transverse& a portion of an early astronomical instrument I while other stars between it and C were Seang& the 'inister of State! e has a Sirian spectrum& and is in approach toward us at the rate of 8@ miles a second! "t is JUBW from d& and E5EW from f! "n 8?T? Sir 6ohn :erschel thought it the lucida of the seven stars& but in 8?ED that DD had taken its place! Franks& in 8?D?& considered 8 the lucida& and that the se+uence was e& r`& f& a& 4T& y& and rf! f 0ouble& possibly binary& B!8 and E!B& brilliant white and pale emerald! 'irak was an early name for this& a repetition of that for 4TI but Scaliger incorrectly changed it to the present 'i)ar& from the #rabic 1i )ar& a Girdle or $aist-cloth& which& although inappropriate& has maintained its place in modern lists I 'i)at and 'ir)a being other forms! There is evident confusion in the early use of this word as a stellar title& for it has also been applied to the stars and e of this constellation! The "hill 'i)ar" of the EBd %salm sometimes is wrongly associated with this& the original :ebrew word misar being better rendered in the %salter& from 2overdale s version& as " the little hill&" 8! e! of :ermon& of which it was a minor peak! Q also was the #rabic #nfik al .anOt& the *ecks of the 'aidens& referring to the 'ourners at the .ierI or perhaps this should be rendered " the Goat of the 'ourners&" for in some editions of (lug .eg s Tables it was written #l "nak& H correctly #l "n)! #ssemani said that it was "#lhiac&" the <strich& probably another of his errors& as all these stellar birds were much farther south& in or near our /iver 9ridanus! $ith #lcor it has various combined titles noted at that starI and $ettstein repeats an #rabic story in which 'i)ar is the wdliddn of the .anat! with #lcor as her new-born infant! "n "ndia it may have been 7ashishtha& one of the Seven Sages! Q was the first star to be noticed as telescopically double& H by /iccioli at .ologna in 8CJA& and fifty years later much observed and very fully described by Gottfried 1irch and his scientific wife& 'aria 'argaretha $inckelmann , an association like that of the great observer :erschel and his sister& of the last century& and of Sir $illiam and ;ady :uggins in their spectroscopic work of to-day! #s early as 8?JD it was successfully daUuerreotyped& with others surrounding& by the younger .ond ofthe:ai-

The 2onstellations EE8 vard <bservatory& although $ega had been pictured by the same process at the same observatory seven years previously by the elder .ond!

The components are within 8E" of arc of each other& with a position angle of iE@W-J& anc U ma y 0e a binary system with a long period of revolutionI while %ickering has shown& by study of its spectrum photographed in 8??@& that the brightest component is itself double& the two bodies& of nearly e+ual brightness& revolving around their common centre of gravity at a speed of 8AA miles a second in 8AE days& 8EA millions of miles apart& and with a united mass forty times that of our sun! This spectrum is Sirian& and the star is in approach to us at the rate of 8@!J miles a second! 2 is EVQW from e& and D from rjI and a straight line from it to %olaris passes through the exact pole iW 8E before reaching %olaris! 'i)ar and #lcor are n E?" apart& and& since they have nearly identical proper motion& some think that they may also be in mutual revolution& although so distant from each other! $ith their attendant stars they form one of the finest objects in the sky for a small telescope& being readily resolved by a terrestrial eyepiece of EA diameters with a BU-inch objective!

TU 8!@& brilliant white! #lcaid& #lkaid& and .enatnasch are our present titles& from 1a id .anat al :a aah& the Governor of the 0aughters of the .ier& 4! e! the 2hief of the 'ourners! Some of the #rabic poets wrote that these 0aughters H the stars e& Q and DD H were Good for nothing people whose rising and setting do not bring rain! .ayer included 9lkeid in his list of names for the stars as well as for the constellation& and had authority for it from 1a)winiI but he added for i` ".eaenaim& .ennenat) correctius .enetnasch&" and in his text of .ootes alluded to it as .enenacx! The #lfonsine Tables of 8JB 8 say .ennena)cI /iccioli& .enat 9lnanflohi& .eninax& .enenath& .enenat) I while #l 1a id often has been turned into #lchayr& #rago s #ckair& and others #okiar! "n this #l 1a id we see the derivation& through the 'oors& of the modern Spanish word #lcaideI and& with the same idea& "deler translated the original as the " Stadtholder!" #ssemani transcribed from the .orgian globe "#lcatel&" 0estroying! #l .iruni gave it as :anoi& one of the Seven /ishis of "ndia! "n 2hina it was known as 3aou 1wang& a /evolving ;ight! .oteler has an amusing reference to it in :udibras ,

EE B Star-*ames and their 'eanings 2ardan believ d great states depend

(pon the tip o r th .ear s tail s endI That& as she whisk d it t wards the Sun& Strew d mighty empires up and down I $hich others say must needs be false& .ecause your true bears have no tails! r` is D from 2& and B CW from aI and with Q forms another pair oi %ointers H towards #rcturus! "t is noted as marking the radiant of one of the richest minor meteor streams& the (rrids of the 8Ath of *ovember! .radley s earliest observations for parallax were made on this star and y 0raconis& but unsuccessfully& as his instruments were inade+uateI yet even in our own day %ritchard s work on tf for the same purpose showed a negative result& H o"!AEC& and e+ually unsatisfactory! #lkaid s spectrum is Sirian& and the star is approaching us at the rate of 8 C! 8 miles a second! Sir 6ohn :erschel thought it& in 8?ED& tne tocida of the seven stars!

@& 0ouble& T!E combined& brilliant white! This& with t& h& v& A& e& and 4in the .ear s throat& breast& and fore knetV! which describe somewhat of a semicircle& was the #rab star-ga)ers Sarir .anat al *a ash& the Throne of the 'ourners! This space also has been #l :ang& the %ond into which the Ga)elle5 sprang for safety at the lashing of the ;ion s tail I although :yde applied this title to the stars now our 2oma .erenices& and fhufr al Ghixlan& the Ga)elles Tracks& to the small outlying stars near the .ear s feet! .ut the engraver of the .orgian globe placed them at stars in the neck! "n 2hina A& v& and were $an 2hang& the ;iterary "llumination!

"& .inary& T!B and 8T& topa) yellow and purple& and Y& T!J! Smyth wrote that this star has obtained the name of Talita& the third vertebra& the meaning of which is no ! +uite clear! (lug .eigh has it #l %hikra al Thmlitha& perhaps for #l 1af)ah al-tkalitkch& the third spring& or leap& of the gha)al I but he was not sufficiently comprehensive& for this last title was applied bb the #rabs to t and k togetherI al (la& the First MleapN& being shown by r U Q& and al Thanlyah& the Second MleapN& by k and 45& H not C and p as thai

The 2onstellations EET generally accurate author asserted! "n popular lists 8 fre+uently is given as Talitha! :yde strangely rendered the original words of (lug .eg as the 7ertebrae of the Greater .ear& H whence probably Smyth s statement& H or the 2avity of the :eel& which& from the star s position in the figure& is a much more likely translation! "n 2hina these two stars were Shang Tae& the :igh 0ignitary! : olden says of 8 that its "companion is suspected to be a planet!" "t is 8B" distant from the larger& and the orbital revolution is very slow! Y& T!D& and 6l& T!B& red! These are our Tania borealis and Tania anjtralisI and together were the #rabs #l 1affeah al Thaniyah& the Second Spring Mof the Ga)elleN& marking the .ear s left hind foot! .aily has them in his edition of (lug .eg s Tables& from :yde s ;atin translation& as #l %hikra al Thania& H in the original #l Fikrah& the 7ertebra I but this& more probably& is entirely wrong& as these three pairs of stars have always marked three of the .ear s feet! "n 2hina they were 2hung Tae& the 'iddle 0ignitary! 7& 0ouble& T!J and 8B& orange and cerulean blue& Q& .inary& T!@ and J J& subdued white and grayish white& mark the right hind foot& and are the southern of the three noted pairs! They were the 2hinese :eaTae& the ;ower 0ignitary! The components of f are but 8" apart& with a position angle of TAA ! i v @ the northern one of the two stars& is #lula borealis& from #l 1afeahal :la& the First Spring! s is #lula anjtralis& the southern one in the combination& H (lug .eg s #l Fikrah al (la! "deler s #wla& and .urritt s #cola& are erroneous! This& with f :erculis and y 7irginis& was the most prominent of the double stars discovered to be binary systems by Sir $illiam :erschel in his investigations for stellar parallax& when M" +uote from %rofessor 3oungN& to use his own expression& he "went out like Saul to seek his father s asses& and found a kingdom&" H the dominion of gravitation extended to the stars& unlimited by the bounds of the solar system! s was the first binary of which the orbit was computed& H by Savary in 8?B?& H having a period of sixty-one years& and has already made more than a complete revolution since its discovery! The components are about B" apart& with a position angle in 8?@? of iCBW!D!

EEE Star-*ames and their 'eanings The foregoing three pairs& about BA apart and the members of each pair 8 6EW or B apart& are beautifully grouped with others invisible to the naked eye! They were interesting to the #rabs& as they now are to us& and were collectively designated 1afeah al Thiba & the Springs of the Ga)elle& each pair marking one spring I the Ga)elle being imagined from the unformed stars since gathered up as ;eo 'inor& and the springing of the animal being due to its fear of the greater ;ion s tail! "deler adopted this from #l Ti)ini and the 2ufic globe at 0resden I while the .orgian globe shows a Ga)elle and her 3oung in the same location! 1a)wini& however& described this group as extending over the eyes& eyebrows& ears& and mu))le of the figure of our (rsa 'ajor! #ccording to $illiams @ the 2hinese knew these six stars as San Taa& or .hang Tae I but /eeves limited this title to 8 and P! Their records mention a comet seen near by in 8 8A b! c! A& 0ouble& T!J and 8J!B! .ayer said that " the .arbarians " called this 'iucida& a word apparently coined in the 'iddle #ges for the mu))le of an animal& the feature of the .ear that the star marks! The components are D" apart& at a position angle of 8@8 W!E! T2 l & J!C& and T2 B & E!?! 'njeida has also been applied to these& although :eis locates them nearer the eyes!

< l & J!B& and AB& .inary& E!? and @!J& flushed white and sapphire& with o& DT& p& #& 44& and some others in the eyes& ears& and mu))le of the .ear& were the asterism that 1a)wini knew as #l Thiba & the Ga)elle! $ith _jV and others they were the 2hinese San Tsse& the Three "nstructors! The components of a B are T apart& with a position angle of BJA ! t& a Jth-magnitude double& with other small stars near by& was the 2hinese *ny 1eae& the "nner Steps!

Y& E& red& placed on the right foot by .urritt as #l 1aphrah& is wrong& for :eis puts the letter at a star on the rear of the right hind +uarter& and has no letter at

The 2onstellations EEJ .urritt s star I if entitled to a name at all& it should be #l 1afeah& as at 8 and k! Still the Standard 0ictionary follows .urritt in its 9l 1ophrah! "t was the 2hinese Tae Tang Show& the Sun Governor& and Shaon $e& of somewhat similar signification! 7VV a T U-magnitude yellow star& is Tien Tsan& according to $illiams& but /eeves says Ta Twin& 9xtremely :onorable! w& a Jth-magnitude& with near-by stars& was Tien ;aou& :eavenly %rison! .etween 7V and gV& somewhat nearer to the former& is the Dth-magnitude ;"! B 8 8?J& one of the two or three stars that follow a 2entauri in proximity to our system& and& so far as our present determinations can be trusted& CjE light years away!

g y or ?A Fl!& E!?! #lcor is the naked-eye companion of 'i)ar& and& inconspicuous though it be& has been famous in astronomical folk-lore! This title& and that of the star e& #lioth& may be from the same source& for Smyth wrote of it, They are wrong who pronounce the name to be an #rabian word importing sharp-sigh ted ness , it is a supposed corruption of al-jaun& a courser& incorrectly written al-jat& whence probably the #lioth of the #lfonsine Tables came in& and was assigned to c (rsae 'ajoris& the " thill-horse " of 2harles s $ain! This little fellow was also familiarly termed Suha Sthe Forgotten& ;ost& or *eglected <ne& because noticeable only by a sharp eyeK& and implored to guard its viewers against scorpions and snakes& and was the theme of a world of wit in the shape of saws , but 'iss 2lerke says , The #rabs in the desert regarded it as a test of penetrating vision I and they were !accustomed to oppose " Suhel " to " Suha " M2anopus to #lcorN as occupying respectively the highest and lowest posts in the celestial hierarchy! So that 7idit #lcor& at non lunam plenum& came to be a proverbial description of one keenly alive to trifles& but dull of apprehension for broad facts! #l Sahja was the rhythmical form of the usual SuhaI and it appears as #l "1hawwar&" the Faint <ne& in an interesting list of #rabic star- names& published in %opular #stronomy for 6anuary& 8?@J& by %rofessor /obert :! $est& of the Syrian %rotestant 2ollege at .eirut!

Firu)abadi called it <ur /iddle& and #l SadOk& the Test& H correctly F'dak& True I while 1a)wini said that " people tested their eyesight by this star!" :umboldt wrote of it as being seen with difficulty& and #rago similarly alluded to itI but some now consider it brighter than formerly

EEC Star-*ames and their 'eanings and no longer the difficult object that it was& even in the clear sky of the 0esert I or as having increased in angular distance from 'i)ar! #lthough the statement has been made that #lcor was not known to the Greeks& there is an old story that it was the ;ost %leiad 9lectra& which had wandered here from her companions and became "#YcjnrjS& the FoxI a ;atin title was 9+ues Stellula& the ;ittle Starry :orsemanI li+uet& the 2avalier& is from .ayerI while the :orse and his /ider& and& popularly& in 9ngland& 6ack on the 'iddle :orse& are well known& 'i)ar being the horse! #l .iruni mentioned its importance in the family life of the #rabs on the 8 ?th day of the Syrian month #dar& the 'arch e+uinox I and a modem story of that same people makes it the infant of the wdliddn of the three .anal "n *orth Germany #lkor& as there written& has been der :inde& the :ind& or Farm :andI in ;ower Germany& 0umkeI and in :olstein& :ans .umken& :ans the Thumbkin& H the legend being that :ans& a wagoner& having given the Saviour a lift when weary& was offered the kingdom of heaven for a reward I but as he said that he would rather drive from east to west through all eternity& his wish was granted& and here he sits on the highest of the horses of his heavenly team! # variant version placed :ans here for neglect in the service of his master 2hrist I and the :ungarians call the star <ont)ol& with a somewhat similar tale! #nother Teutonic ston was that their giant <rwandil& our <rion& having fro)en one of his big toes& the god Thor broke it off and threw it at the middle horse of the $agon! where it still remains! "n 2hina it was Foo Sing& a Supporting Star! #t the obtuse angle formed with #lcor and 'i)ar lies the Sidns ludovicianum& an ?th-magnitude bluish star& just visible in a field-glass! Thi_ was first noted in 8C@8 by 9inmart of *uremberg& and in 8DBT by another German& who& thinking that in it he had discovered a new planet& named it after his sovereign& ;udwig 7& landgrave of :esse-0armstadt!

8?TA Groombridge& or EA8A .! #! 2& C!J& is the well-known Flying Star& or /unaway Star& that& until 1apteyn s recent discovery of a swifter one in %ictor& had shown the greatest velocity of any in the heavens& although the DU-magnitude ;a 2aille @TJB in %iscis #ustralis& and an SjE -magnitude in Sculptor& are not far behind it in this

respect! #ccording to 'iss 2lerke& #rgelander discovered in 8?EB its pace to be such as would carry it around tbe entire sphere in 8?J&AAA years& or in BCJ over as much of it as the sun s diameter covers!

The 2onstellations EED #nother calculator states that in CAAA years it will reach 2oma .erenices! This is e+uivalent to a proper motion of D"!oT of arc annually& at the rate of over BAA miles a second& and its velocity may be still greater& H a speed uncontrollable& %rofessor *ewcomb says& by the combined attractive power of the entire sidereal universe! The observations for its parallax do not accord in their results& but %rofessor 3oung assigns to the star a distance of TDU light years! "t is about 8 CW south from y& half-way between 2oma and the stars v and Q on the right paw of the .earI its exact location being nW EC of right ascension and T?W TJ of north declination& about 8J from ;"! B8BJ?& an ?U -magnitude also much observed for its great proper motion I but JA&AAA years hence the Flying Star will have separated from this by at least iooW! From the foregoing list it will be seen that we have in the entire constellation twenty stars individually named& many of them inconspicuous& two even telescopic& H evidence enough in itself of the anti+uity of& as well as the continued popular and scientific interest in& (rsa 'ajor!

The other& less in si)e but valued more by sailors& 2ircles with all her stars in smaller orbit! %oste s #ratos M(rea Mgtinor& ffle feeder Mgear& the <rsa 'inore of "taly& %etite <urse of France& and 1leine .ar of Germany& shared with its major companion the latter s Septentrio& 5#pPToc& "#juafa& 5kyavva y and 9a4kU! Similarly it was 1vvoaovpic& but solely 1vvoaovpaI this early and universal title& usually translated the " 0og s Tail&" continuing as 2ynosnra down to the time of the /udolphine Tables I although with us " 2ynosure " is applied only to %olaris! The origin of this word is uncertain& for the star group does not answer to its name unless the dog himself be attached I still some& recalling a variant legend of 1allisto and her 0og instead of #reas& have thought that here lay the explanation! <thers have drawn this title from that of the #ttican promontory east of 'arathon& because sailors& on their approach to it from the sea& saw these stars shining above it and beyond I but if there be any connection at all here& the reversed derivation is more

EE? Star-*ames and their 'eanings probableI while .ournouf asserted that it is in no way associated with the Greek word for " dog!" 2ox identified the word with #v1oaovpa& which he renders Tail& or Train& of ;ight 3et this does not seem appropriate to a comparatively faint constellation& and would rather recall the city of that title in #rcadia& the country so intimately connected with the .ears! .ut the stellar name probably long antedated the geographical& old as this wasI %ausanias considering ;ycosura the most ancient city in the world& having been founded by ;ycaon some time before the 0eluge of 0eucalion! "ndeed the #rea dians asserted that they and their country antedated the creation of the moon& an assertion which gave occasion to #ristotle s term for them&H npooekrjvoi and the ;atins 8 %roselenes! Singularly coincident with the foregoing #v1ooovpa was the title that the distant Gaels gave to these stars& H 0rag-blod& the Fire Tail! 7ery recently& however& .rown has suggested that the word is not :ellenic in origin& but 9uphratean I and& in confirmation of this& mentions a constellation title from that valley& transcribed by Sayce as #n-ta-f('5! the (pper Sphere! .rown reads this #n-nas-fur-ra& :igh in /ising& certainly very appropriate to (rsa 'inorI and he compares it with 1-vv-ooov-pa& or& the initial consonant being omitted& (nosoura! This& singularly like the 9uphratean original& might easily become 1unosoura under the influence of a popular etymology& aided by the appearance of the tail stars of the constellation! #nd in exact accordance with the foregoing view is the following somewhat curious passage in the %hainomena& TA?-@, Then& too& the head of 1ynosure runs very high& $hen night begins! (rsa 'inor was not mentioned by :omer or :esiod& for& according to Strabo& it was not admitted among the constellations of the Greeks until about CAA b! c& when Thales& inspired by its use in %hoenicia& his probable birthplace& suggested it to the Greek mariners in place of its greater neighbor& which till then had been their sailing guide! #ratos& comparing the two& wrote& as in our motto& of the 'inor& its Guards& and y& then being much nearer the pole than was a& our present pole-star! Thales is reported to have formed it by utili)ing the ancient wings of 0raco& perceiving thai the seven chief components somewhat resembled the well-known $ain& but reversed with respect to each other! From all this come its tides fon & Pty %hoenice& and (rsa %hoenicia! 5 The later classical story that made sister nymphs out of the stars of our two .ears& and nurses on 'ount "da of the infant 6ove& is alluded to by 'anilius in his line&

The 2onstellations EE@ The ;ittle .ear that rock d the mighty 6ove! #lthough occasionally& but wrongly& figured and described as e+ual in si)e& H 9uripides wrote , Twin .ears& with the swift-wandering rushings of their tails& guard the #tlantean pole& H they have always occupied their present respective positions& and& as 'anilius said , stand not front to front bat each doth view The others Tayl& pursu d as they pursue I the scientific poet 9rasmus 0arwin of the last century& grandfather of 2harles /obert 0arwin of this& imitating this in his 9conomy of 7egetation !R <nward the kindred .ears& with footsteps rude& 0ance round the pole& pursuing and pursued! This " dancing " of the stars generally& as well as of the planets& was a favorite simile& and in classical days specially gave name to C and e of this constellation& as well as in :indu astronomy I while 0ante thus applied it to all those that were circumpolar, ;ike unto stars neighboring the steadfast poles& ;adies they seemed& not from the dance released! The #rabians knew (rsa 'inor as #l 0ubb al #fghar& the ;esser .ear& H .ayer s 0hub 9le)guar& and 2hilmead s 0ub #latgar& H although earlier it was even more familiar to them as another .ier I and they called the three stars in the tail of our figure .anat al *a ash al Sughra& the 0aughters of the ;esser .ier! :ere& and in (rsa 'ajor& some early commentators located the Fold& an ancient stellar figure of the #rabs& and an appropriate title& as Firu)abadi called and the gammas in (rsa 'inor #l Farkadain& usually rendered the Two 2alves& but& better& the Two 3oung "bexes I %olaris& too& was well known as a 3oung :e Goat& and adjacent stars bore names of desert animals more or less associated with a fold! %erhaps ;owell had this in mind when he wrote& in %rometheus& of The .ear that prowled all night about the fold <f the *orth-star! .ut 'anilius anticipated him in writing of the .ears7

Secure from meeting they re distinctly roll d& *or leave their Seats& and pass the dreadfull fold! B@

EJW Star-*ames and their 'eanings The #rabs also likened the constellation to a Tiah& while with all that nation& heathen or 'uhammadan& it was #l 9a'& the :ole in which the earth s axle found its bearing! <thers of them& as well as the %ersians& figured here the "hlilagji& the 'yrobalanum& or 0ate-palm Seed or Fruit& which the grouped stars were thought to resemble I but :yde& writing the word 'yrobalanaris& said that it signified one of their geometrical figures& H described by "deler as bounded by our a& d& e& Q& fi& y& 4T& a @ C& and the stars in the head of 2amelopardalis! "n %ersia& where this foregoing figure was popular& (rsa 'inor also was :eft .engh& :eft #verengh& or :aftnrengh 1ihin& the last word designating its inferiority in si)e to (rsa 'ajor! 6ensen sees here the ;eopard of .abylonia& an emblem of darkness which this shared& there and in 9gypt& with all other circumpolar constellationsI while on the *ile it was the well-known 6aekal of Set even as late as the 0enderah )odiac! This 6ackal also appears in the carvings on the walls of the /amesseum& but is there shown with pendent tail strikingly coinciding with the outlines of the constellation! %lutarch said that with the %hoenicians it was 0oube or 0obher MFN& similar to the #rabian title& but defined by Flammarion as the " Speaking 2onstellation&" H better& " think& the "Guiding <ne&" indicating to their sailors the course to steer at sea! 6acob .ryant assigned it to 9gypt& or %hoenicia& as 2ahen ourah& H whatever that may be! The early 0anes and "celanders knew it as the Smaller 2hariot& or Throne& of ThorI and their descendants still call it ;itli 7agn&the ;ittle $agon I as also& but very differently& Fiotakonur i lopti& the 'ilkmaids of the Sky! .ut the Finns& apparently alone among the northern nations of 9urope in this conception& have 7aha <tawa& the ;ittle .ear! 0ante called the seven stars 2ornn& doubtless then a common name& for it appeared in 7espucci s jW ;ettera as 9loorno& his editor erroneously explaining this as a typographical error for carro& the wain I 9den and others of his time translating this as the :ome& #nd it has been the Spanish shepherds similarly shaped .ocina& a .ugle I and the "talian sailors 8 .ogini& a .oa! 2aesius mentioned 2atuli& and 2anei ;aoonioae& the ;apdogs or %uppies& and the Spartan 0ogs& as titles for both of the .ears! $ith the 2hinese it was %eih Sing!

#lrucaba& or #lraocaba& which probably should be #l .ukkabah& is first found in the #lfonsine Tables& although the edition of 8JB 8 applied it only to the lucida! $hile this generally is supposed to be from the #rabic #l .akabah& the /iders& Grotius asserted that it is from the 2haldee .fttah

The 2onstellations EJ8 a 7ehicle& the :ebrew .lchfibh I and& if so& would seem to be e+uivalent to the $ain and from the :ebrew editor of #lfonso! <thers have thought it from .ukbah& the 1nee& as always has marked the forearm of the .ear& and #lrucaba& in a varied orthography& was current for that star some centuries ago& as it is now for %olaris! /iccioli gave a +ueerly combined name for the constellation& 0ubhernkabaa I and .ayer had 9ruooabah& ending his list of titles with 9)ra& a blunder in some connection with the commentator #ben 9)ra& whom he often cited as an authority I still /iccioli followed him in this! The Geneva .ible& rendering the :ebrew #sh& etc!& by " #rcturus with his Sonnes&" incorrectly added the marginal note& "the *orth Star with those that are about him!" 2aesius typified the constellation as the 2hariot sent by 6oseph to bring his father down into 9gypt& or that in which 9lijah was carried to heaven I or as the .oar that 0avid slew! 3oung astronomers now know it as the ;ittle 0ipper! "n the old German manuscript already alluded to mention is made of (rsa 'inor under the *orth %ole& which is called by another name Tramontane M4! e! because on one side of the 'ons 2oelius& whereon sits the %ole StarN I thus indicating another origin for this name than that found under %olaris as from the 'editerranean nations! " have seen no explanation of this& yet fre+uent references are met with in early records to some mountain located in the *orth as the seat of the gods and the habitation of life& the South being " the abode of the prince of death and of demons!" Sayce writes , "n early Sumerian days the heaven was believed to rest on the peak of " the mountain of the world " in the far northeast& where the gods had their habitations Mcf! "sai! xiv& 8TN Sthe mount of congregation& in the uttermost parts of the northK& while an ocean or " deep " encircled the earth which rested upon its surface! 7on :erder referred to it as #lbordy& the da))ling mountain& on which was held the assembly of the gods I and identified it with " the holy mountain of God " alluded to in the .ook of the %rophet 9)ekielN xxviii& 8EI and %rofessor $hitney +uoted from the

CBd verse of the 8st chapter of the Surya Siddhdnta , the mountain which is the seat of the gods I and from the TEth verse of the 8Bth chapter,

EJB Star-*ames and their 'eanings # collection of manifold jewels& a mountain of gold& is 'eru& 8 passing through the middle of the earth-globe& and protruding on either side! 2ommenting upon which& he says , "the sent of the gods is 'ount 'eru& situated at the north pole!" The *orsemen had the same idea in their :iminbiorg& the :ill of :eaven& and the abode of :eimdallr& the guardian of the bridge .ifrost& the /ainbow& which united the earth to #saheimr& or #sgard& the 3ard& 2ity& or Stronghold of the #ss& their gods& and the <lympus of *orthern mythology! $hile far back of them the 9gyptians supported their heavenly vault by four mountains& one at each of the cardinal points! Towards our day& in the report by " 2hristophorus 2olonus& the #dmyrall&" recorded by %eter 'artyr& we read that the great discoverer thought that the earth is not perfectlye roundeI .ut that when it was created& there was torteyne heape reysed thereon& much hygher than the other partes of the same! 2olumbus called this %aria& asserting that it contained %aradiseI but it would seem from his narrative that he located it somewhere in the neighborhood of his discoveries between *orth and South #merica! 9ven in 2hiimead s Treatise& more than a century after 2olumbus& we find serious reference to this mythical mountain as the mountain5 Slotus& which lies under the %ole& and is the highest in the world! 'ay we not see in these the origin of 'ons 2oelius& the :eavenly 'ountain& and of the name Tramontana from our constellation s location above that celestial elevation F #nd " would here call attention to the old story of the Seven Sleepers of 9phesus& B who& under the persecution of 0ecius in our Td century& slumbered for nearly BAA years in the grotto under the similarly named 'ount 2oelian I these worthy successors of 9pimenides the 2nosian and predecessors of our /ip 7an $inkle being early associated with the seven stars of (rsa 'ajor& and so perhaps with this& the 'inor! The latter s genethliacal influence was similar to that of its companionI the %rince& in Tennyson s %rincess& thus accounting for his temperament, For on my cradle shone the *orthern star I and likeness in their motions is alluded to in the same author s "n #ftmork5

where 8 $hatever geographical foundation there may be for this 'eru probably lies in the %aro5 the /oof of the $orld& that has lately become of strategical importance in #sia! B These canoni)ed Sleepers are still commemorated in the ritual of the /oman 2athofi 8 2hurch for the BDth of 6une!

The 2onstellations EJT the lesser wain "s twisting round the polar star& H one of the Greater .ear s titles being the TwisterI and in the ;a)y Team& a designation that it still more deserves than does (rsa 'ajor! "n %roctor s attempt to reform constellation names he calls this simply 'inor& the Greater .ear being (na! (rsa 'inor& as now drawn& is inclosed on three sides by the coils of 0raco I formerly it was almost entirely so! #rgelander here enumerates BD stars down to the JU magnitude& and :eis JE! one unchangeable upon a throne .roods o er the fro)en heart of earth alone& 2ontent to reign the bright particular star <f some who wander and of some who groan! 2hristina G! /ossetti s ;ater ;ife! <; y 0ouble& B!B and @!J& topa) yellow and pale white! %hoenioe was the early Greek name& borrowed from its constellation& for this " lovely northern light " and the " most practically useful star in the heavens " I but for many centuries it has been Stella %olaris& the %ole-star& or simply %olaris& H /iccioli s %ollaris I this position seeming to be first recogni)ed in literature by 0ante when he wrote in the %aradiso , the mouth imagine of the horn That in the point beginneth of the axis /ound about which the primal wheel revolves! 9uclid said in his %hainomcna , # star is visible between the .ears& not changing its place& but always revolving upon itselfI :ipparchos& that the pole was "in a vacant spot forming a +uadrangle with three other stars&" both of these calling this "ld#oc& the %blus of ;ucan& <vid& and other classical ;atinsI and 9uphratean observers had called

their pole-star %ol& or .fl! .ut& although other astronomical writers used these words for some individual star& there is no certainty as to which was intended& for it should be remembered that during many millenniums the polar point has gradually been approaching our pole-star& which BAAA years ago was far removed from it& H in :ipparchos5 time 8B BE away according to his own statement +uoted by 'arinus of Tyre and cited by %tolemy! 'iss 2lerke writes as to this , B@5

EJE Star-*ames and their 'eanings The entire millennium before the 2hristian era may count for an interregnum as regards %ole-stars! #lpha 0raconis had ceased to exercise that office I #lniccabah had not yet assumed it! 1ochab Mthe % of (rsa 'inorN& and 5 of 0raco& at different times in that epoch& may have been considered as this pole-star& the last a Eth-magnitude about ioW distant from the true poleI although the Jth-magnitude Q& E 2 away in 9ratosthenes 8 day& perhaps was intended! #nd this is not unlikely& as this inconspicuous object& for some reason& was sufficiently noteworthy among the 2hinese to bear the title :ow 1ung& the 9mpress! The m _tVavfjg @ " ever visible&" of the Jth-century Stobaeus may have referred to our %olaris& then about D distant from the pole! The fact that the %olaris of his day did not exactly mark the pole was noted by %ytheas& the Greek astronomer and navigator of 'assilia& the modern 'arseilles& about TBA b! c! I and till this discovery the belief was prevalent that the heavenly pole was absolutely fixed! "n none of the foregoing cases does a single star seem to be mentioned as a guide in navigation I but as knowledge in this art increased& our a took the place of its constellation as Stella 'aris& a title that Saint 6erome& in his <nomasticon& applied to the 7irgin 'aryI there& however& with no marine& or stellar& connection! .ut a star& being always a symbol of sanctity& was peculiarly so of the holiest of women& so that this title of the chief star of heaven was adopted as one interpretation of her 6ewish name 'iriam! .ayer s la Tramontana was well known before his day& for 9den translated from the First 0ecode& printed in 8J88& "cauled by the "talians Tramontana 8 I and 6ehan de 'andeville M"syr "ohn 'aundauile"N more than a century before the discovery of our continent& in his statement of his belief in the sphericity of the earth& wrote of it as the Stem Trmnimantane& that is clept the Stern of the See& that is unmevable& and that ( toward the *orthe& that we clepen the ;ode Stem! <ne derivation of this transmontane is from the fact that the nations along the 'editerranean saw the star beyond their northern mountain boundary I and the word appears in the popular saying& current among the ;atin races& of a man s "losing his Tramontane" when one had lost his bearings!

#nother earlier and much more probable origin& however& is from a title for the constellation already alluded to! Similarly the Finns know %olaris as Taehti& the Star at the Top of the :eavenly 'ountain! #nglo-Saxons of the 8Ath century said that it was the Stip-steorra& the ShipstarI 9den& "cauled of the Spanyardes :ortes " I .ayer& #ngel Stenif the

The 2onstellations EJJ %ivot Star& and the ;atin *avigatoriaI while it was the Steering Star to early 9nglish navigators& who knew no *orth& but when the %ole Star shone! #ndrew 'arvell& strangely the common friend of 6ohn 'ilton and 1ing 2harles ""& said, .y night the northern star their way directs I and Thomas 'oore wrote& in his ;ight of the :aram , that star& on starry nights The seaman singles from the sky To steer his bark for ever by! Thus& as the leading star& it became the ;oadstar& or ;odestar& of early 9nglish authors I Spenser saying , The pilot can no loadstar see& and Shakespeare s :elena& in # 'idsummer *ighfs 0ream& tells :ermia 3our eyes are lodestars! .ryant beautifully alludes to its office in these verses from his :ymn to the *orth Star, 2onstellations come& and climb the heavens& and go! Star of the %ole = and thou dost see them set! #lone in thy cold skies& Thou keep st thy old unmoving station yet& *or join st the dances of that glittering train& *or dipp st thy virgin orb in the blue western main! <n thy unaltering bla)e The half wrecked mariner& his compass lost& Fixes his steady ga)e& #nd steers& undoubting& to the friendly coast I

#nd they who stray in perilous wastes by night& #re glad when thou dost shine to guide their footsteps right! ! # beauteous type of that unchanging good& That bright eternal beacon& by whose ray The voyager of time should shape his heedful way! #nd $ordsworth& in the 9xcursion& thus goes back to the earliest times , 2haldaean shepherds& ranging trackless fields& .eneath the concave of unclouded skies Spread like a sea& in boundless solitude&

EJC Star-*ames and their 'eanings ;ooked on the polar star& as on a guide #nd guardian of their coarse& that never closed :is steadfast eye! 'ilton s 2omus had the much +uoted <ur Star of # ready& <r Tyrian 2ynosure I and ; #llegro , The 2ynosure of neighboring eyes& H a designation of %olaris which has everywhere become commonI while 2inosnra and 2ynosura regularly appeared in scientific works of the 8Dth and 8 ?th centuriesI but this was one of the ancients titles for the whole of (rsa 'inor& and never& by them& limited to the lucida! The Star of #ready either referred to #rcadia& the earthly home of 1allisto& or to #reas& her son& transferred to the skies by his father 6ove& when ignorantly about to slay his mother after her transformation! The poet& however& followed a common error in locating #reas here& for he properly was identified with .ootes! The 2hinese had several names for it&H %in 1eih I Ta Shin I Tien :wang Ta Ti& the Great "mperial /uler of :eaven& the circumpolar stars circling around it in homage& the whole forming the %urple Subtle 9nclosureI and Ti or Ti Tso& the 9mperor s Seat& this last also being borne by a :erculis! #nd it was Tow 1wei& as with (rsa 'ajor& from its s+uare of stars& A&y& v and DD! "ts first use in navigation is ascribed to their emperor :ong Ti& or :wang Ti& a grandson of *oah = :owever this may be& it seems certain that some polar star& or constellation& has been used in 2hina from remote anti+uity!

"n earliest *orthern "ndia the star nearest the pole was known as Grahadhara& the %ivot of the %lanets& representing the great god 0hruva& and #l .iruni said that among the :indus of his time it was 0hruva himself! "t was an object of their worship& as our %olaris is to-day among the 'andaeans l along the Tigris and lower 9uphrates! The #rabs knew %olaris as #l 1iblah& "because it is the star least distant from the pole&" although then J away& and helped them& in any strange location distant from an established place of worship& to know the points 8 This strange people& fast dwindling to extinction& are also known as *asoraeans& or Saint 6ohn 2hristians! "n their representation the sky is an ocean of water& pure and clear& but of more than adamantine solidity& upon which the stars aw planets sail! "ts transparency allows us to see even to the pole-star& who is the central sun around whom P the heavenly bodies move! $earing a jewelled crown& he stands before #bath fir s door at the gate of (5 world of lightI the 'andaeans accordingly invariably pray with their faces turned northward!

The 2onstellations EJD of the compass and thus the direction of 'ecca and its 1a bah& 8 towards which every good 'uslim must turn his head in prayer! They also called it #l 6ad"& the 3oung :e Goat& which subse+uently degenerated to 6uddah& as *iebuhr heard it a century ago& and known in 0esert story as Giedi& the slayer of the dead man on the .ier of (rsa 'ajor! $et)stein says that in 0amascus it is called 'ismar& a *eedle or *ail! #s marking the north pole it bore the latter s title& #l 1ntb al Shamftliyy& the *orthern #xle& or Spindle& from #l 1utb& the %in fixed in the under stone of a mill around which the upper stone turns I and this same thought later appeared in 9nglish poetry& as in 'arlowe s :istory of 0octor Faustus& where he says of the stars that #ll jointly move upon one axletree $hose terminine is term d the world s wide pole! The #rabian astronomers knew it as #l 1aukab B al Shamaliyy& the Star of the *orth& an appellation perhaps given by their nomad ancestors to as nearer the pole in their time! 1a)wini mentioned the belief of the common people that a fixed contemplation of #l 1aukab would cure itching of the eyelids& H ophthalmia& then& as now& being the prevalent disease of the 0esert!

The #lfonsine Tables of 8JB8 have #lrucaba et est Stella polaris sive %olus I and .ayer& #lruocabah seu .uocabah "smaelitis I but this was shared with the next star& as also with the constellation! The Turks know it as 3ildu)& the Star par excellence I and have a story that its light was concealed for a time after their capture of 2onstantinople! %olaris is iW 8E distant from the exact pole& which lies on the straight line drawn from %olaris to f (rsae 'ajoris& and will continue in gradual approach to the pole till about the year BA@J& when it will be only BC TA" 8 This ancient S+uare :ouse& probably an early Sabaean temple& was built& tradition says& first in heaven I then for #dam on earth as a tabernacle of radiant clouds let down by the angels directly under its celestial site! This& disappearing at his death& was replaced by one of stone and clay by the patriarch Seth& that in its turn was swept away by the 0eluge! ;astly it was erected by #braham and "shmael to contain the .lack Stone& #l :ajar al #swad& a ruby& or jacinth& brought from heaven by Gabriel and now blackened by the pilgrims tears& or because so often kissed by sinners I but it is generally regarded by unbelievers as a meteorite! The 2entury 2yclopedia& however& describes it as an irregular oval about seven inches in diameter& composed of about a do)en smaller stones of various shapes and si)es! The Stone is set into the northeast corner of the wall& at a convenient height for kissing! B 1aukab is the same as the #ssyrian and 2haldaean word 1akkab& the :ebrew 1oljabh I this last also the fighting name of .ar 2ochab& the Son of a Star& who was the leader of the second revolt of the 6ews in 8TB-8TJ& during the reign of :adrian& his shekels bearing a star over a tetrastyle temple! The name was variously written& but correctly as .ar 2o)iba& from his birthplace!

EJ? Star-*ames and their 'eanings away! "t will then recede in favor successively of y f tt& 2& vR and a of 2epheus& a and C of the Swan& and $egaof the ;yre& when& marked by this last brilliant star& 88&JAA years hence the pole will be about JA distant from its present position and within JW of $ega& which for TAAA years will serve as the pole-star of the then existing races of mankind! The polar point will thence circle past 8 and r :erculis& A& t& and a 0raconis& jT (rsae 'inoris& and 5 0raconis back to our a againI the entire period being from BJ&C@J to BJ&?C? years& according to different calculations! 8 Shakespeare did not know all this when he wrote in 6ulius 2aesar, constant as the *orthern Star& <f whose true fixed and resting +uality There is no fellow in the firmament! "ts distance from us has been variously estimated from TC to CT light years& and it is receding from our system at the rate of about 8C miles a second! The spectrum is Sirian! The @ jE -magnitude companion& i?"!C distant& is a good test for a B]inch glass with a power of ?A! This was discovered by Sir $illiam :er-

schel in 8DD@& and may be in revolution around its principal! "ts present position angle is B8J ! <ther minute stars can be seen with afield-glass in the vicinity I and the 'essrs! :enry of %aris have charted by photography 8BDA stars& within iW of the pole& where previously only about ?A were known by telescopic observation& a itself is slightly fainter than A! $hile %olaris is the nearest naked-eye visible to the true pole& Smyth mentioned a nebula& now known as *! G! 2! T8DB& much nearer in 8?ET! and from its proximity called %olarissima I while nearer still was a 8Athmagnitude star bearing the warlike title .lficher& then within B of the exact point! %oole s 2elestial :andbook says of some unidentified star , #nonyma H 0ouble , magnitudes D!J and @ I distance B I it is the nearest to the pole!

MT& B& reddish! 1oohab is from the #rabic title that it shared with a I and it perhaps was this star that the Greek astronomers called T8CYoL& for it was near the pole 8AAA years before our era! .urritt has 1ochah! #lruoaba& variously written& is also common to it and %olaris& as well as to its constellation& Smyth saying that this was the #lfonsine /eicchabba! 8 This uncertainty in the period of the cycle of precession mainly arises from tbe fact that the circle is not a strictly closed one& owing to the slight motion of the pole of the ecliptic due to the action of the planets upon the orbit of the earth!

The 2onstellations EJ@ :i ir al Farkadain and #nwSr al FarkadOin& the .right <ne& and the ;ights& of the Two 2alves& were titles in the 0esert for this star& from an early figure here& in the Fold& of these timid creatures keeping close to their mother! NT was often designated by pre-"slamitic poets as the faithful and& from its ever visible position& the constant companion of the night traveler! "ndeed the .adawiyy claimed that they had a perpetual treaty with #l Farkad to this effect& and their poets made the Two %herkads& and y& symbols of constancy! 2hilmead cited #lferkathan! a V A5 3 8 & y B & _F& and e constituted the group 2ircitores& Saltatorei& ;udentes& or ;udiones& the 2irclers& ;eapers& or 0ancers around the early pole& well known from classical times to late astronomy! "n 2hina was another Ti& the 9mperor! "ts spectrum is Solar& and the star is receding from us at the rate of ?U miles a second! F` T-T& and 3 V J- ? -

These were known by the #rabs as one star& #(fa al Farkadain& the 0im <ne of the Two 2alves& but by us as %herkad 'ajor and %herkad 'inor& JD minutes of arc apart! $ith NT and others they were the 0ancers& and with alone the Guards& or $ardens& of the %ole& that old Thomas :ood said were of the Spanish word guardare& which is to beholde& because they are diligently to be looked unto& in regard of the singular use which they have in navigation I and /ecorde& many do call the Shafte& and others do name the Guarda= after the Spanish tonge! $hile 9den& in the #rte of *avigation which he " 9nglished out of the Spanyshe&" in 8JC8& from 'artin 2ortes communication to 1ing 2harles 7& mentioned "two starres called the Guardians& or the 'onth of the :ome"I and still earlier& in his translation of %eter 'artyr& " the Guardens of the north pole! 8 Shakespeare& in <thello& wrote , The wind-shak d surge& with high and monstrous mane Seems to cast water on the burning .ear& #nd +uench the guards of th ever fixed pole! /iccioli s title for them is 7igiles& to which he added "talice le guardiole& o verso guardiane! These Guards& like the stars in 2harles $ain& were a timepiece to the

ECA Star-*ames and their 'eanings common people& and even thought worthy of special treatises by navigators& as to their use in indicating the hours of the night! "n 2hina y 8 was Ta Tsie& the 2rown %rince! OV E-Ti greenish! 3ildnn is generally given to this& probably from the Turkish 3ildu) that is better applied to a I but it has degenerated to 7fldiur& and the 2entury 0ictionary has Gildun& perhaps by a typographical error! .ayer s Yopevrrjs npuTTj for M6& and YopevrUc devrepa for the adjoining P& the First and the Second 0ancer& were also general designations in which a& A& and the two stars y were included! 2V E!T& flushed white& marking the junction of the handle with the bowl of the ;ittle 0ipper& is #(fa al Farkadain of some lists& i` being #nwar al FarkadainI but these titles certainly& and much better& belong to jT and y!

"n 2hina it was 1ow 2hin! b& a Jth-magnitude& has been mentioned as :ow 1ung& the 9mpress!

7irgin august = come in thy regal state $ith soft majestic grace and brow serene I Though the fierce ;ion s reign is overpast The summer s heat is all thine own as yet& #nd all untouched thy robe of living green .y the rude fingers of the northern blast! /! 6! %h(brick s 7irgo! the #nglo-Saxon 'sden& the #nglo-*orman %ulcele& the French 7iffgei the "talian 7irgine& .ayer s 6nnckfraw& and the present German 6vngiraii5 H in fact a universal title& H generally has been figured with the palm branch in her right hand and the spica& or ear of wheat& in her left! Thus she was known in the #ttic dialect as 1Cp+& the 'aiden& representing %ersephone& the /oman %roserpina& daughter of 0emeter& the /oman 2eresI while in the "onic dialect *onnus& of our Jth century& called her _rra-

The 2onstellations EC8 Yvvfaft 1ovprj& the $heat-bearing 'aiden& spieifera 7irgo 2ereris& the 7irgo spicea mnnera gestaas of 'anilius! $hen regarded as %roserpina& she was being abducted by %luto in his 2hariot& the stars of adjacent ;ibraI and the constellation also was 0emeter herself& the 2eres spieifera dea& changed by the astrologers to #rista& :arvest& of which 2eres was goddess! 2aesius had it #rista %uellae& that would seem more correct as #ristae %aella& the 'aiden of the :arvest! Those who claim very high anti+uity for the )odiacal signs assert that the idea of these titles originated when the sun was in 7irgo at the spring e+uinox& the time of the 9gyptian harvest! This& however& carries them back nearly 8 J&AAA years& while #ratos said that ;eo first marked the harvest monthI so that another signification has been given to the word MTToUvwdUc! $e read& too& that "n <gygian ages and among the <rientals& she was represented as a sun-burnt damsel& with an ear of corn in her hand& like a gleaner in the fields I and& like most of that class& with a very different character from that assigned to her by the classic authors! "s it not this ancient story of the 'aiden of the $heat-field that is still seen in the *orth 9nglish and South Scottish custom of the 1ern-baby& or 1ernababy& H the 2orn& or 1ernel& .abyU thus described by ;ang in his 2ustom and 'yth f

The last gleanings of the last field are bound up in a rude imitation of the human shape& and dressed in some rag-tags of finery! The usage has fallen into the conservative hands of children& but of old "the 'aiden" was a regular image of the harvest-goddess& which& with a sickle and sheaves in her arms& attended by a crowd of reapers& and accompanied with music& followed the last carts home to the farm! "t is odd enough that the " 'aiden " should exactly translate the old Sicilian name of the daughter of 0emeter! " The 'aiden " has dwindled& then& among us to the rudimentary 1ernababy I but ancient %eru had her own 'aiden& her :arvest Goddess! #nd in 7endue the farmer s wife& as the corn-mother& is tossed in a blanket with the last sheaf to bring good luck in the subse+uent threshing! %erhaps 2aesius had some of this in view when he associated our sky figure with /uth& the 'oabitess& gleaning in the fields of .oa)! 7irgo also was 9rigone& H perhaps from the :omeric U9piyeveia& the 9arly .orn& for the constellation is very old& H a stellar title appearing in 7ergil s apotheosis of his patron #ugustus! This was the maiden who hung herself in grief at the death of her father "carius& and was transported to the skies with "carius as .ootes& and their faithful hound 'aira as %rocyon& or Sirius I all of which is attested by :yginus and <vid! "t may have been this "carian story that induced 1eats 8 ;ines on the 'ermaid TavernI

ECB Star-*ames and their 'eanings Sipping beverage divine& #nd pledging with contented smack The 'ermaid "n the >odiac& Sometimes she was figured with the Scales in her hands& H #straea s scales have weighed her minutes out& %oised on the )odiac& H whence she has been considered #t554& the divinity of 6ustice& the /oman 6usta or 6uititiaI and #straea& the starry daughter of Themis& the last ot the celestials to leave the earth& with her modest sister %udicitia& when the .ra)en #ge began! <vid wrote of this , 7irgo caede madentes& (ltima coelestum& terras #straea reli+uitI when& according to #ratos& she Soared up to heaven& selecting this abode& $hence yet at night she shows herself to men! Thus she is the oldest purely allegorical representation of innocence and

virtue! This legend seems to be first found with :esiod& and was given in full by #ratos& his longest constellational history in the %haitiomena! <ther authors mentioned her as 9lpTjvrj& "rene& the sister of #straea& and the %ax of the /omans& with the olive branch I as 2oncordiaI as (ap<ivoU #4OQ& the 7irgin GoddessI as BijTv##a& the Singing Sibyl& carrying a branch into :ades I and as TvUt4& the /oman Fortnna& because she is a headless constellation& the stars marking the head being very faint! 2lassical ;atin writers occasionally called her #no& #targatia& and 0eroete& the Syrorum 0ea transferred here from %isces I 2ybele drawn by lions& for our ;eo immediately precedes her I 0iana I 'inerva I %anda and %anticaI and even 'edusa& %osidippus& B?@ b! c& gave Thesbia orThespia& daughter of Thespius& or of the Theban #sopus I and some said that one of the 'uses& even (rania herself& was placed here in the sky by #pollo! "#anokia is from 1ircher& who in turn took it from the 2optic 9gyptians& the Statio amoris& +uern in incremento *ili dii ostendcbant! This& however& is singularly like : TloYidg y designating 'inerva as guardian of citadels and the State& already seen as a title for this constellation I and there was a 2optic #sphulia in ;eo as a moon station! "n 9gypt 7irgo was drawn on the )odiacs of 0enderah and Thebes& much disproportioned and without wings& holding an object said to be a distaff marked by the stars of 2oma .erenicesI while 9ratosthenes and #vienus identified her with 's& the thousand-named goddess& with the

The 2onstellations ECT wheat ears in her hand that she afterwards dropped to form the 'ilky $ay& or clasping in her arms the young :orus& the infant Southern sungod& the last of the divine kings! This very ancient figuring reappeared in the 'iddle #ges as the 7irgin 'ary with the child 6esus& Shakespeare alluding to it in Titus #ndronicus as the Good .oy in 7irgo s lap I and #lbertus 'agnus& of our 8Tth century& asserted that the Saviour s horoscope lay here! "t has been said that her initials& '7& are the symbol for the sign& "NF I although the "nternational 0ictionary considers this a monogram of (ap& the first syllable of (apdsvo+& one of 7irgo s Greek titles I and others& a rude picturing of the wing of "fltar& the divinity that the Semites assigned to its stars& and prominent in the 9pic of 2reation! This "rtar& or "shtar& the Gueen of the Stars& was the #shtoreth of the 8st .ook of the 1ings& xi& J& TT& the original of the #phrodite of Greece and the 7enus of /omeI perhaps e+uivalent to #thyr& #thor& or :athor of the *ile& and the #starte of Syria& the last philologically akin to our 9sther and Star& the Greek #orfjp! #starte& too& was identified by the 7enerable .ede with the Saxon goddess of spring& 9ostre& at whose festival& our 9aster& the stars of 7irgo shine so brightly in the eastern evening sky I and the

Sumerians of southern .abylonia assigned this constellation to their sixth month as the 9rrand& or 'essage& of "star! "n #ssyria 7irgo represented .aaltis& .elat& .elit& and .eltis& .el s wife I while some thought her the 'ylitta of :erodotus! .ut this was a very different divinity& the .abylonian 'olatta& the 'oon& the 'other& or Gueen& of :eaven& against whose worship the 6ews were warned in the .ook of the %rophet 6eremiah& xliv& 8D& 8@& and should not be confounded with #shtoreth& the goddess of the >idonians& that our figure symboli)ed! "n "ndia 7irgo was 1anya& the Tamil 1auni& or 'aiden& H in :yde s transcription& Yannae& H mother of the great 1rishna& figured as a Goddess sitting before a fire& or as a Gul I and in the 2ingalese )odiac as a $oman in a Ship& with a stalk of wheat in her hand! #l .iruni thought this ship marked by the line of stars jT& i`& y& d& and e& like a ship s keel! 7araha 'ihira borrowed the Greek name& turning it into %arthena& %artina& or %athona! "n %ersia it was 1hoaha& or 1husak& the 9ar of $heat& and Secdeidos de 0ar)ama& this last often translated the " 7irgin in 'aiden *eatness " I but "deler& doubting this& cited .eige%s conjecture that it was a %ersian rendering of Staohys& one of the Greek titles of 7irgo s star Spica! .ayer had it Seclenidos de 0ar)ama! The early #rabs made from some members ot the constellation the

ECE Star-*ames and their 'eanings enormous lion of their sky I and of others the 1ennel 2orner& with dogs barking at the ;ion! Their later astronomers& however& adopted the Greek figure& and called it #l #dhra 8 al .afhlOh& the "nnocent 'aiden& remains of which are found in the mediaeval titles 9ladari& 9leadari& #drendeta& and in the #dienedesa of #lbumasar! .ut as they would not draw the human form& they showed the stars as a sheaf of wheat& #l Sunbulah& or as some stalks with the ripened ears of the same& from the /oman Spica& its brightest star! 1a)wini gave both of these #rabian names& the last degenerating into Sunbala& found in .ayer& and Sumbela& still occasionally seen! The #lmagest of 8J 8J says 7irgo est Spica! The Turcomans knew the constellation as 0ufhi)a %akhiia& the %ure 7irginI and the 2hinese& as She Sang :en& the Frigid 'aidenI but before their 6esuit days it was Shun $ei& which 'iss 2lerke translates the Serpent& but $illiams& the Guail s Tail& a part of the early stellar figure otherwise known as the .ed .ird& %heasant& or %hoenix! "t appears as 1i& the BAth in the 9uphratean cycle of ecliptic constellations& and considered e+uivalent to #sm& a %lace& i! e! the moon station that Spica marked I but 6ensen thinks that the original should be Sim& or Shim& perhaps meaning the " 9ar of 2orn " I much of this also is individually applied to Spica!

"n the land of 6udaea 7irgo was .ethulah& and& being always associated with the idea of abundance in harvest& was assigned by the /abbis to the tribe of #sher& of whom 6acob had declared " his bread shall be fat!" "n Syria it was .ethulta! Thus& like "sis& one of her many prototypes& 7irgo always has been a much named and symboli)ed heavenly figureI ;andseer saying of it& " so disguised& so moderni)ed and be-Greek d ! ! ! that we literally don t know her when we see her!" "n astrology this constellation and Gemini were the :ouse of 'ercury& 'acrobius saying that the planet was created hereI the association being plainly shown by the caduceus of that god& the herald s trumpet entwined with serpents& instead of the palm branch& often represented in her left hand .ut usually& and far more appropriately& 7irgo s stars have been given over to the care of 2eres& her namesake& the long-time goddess of the harvest For her astrological colors 7irgo assumed black speckled with blueI and was thought of as governing the abdomen in the human body& and as bearing rule over 2rete& Greece& 'esopotamia& Turkey& 6erusalem& ;yons& and %aris& but always as an unfortunate& sterile sign! 'anilius asserted that in his day it ruled the fate of #rcadia& 2aria& "onia& /hodes& and the 0oric plains! #mpelius assigned to it the charge of the wind #rgestes& that blew

The 2onstellations ECJ to the /omans from the west-southwest according to 7itruvius& or from the west-northwest according to %liny! The latter said that the appearance of a comet within its borders implied many grievous ills to the female portion of the population! 7irgo was associated with ;eo and with the star Sirius in the ancient opinion that& when with the sun& they were a source of heat I <vid alluding to this in his #rs #matoria, 7irginis aetheriis cum caput ardet e+uis! #nd 6ohn Skelton& the royal orator of 1ing :enry 7""& wrote, "n autumn when the sun in 7iigine .y radiant heat enripened hath our corne! # coin of Sardis& the capital of the kingdom of ;ydia& bears her figure with the wheat ear in her left hand and a staff in her right I and the stateres of 'acedonia have much the same! The #lfonsi4ie Tables showed her as a very young girl with wingsI the ;eyden 'anuscript and the :yginus of 8E??& as a young woman with branch and caduceusI and the #lbumasar of

8E?@& as a woman with a fillet of wheat ears! The old German illustration also gave her wings& but dressed her in a high-necked& trailing gown I and 0iirer drew her as a lovely winged angel! 6ulius Schiller used her stars to represent Saint 6ames the ;ess& and $eigel& as the Seven %ortuguese Towers! .ut all these figurings& ancient as some of them may be& are modern when compared with the still enduring Sphinx generally claimed as prehistoric& perhaps of the times of the :or-she-shu& long anterior to the first historical 9gyptian ruler& 'enes I and constructed& according to Greek tradition& with 7irgo s head on ;eo s body& from the fact that the sun passed through these two constellations during the inundation of the *ile! Some 9gyptologists& however& would upset this astronomical connection of the 7irgin& ;ion& and Sphinx& 'ariette claiming the head to be that of the early god :armachis& and others as of an early king! %tolemy extended the constellation somewhat farther to the east than we have it& the feet being carried into the modern ;ibra& and the stars that :ipparchos placed in the shoulder shifted to the side& to correct& as he said& the comparative distances of the stars and members of the body! (pon our maps it is about JBW in length& terminating on the east at Y and p& and so is the longest of the )odiac figures! "t is bounded on the north by ;eo& 2oma .erenices& and .ootes I on the east by Serpens and ;ibra I on the TW

ECC Star-*ames and their 'eanings south by :ydra& 2orvus and 2raterI and on the west by ;eo& 2rater& and 2orvus! $hile the beautiful Spica is its most noteworthy object to the casual observer& yet the telescope shows here the densest nebular region in the heavens& in the space marked by its A& 8D& y& d& and 0enebola of ;eo I while other nebulae are scattered all over this region of the sky! Sir $illiam :erschel found here no less than TBT& which later search has increased to over JAA& H very many more nebulae than naked- eye stars in the constellation! #rgelander gives 8A 8 of the latter& and :eis 8?8! "t is for these four stars in 7irgo& forming with e two sides of a rightangled triangle open towards 0enebola& y at its vertex& that %rofessor 3oung uses his mnemonic word .egde to recall their order! They extend along the wings through the girdle& and were the 1ennel 2orner of the .arking 0ogs of the #rabs& often considered as the .ogs themselves! 7on >ach& of Gotha& rediscovered here on the last day of the first year of this century the minor planet 2eres& whose position had been lost some time after its discovery by %ia))i on the previous *ew 3ear s 0ay I <lbers repeating this& and independently& the next evening& the first anniversary of the original discovery! :ere& too& <lbers found& on the B?th of 'arch&

8?AB& another minor planet& %allas& the second one discovered& and appropriately named& for the thirty-first of the <rphic :ymns described this goddess as " inhabiting the stars!" The sun passes through the constellation from the 8Eth of September to the B@th of <ctober I and during this time the 7irgin trails *o more her glittering garments through the blue! <t& Spectroscopic binary& 8!T& brilliant flushed white! Spioa signifies& and marks& the 9ar of $heat shown in the 7irgin s left hand H #ratos wrote "in her hands"I 7itruviusand :yginus& "in her right hand " H when she was thought to be 2eres! #ll the /omans called it thus& 2icero saying Spioum& and their descendants& the modern "talians& SpighaI the French have 8 9p; "n <ld 9ngland it was the 7irgin 8 = Spike& and even Flamsteed thus designated it! For at least twenty-five centuries& and among all civili)ed peoples& the ;atin word& or words of similar import& has obtained I although Smyth mentioned an attempt before his day to secure for it the illustrious name of *ewton! Yrdxvg& perhaps of the same signification although another has been assigned to it& appeared with #ratos& :ipparchos& and %tolemy& transcribed by the ;atins as Stachyi! 'anetho had YtoUvwc6Uc& which we have seen

The 2onstellations ECD used for 7irgo by another Graeco-9gyptian author& *onnus! .ayer cited #rista for the star as for the constellation I #ristae %uella occurs in some ;atin doggerel by 2aesius I as the brightest of the figure it bore the tatter s 9rigoneI while 7indemitor and 7indemiator& which better belong to e& have been applied to it! <ther titles H SunbalaI SnnbaleI SumbelaI /iccioli s Snmbalet& Sombalet& Sembalet 9leandriI and Schickard s Snnbalon H are from Sunbnlah and #l " #dhra & #rabic words synonymous respectively with Spica and 7irgo& although :yde derived them from >ifivYYa& the Singing Sibyl& of the constellation! #l .iruni said that it was #l :nlbah& the .ristle& but his explanation of this only served to show the strange confusion in titles that existed in the #rab mind between Spica and #l 0afirah in the ;ion s tail! #nd #l .iruni& again& said that it was the 2alf of the ;ion& with #rcturus as the second 2alfI but 1a)wini designated it as Sak al #sad& the Shin-bone of the ;ion& this ;ion being the enormous figure already alluded to& of which a part of 7irgo formed one of the legs! # still more widely spread native name in the 0esert was #l Simak al # )al& the 0efenceless& or (narmed& Simak& i! e! unattended by any near-by star I the other Simak& #rcturus& being armed with a lance& or staff& represented by adjacent stars of .ootesI and it doubtless was this isolated position ot

Spica that induced the 2optic title 1horitos& Solitary! The #lfonsinc Tables turned Simak al # )al into inermis #aimec& adding #cimon& #laraph& #lmncedie "of the 2haldaeans&" and #lacelI while the 8J8 J #lmagest had #schimech inermis! From all these come .ayer s #laa)el& #la)el& #)imon& #l)imon " of the *ubians&" :a)imet #la)el& the alchemists #lhaiseth& /iccioli s 9ltsameoti and 9lteamach& and the #)imeeh still occasionally seen! Scaliger had :a)imeth #lhacel& and Schickard :n)imethon! /iccioli cited a "*ubian" tide& 9lea)alet& that some have said came from #l f #)alah& the :ip-bone& but it probably belongs among the derivatives from # )alI and his 9leadari has been transferred to Spica from the constellation! This star marked the 8Bth man)il& #l Simak& and in early astrology was& like all of 7irgo& a sign of unfruitfulness and a portent of injustice to innocence I but later on& of eminence& renown& and riches! 2hrysococca called it `ii1pC+ 1oirapdroc& the ;ittle ;ance-bearer& #rcturus being 1ovrapdrog par excellence! #nd :yde gave the :ebrew Shibboleth& the Syrian Shebbelta& the %ersian 2hushe& and the Turkish Salkim& all signifying the " 9ar of $heat "I other names being the %ersian Qpur& the M6paregha of the #vesta& the Sogdian Shaghar and 1horasmian #khihafarn& all meaning a " %oint " H 8! e! Spica! The :indus knew it as 2itra& .right& their 8Bth nakshatra& figured as a ;amp& or as a %earl& with Tvashtar& the #rtificer& or Shaper& as its presiding

EC? Star-*ames and their 'eanings divinityI and some have thought it the Tistar Star that generally has been identified with Sirius! "n .abylonia& and representing the whole constellation& it personified the wife of .T8& and as Sa-Sha-Shirfi& the 7irgin s Girdle& marked the BAth ecliptic asterism of that name& and the lunar asterism 0an-nu& the :ero of the Sky Furrow! "t was also 9mukn Tin-tir-1i& the 'ight of the #bode of ;ife& a common title for .abylon itself! "n 2hinese astronomy Spica was a great favorite as 1iC& the :orn& or Spike& anciently 1eok or Guik& the special star of springtimeI and with ^ formed their 8Bth situ under that title! *aturally it was the determinant "t is said to have been known at one time in 9gypt as the ;ute-.earer& and was evidently of importance& for another 9gyptian name was .epi& the ;ordI and ;ockyer thinks that the great " 'ena may symboli)e Spica& with which star we have seen 'in-worship associated!" #ccording to this same author& one of the temples at Thebes& probably dedicated to this 'ena& 'enat& 'enes& 'in& or 1hem& was oriented to Spica s setting about TBAA b! cI and the temple of the Sun at Tell al #marna was also so oriented about BAAA b! c& or perhaps somewhat later! # similar character attached to it in Greece& for two temples have been found at /hamnus& " almost touching one another& both following Mand with accordant datesN

the shifting places of Spica&" at their erection 8A@B and DED b! cI "and still another pair at Tegea!" Temples of :ere were also so oriented at <lympia 8EEJ b! c& at #rgos and GirgentiI and those of *ike #pterosat #thens& 88 TA b! c& and of" the Great 0iana of the 9phesians&" D8J b! c "t was to the observations of this star and of /egulus about TAA b! c& recorded by the #lexandrian Timochares& that& after comparison with his own 8JA years later& :ipparchos was indebted for the great discovery attributed to him of the precession of the e+uinoxes I although .abylonian records& and the temple orientation of 9gypt and Greece& may indicate a far earlier practical knowledge of this! #ccording to %tolemy& Timochares observed an occultation by the planet 7enus of an unidentified star " on the tip of 7irgo s wing&" H perhaps yV or gV H on the 8Bth of <ctober& BD8 b! c! 8 l # still earlier record of the planet& dating from C?C .! c& is on a tablet from 2haldaea now in the .ritish 'useumI while earlier still are :omer s " 9an]+og& the ;atin :esperus&H the brightest star that shines in :eav5n I and "saiah s ! ! ! day star& son of the morning& that out #uthori)ed 7ersion rendered " ;ucifer& " the e+uivalent of the Greek alternative titles 9tootpoG<G and ZA8AUAAAL& the ;atin %hosphorus! The identity of this 'orning Star with the 9vening Star :esperus was discovered by %ythagoras& or by %armenides& in the Jth century before 2hrist! The planet also was known as t #MfGoSlttj& as 6uno s Star& and as "sis!

The 2onstellations EC@ Spectroscopic observations by 7ogel in 8?@A show that Spica is in revolution with a speed of at least fifty-six miles a second in an orbit of three millions of miles radius& around the common centre of gravity of itself and an obscure companion in a period of about four days! "t is& however& never eclipsed by the latter& as is the case with the star #lgol! "ts spectrum is Sirian I and the system is approaching us at the rate of @!B miles a second! Gould thinks that it shows fluctuations in brilliancy! "t is one of the lunar stars much utili)ed in navigation& and lies but B south of the ecliptic& and ioW south of the celestial e+uator& coming to the meridian on the B?th of 'ay! $ith 0enebola& #rcturus& and 2or 2aroli it forms the 0iamond of 7irgo& JA in extent north and south! %V T-@V pafc yellow! >avijava& a universal name in modern catalogues& is first found with

%ia))i& but is >arijan in the Standard 0ictionary! "t is from #l >ftwiah& the #ngle& or 2orner& 8! e! 1ennel& of the #rab 0ogs& H although y exactly marks this 2orner and should bear the title! The stars A& rj& y& d& e& outlining this 1ennel& formed the nth man)i4& #l #wwa & the .arker& which was considered of good omen I while Firu)abadi included it with the preceding moon station #l Sarfah& H ;eonis& H in the group #l *ahran& the Two /ivers& as their rising was in the season of heavy rains! <ther indigenous titles were #l .ard& the 2old& which it was said to produce I and $arak al #sad& the ;ion s :aunches! marked the 8?th ecliptic constellation of .abylonia& Shepn-arku sha-#& the :ind ;eg of the ;ion& for this country also seems to have had one of these creatures here! $ith rj f it perhaps was *insar& the ;ady of :eaven& probably a reference to "star I and (rra-gal& the God of the Great 2ity I and one of the seven pairs of stars famous in that astronomy! #s a 9uphratean lunar asterism it bore the same title *insar& but this included all the components of the #rabs 1ennel 2orner! These also were the %ersian 'ashaha& the Sogdian Fastaahat& the 1horasmian #fsasat& and the 2optic #bnkia& all of the #rabic signification! "n 2hina it was 3ew 2hi Fa& the /ight-hand 'aintainer of ;aw! is 8T south of 0enebola in ;eo& culminating with it on the Td of 'ay! 3V .inary and slightly variable& T and T!B& white! The ;atins called this %orrima& or #ntevorta& sometimes %ostvorta& names of two ancient goddesses of prophecy& sisters and assistants of 2arTo Z

EDA Star-*ames and their 'eanings menta or 2armentis& worshiped and at times invoked by their women! %orrima was known as %roraa and %rota by #ulus Gellius of our Bd century! y was specially mentioned by 1a)wini as itself being >Swiat al #wwi R the #ngle& or 2orner& of the .arker I and #l Ti)ini& with (lug .eg& had much the same name for it I but #l .irun"& +uoting from #l >ajjaj& said that " these people are all wrong&" and that #wwa here meant " Turn&" referring to the turn& or bend& in the line of stars! This interesting early figure is noticeable even to the casual observer& y being midway between Spica and 0enebola& the sides of the 1ennel stretching off to the north and west& respectively marked by r` and 4T& C and e! "n .abylonia it marked the 8@th ecliptic constellation& Shii'nalirtt-ihirii& the Front& or $est& Shur MFN I while individually it was 1akkab 0an-ira& the Star of the :ero& and the reference point in their annals of an observation of Saturn 8 on the 8st of 'arch& BB? b! c& the first mention of this planet

that we have& and recorded by %tolemy! The 2hinese knew y as .hang Seang& the :igh 'inister of State! #stronomers consider the two stars alternately variable in lightI and some call both yellow& so following the apparent rule of similar coloration in components of binaries when of e+ual brilliancy I those une+ual being of contrasting colors! "n 8?TC they showed as a single star in the largest telescope then in useI but now are C" apart& moving in an orbit more eccentric than any other as yet well determined& with a period of revolution estimated at about 8@A years! The position angle in 8?@A was TTA ! They are of special interest to astronomers& as well as a show object to all! They culminate on the 8D th of 'ay! L8 T-C& golden yellow& although individually unnamed in our lists& was one of the #wwa! <n the 9uphrates it was ;u ;im& the Ga)elle& Goat& or Stag& H or perhaps 1ing I and& with c& probably 'as-tab-ba& another of the seven pairs of Twinstars of that country! The :indus called it #pa& or #pat& the $atersI and the 2hinese& Ti)e Seang& the Second 'inister of State! Secchi alluded to C as bcllissima& from its most beautiful banded spectrum of the Td class of spectra& like that of a :erculis! Q& T!T& bright yellow& is the 7indemiatrix of the #lfonsine Tables& whence it has descended into modern listsI but in ;atin days it was 7indemiator with 2olumella& which 8 Saturn was Y+ovog and tfa4vwr& the Shiner& with the Greeks I #l Thakib& the %iercer& wiO the #rabs I and Saturnus& or Stella Solis& with the ;atins!

The 2onstellations ED8 is found as late as FlamsteedI 7indemitor& with <vid and %linyI and %rovindemiator and %rovindemia major& with 7itruvius I all signifying the "Grape-gatherer&" from its rising in the morning just before the time of the vintage! These titles were translations of the (poTpvyerrjp& (porpvyeTrjg& (porpvyerog& and Tpvyerfjp& used by %tolemy& %lutarch& and other Greek authors& the first of these words appearing in the %hainomena& and rendered the " Fruit-plucking :erald " I but it is in a line of the poem considered doubtful I /iccioli had %rotrigetrix! This profusion of titles from the earliest times indicates the singular interest with which this now inconspicuous star was regarded in classical astronomy! The 2entury 2yclopedia has the following note on it , #t the time when the )odiac seems to have been formed MB8AA .! c!N this star would

first be seen at .abylon before sunrise about #ugust BA& or& since there is some evidence that it was then brighter than it is now& perhaps a week earlier! This would seem too late for the vintage& so that perhaps this tradition is older than the )odiac! The classical name was translated by the #rabians 'ukdim al 1itaf I and another title was #lmuredin& still seen for it& perhaps from #l 'uridin& Those $ho Sent Forth! Traces of these words are found in the #laoast& #lcalft& #laraph& and #lmueedie of .ayer s (ranometria! "n 2hina it was Ts)e Tseang& the Second General! <n the 9uphrates it may have been 1akkab 'ulu-in& the Star 'an of Fire& possibly symboli)ing the god ;aterak& the 0ivine 1ing of the 0esertI although that title has been assigned to p! 7irginis and C ;ibrae! "t marked the eastern boundary of the nth man)il& and in astrology was a mischief-making star! "t culminates on the B Bd of 'ay!

"K& 7ariable between T and E! >aniah is from #l >awiah& applied in German lists to this instead of to the stars and y& all of these being in the 1ennel! "n 2hina it was Tso 2hih Fa& the ;eft-hand 'aintainer of ;aw! "t lies on the left side of the 7irgin& and just to the westward is the point of the autumnal e+uinox which the 2hinese knew as 3ih 'un& Twan 'un& or 9en 'un& :eaven s Gate! $ith F it almost exactly marks the line of the celestial e+uator! A& Triple& E!E& @& and 8A& pale white& violet& and dusky& is on the front of the garment& below the girdleI the components& f!i and C J" apartI the position angle of the first two stars being TEJ !

EDB Star-*ames and their 'eanings 'oderns have no name for it& but in the Surya Siddhanta it was #ptmi#tsa& the 2hild of the $aters! $ith another adjacent& but now unidentified& star& it was known in 2hina as %ing Taou& the %lain and 9ven $ay!

ij E!B! Syrma is from >vppa& used by %tolemy to designate this star on the Train

of the 7irgin s robe! $ith 5 and _fV it was mentioned in the first #rabian translation of the Syntaxis as being in the himdr& or " skirt&" of the garment I but the translator of the ;atin edition of 8J 8J& missing the point at the first letter& read the word as #imdr& " an ass&" so that this central one of these three stars strangely appears in that work as in asino! They formed the 8Tth man)if& #l Ghafr& the 2overing& as Smyth explains& because the beauty of the earth is hidden when they rise on the 8?th Tishrin& or 8st of *ovemberI others say on account of the shining of the stars being lessened as if coveredI but 1a)wini& because& when they rise& the earth robes herself in her splendour and finery& H her summer robes! The #rabic word& however& is analogous to >vpfia& and so may have been taken from %tolemyI although #l .iruni +uoted from #l >ajjaj #l Ghafar& the Tuft in the ;ion s tail& which it may have marked in the figure of the ancient #sad! #nother signification of the word Ghafr is the " 3oung "bex!" #l .iruni also said that the #rabs considered this the most fortunate of their lunar stations& as lying between the evils of the ;ion s teeth and claws on one side and the tail and venom of the Scorpion on the other& and +uoted from a /aja) poet, The best night forever ;ies between #l >ubanah and #l #sad I adding that the horoscope of the %rophet lay here& and that the date of the birth of 'oses coincided with it! #s a lunar station these stars were the Sogdian Sarwa and the 1horasmian Shushak& the ;eaderI the %ersian :ugru& the Good GoerI and the 2optic 1hambalia& 2rooked-clawed& # being substituted for AI and it is said that they were the #kkadian ;u ;im& the :e Goat& Ga)elle& or Stag! the original perhaps also meaning " 1ing&" and employed for d!

The 2onstellations EDT 8 alone& according to :ommel& was the 0eath Star& Ynlu .at! 8& P & and v constituted the 8Tth situ& 1ang& a 'an s *eck& 5 being the determining starI while& with the preceding station& the united group was ?hen sing& as 9dkins writes it& the Star of <ld #ge I and& with others near& it may have been included in the Tien 'un mentioned at the star DD! fiy a T!@-magnitude& was #l #chsasi s 9ijl al #wwa & the Foot of the .arker! "t has been included with C ;ibrae in the #kkadian lunar asterism 'ulu "n& a title also applied to e I the Sogdian Fatarwa& and the 1horas-

mian Sara-fsariwa& both signifying the "<ne next to the ;eader" H i!e! next to the lunar asterism t& k& and #! v& f& o& and Dr& forming the head of 7irgo& were the 2hinese *uy %ing& the "nner ScreenI p was Yew :eang& the *ine <fficers of State& in which some smaller stars were includedI a and t& Tien Teen& the :eavenly Fields I while ] anc 5 7VV w U n others adjacent& were Tlin :een I all of these stars being of Eth to Cth magnitudes!

Mttufpecufd cum Oneere& ffc 9ittfe fox ttitfy tfle M.ooee& is known in "taly as 7olpe oolla <ea I in Germany as Fuchs& or Fuchschen& mit der Gans I and in France as %etit .enard avec l <ie! Smyth wrote that this is a modern constellation& crowded in by :evelius to occupy a space between the #rrow and the Swan& where the 7ia ;actea divides into two branches! For this purpose he ransacked the informes of this bifurcation& and was so satisfied with the result& that the effigies figure in the elaborate print of his offerings to (rania! :e selected it on account of the 9agle& 2erberus and 7ukur 2adens! " " wished& 8 said he& " to place a fox and a goose in the space of the sky well fitted to it I because such an animal is very cunning& voracious and fierce! #+uilaand 7ultur are of the same nature& rapacious and greedy!" The two members are sometimes given separatelyI indeed the #nser is often omitted! Flamsteed s #tlas shows both& but separates the titles I and %roctor arbitrarily combined both in his 7ulpes& #stronomers now call the whole 7nlpeeula! "ts inventor saw BD stars here& but #rgelander catalogued TD& and :eis CB! They come to the meridian toward the end of #ugust! #lthough " have elsewhere found no named star in 7ulpecula& and its

EDE Star-*ames and their 'eanings general faintness would render it doubtful whether there ever has been one& yet the Standard 0ictionary says of it under the word #nser, a small star in the constellation of the Fox and the Goose I and the 2entury 0ictionary has much the same! This may have been a& the lucida& a E!E-magnitude just west of the Fox s head! # meteor stream& the 7ulpecnlids& appearing from the 8Tth of 6une to the Dth of 6uly& radiates from a point in this constellation I but the tatter s most noteworthy object is the 0ouble-headed Shot& or 0umb-bell& 7eboli& *! G! 2! C?JT& BD '!& just visible in a iU-inch finder& D southeast from the star #lbireo!

!!! the milky way i5 the sky&H # meeting of gentle lights without a name! Sir 6ohn Suckling! Torrent of light and river of the air& #long whose bed the glimmering stars are seen ;ike gold and silver sands in some ravine $here mountain streams have left their channels bare= ;ongfellow s Tfu Galaxy >Lt Oafaty& or Gj'tfy Ttfag& has borne arbitrary& descriptive& or fanciful titles in every age! #naxagoras& JJA b! c& and #ratos knew it as to TdYa& that shining wheel& men call it 'ilk I 9ratosthenes& as 1vkYoL Ta#afr ac& the 2ircle of the GalaxyI other Greek authors& as 1vk#oc yakattri1og& the Galactic 2ircle I and :ipparchos& as # TaYdi-ios& the Galaxy! Galaxure& the ;ovely <ne& of the :omeric :ymn may have been the personification of thisI and Galatea& the 'ilk-white& of the "liad& for this nymph was a daughter of <ceanus& and the Galay was long known as 9ridanus& the Stream of <cean! "ndeed during all historic time it has been thought of as the 9iver of :eaven! Such& too& was the #kkadian idea of it in connection with that of a Great Serpent I .rown writing of this ,

*o doubt the Great Serpent& in one of its mystic phases& is connected with the 2 atream H e! g!& the *orse mdhgardhaormr& the $eltum-tpanner M ' Stretcher-round-theworld "N! .ut the #kkadian Snake-river& with whatever else it may be associated& cer-

The Galaxy EDJ tainly also in one phase& and on the three .oundary-stones referred to& represents the 2ir cuius ;acteus! "n $! #! 4!& n& J8& we read , EJ! #kkadian :id tsirra& #ssyrian *ahru tsiri& [ " /iver-of-the-Snake!" Thus :iddagal& " /iver " - " great " [ :iddekel MGenesis ii& 8EN! EC! #k! :id turra #n galV #s! *ahru markasi :i rabi& [ " /iver-of-the-cord-of-the-

God great!" ED! #k! :idtuabgal& #s! *ahru #pshi rati& [ " /iver-of-the-#byss great!" "t also was the 9iver-of-the-Shepherd s-hut& dust-cloud high& and the #kkadian :id "n-ni-na& 9iver-of-the-0ivine-;ady I and& to +uote again, This Snake-river of sparkling dust& the stream of the abyss on high through which it runs& the golden cord of the heaven-god M%rof! Sayce aptly refers to ""! viii& 8@N& connected alike with the hill of the Sun-god and with the passage of ghosts& is the 'ilky $ay I and it is the .iver of *ana& wife of the heaven -god& as& in Greek mythology& it is connected with :ere! #mong the #rabs it was #l :ahx& the /iver& a title that they afterwards transferred to the Greek constellation 9ridanus I and those other Semites& the :ebrews& knew it as * har di :ot& the /iver of ;ightI but the /abbi ;evi recurred to the #kkadian simile in saying that it was the 2rooked Serpent of the .ook of 6oo f xxvi& 8T! (sually& however& in 6udaea it was #roch& H in #rmenia and Syria& #rocea& H not a lexicon word& but evidently from #ruhdh& a ;ong .andage& and well applied to this long band of light! "n 2hina& as in 6apan& it was Tien :o& the 2elestial /iver& and the Silver /iver& whose fish were frightened by the new moon& which they imagined to be a hook I although those countries also may have named it as we do& for in the She 1ing are the lines by the emperor-poet Seuen& of the ?th century before 2hrist& translated by ;egge , .rightly resplendent in the sky revolved The 'ilky $ayI and again , 7ast is this 'ilky $ay& 'aking a brilliant figure in the sky! #l .iruni +uoted from a Sanskrit tradition that it was #kaah Ganga& the .ed of the Ganges I but his other :indu title& 1shira& is not explained! "n *orth "ndia it was .hagwan "d 1aehahri& the 2ourt of God& and Swarga 0uari& the 0ove of %aradise! "n /ome it was often thought of as the :eavenly Girdle& 2oeli 2ingulnm& and as a 2ircle I %liny& calling it 2ircnlns lacteus& followed 2icero& who also said <rbit lacteus& and made extended allusion to it in his 7ision of Scipio as " a radiant circle of da))ling brightness amid the flaming bodies!" "t is in this 7ision that we find a graphic and beautiful description of the

EDC Star-*ames and their 'eanings nine heavenly crystal circles& the foundation of the old system of astronomy&

from which issued the :armony of the Spheres universally believed in till the times of 2opernicusI but 9uripides already had written of it , Thee " invoke& thou self-created .eing& who gave birth to *ature& and whom light and darkness& and the whole train of globes& encircle with eternal music! Towards our day Shakespeare& in the 'erchant of 7enice I said , There s not the smallest orb which thou behold st .ut in his motion like an angel sings I 'ilton& in %aradise ;ost, the fix d stars& fix d in their orb that flies& #nd ye five other wand ring fires that move "n mystic dance not without songI .en 6onson , Spheres keep one musick& they one measure dance I and #ddison doubtless had it in mind in his beautiful astronomical hymn , Forever singing as they shine! 1epler assigned the various tones in music to the various planets& one issuing from each of the spheres , the bass from Saturn and 6upiter& the tenor from 'ars& the contralto from 7enus& and the soprano from 'ercury! The conception of the 'ilky $ay as a pathway always and everywhere has been current! This is seen in the /omans 7ia coeli regiaI 7ia laetif and 7ia laetea& the 'ylke way and 'ylke whyte way in 9den s rendering I Semita laetea& the 'ilky Footpath I and <vid s :igh /oad paved with stars to the court of 6ove I imitated& in %aradise ;ost& by 'ilton s The $ay to God s eternal house& the much +uoted .road and ample road whose dust is gold& #nd pavement stars& as stars to thee appear Seen in the galaxy& that milky way $hich nightly as a circling )one tbou seest %owder d with stars! The *orsemen knew it as the %ath of the Ghosts going to 7alholl M7alhallaN& in the region Gladhsheimr& H the palace of their heroes slain in battle I

The Galaxy EDD

and our *orth #merican "ndians had the same idea& as witness the W wrinkled old *okomis&" when& teaching the little :iawatha& she Showed the broad white road in heaven& %athway of the ghosts& the shadows& /unning straight across the heavens& 2rowded with the ghosts& the shadows& To the 1ingdom of %onemah& To the land of the hereafter I the brighter stars along the /oad marking their camp-fires! $illiam :amilton :ayne s "ndian Fancy embodies it thus , %ure leagues of stars from garish light withdrawn .ehind celestial lace- work pale as foam& H " think between the midnight and the dawn Souls pass through you to their mysterious home! <ur aborigines and the 9skimo also called it the #shen %ath& as did the .ushmen of #frica& H the ashes hot and glowing& instead of cold and dark& that benighted travelers might see their way home& H thus unwittingly following the classical 'anilius , this was once the %ath $here %hoebus droveI and in length of 3ears The heated track took Fire and burnt the Stars! The 2olour changed& the #shes strew d the $ay& #nd still preserve the marks of the 0ecay I although he also more scientifically wrote , #nne magis densa s tell arum turba corona! #mong the early :indus it was the %ath of #ryamin& leading to his throne in 9lysiun3I in the %anjab it is .erfi da ghat& the %ath of *oah s #rkI and in northern "ndia& *agavithi& the %ath of the Snake! The %atagonians think it the road on which their dead friends are hunting ostriches! U The #nglo-Saxons knew it as $aetlinga Strot& H :oveden s $atlingaitrete& H the path of the $aetlings& the giant sons of 1ing $aetla& 7ate& or "valde I 'insheu thus defining the word , howsoever the /omans might make it ! ! ! the names bee from the Saxons& and /oger :oveden saith it is so called because the sonnes of $ethle made it leading from the 9ast sea to the $estI and going into extended and very interesting details as to its course& and

ED? Star-*ames and their 'eanings those of other /oman " waies " in early .ritain! <ld Thomas :ood similarly could see no derivation for this title& except it be in regard of the narrowness it seemeth to have& or else in respect of that great highway that lieth between 0over and St! #lbans! This was variously known as $erlam Street& $adlyng Street& 7atlant Street& and lastly $ailing Street& 8 the ancient road still in use from 2hester Mthe ancient 0evaN& through ;ondon M;ondiniumN& to 0over M0ubris %ortusNI and its stellar connection appears in the :ous of Fame , ;o& there& +uod he& cast up thine eye! Se yonder& lo& the Galaxye& $hich men clepeth the 'ilky $ey& For hitt is whytt& and some parfey& 2allen hit $atlinge Strete! #nother title& $alsyngham $ay& first found in ;angland s 7ision of $illiam concerning %iers %lowman& made it the road to the 7irgin 'ary in heaven& as the earthly way was to her shrine in *orfolk& where she was known as our ;ady of $alsyngham I this existing till 8JT?& when 9ngland abolished her monasteries! The idea of this& and of other similar path-titles& may have come from the fancy that this heavenly way crowded with stars resembled the earthly roads crowded with pilgrims! #nglo-Saxon glossaries have it as binges (ueg& $eg& or $ee& "ringe s $ay I and as .il-"dun s $ay& these personages being descendants of $aetla&-and both $ays leading to #sgard over the bridge at which Slavonic mythology terminated this celestial way& and thus joined earth to heaven& " where four monks guard the sacred road and cut to pieces all who attempt to traverse it!" ;ater on this #igard .ridge was the title indiscriminately applied to the 'ilky $ay and /ainbow& varied& as to the latter& by .ifrost or #sbreu! #nd here " may be pardoned for repeating a +uaintly beautiful passage from 'insheu s definition of the /ainbow& although not connected with the Galaxy& nor strictly astronomical , The .ow is the weapon ofwarre and therefore called the .ow of the battel=& "f >ach! @! 8A! Mbattle-bowN O 8A! E! MidN! The .ow that appeareth in the clouds hath no string& nor no deadly arrow prepared upon it& there is no wrath that appeareth in it I et iicitur #rcus clementiae O5 foederis& indicans mundum non secundo periturum a+uis! #nd therefore we should love him that hath laid aside his wrath& and embraced us with mercie! "t will be remembered that 'insheu s was a polyglot dictionary= 7esl "t is only fair to say that there are other derivations for $atling Street&H one by no mean5 improbable& 'insheu to the contrary notwithstanding& namely& that it was called after 7itellianus& the /oman director in its construction& whom the .ritons knew as Guetalin!

The Galaxy ED@ pucci& a century before& expressed much the same sentiment where H but connecting the .ible with Science H he wrote& in 9den s rendering , "t is a pledge of peace betweene god and men& and is ever directly over ageynst the soonne! Grimm& in Teutonic 'ythology& cites many titles for the Galaxy! #mong the *orthmen it was $notanes $eg& or Stra)a& $uotan s& or $oden s& $ay& or StreetI among the 'idland 0utch& 7ronelden Straet& the $omen s Street& and :ilde& or :ulde& Straue& Saint :ilda s& or :ulda s& Street I in 6utland& 7eierveien& or .runei& StraetI in $estphalia& $iar Strata& the $eather Street& and 'iilen $eg& the 'ilky $ay I and in 9ast Friesland& :armawith and the 'elkpath! "n :ungary it was :ada 1uttya& the 7ia .elli& because in the journey of war and migration from #sia their ancestors followed this shining markI and the Finns have the pretty ;innunrata& the .irds $ay& as the winged spirits flit thither to the free and happy land& or because the united bird-songs once were turned into a cloud of snow-white dovelets still seen overhead! This was the ;ithuanian %auks)c)iu 1ielis& "n Germany the modern 'ilch Straftse is the translation of our bestknown title I while it has long been& and popularly is even now& 6akobs Straoe and 6akobs $eg& 6acob s /oad I as the .elt of <rion is his Staff lying alongside the road! #nd it has been still further associated with that patriarch as his ;adder! "n Sweden the 'ilky $ay is the $inter Street& H so& at all events& with the peasantry& H their $inter <atan I and that country s idea of it is thus beautifully given by 'iss 9dith '! Thomas , Silent with star-dust& yonder it lies H The $inter Street& so fair and so white I $inding along through the boundless skies& 0own heavenly vale& up heavenly height! Faintly it gleams& like a summer road $hen the light in the west is sinking low& Silent with star-dust= .y whose abode 0oes the $inter Street in its windings go F #nd who are they& all unheard and unseen H <& who are they& whose blessed feet %ass over that highway smooth and sheen F

$hat pilgrims travel the $inter Street F #re they not those whom here we miss "n the ways and the days that are vacant belowF #s the dust of that Street their footfalls kiss 0oes it not brighter and brighter grow F

E?A Star-*ames and their 'eanings Steps of the children there may stray $here the broad day shines though dark earth sleeps& #nd there at peace in the light they play& $hile some one below still wakes and weeps! The old *orsemen had a similar title in their 7etrarbrant I and the 2elts knew it as #rianrod& the Silver Street& which also occurs for the *orthern 2rown& but there as the Silver 2ircle! "n 9ngland& for centuries& the Galaxy has been the $ay of Saint 6an5 sometimes the $ay to Saint 6ames& and thus figuratively the 7ia regiaI in "taly& the 7ia latteaI in France& the 7oie laette! .ut with the French peasantry it always has been the /oad of Saint 6ac+ues of 2ompostella& this last itself a stellar word from the 2ampus Stellae of Theodomir& bishop of "dria& who was guided by a star in ?TJ to the bones of Saint 6ames in a field! The same title obtains in Spain& but there it is popularly known as 9l 2amino de Santiago& the patron saint in battle of that country& ;ongfellow writing of this in his Galaxy , The Spaniard sees in thee the pathway& where :is patron saint descended in the sheen <f his celestial armor& on serene #nd +uiet nights when all the heavens were fair! "n the .as+ue tongue it is 2eruoo 9snibidia! $herever this idea of a road was held in early times it seems to have referred to the 'ilky $ay as traveled by the departing souls of illustrious men& who& 'anilius wrote& were loos d from the ignoble 2hain <f 2lay& and sent to their own :eaven again& H to those stars& that were regarded not only as the homes of such& but often as the very souls themselves physically shining in the skies& as& metaphorically& they had upon the earth! Thus it was known in classical times as

:eroum Sedes! Following out this conception& the Galaxy later became the "talian Strada di /omaI the Swiss $eg nf /omI the Slovak >eiti v /im& H all signifying the " $ay of /ome&" because only through that capital of the church could access to heaven be secured! Thomas 'oore somewhat changed the figure in his ;oves of the #ngtb& where he says as to the stars in general , /olling along like living cars <f light& for gods to journey by = H a thought that also is found with %liny& and even with Saint 2lement

The Galaxy E?8 /omieu says that the Galaxy was 'asarati& probably #ssyrian& and identifies it with the hieroglyphic Yasrati& the 2ourse of the sun-god& that may be the origin of the story of %haethon& and we see very much the same title in the .abylonian 2reation ;egend as applied to the )odiac! This word& similar to the :ebrew Yas)Oroth that some /abbis positively asserted signifies the " 'ilky $ay&" appears in Stoffler s 0e Sphaera as Yaiarati& apparently taken from %tolemy& and supposed by 2anon 2ook& in the Speaker s 2ommentary on the .ook of 6ob & xxxviii& TB& to be the e+uivalent of the #rabic #l 'ajarrah& the 'ilky Track! "n addition to this last& H /iccioli s #lmegiret& H the #rabians had Tarik al ;aban of the same meaning& but also knew the Galaxy as 0arb al Tabanln& the %ath of the 2hopped Straw 2arriers& and as Tarik al Tibn& the Straw /oad! /iccioli gave this as the :ebrew *edhlbath Tebhen& correctly *ethibhath& which the Syrians translated Sh bhll TebhnaI the %ersians& .ah 1akaahan& or simply 1akeshanI the 2opts& %imoit ende pitchI and the Turks& .anian (gh ril; These last also called it :agjiler 3nli& the %ilgrims /oad& traversed in their annual journey to 'ecca! /iccioli also cited the " #ethiopian " 2haaara tsamangaduI and Grimm& the same country s %asare >amanegade& the Straw Stalks lying in the /oad I H both probably from one original differently transcribed! #nd a singular legend& from some unknown source& tells us that these Stalks& or 2hopped Straw& marking the %ilgrims /oad& were dropped by Saint 7enus M=N after her theft from Saint %eterI hence her #rmenian title :artacol& or :artacogh& the Straw-thief! "n 2hina it shared the )odiac s name of the 3ellow /oad& from the color of this scattered straw! "n classic folk-lore the 'ilky $ay was marked out by the corn ears dropped by "sis in her flight from Typhon I or was the result of some of 6uno s nursery troubles with the infant :ercules! #lluding to these& 'anilius wrote that it

justly draws "ts name& the 'ilky 2ircle& from its cause! From this doubtless came the /oman <iroulus 6nnonins! 9arly "ndia accounted for it in somewhat the same way in connection with SaramaI and a similar thought is expressed by the #rabic (mm al Sanu7& the 'other of the Sky! 2aer Gwydyon& the 2astle of Gwydyon& the enchanter son of 0on& the 1ing of the Fairies& is one of its 2eltic titles in more modern times& others of the family appearing in 2assiopeia and 2orona .orealis! .ut the 2elts also thought it the road along which Gwydyon pursued his erring wife! T5

E?B Star-*ames and their 'eanings The "ncas of %eru said that it was the dust of stars& and gave titles to its various parts I the <ttawa "ndians& that it was the muddy water stirred up by a turtle swimming along the bottom of the sky I while the %olynesian islanders know it as the ;ong& .ine& 2loud-eating Shark! "n poetry& too& the 'ilky $ay has ever been a favorite H indeed& a hackneyed H subject! 'iss 'yra /eynolds tells us in her D reatment of *ature in 9nglish "betty , From $aller on& the 'ilky $ay typifies virtues so numerous that tbey shine in cne undistinguished bla)e I and that Swift s #pollo s 9dict of 8DBA& among its prohibitions to authors of the use of some of the more wearisomely fre+uent similitudes& specifically forbids their even naming the 'ilky $ay& H a rule that would have been e+ually applicable to the classical authors as to those of our day! #mong the former& 'anilius wrote of it , as a beaten %ath that spreads between # troden 'eadow& and divides the Green! <r as when Seas are plow d behind the Ship& Foam curls on the green surface of the 0eep! "n :eaven s dark surface such this 2ircle lies& #nd parts with various ;ight the #)ure skies! <r as when "ris draws her radiant .ow Such seems this 2ircle to the $orld below! #mong recent poetical similes we find 9dward 3oung s this midnight pomp& This gorgeous arch with golden worlds inlaid I 6oseph /odman 0rake s

The milky baldric of the skies& and in the 2ulprit FayI the bank of the milky way I Tennyson s marvelous round of milky light .elow <rion I while in the ;ady of Shalott he likens the "gemmy bridle" of Sir ;ancelot to some branch of stars we see :ung in the golden Galaxy! The Finnish Topelius made it the

The Galaxy E?T

starry bridge of light& $hich now smiles down upon the earth from heaven s placid face& #nd firmly binds together still the shores of boundless space! This was built by the lovers >ulamith and Salami that they might be united in heaven as they had been on earth! They toiled and built a thousand years "n love s all powerful might , #nd so the 'ilky $ay was made H # starry bridge of light I and when the task was successfully accomplished they were merged together in the single star Sirius! :omer strangely did not allude to it& unless he may have personified it in the "liad! *or did %tolemy express any opinion as to its nature& although he called it the .and& H Fascia in one ;atin translation& H and fully described it in the ?th book of the SyntaxisI his account of it being considered " certainly superior to all the rather fantastic representations given in the maps published before the last +uarter of our century!" 0ante gave much attention to it in his 2onvito& repeating various of the opinions of the ancient philosophers! :e said that #naxagoras considered

it reflected light from the sun& an opinion shared by #ristotle& 0emocritus& and even by the later #vicenna M"bn Sina of .okharaN of about a! d! 8AAA I and he attributed to #ristotle another theory H that it was the gathering of vapors under the stars of that region! :is own lines in the %aradiso H distinct with less and greater lights Glimmers between the two poles of the world H accurately describe it& as does his Galassia si& che fa dubbiar ben-saggi I for speculation concerning it was almost as varied as its observers! #ristotle expressed still a third opinion& that it was the gases from the earth set on fire in the sky I <inopides and 'etrodorus considered it the early course of the sun abandoned after the bloody ban+uet of Thyestes I the %ythagoreans and others& that it marked the bla)ing path of the disastrous runaway when& as in the "nferno& %haeton abandoned the reins& $hereby the heavens& as still appears& were scorched I or& as in ;ongfellow s The Galaxy, %haeton s wild course that scorched the skies $here er the hoofs of his hot coursers trod!

E?E Star-*ames and their 'eanings Some thought it the sunbeams left behind in the track of the sun s chariot& H the 7estigium Solis& that 'acrobius termed >ona penuta& the Girdle .urnedI and others& 7ia penuta! %lutarch said that it was the shadow of the earth as the sun passed beneath us! 0iodorus the Sicilian& of the 8 st century before 2hrist& and the philosopher-naturalist Theophrastus& of the Td& asserted that it marked the junction of the two starry hemispheres& H a statement thus versified by 'anilius , $hether the Skies grown old here shrink their frame& #nd through the chinks admit an upper Flame& <r whether here the :eaven s two :alves are joyn d& .ut odly clos d& still leave a Seam behind! <r here the parts in $edges closely prest&

To fix the Frame& are thicker than the /est! ;ike 2louds condens d appear& and bound the Sight& The #)ure being thickened into $hite! 9ven as late as 8CAT .ayer wrote , 2onstat hie circulus ex tenui nebulosa substantiaI and such probably was the general scientific conception of the Galaxy until seven years later Galileo s " gla)ed optic tube " revealed its larger constituent stars& and& as he wrote in the *uncius Sidereus& got rid of disputes about the Galaxy !!! for it is nothing else but a mass of innumerable stars planted together in clusters! # few& however& even in anti+uity seem to have known& or at least suspected& its true character I for 0emocritus& the master of 9picurus& about ECA b! c& and %ythagoras before him& said that it was a vast assemblage of very distant stars& in which belief #ristotle seems to have coincidedI although several other& and absurd& opinions are attributed to this eminent man& as well as to 0emocritus! 'anilius thus expressed this belief, <r is the spatious .end serenely bright From little Stars& which there their .eams unite& #nd make one solid and continued ;ightF #rabian poets wrote similarly& as Ta abbata Sharran& whose verse is +uoted in the :amasah y H The 'other of clustered stars! <ur knowledge of it may thus briefly be summed up , "t covers more than one tenth of the visible heavens& containing nine tenths of the visible stars& and seems a vast )one-shaped nebula& nearly a great circle of the sphere& the

The Galaxy E?J poles being in 2oma and 2etus! "n a measure it can be resolved by slight optical aid into innumerable stars& although even the largest telescopes will not resolve the faintest parts! 'any of these stars are small& " not at all comparable with our sun in dimensions!" "t is inclined about CT to the celestial e+uator& and& Sir 6ohn :erschel wrote& is to sidereal what the invariable ecliptic is to planetary astronomy H a plane of ultimate reference& the ground-plane of the sidereal system!

<ur position close to its central plane is not favorable to a correct survey I tVut& as we see it& it is marked by strange cavities and excrescences& with Ubranches in all directions& and is interrupted in its course& especially at <phiuchus and #rgo& apparently by the operation of some force still at -work& H these interruptions being in its width as well as in its course! "ts apparent structure is not uniform& but curdled or flaky& H bright patches alternating with faint or with almost absolute vacancies! $hile it contains a large number of star-clusters& it has but few true nebulae& although among these are the important :orseshoe *ebula below Scutum& the 0umb-bell in 7ulpecula& and the Trifid in SagittariusI yet large diffused masses of nebulosity are found in several portions of it! %ickering s spectroscopic work seems to indicate that the 'ilky $ay forms a system separate from the rest of the sidereal universe I but Gould inclined to the opinion that it is " the resultant of two or more superposed galaxies&" which will perhaps account for the brighter portions in 2assiopeia and 2rux as representing " the intersection of the two crossed rings visibly diverging in <phiuchus!" #nd 'iss 2lerke thus concludes the chapter on the 'ilky $ay in her System of the Stars, $hat is unmistakable is that the entire formation& whether single or compound& is no hoisted phenomenon! #ll the contents of the firmament are arranged with reference to k "t is a large part of a larger scheme exceeding the compass of finite minds to grasp in 5=s entirety!

T5

"*0"29S

G9*9/#; "*09Y

*ot including #uthors *ames& #rabic Titles& .iblical references& nor Greek matter! Separate indices for these follow this General "ndex!

#& or #leph MTaurusN& T?8! #aron& T@@! #aron the :igh %riest& BTD& TTC! #bantiadea& TTA!

#beille& B@8! #bel the 6ust& BAa& T@J& TED! #ben 9xra Mcorrectly "bn 9xraN& ?CI et passim! #ben 9xra M2assiopeiaN& 8EE! #bhijit& T?J! #bigail& TT! #braham s /am& D?! #braham with "saac& 8J8! #bsyrthe& ?J! #bukia& EC@! #cator& ?J! #cerra& Ca! #cetabula& in! #cetea& 8@@! #ckahi& 88B& TE?! #creshi& TE?! #crisioniades& TTA! #cria 7enator& 8J8! #crobo& TCB! #crux& #lpha MaN of 2rux& 8@8! #cvattha& J@! #fvini& nakshatra& ?a& TxT& TJE! #dam& TEB! #dam and 9ve& BTE! #dhupakarik& TBE! #dler& JJ!

#dler mit dem #ntinous& JC! #egoceroa& 8TJ! #egyptua& E8J! #e+uinoctialia& DC! #e+uoreua 6uvenia& EC! #e+uoris :ircua& 8TJ! #ereua& TBT! #eroata to& BTD! #eaacus& T@@! #esculapius& TAT& T@?! #ethiopia& claim of& to invention of astronomy& B6 #feichius& T@?! #felar& a T o! #frica& and the )odiac& C! #fsasat& EC@! #ften :oehne& T@@! #ganna& EBD! 5P5Ptya MSanskrit for 2anopusN& D8! #gena& 8JE! #genoreus& TDA!

#gni& @8& T@A! #igle& JJ! #iluv& ?A! #iry Trigon& E@! #ja& D?!

#jala& ETD! #k& ETD! #kanna& ETD! #kiah Gangi& EDJ! #khahafarn& ECD! #khtar $enik& D! #kkadian astronomy& our knowledge of& limited& 8 I connection of the calendar with& x I et passim! #kokera& 8T?! #fcrabh& TCa! #krevi& TCa! #latus& TTT! #l .lrunl& on the study of the stars& xii& DI and the lunar mansions& ?& @ I et passim! #lbireo M#bbireo& #lberio& #lbeiro& #lbircoN& 8@C! #lcidea& BEA! #lci one and #lcin oe& EAT! #lcy one& EAT! #leph M#ldebaranN& T?s! #les and #vis& 8@T! #les 6o vis& 8@T! #les ;edaeus& 8@T! #lexandrian School& Greek in character& 8@I origin of MnoteN& 8@! #lfonsine Tables& The& 8BI et passim! #lfonso the Tenth& remark of& concerning the %tolemaic system of astronomy& 8B!

#li 7icrika& TCT! #l 1itib al 'ijisti& xii! #lligamentum linteum or luteum& TEa! #lmagest& derivation of word& xii Mnote TN I et passim! #lmannus& BEA! #lpheichius& B@?! #l Sufi& on #rabic and #rabian star-names& xiiiI et passim! #ltar M;ibraN& BDT! #ltar or #ltare M#raN& C8! #ltar of *oah& CT! #lter& xi?! #lter 2astor& BBT! #ltera Soils %orta& 8TC! #lti one& EAT! #l Thabit ibn 1urrah& reviser of #l 1itib al 'ijisti& xii! #l Tixini& work of& translated by :yde& a I et passim!

E?@

E@W

General "ndex

#lub& JD! #malthea& ?C!

#maaiua& TAJ! #maaiu. %aaiphaea& TD@! #maxa& EBC! #ma)on Star& T8T! #mba& EAE! #merican Gana& Ex?! #mmon ;ibycua& D?! #mnls& T8J! #mo.& @D! #mpeliue& ;ucius& and #+uarius& E@! #mpbion and >ethua& TTT! #mphionia& or #rionia& ;yra& a?x! #mphitrite& 8@@! #mphitryoniadea& BE 8! #mpbora MTwo-handled $ine-jarN& EJ& TTE! #mru& or .mru M#riesN& D?! #nacea& TTT! #ncha& JE! #nderaon& Tbomaa 0!& 0r!& discovers T #urigae& @5#ndhaki& T8@! #ndrogeua& T@@! #ndromeda& T8 I names of the ancients for& T8 I significance of& T8 I mentioned by Sappho& DAA b! c! & T8 I 9uripides and Sophocles on& T8 I antedates classical times& TT I the 9uphrates the probable origin of& Ta I Sayce s claim concerning& TT I noted in %hoenicia& Ta I additional tides of& TT I familiar to the classic ;atins& Ta I name of 2aesar Germanicus for& Ta I a scholiast s name for& TT I another classic name for& Ta I #rabic and other names of& TaI original figure of&

TaI various versions of the legend of& Ta I #rabian astronomers5 representation of& TTI reason for the (tter& TT I idea of the Spanish edition of the # l4tmsine Tables as to& TTI early connection of& with %isces& TTI other early representations of& TTI 2aestus dictum concerning& TTI 6ulius Schiller s name for& TT I the cross of& TE I the bounds of& TE I 'ilton s reference to& TE I 1ingsley s reference to& TEI position of component stars of& TEI recent confusion concerning& TEI #rgelander and :eis concerning components of& TE I the %hoenician sphere and the composition of& TE& TJ! #lpha MaN of #ndromeda& TJ I various names of& TJI the significance of& in astrology& TJ I #rabic description of& TJ I identical with delta MiN of %egasus& TJ I is one of the Three Guides& TJ I its position in the :indu lunar sodiac& TJ I its relation to Gamma MyN of %egasus& TJ I culmination of& TJ! .etaM4SN of #ndromeda&TCI various names of& TC, confusion with >eta MQN of (rsa 'ajor& TCI referred to by :ipparchos& TCI position of& in later #rabian astronomy& TCI various locations of& TCI its position& TCI significance of& in astrology& TCI ScaNiger5s name for& TCI included by .rown in lunar station 1uton& TCI by /enouf in #rit& TC! Gamma MyN of #ndromeda& TCI various names of& TC& TD I eminent in astrology& TDI duplicity of& TDI easy resolution of& T? I Sir $illiam :erschel on& T?! 0elta MQN of #ndromeda& T? I position of& T? I position of components of& T?!

Yi MQN of #ndromeda& T?I name of& T?I derivation of name of& T?I .ayer s estimate ofI TA! %hi M5N of #ndromeda& and 2hi MxN #ndr!& TA I position of& T@ I names in 2hinese astronomy of& TJGreat *ebula& The& of #ndromeda& T@, %osition of& T@I ancient knowledge of& T@, #" Sufi s name for& in @?C& T@ I not noticed from @?C-8C8B& T@ , catalogued under many names& T@ I descriptwe cQ by 'arius& T@ I true character of& undetermmed& T@! #ndromeda a :ead& TJ! #ngel Stern& EJE!

#nguifer& T@?! #nguiger& T@?! #nguilla& TDE! #nguia& TAT& TDE! #nguitenena& T@?! #nelar& @TA! #nhelar& TTA! #n-nae-aur-ra& EE?! #nnouncer of "nvaaion on the .order& T?@! #no M7irgoN& ECa! #naer&EDT&EDE! #naer #mericanus& E8?! #nta& 6itu& and 'ina or 'inam& TT?! #ntamarda& Ta! #nta rea& TCE! #ntarii& ?C! #ntar a Star& TCJ! #b-ta-aur-ra& EE?! #ntecania M#nticaneaN& 8T8&8TT! #ntecedena 2ania M#ntecuraorN& 8T8! #ntepea and #ntepedea& TJT! #ntevorta& EC@! #ntigonua Gonatas& patron of #ratos& 8D! #ntin oiia& location of& EAI origin oQ& EAI lime know to early astronomers& EA& E8 I %tolemy s aflusioa to& E8 I unnoticed till 8JJ8& E8 I various subse+uent notices of& E8 I variant rides of& E8 I occasionalF appears for #+uarius& E8 I various other names of& E8 I various locations of& E8! #ntlia %neumatica Mthe #ir %umpN& Ea I known to astronomers as #ntlia&EaI die German ;oft %umpc& EaI position of& ETI culmination of& ETI has ?J naked-eye stars& ET I inconspicuous but interestm5! ETI period of& ET! #nubis M2anis 'inorN& 8Ta! #nu-ni-tum& TJ@& #nuridhi& TCD! #nuv& ?A! #orion& TAE! #pa& or #paa& EDA! #pami-#taa& EDT! #pe& The& aao! #per& TEA! #pea& T@a! #pet& TA@! #pex of the Sun a $ay& TEJ! #pha .arani Mcorrectly #pha .haranlN& R@5#phelion M#phellar& #phellanN& TTa #pln& lunar station& JT!

#pia& T@8& T@T& T?8! #pia "ndica& ET! #pia 'uaca& T@8!

General "ndex

E@8

#pol"in(& ;yra& a?x! #pollo& 8@@& @TA! #pollo and :ercules& B@T! #postle .artholomew& TCT! #postle %aul with his Sword and .ook& TT8! #postle %hilip& BDJ! #pous& ET! #pparat 2himi+ue& aai! #pparatus 2hemicus& aai! #pparatus Sculptoris& TDa! #pta #ltaria M#nN& Ca& #pullum& TTA! #pus M.ird of %aradiseN& ET& EJI names of& ETI derivation of& ETI 9nglish names of& EEI 2hinese name oQ EE I culmination of& EE I number of naked-eye stars in& EEI one of the twelve new Southern constellations introduced by .ayer& EEI various as5 cripttons of its invention& EE& EJ! #+ua& JA! #+uarida& The& Ja& JT! #+uario& EJ#+uarius& EJI other names of& EJ-JTI reason for

appellation& EJ I proximity of other analogous stellar forms to& EJ I region of& in 9uphratean astronomy& EJI immemorial representation of& EJI #l .irunfs and (lug .eg s idea of& EJ I 7ercingetorix s tide for& EC I in /oman astronomy& EC I names with the biblical school for& ECI nomenclature of& extensive but consistent& ECI in Greek literature& ECI its dde with 2atullus& #usonius& and 'anilius& EC I the latter5 s tide for it common to classic writers& ECI a synonym for 6ove& EC I name of& in 2eos& ECI #ppian s name for& ECI in the 8J8J #lmagest& ECI %indar s symbolixation of& EC , :orace s names& ECI spoken of by Thomson in The Seasons& EC I characteri)ed by 7ergil& EC I in the .abylonian calendar& ED I in the 9pic of 2reation& ED I .abylonian names for the (rn of& EDI #kkadian title for& EDI astronomical anti+uity involved by latter& EDI 9gyptian terms for& EDI 9gyptian legend concerning& EDI #rabic& %ersian& :ebrew& Syriac& and Turkish names of& ED I in the %ersian .undehesh& ED I in 2hinese astronomy& ED I a 2hinese imperial symbol& ED I contained three of the 2hinese situ& EDI headed 2hinese )odiacal signs as the /at& ED I was and still is the ideograph for water in the 9ast& ED I components of& form a 2hinese asterism& E? I in :indu astronomy& E?I :indu and Tamil names for& E?I 7araha 'ihira s name for& E?I significance of& to the 'agi and 0ruids& E?I #nglo-Saxon name for& E? I referred to by 6ohn of Trevisa& E? I other 9nglish titles for& E? I said to nave been assigned in 6ewish astronomy to /euben& E? I uncertainty concerning the latter& E?I referred to by 0ante& E?I note by ;ongfellow on latter& E?I name of& in astrology5 E@ 8 connected with 2apricorn in astrology& E@I as 6unonts #strum& a diurnal sign& E@I color of& in astrology& E@ I regarded by ;ucius #mpelius as the keeper of the southeast and south winds& E@ I the astronomical symbol of& E@ I origin of latter& E@ I not conspicuous& JAI how denned& JAI S pence and 'anilius on this definition of& JAI defined by Geminos in DD b! c& JAI by #ratos and 2icero&

JA I other ;arin names of& J8 I outlines of ribs of& sometimes conjoined with 2apricorn& J8I astronomical importance of& J8 I reason cf this& J8 I occultation of its star %si predicted& J8I conse+uence of this& J8 I position of& J8 I number of naked-eye stars in& J8 I its meteor streams& Ja& JT! #lpha MaN of #+uarius& color of& J8 I various

names of& J8-JTI combined by 1a)wlni and (lug .eg with o of #+uarius& J8 I astrological name of& J8 I .urritt s names for& J8 I erroneously named in 2entury 2yclopedia& J8 I position of& in #+uarius& J8 I has a companion& J8 I a component of the TTd sieu and the determinant star& J8 I Gould on& Ja I culmination of& JB! .eta M4TN of #+uarius& color of& Ja I names A8& JaI meaning of name of& JaI included in aad ttta:>t tvrith L of #+uarius and c of 2apricorn us& JaI with Q constitutes %ersian lunar station .unda and the 2optic (puineuti& JBI marks the situ :eu& JaI :indu name of& Ja I 9uphratean name of& JB I astrologers name for& Ja! Gamma MyN of #+uarius& color and position ot& Ja I names of& Ja I significance of its #rabic names& JBI (iug .eg s definition of& JBI denned by 1a)winl& JaI a component of the BTd manail& JaI a component of the 2hinese Fun 'o& Ja! 0elta MCN of #+uarius& names of& JTI derivation of names of& JTI other identifications of& JT I in 9uphratean astronomy& JT I a component of the lunar station #pen& JT I the determinant star of # pin and corresponding stations& JTI a component of the 2hinese 3u lin 1eun& JT I radiant point of die 0elta #+uarids& JT! 9pailon MeN of #+uarius& names of& JT& JEI 1a)wlni on& JTI brightest star of the a)st man)il& JTI the determinant of the sieu 'o& JE I a component of the 9uphratean lunar asterism 'unaga and the 2optic (peuritos& JE I .ayer s names for& JEI Grotius5 names for& JEI proximity of& to the Saturn *ebula& JE! >eta MA of #+uarius& binary but unnamed& JE I position of& JE I duplicity of& discovered in 8DDD& JE! Theta M@N of #+uarius& position of& JEI designation of& JEI 2hinese name of& JE! 1appa MPN of #+uarius& names of& JE& JJ I Gassendi s definition of& JEI Theon s name for& JE, 1eats on& JJ I 2hinese name for& JJ! ;ambda M#N of #+uarius& prominence of& JJ I names of %roclus and #ratos for& JJ I part of TTd nakshatra& JJ I a component of 2hinese asterism ;uy %eih 2hin& JJ I 2hinese name of& JJ!

#+uila& other names of& JJ-JDI position and constitution of& JJ& JCI early picturing5 of& JCI modern German representation of& JC I the id5u >amama of 9uphratean uranography& JC I ;atin legends concerning& JCI Greek legends concerning& JC& JDI 0upuis derivation of the name& JCI figured on coins& JD I in #rabian& %ersian& and :indu astronomy& JDI 2hinese name for& J?I 2hinese tradition concerning& J?! #lpha MaN of #+uila& various names of& J@& CA I in the Syntaxis& J@I in Greek tragedy& J@I its 9uphratean antecedent& J@I its %ersian& Sogdian&

E@B

General "ndex

and 1horasmian correspondents& J@ I in >end my! thology& J@ I a component of axst nakshatra5 Qravana& JJ I a component of the 2hinese :o 1!AA& CAI in astrology& CAI magnitude and use of& CAI other details of& Ca .eta ATN of #+uila& color& names& and position of& CA! Gamma MyN of #+uila& color& names& and position of& CA& C8! 9pailon MPN of #+uila& color& names& and position of& C8 I in 2hinese astronomy& C8! ;ambda M#N of #+uila& with "ota M8N& names of& C8 I in 2hinese astronomy& C8 I in the Grynaeus Syntaxis& C8! #+uary and #+uarye& E?! #+uila M"talianN& JJ! #+uila #ntinoiia& E8! #+uila cadens& B?T! #+uila marina& a?a!

#+uila %romethei& or Tortor %romethei& JC! #+uilaris& a?)! #+uilids& The& radiant point and period of& CA! #+uilonaris& TTD! #+uilonius& TTD! #+uitenens& EC! #ra& various names of& C8-CTI location of& C8I in classic times& CaI in 9uphratean astronomy& CTI components of& CT& CEI various representations of& CB-CEI meteorological importance of& in earlytimes& CT! #rabia& backward in early astronomy& TJ I her progress in the art after 'uhammad& TCI star worship in& aC! #rabian astronomy& @Lt aC #rabib& or #ribib& D?! #rabic star-namea& inter-relation of& with Greek titles& xii! #rabo- ;atin #lmagest& The& origin of& xiiI published at 7enice in 8J8J& xii, el passim! #ra 2entauri& Ca! #ra Thymiematis& Ca! #rator M#urigaN& ?J! #rator M.ootesN& @B! #ra t os& and the number of the constellations& 88I on sky figures& 8DI ignorant of astronomy& 8DI the "certain other&" MP54=5N& 8DI his sphere identical with that of 9udoxos& 8D I critici)ed by :ipparchos& 8 D I his %kainomena founded on its prose namesake by 9udoxos& 8DI et passim! #rcadium Sidua& EBa! #rcanua& DC!

#rcaa& @E! #rchangel Gabriel& TTT! #rcher& The! See Sagittarius! #rcitenens& TJ8! #rc-light& T?C! #rctoe et 0raco& BAE! #rctoi and #rctoe& ETA! #rctoe& EBA! #rctur& 8AB! #rcturi 2ustos& @E! #rctu rua M(rsa 'ajorN& EBa! #rcturus! See a of .ootes& under .ootes5 @T& @?!

#rcturus 'inor& @T! #rctus& ETT! #rctusona& 8Aa! #rcua& TJa! #rdri& T8 x! #rgelander& 8AI tt passim! #rgha M#rgoN& CC! #rgion& 8TB& TAE! #rgoa %uppis M#rgoN& CC! #rgolica *avia M#rgoN& CC! #rgonautic 9xpedition& characters of& repraeoteii in the heavens& 8? I et passim! #rgo *avis& various names of& CE-CDI poaoot d CE I extent and culmination of& CE I divisions _6& _h , in poetry& CJI in the #lfimsine Ta6(ts&v# irP

Thtatrum 2omtticum& CJI in mythology& toother legends concerning& CJ& CC I conspkoG6s 8 low latitudes& CD I minor components of& DT! DfV DJ #riadnaea 2orona& 8DE! #riadnaea Sidua& 8DE! #riadne s 2rown& 8DD! #riadne s :air& 8C?! #riadne s Tiar& 8DE! #rianrod& E?A! #ries& locations of& DJI various names of& DJ-D@'anilius on& DJI ;ongfellow on& Ds, legend5 c-s cerning& DJ& DCI representations of& DC-D@, tsckoi prominence of& DCI in the 6ewish calendar& D, 0ante on& DDI in mythology& D?I in 9astern asRnomical systems& D?I with the biblical school! -S #ratos on& D@, in astrology& D@I symbol of& I5minor components of& ?T! #lpha MaN of #ries& names and posiOo0 oM! Cc! 2haucer on& ?AI various conjectures cooceraisg! ?A& ?8 I in navigation& ?8 I culmination of& SR.eta ATN of #ries& various names of& ?8& ?a I pan of the uakshatra #cvini& ?a! Gamma MyN of #ries& luunesand duplicity oM,, 0elta MEN of #ries& details concerning& ST! #riete M#riesN& DJ& D?! #rietids& The& position of& ?T! #rietis& ?A! #rion& 8@J& TAE! #rista& EC8& ECD! #ristae %uella& EC8& ECD! #rista %uellae& EC8! #ristaeus& EC& T@@! #ristophanes& on star worship& BC!

#ristotle& T I on star worship& BC! #rit& ao& TC! #riture& 8A8! #rk& ETJ! #rkat aha hi-na Shahu& 8E8! #rk of the 2ovenant& 8?8& 8?E! #rku-sha-nangaru-aha-ahutu& 88B! #rku-sha-pu-u-maah-maahu& TTC! #rku-sha-rishu-ku& ?A! #rma& 8J8! #rmagh& BCA! #rmiger #lea& JC! #rnebeth& TCJ! #rnum M#riesN& D?! #rocea&E DJ !

"

General "ndex

E@T

#roch& EDJ! #r+uitenene& TJ8! #rrow& TJ8& TJB! #rrow of 2upid& TJa

#rrow& The! See Sagitta! #rt6;n& TJT! #rthur s 2hariot or $ain& ETC! #rtophilaxe& @T! #rtulos& TTC! #rtulosia& TJ! #rture& xox! #rturo& 8AB! #rG& BJT! #rula M#raN& CB! #rundhati& EAE! #ryabhata M:indu astronomerN& used same signs as :ipparchos& B8! #ryaman& ??& 8AA! #ry2& TJT! #ryiki& Tx@! #ryJ& BJT! #scella& TJ?! #sclepios& B@?! #aelliM#siiiiN& xxx! #aelline Starlets& xxx! #sellus& 8AJ! #sellus #ustralia& xxx! #sellua .orealis& in! #agard .ridge& ED?! #sh& ?D& EBB! #shidhi& Former and ;atter& TJE! #shen %ath& EDD! #shiyane& Bx?! #shtaroth& YDD! #shwins& The& BBT! #aina& BED! #akar& ??! #sleha& TJE! #smidiske! Same as # s4idiske DE! #sphulia& BJ@! #spidiake& DE! #as& TBT!

#stacus& 8AD! #sterion& 8xJ! #ater ope& EAD! #ator& TTT! #atraea& TDT& ECB! #strologers& /oman terms for& TTI driven from /ome by law& BT I Greek prosecution of& TT! #strology& originated in the 9uphrates 7alley& TT I /oman designations for the devotees of& TT I 0ante s belief in& TTI 9nglish reliance on& TT& TE I instances of the latter& TEI decadence of& in 9ngland& TEI its cause& TEI prevalent on the 2ontinent& TEI practised by Gassendi& 1epler& and Tycho .rahe& TE I *apoleon s belief in& TJI died in 9ngland in 8Dth century& TJ I still alive in 2hina and the 9ast& BJ I and in Germany& TJI 1epler s term for& TJI originally included astronomy& TJ I et %assim! #stron ochus& TJT! #stronomische %ernrohr& ExE! #stronomy& no advance of& for a thousand years after %tolemy& xa I stellar divisions in early 2hinese& TT I

#rabia s part in early& BJI perhaps of very early origin& ED I centred in #+uarius by the 'agi and 0ruids& E?! #s-sur-ba-ni-pal& and the 2reation ;egend& B 1nottN! #s (raaa& EB8! #svahtirs& The Seven& J! #tar gatis and 0er ceto& ECB! #tirSth& 8DD! #telier du Sculpteur& TDT! #thalpia& YTJ! #thamas& DJ& DC! #thor M#thyrN& BAJ! #thur-ai& T@@! #tl& TTD!

#tlantis& EAC! #tlantea doughtres sevene& T@C! #tlas& @E! #tlas& or %at er #tlas& EA?! #tri& ET@! #udax& TAT& TAD! #udiens& xox! #umea& T?J! #uriga& various names of& ?T-?CI position of& ?TI figurings of& ?T-?C I "deler on& ?E I 'anilius on& ?EI the 9gyptian :orus& ?J I %rofessor 3oung and& ?C I minor components of& @A-@B! #lpha MaN of #uriga& various names of& ?C-?? I a signum fluvial5& ?CI %liny and 'anilius on& ?CI legends and figurings of& ?C-??I in the 0enderah >odiac& ?DI connected with %tah& ?DI in various 9astern systems& ?? , in the #kkadian calendar& ??I in %eru& ??I in astrology& ??I Tennyson on& ??I %rofessor 3oung and others on color of& ?@ I culmination of& ?@! .eta MAN of #uriga& various names and position of& ?@! Gamma MyN of #uriga& names and position of& ?@& @AI common to #uriga and Taurus& @A! 0elta MCN of #uriga& position of& @AI unnamed in 9nglish astronomy& @AI in :indu and 2hinese astronomy& @A! 9psilon MPN of #uriga& names and variability of& @A! >eta MA of #uriga& names of& @A& @8 I in classic poetry& @A& @8 I the westernmost of the :aedi and prophetic of storms& @A& @8! "ota M8N of #uriga& @8! ;ambda M#N of #uriga& with m and _r& forms one of the #rabs Tents& @8! 'u MmN of #uriga& @8! Sigma MFN of #uriga& @8!

Tsu MtN of #uriga& discovery of& @8 I details concerning& @8& @B! #urigae& or Q8 *ath& T@A! #urigae 'anua& ?@! #urigator& ?J! #utel& or 9ncenaoir M#raN& C8! #vdem& BJ@! #vecr& Tx?! #velar& BTA! #vellar& BTA! #veata& The& J!

E@E

General "ndex

#vis Ficarius& x?a #vis Satyra& x?o! #vis 7eneris& 8@T! #xis& the 9arth s& in 'ilton s %arodist ;ost& E! #yil& ?A! #yish& ETB! #sasel& 8TD! #xhdehft& @AE! #xure 0ragon& TJC& TC8! .asitis& ECT! .aba& or .aby& T@D!

.abylonians& The& meaning of the chief stars among& BT I well versed in astronomy and astrology& BTI et passim! .acchi Sidus& @JT! .acchus& @C! .acon& /oger& T MuoteN! .aculus 6acobi& T8J! .agdei& YEJ! .aharu& T?J! .ahi& 8TC! .ihu& T88& TVT5 .ahumehi& 8@A! .alaena& 8CA& 8CT! .alance& or Scales& The! See ;ibra! .alances& TDJ! .aletne& 8CA! .alik& TTD! .allon #erostati+ue& TTD! .alloon& The! See Globus # irostaticus! .alteua& TxJ! .altic Sea& The& BAT! .ambycil& TT@! .an& TJE.and& E ? T.ara& or .ere M#riesN& D?! .arani Mcorrectly .haraniN& T@T! .ar Farshat& TJ!

.artach M.artschiuaN& 6akob& 8T! .arv& T@T! .ashish& ?B! .asilica Stella and .asiliscus& TJC! .asilisk& TCB! .ast& T@@! .astham& TAa! .ast "sis and Taurt "sis& ETD! .athsheba& 8EJ! .atillus& Cs! .ayer& 6ohann& TI the (ranometria of& 8T I et passim! .eam& ET8! .ear& EJ8! .eardriver& The& @E! .ears& ETJ.echer& 8?B! .ed& or 2ouch& TJE& TJJ! .ede& The 7enerable M.aedaN& C! .eehive& The& xxs! .eel-)ebul& B@T! .egde&ECC! .elat and .elit& ECT! .e lier& DJ! .ellator and .ellatrix& TAD& TxT!

.eller ophon and .ellerophontes& T@T! .ellerophon M#urigaN& ?J! .el 'arduk& Ta! .el-me-khi-ra& EBJ! .eltia& TDC& ECT! .elua& 8CT& TD?! .elua a+uatica& T?T! .enjamin& BD@! .ert di ghia& EDD! .erenice s .ush& 8DA! .erenice s :air! See 2oma .erenices! .erenice s %eriwig& 8DA! .erg ' enalua& T@A! .erdssos& 2haldaean historian MBCA.!2N& RI dcdaicd #braham famous for celestial observations& B I said that #braham taught the 9gyptians& s! .er )and nisheste& TE8! .esn& T88! .essel s lettered stars in the %leiades& EAJ-55 .estia& or .estia 2entauri& TD?! .ethGlah& or .ethulta& ECE! .hidra padla& incorrectly .hldra-padi& T5J! .hagwin ki 1achahri& EDJ! .iblical School& The& and the conste0auofRR PC! et passim! .iene& B@8! .ier& EBa& ETT& EE@! .ig 0ipper& ETC!

.ighanwand& TC@! .ilancia& TC@! .ilat& TDC! .ildhauer $erkstadt& TDT! .ildhauerwerkatatte& TDT! .il-"dun e $ay& ED?! .ilu-aha-siri& TCC! .iot& on the lunar mansions& ?! .ir& TDE! .ird of the 0esert& x?t! .ird& The& 8@a! .ittern& The! See Grus! .lack 'agellanic 2loud& 8@A! .lase Star& 8DD! .linking 0emon& TTT! .liicher& EJ?! .lue& E?T! .lue 9mperor& TC8! .lue %lanetary& The& 8JB! .oar-Throng& T?@! .oat& TTJ! ETJ.oat of <siris& TCJ! .ochart& Samuel& on the origin of manF 5ty groups& TTI et passim! .ocina and .ogina& EJA! .ode& 6ohann 9(ert& 8E, the (ransgrsfkk O YE-

.ohrer& T?@! .ombycii :ierapolitani& T@@& .odte& @B! .oStea& various names of& @T-@? I various denvsooos and figuring5 of& @T-@?I 2arlyle on& @TR Al Uf Sytttaxis& @T I 2icero on& @T I 'aiulius oft! @5 r , #ratos on& @E I <vid on& @E I :omer M0oty 5R @E& @CI ;a ;ande on& @E I in the calendsr& @J5 " r siod on& @JI 7ergil on& @J I 'insbeu AA& @C M55NX

General "ndex

E@J

0ante alludes to& @CI in the #lfonsine Tables& @D , in %oland& @D I 0iirer5s drawing of& @? I extent of& @? I minor components of& 8AE-8AC! #lpha MaN of .ootes M#rcturusN& @? I various names of& @?-8AT I early knowledge and naming of& @?I often confounded with (rsa 'ajor& @?I erroneously supposed to be alluded to in the .ook of 6ob& @@I once a constellation& @@I in :omer& @@I famous with early seamen& @@ I influence of& always dreaded& @@, in ancient marine insurance& @@I in ;atin husbandry& @@I stormy reputation of& @@I :ippocrates on! @@I in %lautus& 8AAI in :orace& 8AAI %ope s mention of& 8AAI in astrology& xooI in 9gyptian astronomy associated with #ntares& 8AAI an 9gyptian object of worship& xoo , in the :indu system& 8AAI various opinions of& 8AAI in 2hinese astronomy& 8AAI with the #rabians& 8AA& 8A8I in thc#lfimsine Tables& xox I in the # "magest& xox I depicted with weapons& 8A8 I early visibility of& xox I with #l .lrunl& xox I 2haldaean identification of& xox I 6ohn $iclif s name for& xox I 6ohn of Trevisa on& xox I varying locations of& xox& xoa I in the Syntaxis& YABI with /obert /ecorde& 8ABI first star to be seen in the daytime with telescope& 8ABI seen with naked eye before sunset& xoaI brilliancy of& 8AB I %iiny and the color of& 8ABI Schmidt and the color of& xos I with Schiller& xoa I 9lkin and& xoa&

YATI large proper motion of& 8ATI spectrum of& 8AT I culmination of& 8AT! .eta MAN of .otftea& various names for& 8ATI with Gamma MyN& 0elta MQN& and 'u MmN of .ootes& the trape)ium #l 0hi bah& 8ATI the head of .ootes& 8AT! Gamma MyN of .otftea& various names of& 8AT I position of& YAT I 9uripides and 'anilius on& 8AT I Flammarion on& 8ATI in 2hinese astronomy& 8AT! 0elta MCN of .ootea& unnamed except in 2hinese astronomy& YAE! 9paifon McN of .otftea& various names of& 8AE I position of& YAEI in the #lfonsine Tables& 8AEI beauty of& 8AEI binary character of& 8AEI :erschel s failure to determine parallax of& 8AE! .ta faN of .otftea& various names of& 8AE I position of& YAE I in 9uphratean astronomy& 8AE I in 2hinese astronomy& 8AJ! Theta M5N of .ootea& associated with 1appa MPN and "ota M8N of .ootes& 8AJ I various names of& YAJ I position of& YAJ! 'u MmN of .otftea& color and ternary character of& 8AJI various names of& 8AJI in the #lfonsine Tables and #lmagest of 8J8J& 8AJ I "delerand& 8AJ! .ootea Ma .oonsN& @@! .otftla and .otftrea& @T! .oa& T?A! .oteler M.utlerN& Samuel& T! .ouasole Mon #rgoN& CE! .ouvier& 'ias :annah '!& @B! .ow and #rrow& TJB! .ow& The& BTE! .rachium Mcorrectly .racchiumN& TC?! .rahma /idaya& ??! .ranchiae& xxx! .raodenburg69agle& The& J?! .raallian %ye& Ex?! .reastplate of /ighteousness& 8A@!

.ridemif& BD?! .rightly /adiatingI <ne& The& 8BE! .rood :en& ETC! .rood-hen star 7ergiliae& EAA!

.rown& /obert& 6r!& xviii& JI et passim! .runei Straet& ED@! .rutum& or .utrum& T@C& T@@! .ub ulcua& or .ubulum 2aput& T?A! .ubulua& @C! .ucca M.uccan:ornN& 8TJ! .uchdrucker %reaae& B@D! .uchdrucker $erkatadt& B@D! .ulino& 8AC! .ull& The! See Taurus! .ull& The M2entaurusN& 8JA! .ull of ;ight& T?B! .ull& or <x& of 2hinese astronomy& YT@! .ull s 9ye& T?E! .ull s Thigh& ETE! .unch of #rrows& 8DT! .unda& %ersian lunar station& JB! .undeheah& The& and the )odiac& JI and the lunar mansions& @! .ungula& 8JT! .urin& The& 8AC! .ushel& ETJ! .ushgali& 8TC! .uaaola Min! #rgoN& CE! .utcher a 2leaver& ETC! 2abrilla& ?C! 2acodaemon& TT8! 2admua& B@@! 2aduceua& 8D8! 2aeciua& B@?! 2aelum& or Scalptorium& 8ACI various names A8& xoCI culmination of& 8ACI .urritt changes name of& xoC! 2aer #rianrod& 8DD! 2aer Gwydyon& E?8! 2aes& xi D! 2aeaiua& the 2oelum #stronomico-%oeticon of Msee 5At5N&TiI tt passim! 2aeaiua M<phiuchusN& B@@!

2aeteua M:erculesN& BEA! 2aga Gilgati& BAC! 2ahen <urah& EJA! 2ahen Sihor& 8BA! 2ain& BCD! 2ajupal& EAA! 2alamus& TJA! 2alendar& the #kkadian& details concerning& x! 2alf of the ;ion& First& ECDI Second& xoi! 2alifornia of the Sky& T8A! 2alls& 8?T! 2allisto M1alliatoN& EB8! 2alx& BTC! 2amaleonte& or 2ameleon& 8CJ! 2amcheacta& ET8! 2amelopardalia& or 2amelopardus& 8AC I various names and formations of& 8AC I extent and location of& xoCI in 2hinese astronomy& xoC& 8ADI components and culmination of& 8AD! 2amels& or 2attle MSagittariusN& TJJ!

E@C

General "ndex

2amelus& xoC! 2amino de Santiago& 9l& E?A!

2ammarus& 8AD! 2ancer& various names of& 8ADI position of& 8AD, distinguishing feature of& 8ADI in the #lfonsine Tables& 8AD I with classic writers& 8AD I insignificance of& in the )odiac& 8AD I mythology on& 8ADI subject of early attention& 8AD I reason of this& 8AD I in astrology& 8AD& 8A?I evil significance of& 8A?I in #kkadian astronomy& 8A? I in the calendar& 8A? I various identifications of& 8A? I in Saxon chronicles& xo?& 8A@I with 0ante& 2haucer& and 'ilton& 8A@I in 9gyptian records& 8A@I with #lbumasar& 8A@I with the biblical school& 8A@I on the round )odiac of 0enderah& 8A@I on the Farnese globe& 88AI in :indu astronomy& )xoI various picturings of& noI 0octor 6ohnson and& xioI #mpelius and& xxoI in the coinage of 2os& 8xAI symbol of& noI period of the sun in& xxoI the : alley comet and& xixI chief components of& xxx I minor components of& 8xE! #lpha MaN of 2ancer& various names of& xxx I culmination of& xxx! .eta MAN of 2ancer& xxx! Gamma MyN of 2ancer& various names of& xxx I in the ;atin # "magest and the # l4onsine Tables& xxxI .ailey and& xxxI 'anilius and& ixx I in astrology& ixaI in meteorology& xxaI %liny and& xxa! 0elta MiN of 2ancer& various names of& xxx& xxaI .ailey on& xxxI 'anilius on& ixxI in astrology& x 8BI in meteorology& xxaI inconspicuous& xia I in :ind s Solar System& xxa! 9psilon MPN of 2ancer& various names of& 88 a& 8xTI .ayer and& xiaI scientific names of& xxaI in the #lmagests& 88TI Galileo and& 88TI a component of the lunar station #vra-k& 8xT I in meteorology& 8xT, %liny and #ratos on& 8xTI as a heraldic sign and in astrology& 88TI in 2hina& 88T! >eta MA of 2ancer& position of& 88EI of great interest to astronomers& 8xE I one of $atson s intramercurial planets& 88ETheta MEN of 2ancer& one of $atson s intramercurial planets& 88E! 1appa MkN and ;ambda M#N of 2ancer& 88E! 'u MmN and Yi MQN of 2ancer& 8xE! 2ancer 'inor& 8A@! 2ancre& ;e& 8AD& 8A@!

2ancro& ""& 8AD! 2andlemas .ull& T?T! 2ane 'aggiore& 88D! 2ane 'inore& 8T8! 2anea ;aconicae& ETE& EJA! 2anes 7enatici& various names of& 8xE& 88JI %tolemy on& Y8EI in the %rodrvmus& 8xJI usual figuring of& 8xJI .artschius and #ssemani on& 8xJ! #lpha MaN of 2anes 7enatici& 8xJI the 2or 2aroli of : alley& 88JI Flamsteed on& 8xJI other names of& xxCI (lug .eg on& 8xCI a favorite with amateur observers& 8xCI 9spin on& xxCI culmination of& x 8C I other details concerning& 88C! .eta MAN of 2anea 7enatici M2haraN& 88CI next to 2or 2aroli the brightest star of the Southem :ound& xxC! 2anicula& xa& 88?& 8Ta!

2anis& and 2anis #ustralior& 8xD! 2ania M2assiopeiaN& 8EE! 2ania ;atrana& @T! 2anis 'ajor M#ustraliorN& position oM Y8DI nnoc names of& 88D-xaoI meariyandmclassktixaei&==F! in the %rognastica and %kaiuemena& 88DI in :omer& Y8DI :esiod on& 8xDI with the Greeks& 8xDI with the ;atins& 88?I in <vid& 88?I in the #lfom! sine Tables& xx? I mentioned by 7ergil& 8x?I legends concerning and allusions to& xx?I .ayer and& xiSI #ratos name for& 8x@I in #rabian astronoxoy& ixg in the ;atin #lmagest& 8x@I in the (rammetria! 8x@I with 2humead and ;a ;ande& 8x@I imponact in 9uphratean astronomy& 8x@I %rofessor 3oung or! Y8@I various figuring= of& 8x@I with the :indus& 88@ I among *orthern nations& 8x@ I *ovidius5 idestification of& 8x@! #lpha MaN of 2anis 'ajor MSiriusN& 8BAI denvabon of name& iao I various names of& no, %lutarch on& iaoI Galen and :omer on& iaoI sacrificed

to by /oman farmers& xax I among the ;anes& xax I in the %alladium A4 :usbandry& in I 9deF on& xaxI derivation of #rabic names of& inI k various early works on astronomy& xax& in , the modem Subaii& xaaI in Finnish literature& 8BB! a <ceania& xaaI 9astern names of& xRI 9dkiosoa& xaaI :ewitt on& xaaI in 9uphratean astrooooN! 8BB& 8BTI its periods known in 2hakiaea& 8BTI the only star known with certitude in 9gyptian records& 8BT I worshiped in 9gypt& 8BT I on the 0eadenfc )odiac& 8BT& 8BE I %lutarch and& 8BE I other foro5 of worship of& 8BE I the base of the 2anicular period& 8BE I ;ockyer on this& 8BE I Sir 9dwin #nw( on& 8TE, 'insheu on& 8BEI 2nestus name for& 8BEI position of& 8BJI with the %hoenician5& us relatively ignored by 2hinese astronomers& 8BJI ir 2hinese astrology& 8BJ I the 'ax)aroth of455& improbable :ebrew worship of& 8BJ I calnunaboo o2 celebrated at 9leusis& 8BJI v en e uted in #rataa& 8BJI in early astrology and poetry& 8BJI :omer& %ope& and Spenser on& 8BJ I in the #eneid and Gt orgies& iaoI :esiod& :ippocrates& and 'anila5 on& xaCI heliacal rising of& iaoI Gcminos on& irf 0ante and 'ilton on& 8BDI on the Farnese globe! 8BD I %liny concerning& x BD I with #ristotle& 8BD , P5 late astrology& 8BDI character of& in opposition& $_ always the brightest star in the heavens& 8BD V 5 ec0 in daylight& 8TDI change of color of& 8BDI #ra15 adjective for& 8TD I Tennyson on& 8BD I #rago s #rabic name for& YBDI among the nearest stars& iUparallax of& 8B?I its color perhaps the caused5 apparent magnitude& ia?I forty times brighter dun the sun& 8B?I spectrum of& xa?I velocity of& "5X culmination of& 8B?, 1ant upon& xa?I 'anfrtf idea concerning& 8B?I satellite of& located& x5SR 6@facts concerning the satellite of& 8B@ I Swift and V 5 taire on this& 8B@! .eta MfiN of 2anis 'ajor& various names of! 8T@! 8TAI the forerunner of Sirius& xsoI .utttnano _58B@& 8TA, in 2hina& 8TA! Gamma MyN of 2anis 'ajor& 8TAI nan55& portion& disappearance& and reappearance of& 8TW0elta M_N of 2anis 'ajor& variability of& 8T5

General "ndex

E@D

.pailon MPN of 2anis 'ajor& names and position angle of& 8Ta >eta MQN of 2anis 'ajor& 8TAI location and names of& 8TA! 9ta faN of 2ania 'ajor& universal name of& 8T8 , Smyth on& 8T8! 'u MmN of 2ania 'ajor& Grotius on& 8TB! <micron MAN of 2anis 'ajor& with %i M5N of 2anis 'ajor and other small stars& the 2hinese 3a 1c& 8T8! 2ania 'inor& various names of& 8T8-8TTI not known to the Greeks by any comparative title& 8T8 I /oman epithets for& 8T8I ;ucan on& 8TaI in :orace& 8TBI %liny upon& 8TaI in mythology& 8TaI various identifications of& 8TaI mixed nomenclature of& 8TaI .ayer and& 8TaI in the #lmagest& 8TaI #rab fables concerning& 8TaI related in position to ;eo& 8TTI significance of& in astrology& 8TTI 0igges on& 8TTI names for& with the biblical school& 8TT I origin of outlines uncertain& 8TTI position of& 8TT! #lpha MaN of 2anis 'inor& various names of& 8TT! 8TE , in earliest Greek records& 8TT I in the # "fonsin5 Tables& 8TTI bears many of its constellation s names& 8TTI of earlier origin than the constellation& 8TT I .ryant s derivation of& 8TE I 9uphratean correspondent of& 8TEI :ommel on& 8TEI 0upuis and 9dkinson& 8TEI in 2hina& 8TEI in the :ervey "slands& 8TEI in astrology& 8TEI culmination of& 8TE I parallax and spectrum of& 8TE I minute companions of& 8TEI period& mass& and light of& 8TE! .eta MAN of 2ania 'inor& 8TEI names of& and details concerning& 8TE& 8TJ! >eta MfN of 2ania 'inor& a component of the 2hinese Shwuy $ei& 8TJ! Theta MAN of 2anis 'inor& a component of the 2hinese Shwuy $ei& 8TJ! <micron MoN of 2anis 'inor& a component of the 2hinese Shwuy $ei& 8TJ! %i MwN of 2anis 'inor& a component of the

2hinese Shwuy $ei& 8TJ! 2anis <rionis& 8Ta! 2anis Syrius& 8x?! 2anis Tritonis& 8C8! 2anis ululans& TD?! 2anis venatica& ETE! 2ania virgineus& 8Ta! 2anna! TJA! 2anopo fosco& ""& 8@A! 2anopus& CD-DT I history of& C?-DT I see also under # rgo *avis and #lpha MaN A4 2arina! 2anopus Mthe pilotN& C?! 2aneer& 8A@! 2antana& BJC! 2anticum& a?x! 2aomai& T8A! 2ape 2louds& @@E! 2apella& ?C-?@ Msee under #urigaN! 2apellae& @8! 2aper and flexus 2aper& 8TJ! 2apilll& )Co! 2apra M2apellaN& ?C! 2apra ilia #malthea M2apricornusN& 8TJ! 2apricorn& 2apricorne& 2apricorno& 8TJ! 2apricornus& position of& 8TJI various names of& 8TJTB

8EAI oriental legends concerning& 8TJI weather significance of& 8TJI `n`ne # rabo-;atin #lmagest& 8TJI Greek legend concerning& 8TCI in 9astern systems& 8TC I fre+uent mention of& in early times& 8TCI %latonic5 ideas concerning& 8TCI Sargon on& 8TC I *uma%ompilius and& 8TC I in astrology& 8TC, #khabituson&iTCI peculiar to 7esta& 8TCI #mpelius on& 8TCI 'aniliuson& YTC& 8TDI in the almanac of 8T?C& YTDI #rcandumon& 8TDI the pet of astrologers& 8TDI favorably regarded by the #rabians& 8TDI classically regarded as of bad influence on the weather& 8TD I :orace and #ratos on this& 8TD I in the 9uphratean tablets& 8TDI fanciful identifications of& 8TDI on the #ugustan coinage& 8TDI in astrology& 8TD I on .ritish coinage& 8TD I figuring of& generally consistent& 8TD I a nocturnal sign& 8T? I 2axnoes on& 8T? , on the 9gyptian )odiacs& 8T?I on the0enderah )odiac& 8T?I on a .rahmin )odiac& 8T? I 6ewish /abbis on& 8T?I in 9gyptian astronomy& 8T?I other 9astern identifications of& 8T? I last in order on "ndian )odiac& 8T?I in the #)tec calendar& 8T?I in 2hinese astronomy& 8T@ I in #ssyrian and #kkadian astronomy& 8T@I 6ensen and Sayce on& 8T@I early origin of& YT@I symbol of& 8T@I origin of symbol of& 8T@I 0ante and 'ilton on& 8T@ I Tropic of 2apricorn and& 8T@I inconspicuousness of& 8EAI chiefly noticeable for the naked-eye duplicity of its lucida& 8EA! #lpha MaN of 2apricornus Ma 8 and a5N& names of& YEAI various derivations of& 8EA I culmination of& 8EA! .eta MAN of 2apricornua MA and s N& names of& 8EA& 8E8I components of 2hinese situ *ieu or 1een *ieu& 8E8 I connected with silk industry in 2hina& YEY I position& etc!& of& 8E8! Gamma MyN of 2apricornus& 8E8I various names of& 8E8I defined the .abylonian asterism 'ahar sha ni-na ShahG& 8E8 I with other stars formed the 2hinese ;iiy %ei 2hen& 8E8! 0elta MCN of 2apricornus& various names of& 8E 8 I with other stars forms the 2hinese ;uy %ei 2hen& 8E8 I "deler on& 8EY I in .abylonian astronomy& 8E8 I *eptune near it in 8?EC& 8E8! 9psilon McN of 2apricornus& with other stars forms the 2hinese ;uy %ei 2hen& 8E8! >eta MA of 2apricornus& the 2hinese 3en& 8Ea!

9ta M8FN of 2apricornus& 2how in 2hina& 8Ea! Theta MAN of 2apricornus& Tsin in 2hina& 8EB! "ota M8N of 2apricornus& the 2hinese Tae& 8Ea! 1appa M5N of 2apricornus& forms with other stars the 2hinese ;uy %ei 2hen& 8E8! ;ambda M#N of 2apricornus& with other stars the 2hinese Tien ;uy 2hing& 8Ea! 'u ^nN of 2apricornus& the 2hinese 1uh& 8Ea! *u MvN of 2apricornus& the #rabic Shat& 8Ea! (pailon MvN of 2apricornus& the 2hinese ;oo Sieu& 8Ea! %hi M_5VN of 2apricornus& with 2hi M5N& the 2hinese $ei& 8Ea! %si MifrN of 2apricornus& the 2hinese 3ue& 8Ea! 2apuja& 8JC! 2aput and 2auda& TDE! 2aput Gorgonis and 2aput ;arvae& TTa! 2aput Trianguli& E8C! 2arcinus& 8AD! 2ardinal s :at& TCT!

E@ ?

General "ndex

2arina #rgon M#rgoN& CC! 2arina! See under # rgo& CE! #lpha MaN of 2arina& history of& CD-DB I various names of& CD-DBI Strabo AA&CDI derivation of modem name of& C?I always important& C@I ancient worship of& DA I 'oore on& DA I 2arlyle on& DA I in various ancient astronomical systems& DA-D8 I 0ante on& D8 I in geodesy& D8 I Tennyson on& DT! See also 2anopus! .eta MAN of 2arina& DaI position of& Da!

9ta MvN of 2arina& position and importance of& DT I variations in light of& DE I nebula of& DE "ota MtN of 2arina& position and names of& DE! 2arles-waen& EBA& EB?! 2arlwaynesterre M#rcturusN& 8A8! 2arlyle& Thomas& and the constellations& x`I tt %assim! 2arman& The Mof 'insbeuN& @C! 2arnabas& 2arnabon& 2arnabus& B@@! 2arof.otites& EBC! 2arreta and 2airo& EBD! 2asserole& ETC! 2assiepeia! See 2assiopeia! 2assiopeia Mor 2assiopeN& various names of& 8Ea8 EJ X one of the oldest and best-known constellations& 8Ea I known as the " 2elestial $ " when below the pole& and as the XX 2elestial ' " when above it& 8Ea I :yginus description of& 8Ea& 8ETI #ratos on& 8ETI important in Greek astronomy& 8ETI :evelius on& 8ETI among the /omans& 8ETI among the #rabs& 8ET& 8EEI various ngurings of& 8ET& 8EEI in the #l4onsine Tables and the # rabo-;aiin #lmagtst& 8EEI in 2eltic astronomy& 8EEI Schiller on& 8EEI in 2hinese astronomy& 8EE& 8EJ I its 9gyptian correspondent& 8EJI well known on the 9uphrates& 8EJI 'ilton on& 8EJI ;andscer s name for& 8EJI in 8Dth-century nomenclature& 8EJI in the ;eyden 'S!& 8EJI in astrology& 8EJI %rofessor 3oung and& 5EJ R position of& BEJ I rich in clusters& 8EJ I #rabic name for it& 8ECI the nova of& 8EC& 8ED I Tycho and the latter& 8ED I excitement caused by it& 8ED I 2hinese name for it& 8ED! #lpha MaN of 2assiopeia& various names of& BEJI (lug.eg on& 8EJI Smyth on& 8ECI variability& period& and culmination of& 8ECI companions of& 8EC I a component of the 2hinese 3uh ;ang& 8EC! .eta MAN of 2assiopeia& various names of& 8ECI Ti)ini s name for& 8EC I as a component of the Three Guides marks the e+uinoctial colure& 8ECI an indicator of %olaris5 position in regard to the pole&

8ECI useful in marking sidereal time& 8ECI parallax of& 8EC I %oe on& 8EC! Gamma MyN of 2assiopeia& 8ED I 2hinese name for& 8EDI of interest to astronomers& 8EDI variable spectrum of& 8EDI companions of& 8ED! 0elta MQN of 2assiopeia& names of& 8E? I utili)ed by %icard in geodesy& 8E?! 9psilon M_N of 2assiopeia& sometimes bears the name of 0elta MCN of 2assiopeia& 8E?! >eta MQN of 2assiopeia& a component of the 2hinese Foo ;oo& 8E?! 9ta MrFN of 2assiopeia& a noted binary& one of the nearest to the solar system& BE?!

;ambda M#N of 2assiopeia& a compon e nt of the 2hinese Foo ;oo& 8E?! 'u MfiN of 2assiopeia& associated with TbeaMZV of 2assiopeia in #rabia as the 9lbow& 8E?I treat proper motion of& 8E?! 2assiopeia s 2hair& 8ET! 2astor! See under #lpha MPN of Gemini& BTa 2astor and %ollux! See under Gemini& iw tt se+! 2astore e %olluce& 'y& 2aatores& 8BT! 2astor frater+ue magni 2aatoris& BBT! 2asyapi& 8EE! 2at& The! See Felts! Gatabhishaj MTTd nakskatra` JJ! 2ataletto& EBD! 2atalogues of 2onstellations& various& 88-8E2atellus M2atulusN& 8Ta! 2athedra mollis& 8ET!

2at uli M2anes 7enatkiN& 8xJ I Mthe $ainsN& ETE5 EJ5 2autel& CC! 2avallino& B8T! 2ecrops& EC! 2efeo& 8JJ! 2eginus Mand variantsN& @J& 8JC! 2eichius M2hegniusN& 8JC! 2elaeno& or 2eleno& EAD! 2ela ?culptoria& 8AC! 2eleris& TxT! 2eleste ;asca& TT?! 2elestial ' and 2elestial $& 8ET! 2elestial Sisters& 8DD! 2elox 6asonis M#rgoN& CC! 2elticus& TEA! 2enser& TDT! 2entaur MSagittariusN& TJT! 2entaur& The! See 2entaurus! 2entaure 2hiron& 8J8! 2entaur s 2rown& 8DB! 2entaurus& various names of& 8E?-8JBI derived by #ratos from early Greek times& 8E?I associated with %holos& 8E?& 8E@I #pollodorus on the latter& 8E@I 9ratosthenes concerning& 8E@I and 2hiron& 8E@ I Sir "saac *ewton and& 8E@ I 'atthew #rnold on 2hiron& 8E@ I the 2entaur& the investor of u5 constellations& 8E@ I Greek legends concerning! '5 8JAI %rometheus and& 8JAI various figuring5 _Q 8JA& 8J8I $illiam 'orris and the 2entaur& 8JAI #rabic figuring of& 8JAI %tolemy s descrrptioo c; 8J8 I :ipparchos and %uny on& 8J8 I position c2 8J8 I on the Farnese glebe& YJ8 I in the :yp5555

the #l4onsine Tables& and the ;eyden 'S!& iJR, .ayer s and .urritt s figuring of& 8J8I in /oan5 nomenclature& 8J8 I /ecorde s name for& 8J8 X Triton and& 8J8I confused with Sagittarius& iLR, m mediaeval 2hristian astronomy& 8J 8I one of tb_ largest constellations& 8J8I position of& iJ a, U partly visible in the latitude of *ew 3ork& VS T, other details concerning& 8JBI minor components of& and their names& 8JE&8JJ! #lpha MaN of 2entaurus& various names of! RJR-5JE , splendor of& made it an object of worsh % on the *ile& 8JTI ;ockyer and& YJTI importance of& in 2hinese astronomy& 8JTI position of& 5JTP culmination of& 8JT I of greatest interest to astron5-

General "ndex

E@@

men& 8JT I perhaps the nearest star to our system& 8JTI parallax and distance of& 8JTI %rofessor 3oung s demonstration of the latter& 8JTI Sir 6ohn :erschel s demonstration of the same& 8JTI and the sun& 8JTI duplicity of& 8JTI period and position angle of& 8 JE I one of the Southern %ointers& 8JE! .eta MAN of 2entaurus& various names of& 8JEI various locations on maps& 8JE I one of the Southern %ointers& 8JEI in #frican and #ustralasian nomenclature& 8JE! Theta MAN of 2entaurus& 8JE I wrongly designated in 2entury 2yclopedia& 8JEI discovery of a companion to& 8JE& 8JJ I in 2hinese astronomy& 8JJI culmination of& 8JJ! <mega MRN of 2entaurus& .ayer s name for& *! G! 2! J8T@! 5JJ2entaurus MSagittariusN& TJT! 2ephee& 8JJ! 2epheids& The& radiant point of& 8J?! 2epheis& T@! 2epheus& various names of& 8JJ-8JDI knowledge of& in

2haldaea& 8JJ I in Greek story& 8JC I the name among early astronomers and classic authors& 8 JC I its tides sometimes confused with .ootes& 8JC, inappropriate names for& 8JCI suggested reason for these& 8JCI :orace on& 8JCI not conspicuous& 8JC, highly regarded and well known in Greek literature& 8JCI the source of many +ueer #rabic titles& 8JCI in :indu astronomy& 8JCI :ewitt and 0unkin on& 8JCI .ayer s illustration of& 8JCI in 2hina& 8JCI with nomadic #rabs& 8JDI associated with the Fold& 8JDI .ayer and this& 8JDI other #rabic tides of& 8JDI with the biblical school& 8JDI minor components of& 8JD-8J@! #lpha MaN of 2epheus& various names of& 8JDI culmination of& 8JDI will be the %olaris of the year DJAA& 8JD! .eta ^fiN of 2epheus& 8J?I components and position angle of& 8J?! Gamma MyN of 2epheus& various names of& 8J?I in 2hinese astronomy& 8J?! 'u MmN of 2epheus& location of& 8J?I Sir $! :erschel s " Garnet Star&" 8J? I deep color of& 8J@! YiMQN of 2epheus& #rabic name of& 8J@I components of& and their position angle& 8J@! 2erbere M/ameau et 2erbereN& 8J@! 2erbero& 8J@! 2erberus& various names of& 8J@& 8CAI formerly an adjunct to :ercules& 8J@ I disregarded by astronomers& 8J@I various ngurings of& 8CAI with 2hinese astronomers& 8CA! 2eres %erdinandea& E8C! 2eres spicifera dea& ECs! 2ernuator& BEA! 2emco 9snibidia& E?A! 2erva& 8EE! 2ervus&a@o! 2ete& 8C8! 2eteus and 2etheus& TEA! 2etus& various names of& 8CA-8CB I connected with the legend of #ndromeda& 8CA , known of old on the 9uphrates& 8CAI in Greek nomenclature& 8CA& xCiI with the /omans& xCi I various ngurings of& 8C8 I

the 9uphratean Tiamat& 8C8 I position and extent of& 8C8I in the 8JxJ #lmagest and the #l4cnsine Todies& 8CBI .ayer s name for& 8CBI in biblical nomenclature& 8CB I of no special interest& except in its star 'ira& 8CB I minor components of& 8CB-8CJ! #lpha MaN of 2etus& various names of& 8CB I location& prominence& and culmination of& 8CBI in astrology& 8CB! .eta MAN of 2etus& various names of& 8CTI the Second Frog& 8CT I in 2hina& 8CT I increased brilliancy of& 8CT I culmination of& 8CT! Gamma MyN of 2etus& components and position angle of& 8CT! >eta MA of 2etus& various names of& 8CTI in astrology& 8CT I with 2hiMxN a naked-eye double! 8CT! 9ta M8FN of 2etus& various names of& 8CT& 8CE! "ota M8N of 2etu.& position and tide of& 8CE I with other stars& the 2hinese Tien 3uen& 8CE! <microo MoN of 2etus& various tides of& 8CE I a variable of long period and a type of its class& 8CEI when first noticed& 8CE I various descriptions of& 8CEI period of& 8CEI variable in its light& 8CJI Sir $illiam :erschel on& 8CJ I spectrum of& 8CJ! 2halice& T8A! 2halitsa& or 1alitsah& EB8! 2hamaeleon& various names of& 8CJ I unimportance and position of& 8CJ , first figured by .ayer& 8CJ I components of& named only in 2hina& 8CJ I culmination of& 8CJ! 5 2hamaeleon with the File&" 8CJ! 2hameleon& 8CJ! 2hambers of the South& TCB! 2hampion& The! Sec %erseus! 2hang& 8?E& BE?! 2hang 2hen& 88C! 2hang 6in& 8CD! 2hang Sha& 8?B!

2haou& 8EB& BEJ! 2haou Teaou Mor 3aouN& 8AT! 2hara& 88J& xtC! 2hara! See .eta ifiN A4 2anes 7enatici& 88C! 2harere& EBC! 2hariot of 9lijah s 6ourney to :eaven& EB?! 2hariot& The Smaller Mof ThorN&EJo! 2hariot Mof %haraohN& ETJI Mof 6osephN& EJY! 2harles <ak! See /obur 2arolina55! 2harles $ain& EB?! Yas& 8A?! 2haaara tsamangadu& E?8! 2ha S)e& TDC! 2haucer& and the )odiac& T& E I et passim! 2hay Foo& 8@D! 2helae& BC@! 2hemical Furnace& The! See Fornax 2 he mica or 2kymiae! 2hemische #pparat& BB8! 2hercjengh& xo?! 2hevalet du %eintre& BxE! 2hevelure& 8C?! 2hevre& ?C! 2hieftain s Star& The& 8BB! 2hien de 'er& 8C8! 2hiens du 2 basse& 88E!

JAA

General "ndex

2hin *ew& B?J! 2hina& and the )odiac& J& CI the lunar mansions in& D I claims the formation of the constellations& ax I astronomy in& due to 2haldaean influence& ax I also to #rabians& B8 I recent advance of& in astronomy& due to 6esuit missionaries& si! 2hin 2hay& TC@! 2hinese astronomy& J-D& B8 I et passim! 2hineI& TDC! 2hioma& 8C?! 2hiphus& 8JC! 2hiron Mpreceptor of 6asonN& said by St! 2lement to be the inventor of the constellations& 8?I et passim! 2hiron and 2hyron M2entaurusN& 8E@! 2hiron MSagittariusN& TJT! 2hironis %ilia& TD@! 2hnum& 2hnemu& Gnoucn& or 1num& 8T?! 2hoo M%illarN 2hinese asterism& @8! 2hoo M#raN& CT! 2hoo M2entaurusN& 8JJ! 2hoo *eaou& Ba! 2hoo $an& T@8! 2hoo $ang,& E"-

2how& 8EB& TDC! 2how Ting& 8D85 2hristi 2rux& 8@E! 2hrist s Seamless 2oat& T8A! 2hrysomallus& DC! 2hu& or 2how Mthe %leiadesN& BA& T@@! 2huen Shwo& E8E! 2hung :o 'ud& BAC! 2hung Shan& BEC! 2hung Tae& EET! 2hushe& ECD! 2hymische <fen& BB8! 2iconia& TAa 2igno& 8@B! 2illas& ?E! 2incinnus& 8C@! 2ingulum& TC! 2inosura and 2ynosura& EJC! 2ipactli& 8T?! 2irclnus& various names of& 8CCI formed by ;a 2aille& xCC I position and culmination of& 8CC! 2ircitores& EJ@! 2irculus lacteua& EDJ! 2irculus 6unonius& E?8! 2irros and 2irrus& xn! 2isne& 8@B! 2ithara and 2lara Fides 2yllenea& B?8!

2itrt& 8?B& ECD! 2lamator M.ootesN& @T! 2larum Tyndaridae Sidus& BBB! 2lava& >AJ! 2lavator and 2laviger& BEA! 2laws of the Scorpion& BC@! 2lement& Saint& of #lexandria& agrees with 6osephus in reference to the high priest s breastplate and the )odiac& B! 2leonaeum Sidus& BJB! 2leostratos& T! 2lerke& 'iss #gnes '!& and the )odiac& T& C

MnoteNI lunar mansions& ?I and the deems& @, on the multiplicity of sky figures& xoI etpasam! 2lip eus& or 2lyp eus Sobieskii& TDT! 2loud-eating Shark& E?B! 2loud *ebula& TCD! 2lub of :ercules& The& @ET& BEC& TAB& TDJ! 2lusters& ?tar! See *ebula5! 2oal-Sack& 8@A& B@D! 2oat of #rms& of Sobieskt& TDT! 2occhiere& ?T! 2ocher& ?T! 2ock& or :en& T?8! 2oeli 2ingulum& EDJ! 2oelum& 2oelulum& %arvum 2oelum& 8DT!

2oeur de 2harles& 88C! 2oiled :air of #riadne& 8DE! 2oinage& #ncient& xviiI et passim! 2olca M2apellaN& ??! 2ollarium& ?J! 2ollum 2eti& 8CE! 2ollum :ydrae& BE@! 2olomba and 2olombe de *oe& 8CC! 2olorrhobus& YAJ! 2oluber& BAT& BED& TDE! 2olumba *oae& various names of& 8 CC I first foraa:y published by /oyer& 8CCI located on .ayer s plait of 2anis 'ajor& 8CCI 2aesius and& 8CCI not recogni)ed by early astronomers& 8CC I Smyth sad& 8CD , minor components of& 8C?! #lpha MaN of 2olumba *oae& variousnasies of& 8CDI in 2hina& 8CDI inconspicuous& but of importance in 9gyptian temple worship& 8CD I ;ockyer and& 8CD I position and culmination of& 8CD! .eta MAN of 2olumba *oae& various names oi& 8CDI in2hilmead s Treatise& 8CD! 2olumella& in the 0e /e /usticU 8@I et passim! 2oma .erenices& various names of& 8C?-8DB I poodon of& xC? I first alluded to by 9ratosthenes& iP, its constellation place long unsettled& 8C?I in Tjcho s catalogue& 8C? I in #ratos5 %#asmmuma& 8CS, after whom named& 8C? I invented by 2onon& 8C@, 2allimachus and 2atullus on& 8C@I legends associated with& 8C@ I :yginus name for& 8C@ , not mentioned by 'anilius& 8C@I on 'ercator s globe& 8C@I in the #lmagests& 8C@I %liny on& 8C@& 8DA! :olland s blunder concerning& 8DAI Schi0er asd Thompson on& 8DAI Serviss5 description of& 8DA , in 'iddle 9nglish poetry& 8DAI various figuringF of& 8DA& 8D8I on the 0resden globe& 8D8I in P5555 9gyptian nomenclature& 8D8 I abundance of 2hinese names for& 8D8 I components of& 8D8 I culmination of& 8D8!

2omae .erenices& 8C@! 2omes+ue .ootae& TAE& 2omets& #" .iruni on& BDI et passim! 2ommissura %iscium& TEa! 2ompanions of 0enebola& ?J@! 2ompas and 2ompasso& 8CC! 2oncordia& ECB! 2onstellations& The& details concerning& VW- lt 8? I and present boundaries of& xo I Greek names P figures in& xoI ;atin terms for figures in& xoI number of& xx I later catalogues of& after .ayer& 8] 5E ,

General "ndex

JA8

discovery of new& 8E& x? I new& mostly in the southern heavens& 8E I various early investigators of the& 8E I discrepancy in modern number of& 8J I 8AC claimed by "deler& 8JI various other estimates of& 8JI eighty to ninety now acknowledged& 8JI 2hiron said to be the inventor of& 8? I Seneca on the date of their formation& 8?I ascription of& by mycologists& 8@I formation of& claimed by 2hina& B8I "deler on the origin of the& TB I 2icero on the& TD I the biblical school and the& B?I Giordano .runo and the& B? I other iconoclasts and the& B?! See also Sky figures and Star groups! 2ontinuatio :ydrae& BED! 2opernicus& date of work of& 8TI tt passim! 2orbeau& 8D@! 2or 2aroli& see #lpha MaN of 2anes 7enatici& 8xJ! 2or :ydrae& TE@!

2or ;eonis& TJC! 2or Scorpii& TCJ! 2or Serpentia& TDJ! 2or Tauri& T?E! 2ornlpedes& TJT! 2ornipes& TTT! 2ornu My ScorpiiN& TC@! 2ornucopias& ?D! 2ornua M#riesN& DC! 2ornua MTaurusN& TD@! 2orolla& j DT! 2orona& 2orona #riadnae& or #riadnes& 8DE! 2orona #uatraie& 8DB! 2orona #ustralia& various titles of& 8DB& 8DTI inconspicuousness of& 8DT I location of& 8DT I #ratos silent concerning& 8DaI known to :ipparchos& 8DT,8A %tolemy& 8DB I associated with Sagittarius& 8DBI not mentioned by 'anilius& 8DTI classical legends concerning& x DTI in Jth-century nomenclature& 8DTI among the #rabs& 8DTI in 2hina& 8DTI .ayer on& 8DT I inthe4f 4fonsine Tables& 8DT I the lucida of& 8DT I culmination of& 8DTI in the astronomy of the biblical school& 8DT! 2orona .orea M.orealis& SeptentrionalisN& 8DE! 2orona .orealis& various names of& 8DEI the only stellar crown known to 9ratosthenes and the early Greeks& 8DEI with the ;atins& 8DEI classic legends concerning& 8DEI #pollonius /hodius upon& 8DEI in modern and classic poetry& 8DE I 0ante on& 8DJ I always a favorite& 8DJI 2haucer on& 8DJI Skeat s comment upon& 8DJI Spenser on& 8DJI in the Ge orgies& 8DJI stars of& favored by astrologers& according to 'anilius& 8DC I in #rabian astronomy& 8DCI various ngurings of& 8DC& 8DDI various writers on& 8DCI in the # ^fonsine Tables& 8DCI 0upuis and& 8DDI in :ebrew astronomy& 8DDI in Syrian& 8DDI the 2hinese 1wan Soo& 8DDI Shawnee name

for& 8DDI with the biblical school& 8DDI in the ;eyden 'S!& 8DDI interesting to astronomers& 8DDI in #ustralasia& 8DD I appearance of the .la)e Star in& 8DDI minor stars of& x D@I uncertainty as to lettering and naming of stars of& 8D8! #lpha MaN of 2orona .orealis& various names of& x D?& 8D@I .ayer on& 8D?I in the Georgics& 8D?I central one of the group& 8D?I S pence on& 8D?I spectrum and culmination of& 8D@ I the radiant point of the 2oronids& 8D@! T55

2orona %irmiana& 8DD! 2orona Gnosida M2retica& GnossisN& 8DE! 2orona Sagittarii& 8DT! 2oronids& The& 8D@I radiant and duration of& 8D@! 2orvo& 8D@! 2orvus& various names of& 8D@ I noted with the Greeks and /omans& 8D@I <vid upon& 8D@I in mythology& 8D@I in the 'etamorphoses& 8?AI legends and figurings of& 8?A& 8?8 I in #rabic astronomy& 8?AI the :indus and& 8?8I the # vesta and& x?xI in #kkadian nomenclature& x?iI known to the :ebrews& 8?8 I and to the 2hinese& 8?8 I in 2hristian legend& x?xI minor components of& 8?B! #lpha MaN of 2orvus& various names for& 8?8 I the 2hinese 3ew :ea& 8?8 I decrease of& in brilliancy& 8?8& 8?T I change in color of& 8?B! Gamma MyN of 2orvus& name and derivation of& 8?BI brightness of& 8?BI marks nth 2hinese sieu& 8?B , culmination of& 8?B! 0elta M SN of 2orvus& titles and position of& 8?B I components and position angle of& 8?B I with #lpha MaN& .eta <SN& Gamma MyN& and 9psilon MPN of 2orvus& the xxth nakskatra& Y?BI part of the early ;ion& 8?T! 2os& 8?T! 2oumbum& E?!

2oupe& 8?B! 2ouronne #uatraie& 8DB! 2ouronne .oreale& 8DE! 2ousigneiros and 2ousiniere& T@D! 2owherd& The& J?! Gparegha& ECD! Gpur& ECD! 2rabba& 8A?! 2rab *ebula& T@8! 2rab& The! See 2ancer! 2rane& The! See Grus! 2rann& ETC! 2rannarain M%leiadesN& EAB I M(rsa 'ajorN& ETC! 2rater& various names of& 8?B-8?EI formation and position of& 8?BI long associated with :ydra and 2orvus& 8?T I in Greek legend& 8?T I with the /omans& 8?TI :ewitt and& 8?TI .rown upon& 8?TI with the 6ews& 8?TI old 9nglish name for& 8?TI in early #rabian astronomy& 8?TI in the # Mfonsine Tables& 8?TI /iccioli s names for& 8?TI part of the 8Ath sieu& 8?EI 2aesius and Schiller upon& 8?EI in astrology& 8?EI minor stars of& 8?E Munder oN! #lpha MaN of 2rater& titles of& 8?E I decreased brilliancy and culmination of& 8?E! 2ratera& 8?T! Gravana& B8st nakshatra& J@! 2raver& BAB! GravishthS& BAA! 2rayfish& The& 8A@! 2reation ;egend M9pic of 2reationN& The& dis-

covered by George Smith& in 8?DB& 8& BI name of the signs in& B I where it was found& B MnoteN I date of composition of& B MnoteN! 2ressa 2orona& 8DE! 2retaeae sive #rctoe& EBB! 2reter& 8?T!

JW B

General "ndex

2rines and 2rines .erenices& 8C@! Grob& TDC! 2roce& 8?E! 2rocodile& The& BDB! 2roisade& 8?E! 2roix& 8?E! Groni& J@! 2rooked .illet& The& DE! 2rooked Serpent& EDJ! 2rosers& 2rosier& 2rosiers& and 2rossiers& 8?@! 2ross& The! See 2rux! 2rosse Stars& 8?@! 2ross& in Serpens& TDJ! 2ross& on Sobieski s Shield& TDT! 2ross of 2alvary& 8@E! 2ross of 6esus& BAA!

2roton and 2rotos& TJB! 2rown of #hasuerus& 8DD! 2rown of #mphitrite& 8DE! 2rown of 9ternal ;ife& 8DT! 2rown of Thorns& 8DD! 2rown of 7ulcan& 8DE! 2row& The! See 2orvus! 2rowned Snake& TCB! 2rucero& 2ruciero& 2rusero& 2rusiers&and 2ru)ero& 8??& 8?@! 2rux& various names of& 8?E-8@8 I unknown to the ancients under modern title& 8?EI with %tolemy was part of the 2entaur& 8?E I outlined as such by .ayer& 8?E& 8?J I :ipparchos and& 8?J I %liny and& 8?J I possibly the Sula of #l .lrunl& 8?J I :ewitt and& 8?JI with $hittier& 8?JI time last seen in 6erusalem& 8?J I invention attributed to /oycr& but known for BAA years anterior& 8?J I figured by 'ollineux in 8J@B& 8?JI other figurings of& 8?JI position and extent of& 8?J I more like a kite than a cross& 8?J I unnoticed as a cross till mentioned by 0ante& 8?C& 8?DI 7espucci and& 8?DI in the ;usiadasy 8?D I <wen 'eredith on& 8?D I fre+uently mentioned in 8Cth-century navigation& 8?D I %igafetta s term for& 8??I other terms for& 8??& 8?@I 2ristoval d #costa names it& 8?@I religious sentiment and& 8?@ I 'rs! :emans and& 8?@ I 7on :umboldt on& 8?@& 8@AI with the %areni "ndians& 8@AI ;ockyer and& 8@AI in 2hinese astronomy& 8@AI associated with .ra)il& 8@AI contains the 2oal-sack& 8@AI with the %eruvians& 8@AI minor stars of& 8@8 Munder aN! #lpha MaN of 2rux& or #crux& position& duplicity& and culmination of& 8@8! 2rux cum S! :elena& 8@E! 2ujam& BEC! 2uor di 2arlo& 88C! 2up of 2hrist s %assion& or 2up of 6oseph& 8?E!

2up of *oah& BE?! 2up& The! See 2rater! 2urrus& 8@@& EBD! 2urrus 'aris or 7olitans M#rgoN& CC! 2urvus& 8@?! 2ushiopeia& 8EJ! 2ustos #rcti& @T! 2usto. 9rymanthidos (rsae& @T! 2ustos .oum& @C!

2ustos 2aprarum& ?J! 2ustos .uropae& 88?! 2ustos :esperidum& BAE! 2ustos 'essium& various names of& 8@8I funned by ;a ;ande& 8@8 I origin of tide& 8@BI uorecofni)ed now by astronomers& 8@B! 2ybele& ECa! 2ycno Generati& BBB! 2ycnus and 2ygne& 8@a! 2ygnus& various names of& 8@B-8@J I position o2& 8@B, with 9ratosthenes& 8@B I adopted by the /oaac5! 8@BI various legends concerning& 8@B-8@EI oeed the #rgonautic constellations& 8@T I possibly Q85 known on the 9uphrates& 8@T I did not originals with the Greeks& 8@TI in #rabic nomeadatore! 8@TI the #l4ottsine Tables and& 8@T , 'eier s comment on the variants of& 8@E I usual figuring o2 8AE I identifications of& by the biblical school& 8@E, ;owell on& 8@E I in Smith s 2ome& ;earn of tkt Stars& 8@E& 8@JI in 2hinese astronomy& 8@JI .irmingham on& 8@J I contains the ;ace-work *ebula& 8@J I minor stars of& 8@C-8@?! #lpha MaN of 2ygnus& various names of& 8@J!

8@C I no sensible proper motion& 8@C , parallax aaN spectrum of& 8@C I culmination of& 8@C! .eta MAN of 2ygnus& various names of& 8@CI one of the show objects of the sky& 8@C, postwo angle of& 8@C! <amma MyN of 2ygnus& 8@DI the 2hinese Ties Tsin& 8@D I location and spectrum of& 8@D! .psilon M_N of 2ygnus& position of& 8@DI details concerning& 8@D! <mega 8 M7N of 2ygnus& components and position angle of& 8@?! %i 8 Mit 8 N of 2ygnus& tides of& 8@DI part of uk 2hinese Tang Shay& 8@?! 2ylenius Tour& BB?! 2yllarus& B8T! 2yllenius& TTA! 2ynocephalus& The M#raN& BA& CE! 2ynosura& EED! 2ynosuris& ETT! 0aemon& TJA! 0agaim& TT?! 0agiotho& TT@! 0lg<n& TT?& TEJ! 0ancers& EAA& EJ@! 0anish 9lephant& ETJ! 0an-nu& EC?! 0ante& on #+uarius& E?I et passim! 0ark& or *orthern& 9mperor& TT?! 0ar ;ugal& TCC! 0ark ?ign& The& 8A@!

0ark $arrior& The& 8T@& TT?! 0aull& incorrectly 0aulo& ED! 0auphin& 8@?! 0avid and 6onathan& BBE! 0avid withjthe head of Goliath& TT8! 0ayan .siru& 0ayan Same& 0ayan Shisha& and 0ayan Sidi& BAC& B?J! 0ea Syria& TT?! 0ebilissima& B??!

General "ndex

JAT

0eborah& 8EJ! 0ecachordum& B?8! 0ecana& The& @I 'iss 2lerke on& @ , various names of& @I 'anilius term for& @I Firmicus and& 8A! 0eer-slayer& The& 8Ta! 0eer& The& ao f 8EE! 0efectum Sidus& BEA! 0eferens caput #lgol& TTA! 0eferens cathenam& TTA! 0eferens leonem& BD?! 0eferens psalterium& B? 8! 0e la 2aille& #bbe *icolas and his 'tmoires and 2aelum Stel:4erum& 8E I it passim! 0elfino& 8@?! 0eli& ED! 0elle 2austiche& TJ@! 0elphin& 0elphis& and 0elphyn& 8@?! 0elphinua& rarious names of& 8@?-BAAI one of the smallest constellations& 8@? I in all astronomical lit-

erature has borne its present title& 8@? I of religious significance in Greece& 8@@I the sky emblem of philanthropy& 8@@I in <vid& 8@@I 'anilius on& 8@@ I in 2icero& 8@@ I other legends concerning& 8@@ I in :indu nomenclature& BAA I possibly the 9uphratean 'akhar& BAAI with the early 2hristians& BAAI the Greek title adopted by the #rabians& BAA I in the #l4onsine Tables& BAAI position and culmination of& BAAI in 2hristian nomenclature& BAAI minor stars of Munder aN& BAA! #lpha MaN of 0elphlnus& strange name of& BAA& BA8 I variability of& BA8! .eta MAN of 0elphinua& strange name of& BAA& BA8 I position angle of& aox! 0elta& ExJ! 0elta #+uarids& JT! 0eltoton and 0el tot urn& E8J! 0em eter& EC8! 0emon and 0emon ?tar& TTB! 0enderah >odiac& The& 8A@& noI et passim! 0ercete& 0ercetis& and 0ercia& TT?! 0e /heita& JTI @t passim! 0erke& or 0erketo& TT?! 0esanaus and 0esanes& BEA! 0esmos& TEa! 0eus ;ibycus M#riesN& D?! 0ew Mthe 8@th sieuN& TJJ! 0exter& 88?! 0hamsu& 0hanu& 0hanasu& and 0hanus& bJE0hanishtha& BAA! 0harind& TCC!

0hruva& EJC! 0iadema 2oeli& 8DJ! 0iadem of Solomon& 8DT! 0iamond of 7irgo& BJ@& EC@! 0iana& ECB! 0ianae 2omes& TAJ& EB8! 0ianae Sidua& TJC! 0idymi& BBT! 0ii German= and 0ii Samothraces& BBT! 0ii Syrii& T@@ 0ik %aye& B?B! 0ilgan Ma #rietisN& ?AI Ma ;yraeN& B?J! 0il-gan "-ku Mor .abiliN& ??!

0il-kar& or #skar& ?A! 0illmam7s derivation of 'a))Ordth a I et passim! 0iodaa& BE8! 0iodorus Mthe SicilianN& on the origin of 9gyptian constellations& BAI et passim! 0ione& T@@! 0ionyaiua .xiguus& on the stars& BD! 0ioscuri& BBT! 0iota MTwo-eared 6arN& EC! 0iscus parvus confractus& 8DC! 0istaff& 8D8! 0ob and 0obh& EBT!

0odecatemory divisions& 9noch the inventor of& B! 0oe& The& )oo! 0og of <rion& 8xD! 0og of Set& or of Typhon& ETE! 0og of Tobias& 88@& 8TT! 0og& The& D?& 8JD! 0ogs& The .arking& ECC! 0og-star& The& 8BA! 0ol& or 0ul& ED! 0olones MStimulusN& @B! 0olphin M%iscesN& TE8! 0olphin& The! See 0eipkinus! 0olphyne& 8@?! 0omicilium Solis& BJB& BJD! 0ominus Soils& 8JC! 0omus 7eneris nocturna& T?T! 0onkeys& The& m! 0o %atkar& BBE! 0orado& other names of& BA8& BAB I derivation of& BA8I on Gore s planisphere in translation of 7#stronomie %opulaire& BA8 I in the 2elestial :andbook of 8?@B& BAB I 2aesius and& BAT I in the /udolpkine Tables ` BAB I location of& BAB I near the nebula TA 0oradGs& BAB I minor components of& BAB! 0oradus and 0orade& BA 8! 0oradGs& TA& location of& BAB! 0orsanes and 0osanes& BEA! 0ouble 0ouble Min ;yraN& B??I Min ScorpioN& TD8! 0ouble-headed Shot *ebula& EDE!

0ouble Ship& The& 8T@! 0ouble Sword& TCB! 0oubting Thomas& BJT! 0rache& BAB! 0raco M2etusN& 8CB I M:ydraN& BED! 0raco& various names of& BAB-BAC I title of& generally the same& BAB I in the ;atin Tables& BAT I in the Skield of :ercules& BAT I in mythology& BAT I Schiller upon& BATI 2aesius and& BATI with the Swedes& BAT I 0elit)sch s assertion concerning& BAT I /enan s idea about& BAT I %roctor on its change as to the pole& BATI in %ersia& BAEI in :indu worship& BAE I in .abylonian records& BAE I /awlinson upon& BAE I probable 2haldaean figure of& BAE I usual figuring of& BAE I in the # rgonau(cae& BAE I in 7ergil& BAEI stars of& circumpolar about JAAA b! c& BAJ I much observed in early 9gypt& BAJ I on the 0enderah planisphere& BAJI on the /amesseum at Thebes& BAJI 0elits)ch on this& BAJ, symbol of 9gyptian deities& BAJI ;ockyer upon& BAJI the 9gyptians and& BAJ I close to *echt& BAJ I among #rabian astronomers& BAJ I on the .orgian globe&

JAE

General "ndex

@AJ I astrological idea of& TAJ I on Turkish maps& TAJ I .ayer and& @AJ I $illiams and& TAJ I 9dkins concerning& TAC I extent of& TAC I minor components of& TAD Munder .eta Mj?N N& infra! #lpha MaN of 0raco& various names of& TAC I among seamen& TACI in 2hina& BACI Sayce concerning& DACI .rown s opinion concerning& TAC I location of& in TDJA b! c& aoCI seen night and day from the central passage of 2heops %yramid& TADI :erschel concerning the brilliancy of& TAD I with .ayer& TAD I culmination of& TAD!

.eta MAN of 0raco& various names of& TAD I in early #rab astronomy& TAD I position angle of companion of& TAD I in 2hina& BAD! Gamma MVN of 0raco& TAD I other names of& TAD-TA@I in early #rabic astronomy& TA? I not referred to by Flr2t)abadi& TA? I familiar to seamen& TA? I symbols of& BA?I notable in all ages& TA? I seen by :ooke in daytime& TA? I .radley and& BA? I of early importance on the *ile& TA? I was the natural successor of #lpha MaN (rsae 'ajoris as an object of temple worship in 9gypt& BA? I known in 9gypt as "sis& BA? I location of& TA? I rising of& visible at 0enderah and Thebes& TA? I ;ockyer concerning& TA?& TA@ I various 9gyptian titles of& TA@I worshiped in Thebes& TA@ I location of& TA@! 0elta MCN of 0raco& various names of& BA@ I #l Tixin" and& TA@ I with other components& the 2hinese Tien 2hoo& T 8AI 2hinese title of& T8AI near the north pole of the ecliptic& Tio! >eta MgN of 0raco& sometimes #l 0hi bah& and with 9ta MvN the 8 wo :yaenas& B8A I the radiant of meteor streams of 6an! 8@ and 'arch B?& B8A! 9ta MijN of 0raco& the 2hinese ShangTsae& B8A! Theta MAN of 0raco& the 2hinese :ea Tsae& T8A! "ota M8N of 0raco& various names of& TxAI in 2hina& T8AI radiant of the Guadrantid meteors& sxo! 1appa M5N of 0raco& a future pole-star& EJ?! ;ambda M#N of 0raco& various names of& T 8A& an I etymology of& sxoI in 2hina& Bx8! 'u MmN of 0raco& B88I names of& sixI modern location of& six! Yi MQN of 0raco& names of& six& TxT I in the #lmagest of 8J8J& T88 I %roctor and& B8TI the radiant point of the 0raco n ids& T8T! ?igma M_rN of 0raco& location of& B8B I derivation of name of& T8 T I one of our nearest stars& T8B! %hi MEN of 0raco& the 2hinese Shaou %ih& T8T! 2hi MxN of 0raco& the 2hinese 1wci She& sis!

%al M5 & _iV B N of 0raco& names of& sis I the 2hinese *iu She& sisI position angles of& B8B! <mega M5VN of 0raco& name of& TxBI withy 0raconis the :yaena s 2laws& Tis! 0raco ;esbius& TDE0raconids& The& B8B! 0rag-blod& EE?! 0ragon& The! See 0raco! 0ragon& several in 2hina& TJE& TCE& TDB& TJC& TC8! 0ragon MFrenchN and 0ragone M"talianN& BAB! 0ragon M;eo 'inorN& TCEI M;ibraN& BDT! 0ragon of #etes& BEC! 0ragon s 9yes& The& TAD! 0ragon s :ead& The& TAD!

0ragon s Tail& The& BAC! 0ramasa& T@C! 0raught <xen& The Mof the She 1ingN& J?! 0reieck& ExE! 0rossel& Ex?! 0rought 2ar& T?@! 0rum or Tabor& TT?! 0si& TDC! 0ub& 0ubbe& and 0ubon& ETT! 0uctor in ;inguae M8C8D-8CTDN& 8J! 0uf hisa %akhixa& ECE! 0umb-bell *ebula& EDE! 0umke& EEC! 0uo #sini& xix! 0uo 2orpuscula& TTE! 0uo ;upi& B8A! 0uo %avones& TTE!

0u %aikar& TTE! 0upuis& traces the present solar )odiac to 9gypt& 8@I on origin of names in #+uila& JCI et passim! 0(rer& #lbrecht& his delineation of sky figures& B?& T@I of constellations& T@I et4assim! 0u-shisha& 8TT! 9agle& The! See #+uila! 9agle& The MSiriusN& 8TT! 9agle M;yraN& B?TI MScorpioN& TCT! 9agle of 'ilitary /ome& or of St! 6ohn& JD.ar 6ewel& TCC! 9arthly Trigon& The& 8TC! 9asy 2hair& The& 8CB! .bioring and 9btiorung& T8A! 9chidna& TED! 9chiguen& TTD! Qcrevisse& 8AD! 9cu& or .ouchlere& de Sobieaki& TDT! 9culeus& sis! 9den& /ycharde& 8T and noteI et4assim! 9ffigies defects labore& TEA! .ffusio #+uae& J8! 9gypt& said by some to nave first given shapes ad names to the star groups& 8@ I her early cowtdbtions of native origin& 8@ I present solar iodise traced by 0upuis to& 8@ I the astronomy of& unsdesnfe& BAI our ignorance of the astronomy of& 8AI Rb connection with religion in& BAI et4assim! 9gyptian Y& The& 8TJ! 9idechee and .idexe& BJ8!

9inhorn& T?@! 9insiedler& Ex?! .lcorno& EJA! 9lecta and .lectra& EAC! 9lektrisir 'achine& T?@! 9lephant s Tusk& TJJ! 9ll& 9ll and 3ard& or 9l wand& T8C! 9l Taur& T?E! .lvarad& 8?E! 9mansor& 8?A! 9mperor& 0ark& or *orthern& TT?! 9muku Tin-tir-1i& EC?! 9ngonasi& 9ngonasin& or 9ngonasis& 8T@5 9noch& the inventor of the 0odecatetitory dhriaoos& 5 9nsis& T8C!

General "ndex

JAJ

9nte-mae-murandlQntena-ma?-luv&BE?& BDC&TC@! 9oxu& 8EA! .oae #tlantidee& T@C! 9orosch& 8?8! 9phippiatus& TBT! 9pi f l fE CC! 9pipataecua& BEA! 9+uerrc et la /egie& B@T! 9+uea and 9+uee Stellula& TTA& EEC! 9+ui 2aput and .+uiculus& T8T!

9+ui %raeaeetio and 9+ui Sectio& B8T! 9+uuleus M.culeusN& various names of& B8B-T8E, location of& B8B I :ood upon& B8T I formed by :ipparchos& B8TI but not published by him& T8TI %tolemy and& BxTI with later astronomers& B8TI in the Syntajeis& #lmagest ^`s]`N& and #l4onsine Tables& BxTI with the #rabians& BxTI with the :indus& B8T I with the mycologists& BxT I 2aesius and Schiller s names for& BxEI culmination of& B8E! #lpha MaN of 9+uuleus& names of& BxE I with .eta MAN the 2hinese S)e $ei& BxE! 0elta M?N of 9+uuleus& astronomical tacts concerning& B8E! 9psilon MPN of 9+uuleus& tacts concerning& B8E! 9+uuleus %ict oris& named and formed by ;a 2aille& B8E I other names of& B8E I location of& BxE I 1apteyn s discovery in& BxE! 9+uulua& BxT! 9+uus& B8T& TBT! 9+uus #lee and 9+uus dimidiatus& TBT! 9+uus maaculue& BD?! 9+uus *eptunlus M#rgoN& CC! 9+uus 'inor and 9+uus %rimus& B8T! 9+uus %egasus& TBT! 9+uus posterior and 9+uus volans& TBT! 9ratosthenes& and the constellations& xxI on the 2entaur& 8E@ I et passim! 9reote& BE8! 9rechtheue M#urigaN& ?E! 9rib-me-gali& B8D! 9ridan and 9ridano& B8J! .ridanu. Mthe 'ilky $ayN& EDE! 9ridanus& The /iver& various names of& BxJ-B8D I divisions of& Bs JI extent of& B8JI anciently regarded as of indefinite extent& BxJ I with modern astronomers& B8J I with the Greeks& BxJ I in :esiod& B8J, other identifications of& BxJ& TxCI association of& with the :eliades& BxCI legend concerning& B8CI 9ratosthenes and the Scholiasts upon& B8C I in the #l4onsine Tables& B8CI ;a ;ande and& B8CI identified with the *ile and the 9uphrates& B8C& BxDI George Smith and& BxDI ;andseeron& BxDI among the 'oors and #rabs& BxD , 2aesius name for& B8D I other figurings of& B8DI minor components of& Bx?! #lpha MaN of 9ridanua& various names of& B8D& ai?I location of& B8DI various writers on& B8? I one of 0ante s Tre Facelle& B8?I the 2hinese Shwuy

$ei& ax? I not mentioned by %tolemy& Bx? I culmination of& ai?! .eta ifiN of .ridanu.& names of& B8?I location of& B8?I the 2hinese 3uh Tsing& ax?! Gamma My 8 N of 9ridanua& names of& Bx? I with other components the 2hin tse Tien 3uen& B8?!

9ta M8DN of 9rldanus& names of& etc!& Bx?& B8@! Theta MAN of 9rldanus& names of& B8@I in the #t4bnsine Tables& B8@I .ullialdus on& B8@I /iccioli and& Bx@ I visible in the latitude of *ew 3ork in early winter& B8@I .aily and& B8@! <rnicron Mo 8 N of .ridanu.& B8@! <micronMo N of 9rldanus& BBAI the #b$ :ell and& BTo I duplicity of& discovered by :erschel in 8D?T& BBAI great proper motion of& BBA! Tau MrN of 9ridanua& BBA! (psilon Mv 8 & 7 s N of 9rldanus& names of& BBA! 9rigonaeus& 88D! 9rigone& EC8& ECD! .rigonius& 8TB! 9rlgu& J@! 9rmelia& 8xT! 9rndtehiiter& 8@8! .rymanthis& EB8! 9scorpiun& TCT! .tsen-tsiri& BE?& TC@! 9udemos& on the sky figures& 8?! 9udoxos& author of the original prose Xait opera& 8D& 8?I et passim! 9upeutos Mor <peutusN& 8EA! 9uphratean astronomy& six alternate signs of the solar )odiac in& x! 9uaebius& on early star literature& xvI et passim! 9ve& B@8! 9xaltation of 7enus& TEa 9sor& connection of& by :yde& with 'a))arOth& B! 9xra& EJ x! Fa& T8D-

%aelis& BBA! Fahne& BJJ! %air Star of the $aters& The& 8BE! %alco sylvestris& B?B! %alling Grype& B?T! %als "talica& 8AC! %amily of #+uila& CA! %ang& TC?! %arankhand& B@B! %arahat .ath& TBC! %asariva& BDD& EDT! Fascia Mthe 'ilky $ayN& T& E?T! %astashat& EC@! Father of ;ight& The& 8T@! Faulx& The& J8! Fearr& T?T! Felis M2anis 'inorN& 8T8! Felis M%aelisN& formed by ;a ;ande in 8?AJ& BBAI discontinued in charts now& BB8I %roctor and& BBY! %eluco& TJA! %eng Shi& TJ?! %enice& TTJ! %era& BD?! %era major& EBA! Fe 3u& TED! %iaatik and :eteveny& T@D! %ides and %idls& B?8& B?J! %idicen and %idicula& B?8& B?J! %lery Trigon& The& D@!

JAC

General "ndex

Figliuola di 'inoi& ;a& 8DJ! %ig-tree& The& BJE! Filia (rsae& ETA! Filiae Tabernaculi& T@D! %ioaakonur a lopti& EJA! %ire& BDa! First Star in #riea My #rietisN& ?a! Flrf(fcbldi Meditor of # " 1dm(tN& Ja! Fische& TTC! %ish M(rsa 'inorN& EJA! Fishes& The! See %isctt! Fishes of :ea& or la& TTD! Fish-hook of 'aui& TDA! Fiskikallar& T8T! Five /eservoirs of :eaven& D?! Fixas& TTC! Flagella& in! Flame& T@T! Flamingo& The! See Grus! Flammiger& 8JC! Flamateed& 0r! 6ohn& 8EI ttpatrim! Fleche& TE@! Fleece& The& BA! Fliege& T@a! F(egende Fisch& TED!

Flock of 2lusterera& T@E! Flood& The& BE?! Flumen and Fluss Sridanua& B8J! Fluviua& B8J! Fluvius #+uarii& J8! %lying Fish& The! See %iscts 7olant! Flying Grype& The& JC! Flying Serpent& BJ8! Flying Star& The& B8E& EEC! Foal& The! See 9ouu(us! Focus M#raN& CT! Fold& The& @T& 8JD& EE@! %omalhaut& and variants! See under #lpha MaN of %iscis #ustralis y TEJ-TED! %ong& TC?! Fontis 'usarum "nventor& TB8! Food-bearer& The& ?D! %oo 2hih& 8CJ! Foo ;oo& 8E?! %oo %in& TJA! Foo Shay& TTJ! Foo Sing& EEC! Foo 3ue& JJ! Fore Shank& ETE! Forficulae& TC8! Former #shldh"& TJE!

Fornax 2hemica Mor 2hymiaeN& names of& BB8I formed by "-a 2aille& BB8 I the 2hinese Tien 3u& BBiI .ode and& BB8I the lucida of& BB8I culmination of the lucida of& BB8! %ortis and Fortissimus& TAD! Fortune M7irgoN& ECB! Fortune fortunarum& astrologers name for .eta <N of #+uarius& JB! Foaeorium& TJA! Four /oyal Stars& BJC! Fovea& 8TT! Fox& TCE!

Frederic= :onores& BB8I formation and other names of& TT8& TBBI published by .ode& BB8I cosposition of& BBxI description of& TTTI seldom mentioned n<$& TTT! French ;ilies& The& 8AC! Ftere& TTB! Friddo #nimal& TCT! Friedrich ? 9hre& BT8! %rigge /ok& T8J! Fuebot& T8J! Fuhrmann& ?T! Fu 1wang& TC?! Fttllen& TxT! %undens laticea& EC! Fundus 7asis& 8?E! Fun 'o MThe TombN& JB! Furiosus& TED& TAD! Fusor a+uae& J8! <abbara& TAC! Gadjo& 8TC! <alapago& T?A! Galaxy& The& or 'ilky $ay& various names of& EDE-E?JI fanciful nomenclature of& EDE I with Greek writers& EDE I the :omeric figure for& EDE I the #kkadian idea of& EDE I .rown on this& EDE& EDJ I witi

the #rabs& EDJI among the :ebrews& EDJI in 2hina and 6apan& EDJI with the :indus& EDSV among ;atin writers& EDJI in poetry and pro5! EDC-8E?AI universal conception of& EDCI with die *orsemen& EDCI among the *orth #merican "ndians& EDDI among the early :indus& EDDI %aagonian idea of& EDD , #nglo-Saxon figuring of& EDD X 'insheu on& EDD& ED?I in Grimm s Teutonic 'ythology& ED@, in Germany and Sweden& ED@, a 9ngland and France& E?A I reason for general titk of& E?AI /omieu on& E?8I /iccio1 and& ES8, W 2hina& E?8 I in classic folk-lore& E?8 I 2eltic wk of& E?8 I among the %eruvians& E?B I a favorite theme in poetry& E?BI ignored by early Greek writers& E?TI 0ante and& E?T I ancient theories concerning! E?T& E?E I Galileo reveals character of& E?EI modem knowledge of& E?E& E?J I opinions concerning! E S J<algal :ammaxilftth& the 6ews name for the )odiac& B I meaning of& B! Gallina and <alina& 8@T& 8@E& 8@J! Gallinelle& EAA! Gallue Mthe 2ockN& .artsch s asterism& DJ! galtl& correctly #galtl& EB@! Gam& DC! GPng& T@T! Ganymedes and Ganymede 6uvenis& EC! Ganymedea& of #ntinous& E8 I of #+uarius& EC! Ganymedes /aptrix& JC! Garafaa& TAT! Garnet Star& The& 8J?! Garrulua proditor& 8?A! Gate of the Gods& 8TC! Gate of 'en& 8AD! Gateway& TDJ! Gatto& TTi!

Gau& TJ@! Gaudium 7eneris& T?T!

General "ndex

JAD

Gawthaf& @TE! Ga)elle& EEE Gel& TCC! Gelidae #rcti& EEA! Gelidus& 8TJ! Gemat& T@T! Gemeaux and Gemelli& BBB! Geminae (rsae& EBA! Gemini& various names of& BTT-TTAI anti+uity of oame of& TTT I 0ante and& TTT I 2owley and& TTT I <wen 'eredith and& TTBI with 'ilton& TTTI in classic writers& TTTI individual names of& TTTI $elcke and the& TTT I with the Greeks& TTT I in "ndia& BBTI on a .uddhist )odiac& TTTI various ascriptions of& by the 6ews& TBTI :yde and& TBTI 6ulius %ollux and& TTT I much uncertainty as to stellar history of name 6au)ah for& TTT& BBE I in the 8J8J #lmagest and the #lfonsine Tables& BBE, with the %ersians& BBE I 1ircber and& BBE I legends concerning& BBEI %aulus 7enetus and& BBEI in the ;syden 'S!& BBEI 2aesius5 figuring of& BBEI on the 0enderah planisphere& BBE I other representations of& TBE& 5 T J , Sayce concerning& BBJ I in classic days& BBJ I in ;atin history& BTJ I on coinage& TTJ I propitious to mariners& TTJI in the Fasti& TTJI 2ower s term for& TTJ I with :orace& TBJ I in the #cts A4 tks # jostles& TBJI connected with the electrical phenomena of heavy weather at sea& BBCI %liny on this& TBC I various references to this& BBC I

modern names for these phenomena& TBC I %igafetta and& BTC, various poets on& BBCI invoked by Greeks and /omans in war and storm& BBD I with 'acaulay and in :omer s :ymn& TB? I objects of adjuration in /ome& TT? I and in modern slang& TB? I in astrology& TB?I #lbumasar on& TB?I regarded as connected with 9ngland& TB?I events in 9nglish history attributed to& TB?I in 2hinese astrology& BB?I #mpelius on& @T?I colors of& TB?I the natal sign of 0ante& BB? I in the %aradise& BT@ I symbol of& TT@I origin of the& TT@I .rown and the symbol of& TT@ I prominent on the 9uphrates& TT@ I the #pe of the 2hinese solar )odiac& BB@ I 9dkins on this& TT@I the 2hinese 3in 3ang& TT@, and 6idim& BT@ I in 9llis %olynesian /esearches& TT@ I Gill upon& TT@ I in #ustralia and South #frica& TT@ I #ristotle and& BT@I location of& TT@! #lpha MaN of Gemini& various names of& BTABTTI with the Greeks& TTAI 2aesius and& TT8I among the .abylonians& TT8I in #ssyria& TT8 I worship of& TT8 I an evil portent in astrology& BT8 I with the #rabians& BT8I #i Ti)inl on& BT8 I #l .irunl on& TT8 I a component of the 2hinese :oo 2hoo and %ih :o& TT8 I other identifications of& BT8& BTTI location of& BTBI decrease in brilliancy of& TTTI culmination of& BTBI in Tennyson& BTBI Sir 6ohn :erschel on& BTB I other astronomers and& BTa I period of& TTT I location and position angle of components of& TTT I spectrum of& TTB I .elopolsky upon& TTT I nebulae near& TTT! .eta MAN of Gemini& various names of& TTT& TTE I with the early #rabs& TTT I in .abylonian astronomy& TTT I location of& TTT I J companions of& TTT I parallax and spectrum of& TTT I used in navigation&

TTT I in astrology& @TT I %tolemy and .ayer on& @TTI in the #lfonsine Tablts& @TTI distance from a& @TE! Gamma MyN of Gemini& various names of& @TE I /iccioh and& TTE I in .abylonia& TTE! 0elta M?N of Gemini& various names of& TTE I the 2hinese Ta Tsun& TTEI near the radiant point of the Geminids& TTE! .peilon MPN of Gemini& TTJ I various names of& TTJ I forms part of 2hinese Tung Tsing& TTJ! >eta MQN of Gemini& names and variants of&

TTJ I ;ockyer upon& @TJ! 9ta MnN of Gemini& various titles of& @TJ& @TC I the %ish %ai of the %ersians& @TJ I various astronomers on& TTJI with the #rabs& TTJI the 2hinese 3ue& TTJI in .abylonia& TTJI in astrology& TTJI variability of& discovered by Schmidt& TTJI period and duplicity of& BTJ I (ranus discovered near& TTC! 'u AA of Gemini& names of& TTC& TTD I in the dictionaries& BTCI in .abylonia& TTCI in 2hina& TTD! Geminids& The& TTE! Gemini ;acones& TTB! Gemini %isces& TTD! Geminos Mthe Greek authorN& JA I et passim! Geminum #strum& BBs! Geminus biformis& 8J8! Gemma& Gema& and Gemma 2oronae& 8D?! Genam& Bx8! Geniculatus& Genuflexns& and Genunixus& @EA! Geodesy& early& and 2anopus& D8! Georg s :arfe& or George :arffe& TED! Ge Twisan& @@T! Ghamb& TT8! Ghanwand& TDC! Ghathaf& BTE! Ghav& or Gad& T?A! Gherges& JD! Ghe)hdGm& TCB! Giansar and Giauxar& B8A! Giant& The! See <rion! Giant 1ing of $ar& TJE!

Gibb.r& TA@! Globus& 8CB! Gideon s Fleece& BCJ! Gigms& TAC! Gilthead %ish& BAD! Girafe& Giraffe& and Giraffe& 8AC! Girl& T@@! Girtab& TC@& TC@! Gisbar-namru-sa-pan& TJT! Gisda& T?J! Gis-gan-gu-sur& TC@! Gis-mes& BJJ! Gladius& iox! Glaucus& B@@& TDE! Globes& The #rabic& description of& ETI et passim! Globes& 2hilmead s ;earned Treatise on& TC! Globus #erostaticus& formation by ;a ;ande& BTDI position of& BTDI unrecogni)ed now& TTDI published by .ode& BTD I various titles of& BTD! Globus %leiadum& T@E! Glomerabile Sidus& T@T! Gloria Frederic=& BB8! Gluck :enne& T@@!

JA?

General "ndex

Gnoeia #rdor .acchi& 8DC! Gnosia Stella 2oronae& 8D?! God s 9ye& T?J! Goei& 1oei& or 1wei& the sieu in #ndromeda& TC! Goal Mor $eiN& the sieu in #+uarius& J8& TBD! Got M2apricorn usN& 8TC! Golden 2luck :en and her five 2hicka& T@@! Golden 2rown of the #mmonite 1ing5& 8DD! Golden %iah& TEJ! Golden *u(& TAD! Golden 3ard-arm& TxC! Gold %ield& BA@! Goldfish& The! See 0orado! Gtintsol& EEC! Goodricke& 6ohn& an amateur observer& 8J?! Good 'essengers& 8CD! Good Shepherd& The& ?C! Gooae& a /oman name for #+uarius& EC! Gooae& The& ?A! Gorgonea prima& TTa! Gorgonea +uarta& TTJ! Gorgonea aecunda and Gorgonea tertia& TTE! Gorgoneum 2aput& TTa! Gorgonlfer and Gorgoniaue& TTA! Gorgonia <re& TT@! Gould& 0r! #! .!& xoI et passim! Government& The& ETJ! Grabatichel& 8AC! Gramas MM ;ibraeN& @D?! Gramas and Graaaiaa Min ScorpioN& TC8& TCD& TD8! Grahadhlra& EJC! Grand 2hien& 8xD! Grande <urse& Ex@! Grand *uaga& A@J! Gratua "accho 2rater& 8?T! Great 2hariot& EBC! Great 2offin& ETTGreat 0ragon& The& BAT! Greater .ear& The! See (rsa 'ajor! Greater 2loud& The! Sec *ubecula 'ajor! Greater 0og& The& x x D et see! See 2ants 'ajor! Greater Fish& TEJ! Great %iah& The& soo! Great ;ooped *ebula& @A@!

Great *ebula M#ndromedaN& T@I M<rionN& TxC! Great Serpent& EDE! Great Spotted .ull& EBE! Great Star in :een 3uen& The& BJD! Great Storm .ird& 8?8! Greeks& The& interested in the heavens& x?I originated scientific astronomy& 8@ I et passim! Greip& 88@! Griffin& or 9agle& TTC! Grigirean& ETC! Griglean and Grioglachan& T@DGriveneacoa& nx! Groaperikie& EAA! Groaae .ar& Ex@! Groaae :und& 8xD! Groaae $aeaerachlange& 0er& AEC! Groaae $olke& T@J! Grotius and star nomenclature& xiI etpassmu Grue& ;a& @TD!

Grumium& an& T@D! Grua& BTDI an appropriate title& @TDI other saws for& and composition of& @TD& @T?I :onpoGooa! @TDI with the #rabians& @TDI the components ef& @TDI 2aesius on& @TDI Schiller on& @TDI aiaor components of& @T? I 9nglish figuring5 at& BT?! #lpha MaN of Grua& #l Ti)infs name far& 6TSI the 2hinese 1c& TT?I location of& @T?! Grua aut 2iconia& TAA! Gu Ma $ater-jar overflowingN& ED! Guardena of the north pole& EJ@! Guardians and Guarda& EJ@! Gubernaculum& CD! Gui& T@D! Guiam& Gaiam& and Guyam& @EC! Gula& T88!

Gua-ba-ra& @JD! Gu-sbi-rab-ba& TCA! Gu-shir-kes-da& xxa! Gut-an-na& T?@! :abenifer& ?J! :abena capellaa Mhaedoa& hircum& etcN& ?J! :ada 1uttya& ED@! :adronitho 0emaluache& /krioli s "2ha'eu title for the solar )odiac& x I doubt as to tab oase& 8 :aedi and :aedua& @A& @8! :aemonioa #rcua& TJ@! :ae Shan& 8JJ! :ae Shih& DJ! :afturengh 1ihin& ET@& EJA! :afturengh 'ihin& ET@! :agjiler 3uli& E?8! :alley& 0r! 9dmund& 8TI et passim! :a(ey *ebula& @E@! :an& TAa! :and of 6uatice& TCA! :and of the %leiadea& 8EE! :andle& ETR:annabeah& 8@J! :ana 0iimken& EEC! :api& T?8! :apto-iringaa& ET@! :arapha& :arpa& and :earpe& @?B! :are MScorpioN of 2hina& TCT! :are& The Mof ;a ;andeN& so& TEB& :are& The! Sce;epus! :armawith& ED@! :arnacaff& 8EE! :arpa Georgii& TED! :arpechruti& @@E! :arp-atar& @?J! :ar undo& TJA! :arvest-keeper& The! See 2mstm 'tssmm:aae& @CE! :aehteher& @AE! : aall& correctly 15a(& D8& 8BJ! :aaieadra& and 0elta M5N #+itarii& JT5 :aata& 8?B!

:aatorang& BJC& TEC! :aupthaar& xC?! :auritor a+uae& EC! :aualicky am *ebft& @5B!

General "ndex

JA@

:ea& or :oa& @AE! :ead and Tail of the 0ragon& ao?& TE@! :ead of 'eduaa& TTB! :eang ;ow& or 1iang ;eu& D?! :eart of the /oyal ;ion& TJC! :ea Tae& EET! :ea Taae& aio! :eavenly 2hariots& The& TJE! :eavenly 0og& 8?E! :eavenly %lough& ET8! :ebrew Sinner& BCD! :eels Min SagittariusN& TJJ! :eft #verengh& or :eft /engh& ETB& EJA! :elenae Genitor& 8@T! :el ice& or :el ike& ETT& ET?! :en& The& 8@T! :encoop and :en with her 2hickens& T@@! :eniochus M#urigaN& ?E! :erculea& TJA!

:ercules and :eraclus MA GeminorumN& BTT! :ercules& location of& TT?I one of the oldest sky figures& TT? I first known to the Greeks as 9ngonasi& T T@ X various names of& TT@-BET I origin of& mysterious& TT@I other figurings of& TT@I 9ratosthenes on& TT@I connection of& with 9uphratean mythology& TT@I an object of worship in %hoenicia& BT@I everywhere of importance& TT@I in the Tetrabiblos& TEAI first found in the 2atasterisms& TEAI %anyasis and& TEAI various other figurings of& TEA-BETI in the Eth edition of the #lfonsine Tables& TE8 I .ayer and& BE x I :yde and Flammarion on& TE8 I general drawing of& TE8 I on the Farnese globe& TE8 I in the ;tyden 'S!& TE8 I .ayer s figuring of& TE8 I the 7enetian illustrator of :yginus and& TET I with the biblical school& TEB I Schiller and& TET I with the #rabs& BET I the :alley nebula situated in& BEs I minor components of& TEE! #lpha MaN of :ercules& TET I various names for& TET I with the nomads& TET I the 2hinese Ti Tso& BETI a component of the 2hinese :o& TETI variability and culmination of& TET! .eta Mj@N of :ercules& various names of& TET& BEEI in the #rabo-;atin #lmagest& TEEI .ayer and "deler on& TEEI the 2hinese :o 2hung& TEEI spectrum of& TEE! Gamma MyN of :ercules& TEEI the 2hinese :o 1een& TEE! >eta MA of :ercules& facts concerning& BEE! Theta MAN of :ercules& BEEI the 2hinese Tien 1e& BEE! 1appa M5N of :ercules& various tides of& BEE I a component of the 2hinese Tsung Tsing& TEEI with the 0orians& BEE I various locations of& BEE! ;ambda M#N of :ercules& various names of& TEEI .ayer and& BEEI .urritt upon& BEE& BEJI the 2hinese 2haou& BEJ I the vicinity of& the #pex of the Sun s $ay& changed by recent observations& TEJI details concerning this& TEJ! 'u G< of :ercules& TEJI the 2hinese 1ew :o& TEJ! *u MrN and Yi MLN of :ercules& components of the 2hinese 2hung Shan& BEC!

<mega MRN of :ercules& facts concerning& BEC!

:erculeum #strum& TJT! :erculeus and :erculeus ;eo& TJT! :erd of 2amels& T@?! :erdsman& The& @T! :er 'ajesty of 0enderah& 8TT! :ermidone& TET! :ermippus& 8@@! :eros Tirynthius& BE8! :eroum Sedes& E?A! :erschel& Sir 6ohn& 8AI attempts to reform stellar system M8?E8N& but unsuccessfully& 8CI et passim! :erwagen& :orwagen& and :urwagen& EB?! :ers 1arls& xxC! :Ss& or :Sts& TJA! :esiod& TI et passim! :esiri& 8BA! :eR-mut& TAJ! :esperides& T@C! :et e wa ne& T@D! :eu& :lu& or :(& JT! :euen 1o& 8AT! :eu ;eang& JJ! :eung $oo& or :eung $u& BB& JB! :ewel M:eveliusN& 6ohann& 8TI et passim! :ewitt& 6! %!& on #ltair& J@I et passim!

:ilde Strasse& ED@! :inde& EEC! :ind s 2rimson ?tar& BC@! :indu astronomy& BA& ax I #rabic and Greek influence on& BA& B8 I et passim! :ing 2hin& 8D8! :innulus& BxT! :ipparchos& divides )odiac& CI names constellations& xo& xi I %liny on& xx I date of observations of& xi I et passim! :ippolytus& ?E! :ippopotamus& The& BA& BAJ! :ircinus Sidus& 8TJ! :lrcus& ?C! :ircus 2orniger& 8TJ! :irondelle& T@@! :istoria 2oelestis .ritannica& 8E! :iuen :iau& 8T@! :iuen 3ing& ED! :o& BET& TAT! :o 2hoo& BT8! :o 2hung and :o 1een& BEE! :o 1oo Ma& fi& D #+uilaeN& CA! :oly "nnocents of .ethlehem& BAT! :omer& did not mention )odiac& TI et passim! :o *eaou& TTC! :ood& Thomas M8J@AN& xiI et passim!

:oo She& 8TA! :orace& on #+uarius& ECI et passim! :ome& EJA! :orologium <scillatorium& location and names of& BECI a variable component& BECI rarely mentioned& BEC I on $hitall s planisphere& BEC! :oroscope& BEC! :oroscope of the $orld& 8A?! :orse& or :orseman MSagittariusN& TJE! :orse& The M;eoN& BJE! :orseman& The MGeminiN& TTT!

Jio

General "ndex

:orse s :ead M9+uuleusN& TxT! :orse and his /ider& EEC! :orseshoe *ebula& TDT! :orus& ?J& TAD! :orus #pollo& ETE! :orus the 9lder and :orus the 3ounger& TTE! :ostia and :ostiola& TD?! :ounds& The& 88J5 :ouse& TEA& TCJ! :ouse of 6upiter& TJC! :ouse of 'ars& D@& TCE!

:ouse of 'ercury& B@?& ECE! :ouse of Saturn& E@& 8TC! :ouse of the %ive 9mperors& D?! :ouse of the 'oon& 8A?! :ouse of the Sun& @JT! :ouse of 7enus& TDE! :ow& TAY! :ow 1ung& ECA! :ridroga& E?! :rusa& T?J! :ucru& EDa! :ulde Strasse& ED@! :unt& $illiam :olman& and the #rab shay kh& TT! :unter& The! See <rion! :unter& The MSinusN& YBB! :unter with his two 0ogs& ETT! :unting 0ogs& The! See 2omes 7enatici! :urru& TCC! :utabhuj& T@A! :wa 1ae& 8AC& 8J@! :wan 2hay& TA8& TAT! :yades& The Ma& A` %& y& ?& P of TaurusN& famous in classic days& T?C I in mythology& T?D I anciently seven& are only six now& T?D I different authors give different numbers of& T?DI in :omer& T?DI with other Greeks& T?DI various authors on& T?D& T??I other ;atin names for& T?? I in #rabia& T?@I stormy character of& T?@I among the :indus& T?@I in 2hina& T?@I with the biblical school& T?@I #ngloSaxon titles of& T?@!

:yadum " and :yadum ""& T@A& T@8! :yde& 0r! Thomas& translator of the Tables of (lug .eg& a I inventor of the term cunei4armes& T MnoteN I translator of #l Tuini s work& a I his derivation of " 'a))ardth&" T I et passim! :ydra& of 2haldaea M;ibraN& TDC! :ydra& various names for& TEC-TE@ I one of the #rgonautic constellations& TEDI in <vid& TEDI various astronomers upon& TEDI in the #rabo-;atin #lmagest& TEDI ;a ;ande s title for& TEDI general representation of& TEDI *octua recently added to& TE? I in the constellations of the biblical school astronomy& TE?I in 2hinese astronomy& BE?I in :indu astronomy& TE? I various components of& in 9astern star systems& TE? , in 9uphratean uranography& TE? I in 9gyptian astronomy& BE? I modern extent of& TE?I Gesnerand& BE?I visibility of& BE@I #l Sufi and& BE@ I minor components of& BE@& BJA! #lpha MaN of :ydra& various names of& TE@I 2aesius and& BE@I with the #rabs& BE@I Tycbo s name for& BE@ I in 2hinese astronomy& BE@ I culmination of& BE@!

.eta MfiN of :ydra& with Yi _QN& the Gukk Tsing 1ew& BE@! 9psilon McN of :ydra& facts concerning& BE@"ota _tN of :ydra& the 2hinese %ing Sing& TEL! 1appa MPN of :ydra& with others& #l Ssffs #l Sharasif& TE@! Yi MQN of :ydra& with .eta AN& the 2tine5 Tsing 1ew& BE@! :ydra et 2orvus et 2rater& 8?T& :ydra et 2rater and :ydra et 2orvus& BED! :ydre& BEC! :ydre 'ale& BJA! :ydridurus& :ydrochoCs&and:ydrochoos&E2! :ydros and :ydros& BED! :ydras& distinct from :ydra& TJAI position aad other names of& BJAI in the nomenclature of the biblical school& TJAI in 2hinese astronomy& TJTI the lucida of& TJA! :yre ldes& :yriades& and :yriea proles& TAS!

"asides& 8JC! "asonia 2arina M#rgoN& CC! "bis& or Swan& TJT5 "bis& $hite& The& emblem of 9gyptian )odiac B! "bn .sra! See # ben 9)ra! "carii .oves& @J! "carium #strum and "carius& xx?& 8TB! "carus& or "carius& @J& 8TT! "chiguen& TTD! "chthues& TTD! "deler& on star-names& xiI translator of Qaxvia; xvi I on origin of the constellations& saI etpaism "dra& "drus& and "drus #+uaticus& BEC& BED! "dxu& TDC! "dxu >amama& JC& J@! "ghnuna& TDC! "gnitabulum M#raN& CB! "gnota Facias& TEA! "hlilagji& EJA! "khma& Tx?! "-kuandl-ku-u Ma #rietisN& ?AI M#ldebaranN& T?J! "lderim& Shaykh& in .en :ur ] xii "lluminator of the Great 2ity& TJE! "mago laboranti slmilis& BE8! "mbrifer& 8TJ! "mbrifer 0uo %isces& TTD! "mma& ED!

"mperial 2hariot& x?x! "nachides& TTA! "nachis& TD@! "ncalurus& 8AJ! "ncenaus& 8JC! "ncumbent in genibus& TEA! "ncurvatus in genu& TEA! "ndian& The! See "ndus! "ndianer& "ndiano& and "ndien& TJA! "ndus& other names of& TJA& BJ8 I figuring and location of& BJA& TJ8 I one of .ayer s new cosste(atioflO! TJAI with Flamsteed& TJAI Schiller and& ]y` d5 2hinese %e See& BJ8! "nflammatus& 8JC! "ngenicla "mago and "ngeniclus& BEA! "ngeniculatus and "ngeniculus& BEa

General "ndex

J88

"nkalunia& 8AJ! "nner Throne of the Five 9mperors& 8JC! "nnum& an #kkadian name for the solar )odiac& 8! "nsidiata& TCJ! "nthronata& 8ET! "nvakft and "nvall& Tx@!

x eR TD@"rene& ECT! "ringea (ueg& $eg& or $ee& ED?! "rmines $agen& ET?! "saac& TCD! "shi& a D C! "shmael& TJT! "sis& TCC& T?8& ECa! "sis M'u MmN of 2anis 'ajorN& 8T8! "sis M:athor& Sati& ?atit& ?Ath isN& 8TT& 8TE& TAJ! "sis MTaurt "sisN& BA?! "star& or "shtar& ECT! "sus Trikind5& TxJ! "ttha& TT?! "vy $reath& 8D8! "yGthft& ?D& T?J! "xion& TE8! 6abhah& #l f the ?th manxil& TJD& TJ@! 6ackal& TTE! 6ackal of Set& EJA! 6ack on the 'iddle :orse& EEC! 6acob M#urigaN& ?CI Mon the nice of the moonN& TCDI M<rionN& TxA! 6acob& allegorical images of his blessing the signs of the 7ia Solis& a! 6acob s /od and 6akob Stab& TxJ! 6aculum& TJA! 6agdhunde& 8xE! 6akob s Strasse and 6akob s $eg& ED@! 6anitor ;ethaeus& xx?! 6apan& ideas in& as to purpose of stars& TT! 6ason& T@@!

6idim& TT@! 6th& TD?& TT?! 6in 'a& TJC! 6iray& a T x! 6oachim and #nna& ??!& xCa! 6oash& the 1ing of "srael& TJa! 6ob& TJ8! 6ob s 2offin& aoo! 6oculator& TJT! 6ohn of Trevisa& on #+uarius& E?! 6ohn the .aptist& as #+uarius& C& EC! 6oo Tseo& TT8! 6ordan& The& TxD! 6ordanus& 8xJ! 6oseph& the dream A8& and the )odiac& a! 6oseph the %atriarch& T?T! 6osephus& connects the xs stones of the high priest s breastplate with the xa signs of the )odiac& T I supported by St! 2lement of #lexandria& T I declares #braham famous for celestial observations& a I says #braham taught the 9gyptians& T! 6oshua& T8A& 6ostandis& 8EE!

6ovis #le a& 6o via *utrix!or #rmiger M#+uilaN& JC! 6ovis et 6unonis Sidus& TJT! 6ovis *utrix M2apellaN& ?C! 6ovis Sidus M#riesN& D?!

6udas "scariot& TCD! 6udas Thaddaeus M#+uariusN& EC! 6uga& TDT! 6ugula and 6ugulae& ixx& TAC& T8J! 6ugum M;yraN& T?T& T?D! 6ugum! See ;ibra! 6ui& or Tui& T8D! 6uka& TDT! 6ulius 2aesar& his need of an astronomer in reforming the calendar& 8@I compelled to call the Greek Sosigenes to his aid& 8@! 6unckfraw and 6ungfrau& ECA! 6unonis astro m& E@! 6upiter #mmon and 6upiter ;ibycus M#riesN& D?! 6usta& or 6ustitia& ECa! 6uvenca "nachia& TD@! 6uvenis and 6uvenis gerens a+uam& EC! 6uvenis #e+uoreus& 8JC! 6yesthi& TCC! 1abarnlt& or 1arbana Ma 2arinaeN& CD& C?! 1ae (h& JJ! 1ahi *ub& C?! 1aht& TET1ak-ban& 8TT! 1akkab .ir& TCC! 1akkab 0an-nu& EDA! 1akkab 1asti& 8BT!

1akkab 1astu& TJE! 1akkab 1ua& aCo! 1akkabl;ik-ku& 8BT! 1akkab 'ulu-iai& ED8! 1akkab *ammax& JT! 1akkab %aldars M%allika& or %aluraN& 8TE! 1akkab Sar& Tx8& Tx?! 1akkab Su-gub Gud-9(m& TD@! 1ak-shidi& or 1ak-shisha MSiriusN& xaa! 1ak-ahisa M#ntaresN& TCC! 1alakang& xo?! 1al-bu and 1al-bu Sa-mas& 8BT! 1alevan 'iekka& TxJ! 1alitsah& E5R1allisto M2allistoN& ET8! 1alpeny& Ja! 1amSn MSagittariusN& TJT! 1ang& EDT1ang 2he& 8AA! 1ang :o& 8AC! 1annae& ECT! 1enya and 1auni& ECT! 1aou %in& BAB! 1api& YJC& ETE! 1arka and 1 ark at an& 8A?! 1arlaeiche& TE@!

1arls 7agn& ETD! 1arl $agen& ET?! 1srteek& or 1artiguey& T@T! 1fisah Shekesteh& 8DC! 1ash-shud Sha-ka-tar-pa& TAT!

J 8B

General "ndex

1athaca& 8A?! 1at)e& aax! 1aurba and 1aurpya& TCT! 1axhdum& TCa! La)wlni& on star-names& xiv I et passim! 1e& TT?! 1eats& on #+uarius& JJI et passim! 1een %i& TDT! 1eeper& TJJ! 1eepers& ET?! 1e 1wan& 8JJ& TD@! 1elbl Gabbiri& incorrectly 1elbo Gavoro& 8x@! 1elebh hannlbfth& @T! 1ennel 2orner of the .arking 0ogs& ECE& ECC! 1eo& Tx?! 1eok& or Gnik& EC?!

1epler& edits Tycho s catalogue& 8TI et passim! 1epler s Star& TAA! 1ertko& TJT! 1e Seuen 1e& ET?! 1esheth and geshtt& TJT! 1Psll& DY& YTJ& TA?& TxT& T Cs& T?J! 1euen She& TTT! 1eu :ea& no! 1ew :eang& EDT! 1ew :o& TEJ! 1ew 3ew& T8@& TCA! 1eyhole *ebula& The& surrounding ij 2annae& DE! 1hachman& TDa 1hambalia& EDa! 1hamshish& TJJ! 1harthian& TCC! 1hatsar& JT! 1hawlya& TxJ! 1hem& TT8! 1higalla& TTE! 1horitos& ECD! 1hosha& or 1husik& ECT! 1honsu& and 2anopus& DA! 1humba M1umbabaN& E?! 1i MsieuN& TJJ& TJ? I in .abylonia& ECE! 1ien 'un& TE?!

1ien Sing& TJ@! 1illukturset& T@D! 1"ml and 1imlh& T?J& T?@& T@T! 1im-mut& TAE! 1imtu& or 1immatu& T@T! 1ing& 2! $!& on symbols of signs& E@! 1ing 0avid s 2hariot& ETC! 1ing 0avid s :arp& BSB! 1ing s :orse& TxE! 1ing Solomon& 8JD! 1in *eu& T ?x! 1in 3u& aoa! 1iC& EC?! 1ircher& #thanasius& T I et passim! 1islev& TA@! 1it& TJJ 1ite& TCT! 1laria& T88! 1lelne .ar& EED! 1leine :und& 0er& 8T8! 1leine ;owe& TCT!

1leine %ferd& ax T ! 1leine $asaerachlange& 0er& TJA! 1leine $olke& T@J! 1lusos& a 2optic lunar station& Tx?!

1neeling 2amel& The& 8EE! 1nife& TJT! 1o& the ancient aad suu ] Ja! 1oei& or 1wei& TT?! 1oii:ghi and (sun 1oirughi& TCT! 1olanxa& xox! 1ole<n& the 2optic 'usca .oreabs& T@T& 1oo ;ow& 8JE! 1oo She& DT! 1orneforos& 1ornephoros& 1ornephorut& TET1o Sing& Tycho s ncva& 8ED! 1o Taou& 8EE! 1ow and 1ow 1wo& TCA! 1ow 2hing& ETD! 1ow 1in& TDT! 1ranlch& 0er& TTD! 1ratu Ma (rsae 'ajorisN& ETD! 1rebs& or 1rippe& 8AD! 1reus& 8?E! 1rittikl& T@T& T@T! 1riya M#riesN& D?! 1shlra& the :indu Galaxy& EDJ! 1u! See455! 1uen She& 8TA! 1uen Teing& BC?! 1ugha& #+uarius in Turkey& ED!

1uh& 8ET! 1ulira& 8A?! 1ullat *unu& TET! 1ung& J& xxo! 1urra& 8?8! 1usam& the ancient xxth sieu& x?a! 1ut& xxo& 1uton& a 2optic lunar station& TC& TET! 1u-ur-ku MSeat of Flowing $atersN& ED1uxi M#riesN& D?! 1wa 2haou& aoo! 1wan& ET@! 1wan 1ew& T@A! 1wan Soo& 8DD! 1wan $ei& xi E ! 1wei& the Cth sieu& noI in (rsa 'ajor& ETJ1wei She& axs! ;a 2aille& charts of& 8E I on #rgo& CE I etpsssm;acerta& names and formation of& TJ8 I figuring5 aad components of& TJ8I location of& TJ8 I :cveliusaoi TJ8 I part of the 2hinese Frying Serpent& as 8 .eta MAN of ;acerta& the radiant point of the ;acertids& TJ8 ! ;acertids& The& BJ8! ;ace-work *ebula& The& 8@J& ;aconian 1ey& 8ET! ;adder& ED@!

;adle& ETC! ;adon& TAE! ;ake of Fullness M#ries& Taurus& GeminiN& D ? ;a ;ande& his constellations 8E X et passim! ;amash M0enebola in .abyloniaN& TJ?!

General "ndex

J8T

;amp and ;ampe alt *uru& BDT& TDE! ;ampadaa Mtbe :yadesN& T??! ;anceator& @D! ;ance-star M#ntares or %rocyonN& TCC! ;andseer& 6ohn& 8D Msee also noteN I author of Sabaean /esearches& 8D! ;ang :oo MSinusN& 8TJ! ;ang Taeang and ;ang $ei Mstars of 2omaN& 8D8! ;aniger M#riesN& DC! ;anx xneridionalis and aeptentrionalia& BDJ& @DC! ;aocodn M<phiuchusN& B@@! ;aou 6in M2anopusN& D8! ;a %lace& on origin of sky figures& xC I et passim! ;ar M#raN& Ca! ;armes de Saint ;aurent& TTJ! ;aterak& ED8! ;atrator #nubis MSiriusN& iax!

;atter #ahldh"& the 8@th nakshatra& TJE! ;axy Team& EJT;eaders of the 2elestial :ost& TTD! ;eaena M;eo 'inorN& TCTI M;upusN& TD?! ;eang MC <phiuchiN& TAT! ;ebre and ;apre& TCE! ;edaean ;ights and ;edaean Stars& TTT! ;edaei %ratres and ;edaeum Sidus& TTT! ;edaei 6uvenes& TTT! ;ee S)e& TAT! ;een Taou& s??! ;eft .ye& The M#ldebaranN& T?E! ;eg& The& 8EJ;ei Ma TearN& JE! ;eier& T?A! ;enkutch& xo?! ;eo marinus& TD?! ;eo M2etusN& 8CT! ;eo& various names of& TJT-TJJI location of& TJTI %tolemy and& TJTI in classic myth& TJTI with <vid and 'anflius& TJTI the emblem of heat& TJT I in astrology& TJTI with ancient physicians& TJTI in meteorology& BJTI %liny upon& TJT I referred toon the walls of the /amesseum at Thebes& BJTI figured on the 0enderah planisphere& BJTI partly included in the 9gyptian stellar ;ion& TJT I 9astern titles of& all mean ;ion& BJT I tribal sign of 6udah& TJT I ;andseer on this& TJTI in figurings of the biblical school& TJTI on *inevite cylinders& TJT I in other 9astern systems& TJT I :ewitt and& TJT I always identified with the sun& TJT I in heraldry& TJE I different from the early #rabic #sad& TJE I with early :indu astronomers& TJE I in #rabian astronomy& TJE I in the 2hinese solar )odiac& TJEI adopted by 2hina in xCth cen-

tury& TJEI symbol of& TJEI derivation of symbol of& TJE I hieroglyph of& among the symbols of 'ithraic worship& TJJ I on coinage& TJJ I drawings of& BJJ I minor components of& their locations and names& TCJ! #lpha MaN of ;eo& various names of& TJJ-BJ? I origin of names& TJJI in .abylonian& :indu and Sogdian astronomy& BJJI in %ersian astronomy& ! TJJ& TJC I among the Turanians& TJC I in #kkadia& TJCI at *ineveh& TJCI in #rabia& Greece& and /ome& TJCI with %liny& TJCI in 9uropean astronomy& TJC I with Tycho& TJC I with 0upuis& TJC I in early times indicated the solstitial TT

colure& TJC I in 9nglish astrology& TJC I with $illyam Salysbury& TJCI with #l .irunl& TJCI with .ayer and others& TJCI in 9upratean astronomy& TJD I in 1horasmia& TJD I with :orace& TJD I prominent among lunar-mansion stars& TSD I a component of the #rabian #l 6abhah& TJD I in 2hinese astronomy& TJDI ancient importance of& TJDI faintest of xst-magnitude stars& TJDI spectrum and parallax of& TJDI observed in navigation& TJD I location and culmination of& TJD I position of companion of& TJ?! .eta MAN of ;eo& various names of& TJ?& TJ@ I with .ayer& 2hilmead& Schickard& and /iccioli& TJ?I with *ubian astrologers& TJ?I in the #lftmsine Tables& TJ? I with %roctor and others& TJ? I in #rabian astronomy& TJ? I with #l .irGnl& TJ? I part of the nakshatra (ttara %halguni& TJ? I in :indu and 2hinese and .abylonian astronomy& TJ?I 9uphratean names of& BJ?I with the Sogdians and 1horasmians& TJ@I in %ersia& BJ@I with :ewitt& BJ@I part of #sphutia& TJ@I in astrology& TJ@ I spectrum and location of& TJ@I culmination of& TJ@I a component of the 0iamond of 7irgo& BJ@! Gamma MyN of ;eo& other names of& TJ@ I with Smyth& TJ@I brightest member of #l 6abhah& TJ@ I :erschel and& BJ@ I velocity and spectrum of& TCA! 0elta MCN of ;eo& various names of& BCA I with (lug .eg& BCA I a component !of the man)il #l >ubrah& BCAI a component of the nakshatra %urva %halguni& TCAI in various 9astern systems& BCAI spectrum and velocity of& BCAI Flamsteed and& TCA! 9psilon M_N of ;eo& various names of& BCA& aCi V

a component of #l #shlar& TCAI location of& in .abylonian astronomy& TCAI with the 2hinese& BC8! >eta MQN of ;eo& various names of& BC8 I a component of the manxil #l 6abhah& BC8 I proximity of& to radiant point of the ;eonids& sCx! Theta M5N of ;eo& various names of& TCT! "ota M8N of ;eo& details concerning& TCT! 1appa MkN of ;eo& details concerning& BCB! ;ambda M#N of ;eo& details concerning& BCT! 'u A5N of ;eo& various names of& and details concerning& BCT! ;eo 'inor& various names of& BCTI formed by :evelius& BCTI with %roctor& TCTI other astronomers and& TCE I in 2hina& TCE I on the 0enderah planisphere& TCE! %"! EC& names of& and details concerning& TCE! ;eoncino& BCT! ;eone and ;eun& BJT! ;eonids& The& location of& BC8 I date of appearance of& BC8I probable first notice of& BC8I number of known revolutions of& BC8 I Theophanes and& BC8 I with %rofessor *ewton& aCx I with <ppol)er and ;evexrier& BC8 I other details concerning& aCx& BCT I 'ilton s allusion to& TCT! ;eopard M(rsa 'inorN& EJA! ;eopardus& cited by ;a ;ande for ;upus& TD?! ;epus& various names of& TCE-TC? I #ratos and& TCE I legends concerning& TCE-TC? I among the /omans& BCJ I with the #rabs& BCJ I /iccioli and& BCJ I with 1la)wtnl& BCJI :ommel and& BCJI in 9gyptian astronomy& TCJ I with the 2hinese& TCJ I with 2aesius and with Schiller& TCJI on the 0enderah plani-

S:

General "ndex

sphere& TCJI #elian and& @CJ I .rown on the loca-

tion o2 @CC I connected with the moon in 9astern tradition and legend& BCC-TCD R 5 n scriptural simile& BCD I in poetry& BCD& TC?! #lpha MaN of ;epus& various names of& aC? I other details concerning& TC@! .eta M4TN of ;epus& names and details of& T@C! ;ernaeua M2ancerN& 8AD I MSerpensN& TDE! ;eader .ear& The! See (rsa 'inor! ;easer 0og& The! See 2ants 'inor! ;easer ;ion& The! See ;eo 'inor! ;easer $aterman& The& J8! ;eu& or ;ow& the TDth sieu& ?a! ;evel and S+uare! See *orma! ;eviathan M2etusN& 8CBI M0elphinusN& BAA! ;evriera& 8xE! ;eya and ;eyaya& TJE! ;exard& TJ8! ;ibella& T@T! ;ibra& other names of& TC@I with the Greeks& TC@I anciently associated with Scorpio& TC@I in classic and modern poetry& TDA-TDT I various Greek names for& TDTI the /oman 6ugum& TDaI in "ndian astronomy& TDBI in 2hinese astronomy& BDTI its origin& TDTI in 9astern astronomy& TDTI date of& uncertain& TDTI symbol of& TDTI 'iss 2lerke upon& BDT& BDEI with .rown& BDEI in modern and classical astrology& TDE& TDJ I influence of& on commerce& TDEI with devout heathen and in the biblical school s nomenclature& BDJ I other details concerning= TDJI minor components of& and details concerning them& BD?! #lpha Ma 8 & aVN of ;ibra& various names of& BDJ I in Greek astronomy& BDJ I with .eta of ;ibra forms the mantil #l >ubtnah& BDJ I in :indu astronomy& BDJI in 2hinese astronomy& BDCI in .abylonian astronomy& TDCI in 9uphratean and 2haldaean nomenclature& TDC I location and culmination of& BDC!

.eta <N of ;ibra& various titles of& BDCI in .abylonian astronomy& BDCI 6ensen and .rown on& BDC I %tolemy concerning& BDC I :ind on this& BDC I %rofessor 3oung on decrease in brightness of& TDD I color& spectrum& and velocity of& TDD! 0elta M_N of ;ibra& names and details of& BDD! 9ta M8FN of ;ibra& location and names of& BDD! *! <! 2! J@AE& location of& TDD I discovered by 1irch in 8DAB& BDDI details concerning& BDD! ;icorne and ;iocorno& B?@! ;ieu and ;iu& the Dth situ& @E?! ;ievre& BCE! ;ight of the %leiadee& EAT! ;ik bar-ra& or (r-bar-ra& TBJ! ;i 1ung& TB@! ;illth& the star #lgol& TTB! ;imbus Te)tili.& T! ;ince& BD@! ;ineal& T@T! ;ing Tae& TCT! ;innunrata& the Galaxy in Finland& ED@! ;inum boreum and auetrlnum& TEB! ;inx& or ;uchs& BD@! ;ion& The M;eoN& TJTI Mthe early #sadN& ECE! ;ion& The& of 9gypt& Ba

;ion& ;e& @Ja! ;ion a :eart& The M/egulusN& @JC! ;ion a Tail& in Scorpio& TDA! ;ira& @?A!

;is& or Fleur de ;ie& @@T! ;i ?hih& ExT! ;itli 7agn& EJA! ;itoreua& 8AD! ;ittle 2amels& T?E! ;ittle 0ipper& The M%leiadesN& T@DI M(na 'inorN! EJP;ittle %ox with the Gooae& EDT;ittle :orae& The! See 9+uulnu ! ;ittle ;ion M4 ;eo 'inorisN& TCE! ;ixard& The! See ;aeerta! ;oadstar and ;odestar& EJJ! ;obster& The& 8A@! ;ochium Funis and ;ogleine& in #rgo& CJ! ;ong .lue 2loud-eating Shark& E?T! ;ongfellow& on 0ante s Fortuna 'ajor& E?& E@! ;oo ?ieu& 8EB! ;ore& ?J! ;ord of 2anals& ED! ;os& EBJ! ;oup& BD?! ;ow& in #ra& CT! ;owe& BJB! ;ubdhaka& 88@! ;ucertola& BJ8! ;ucida 2assiopea& 8EC! ;ucidus #nguis& TDE!

;udentes and ;udionss& EJ@! ;uft .all and ;uft .allon& TTD! ;ugal Tudda M#ntaresN& TCC! ;uh 1ea& 8AC! ;u-lim& or ;u-nit Min #riesN& ?A! ;u ;im Min 7irgoN& EDA& EDT! ;unar 'ansions& their connection with 'ao5 r<th& TI their part in observational astronomy& D , position of& DI astrological characters of& D! anti+uity of& DI composition of& DI number a& DV origin of& ? I :indu name for the& ? I #rabic lena for the& ?I alluded to in the Lurin ] ? I $hitney and *ewton on the& ? I .iot on the& ? I 2lerke AA the! ?I #l .irun" on the& ?I scriptural allusoes to& @I 2hinese name for& @I the& in 6apan& @I vsnous national forms of the& @ I et passim! ;(neburg :orse& T@T! ;upa& ;upo& and ;upus& @D?! ;upus& various names of& @D?& @D@I origin of oasot of& @D?I with the Greeks and ;atins& BD?I wious astronomical writers and& @D? I with the #rabians& @D?I 9uphratean correspondent of& @D?I with<esius and :yde& @D?& @D@I #ratos on& aD@P 5 scribed by 9ratosthenes& @D@I in mythology& 5D@_5 Schiller and& @D@ I anti+uity and iiiconspicuousne5 of& @D@ I location of& @D@ I components of& and a5 ? 5 E and details concerning them& @D@! ;ura& @?E! ;utaria& T?T! ;ute-bearer& or /epl& The& BA& ECC! ;uy %ei 2hen& or 2hin& E?& JJ& 8E8! ;uy Tien& T@?!

General "ndex

S5S

;ycaon M.ootesN& @EI M:erculesN& BEA! ;ycaonia #rctos and %uella& EB8! ;ycieca& TD?! ;ynx or Tiger! See ;ynx tive Tigris! ;ynx P$Tigrie& other names of& BD@& B?AI modern figure of& due to :evelius& B?AI its numerous doubles its noticeable feature& B?A I %rofessor 3oung upon& B?AI culmination of& B?A! Ft! TB& names of& and details concerning& B?A! ;yra& various names of& B?A-B?EI derivation of name of& a?o& a?iI in Greece& B?8I in 9nglish and classic poetry& B?8& B?T I with <vid and 'anilius& B?8 I in %ersian and #rabian nomenclature& B?8 I in 9uropean astronomy& B?B I with the biblical school& B?BI other figuring5 of& B?BI associated with a bird& B?B I various writers on this& B?B& B?T I with #ratos& B?T I Greek designations of& adopted in #rabia& B?T& B?EI anti+uity of name and figure of& B?EI testimony of ancient coinage to this& B?E I figurings of& in ancient writings& B?E I location of& and details concerning& B?E I minor components of& and their names& B??! #lpha MaN of ;yra& various names of& B?E-B?C I origin of #rabic title of& B?E I among the Greeks and ;atins& B?E& B?JI with 2icero& 2olumella& and %liny& B?J I importance of& with the /omans& B?J I Sayce and& T?J I with .rown& B?J I with the 2hinese& B?J I in :indu astronomy& B?J I in 9gyptian astronomy& B?CI :ewitt and ;ockyer on& B?CI will be the %olaris of 8TEAA a! d!& B?CI remoteness of& B?CI location of& B?CI after Sinus the most prominent of Sirian-rype stars& B?C I velocity of& and theory concerning& B?CI with the #rabs& B?CI culmination of& B2C! .eta ATN of ;yra& names of& B?DI location of& B?DI in 2hina& B?DI changes in brilliancy of& B?DI spectrum of& B?D I theory concerning& B?D! Gamma MFN of ;yra& names of& B?D I location of& B?D! 9pailon MPV& \PI F; E& F; JN of ;yra& "0ouble0ouble" character of& B??I details concerning& B??!

*! G! 2! CDTA& date of discovery by 0ar+uier& B?D I details concerning& B?D& B??! ;yra #rionia& B?8! ;yrae Teatudo& B?E! ;y raids& The& details concerning& B?E! ;yre and ;yre of >urah& B?A& B?8! '-a-a-su& TC@! 'a-a-tu& ??! 'a at& B?C! 'ecerie& BEA! 'achine 9lectrica& position of& B?@I generally omitted now& B?@! 'achine .lettricaand 'achine 9lectri+ueU! 'acula 'agellan=& 8@8! 'aeden& ECA! 'eenalie #rctoe and 'aenalie (rea& EB8! 'eere& t DS ! 'eforte& ?J! 'agdalen& on the face of the moon& BCD! 'agellanic 2louds& The! See *ubecula5! 'agellan %atches& B@E!

'agh and 'aghi& BJE& BJJ& BJD! 'eghan eadwie& TCC! 'agi& a fancied figure for <rion s .elt& T8C! 'agna minor+ue ferae Mthe .earsN& EBA! 'agnanimue& BED! 'agnus M2anis 'ajorN& 8x?! 'ahar-aha bi-na Shahu& 8E8! 'ah Fun& 8JE! 'ahik M%iscesN& TTD! 'ahru-aha-riehu-ku& ?a!

'ahu& B@E! 'ala& 'aja& and 'ajja& EAJ! 'ala-rati& 'aearati& and 'aerati& E?8! 'aiden of the $heat-field& EC8! 'akhar M2apricornusN& 8T@I M0elphinusN& BAA! 'alerstaffelei& BxE! 'alice and 'elica& BEA! 'alue Min #rgoN& CE! 'andorla& 8?D! See not5! 'anger of the "nfant Saviour& B?B! 'anger& The& or 2rib& 8A@& 88T! 'aniliue& TB MnoteN I et passim! 'aniliue M:erculesN& BE8! 'ansion of 1ings& 8TD! 'antellum& or 'antile& JE! 'antile Min <rionN& TBA! 'any Stare& The& BA& 8D8! 'anxll and 'ana)il& ? I et passim! 'ao& 'aou& or 'au& T@T& EAJ! 'arduk& TB& T?B! 'areaanl& Tx?! 'argarita 2oronae& 8D?! 'arici& EE8! 'arina M;yraN& B?T! 'ariner s 2ompass& The! See %yxis *autica! 'ariue& Simon& the 0e 'undo 6oviali of& T@I

re-observes the Great *ebula in #ndromeda& T@I names E satellites of 6upiter& T@! 'arkhashik& TAT! 'artia Sidus& TCE! 'artiue& BD?! 'artyr& %eter& 8B MnoteN I 8E MnoteN I et passim! 'aru-sha-arkat-sharru& BCT! 'aru-sba-pu-u-mash-mashu& BTJ! 'ary 'agdalene M2assiopeiaN& 8EJ! 'aaathl and 'aeathre& BDT! 'ashaha& EC@! 'aah-maehu-arku& STT! 'ash-maahu-sha-/isu& BTE! 'ashtawand& JT! 'as-mas and 'aah-maehu-'ahru& BT8& BTE! 'assa Gallinae& T@@! 'as-tab-ba& EDA! 'as-tab-ba-gal-gal& BT8& T@T! 'as-tab-ba-tur-tur& BTE& Tx?! 'asu& BJC! 'asu Sar& TCC! 'atariki and 'atarii& EAA! 'ater %le ione& EA?! 'auer Guadrant& TE?! 'avors& ?J! 'a $ei& YJE'aximue #nguie& BAE!

JRC

General "ndex

'ayer& 6ohann Tobias& TDI discovert duplicity of Gamma MyN of #ndromeda& TD! 'a)lltha& TxJ! 'ax)Oioth& the Targumts5 form of 'a))aroth!a& TxJ! 'axxftrGth& origin of the biblical word& B I form of& in the Targuwu ] BI :yde s derivation of& aI 0illmann s derivation oQ aI various renderings and derivations oM& B I various applications of this word&

85J! TPJR TP@R E5@! E?i! 'ea& EAJ! 'eanxnnach& T@D! 'edia& TJ?! 'edusa& ECa! 'eea Too& 8CA! 'eih Fung& B@8! 'elanippe and 'enalippe& TBT! 'elicartus and 'elicerta& BEA! 'elkarth& BT@! 'elkpath& ED@ 'elius& BE8! 'elo& BxC! 'ena& or 'eaat& ao& 8AA& TCC! 'enalo& B@A! 'ena s Followers and 'ena a :erald& ao! 'endes& 8T?'ensa& B@8! 'ercator& Gerardus& the globes of& 8T'ercurialis& sCx! 'ercurii Sidus& xo?! 'e re& 8BB! 'erga and 'arrha& 8AC! 'er ope& EAC! 'erops M#+uilaN& JC! 'esxet& ETE-

'esha& D?! 'es-ri-e& 8BT! 'essier& ;e& 8@8! 'es-su& BCA! 'i and 7i& TC@! 'iaplacidus and 'aiapladdus Mfi 2annaeN& Da! 'ichael& the archangel M(rsa 'ajorN& ETJ! 'icroscopium& formed by ;a 2aille& B?@I location and culmination of& B?@I in early German astronomy& B?@I with .rown and Flammarion& B?@! 'idhunam and 'ithuna& BBT! 'ielan circul sodiacuxn& E! 'ietitore& 8@8! 'ikid-isati& BJ@! 'ilch Strasse& ED@! 'ilk 0ipper& TJC! 'ilky $ay& The! See Galaxy! 'ilton& and the earth s axis& E I etpmssim! 'inamref& TDA! 'inerva& ECT! 'ing t ang& TCJ! 'inoia 2orona and 'inoia 7irgo& 8DE! 'inor& %roctor s name lor (rsa 'inor& EJT! 'inor 2loud& The! See *ubecula 'inor! 'inotaur& The M2entaurusN& 8JA& 8J8! 'inotaurua MSagittariusN& TJB! 'insheu!6ohn& 8JI et passim!

'iraand Stella 'ira& 8CE! 'irror& 8T?!

'issile and 'issore& TJA! 'ithraic .ull& T?B! 'ithras& TT8! 'itre of Saint %eter& ExJ! 'ixing-bowl& 8?T'iyan Mlunar stationN& TJI M/egulusN& BJJ! 'isnaixn and 'o)nayixn& BDT! 'isrita& names of signs in the 2rtatxm ;egend& BI word similar to& appears for the 'ilky $ay& aI supposed to be original oi the biblical 'arxiroth& BI also of 'axsaloth& the form used in the Tergumu& B I probable meaning oi& a! 'o& 'u& *iu& *ii& or $oo *ieu& JE 'ochos& BDB! 'oist 0aughters& T?D! 'o 1i& x T@ ! 'ol& T@T! 'onius& ED! 'onoceros& various names of& B?@& B@AI locanoo ot B?@I with %roctor& B@AI of modern origin& 5fiV various writers concerning& @@AI in 2hina& spa, culmination of& B@AI Fl TA at& B@A! 'ons 'aenalus& position of& and formation by :evelius& B@AI other names of& sooI possible origins of& B@A& B@8I ;andsecr s represeatatno ot B@AI :ewitt and& B@AI culmination at& B@8! 'ons 'enelaus& B@A! 'ons 'ensae& various names of& B@8I fornaboa of& by ;a 2aille& B@8 I location of& and origin tf

name of& B@8 I Gould and& B@Y I now 'ensa& T@8'onstruxn and 'onstrum auda)& BAE! 'onstrum marinum& xCa! 'onstrum mirabile& BAE! 'ontagne de la Table and 'onte Tavola& T@8! 'onths& #kkadian names ot& connected with divisions of the )odiac& x! 'ontone& the #ries of 0ante& DD! 'oras& YTB! 'osca #ustrale& B@Y& B@B! 'oses M#+uariusN& ECI M<phtochusN& B@@! 'os+uito *et Mthe %leiadesN& T@D! 'ouche& B@a! 'ouche #ustrale ou "ndienne& B@8! 'outh& TJJ! 'outh of the :ome& EJ@! 'riga M'akara& 'akaram& 'akraN& 8T?! 'riga& a :indu figure of <rion& TA@! 'rigaciras and 'rigacirshl& TxJ& T8?! 'rigavyldha M2anis 'ajorN& xxo! 'utrid& YAE! 'flll& TDA! 'ulban& TJE! 'ulda& BxC! 'ulen $eg& ED@! 'uller 2atenate& Ts! 'ulier Sedls& 8ET!

'ul-lik-ud& YBT! 'ultiplication Table& T@D! 'ultuns M#riesN& Ds! 'ulu .at M8 7irginiaN& EDT! 'ulubat Min <phiuchusN& TAB! 'ulu-isi& BDC& EDT! 'ulus 2litellatus M#urigaN& ?E!

General "ndex

JRD

'ummu Tilxnut M2orvus or 2raterN& 8?T! 'unaga& a 9uphratean lunar asterism in #+uarius& JE I in 2apricornus& YT@! 'uadi Templum M#raN& CT! 'ural Guadrant& The! See Guadrant 'uraiu! :um& J@! 'us and 'uaculua& 8?T! 'utator& TJA! 'uaca #ustralia& location and other namea of& T@8 , origin of title of& @@8 I composition and cut5 mutation of& @@8I with the 2hinese& @@8I with Schiller& @@8! 'uaca .orealis& formation& position& and other names of& T@aI components and culmination of& B@BI origin of present title obscure& aoaI not generally recogni)ed& @@a I %tolemy and& aoa I /oyer s figuring of& @@a! 'uacida& TTD! 'uaicum ?ignum& )oo! 'ut& @A@! 'u-air-kes-da& @TT! 'utatrlx& @J?!

'ylke way and 'ylke whyta way& EDC! 'yrtllua M#urigaN& ?EI M2ygnusN& 8@T! *a #inanu& T@@! *aaman& a 8Cth-century name for #+uarius& EC! *agar-aaaffga& 8A?! *agavithi& EDD*ahi& 8TC! *ahn& 88E! *ail of the 2rucifixion& TJ8! *akshatraa& The& ?I et passim! *an-garu& 8A?! *an :ae& TDC! *an :o& 8TE! *an 'un& 8JT! *an Tow& TJJ! *aoe& DT! *apoleon& TxJ! *arrow 2loudy Train of Female Stars& T@8! *asedha& T@@! *ave #rgo and *avire #rgo& CE! *avigatoria& EJJ! *avigium %raedatorium& CC! *avisjasonis& CC! *axius #rdor& 8DC! *eaou 2huy& Ex?! *ebuchadressar M2enuurusN& 8J8! *ebula& The Great M#ndromedaN& T@I M<rionN& TxC!

*ebulae and 2lusters , *! G! 2! @TE& T8 '!& the Great *ebula in #ndromeda& T@& EAI aai& T a '!& in #ndromeda& EAI DAA@ Saturn *ebula in #+ua"us5 JE I TTDa 1eyhole *ebula in 2arina of #rgo& DEI @CTT& EE '!& cluster X 2ancri& the .eehive& 8 8B-88EI JTDa& T '!& cluster in 2anes 7enauci& xxC I Jx@E& J8 '!& Spiral *ebula in 2anes 7enatici& xxC& 8xDI JxT@ cluster R 2entauri& 8JJI ETJE& @@ '!& %in-wheel *ebula in 2oma .erenices& T DV, EDJJ cluster around k 2ruris& 8@4I C@CA ;acework *ebula in 2ygnus& 8@JI @ADA Great ;ooped *ebula& TA 0orados& aoaI C@AJ& 8T '!& duster in :ercules& @EaI J@AE& J '!& cluster in TT5

;ibra& BDDI CD@A& JD '!& /ing *ebula in ;yra& T?D& B?? I the *ubeculae& @@E& @@J I 8@DC& E@ '!& the Great *ebula in <rion& TxC& T8D I 8@?a& ET '!& in <rion& T8DI ??E and ?C@& clusters& the Sword-hand of %erseus& TTEI CJTT& C '!& nebula in Sagittarius& TJ@I CCAT& @E '!& 0elle 2austiche& in Sagittarius& TJ@I CJxE& ao '!& the Trifld *ebula in Sagittarius& TJ@ I the 2loud *ebula in Scorpio& TCD I CA@T& ?A '!& in Scorpio& TC?I C'! in Scorpio& TDAI CEDJ& D '!& in Scorpio& TDAI CDAJ& xx '!& in Scutum& TDT I CCx?& 8D '!& or :orseshoe *ebula& or ?wan *ebula& in Scutum& TDT& TDE 8 x JJJ in Taurus& T@8 I 8@J@& x '!& the 2rab *ebula in Taurus& T@8 I the %leiades *ebulae& EAC& ExTI the first photograph of a nebula& ExCI YAE& .ode s& ED I cluster in Tucana& Ex? I TJ ? DV @D '!& the <wl *ebula in (rsa 'ajor& ET?I TxDT& %olarissima in (rsa 'inor& EJ? I densest nebular region of the sky in 7irgo& ECCI C?JT& @D '!& the 0umb-bell *ebula in 7ulpecula& EDEI general paucity of& in 'ilky $ay& E?JI three of the finest& however& in the 'ilky $ay& E?J! *echt& ao& TAJ! *Phar dl *ur& EDJ*elson& TxJ! *emaeus and *emaeum 'onstrum& TJT! *embus& TTE!

*emean ;ion& *emeas #lumnus& and *emees Terror& TJa! *epa& or *epas M2ancerN& 8ADI M:ydraN& TED! *epa& or *epas MScorpioN& TC8! *eper& T?@! *eptune& BxD! *eptuni %rolee& 8TJ*eptuni Sidua& TEA! *eptunua& 8@@! *ereus M2epheusN& xsCI M9ridanusN& TxD! *ergal& or *erigal& TJE5 *eshr& correctly *eshsr& JD I in the 2kaidee %araphrase& JD! *essus& TEA! *ethlbhath Tebhen& E?8! *ewton MSpicaN& ECC! *ewton& %rofessor :ubert #nson& on the lunar mansions& ? Mnot5N I rt passim! *ew 7enus& The& 8ED*ga 'an& @@E! *lallar& TxJ! *iau& TJD! *ibat #nu Min SagittariusN& TJE& TJD5 TJ?! *ido di ;eda& T@@! *iedgierreg& T@D! *ieu& 1een *ieu& or *gu Gu& the aoth'4a& 8E8*ight <wl& The! Set*octua! *ile& The M9ridanusN& TxDI M:ydraN& TE?!

*il= 0onum& ExJ! *ilus M9ridanusN& TxCI MTriangulumN& ExJ! *imasp MSagittariusN& TJa! *imrod M.ootesN& @JI M<rionN& TA@! *imrod s :orse& TTT! *insar& EC@! *iphla& TAD! *"rru-sha-shutu& @DC!

J i?

General "ndex

*iru& 8T@! *iehtya& the 8Tth nakthatra& 8AA! *ieue& BEA! *it& or *oith& T@@! *ita x -bat& TAT! *iu She& BxB! *iveau& B@T! *o #nimal *emaeo Truculento& TJB! *oah& a mediaeval name for 2entaurus& 8J8! *oah e #rk M#rgoN& CC! *oah e 0ove! See 2olumba *ome! *oah e /aven M2orvusN& 8?8& BE?! *octiparee& BDA!

*octua& BE? I .ullitt s location of& B@B I not recognised now& B@T I location of& formerly occupied by the Solitaire& B@T& Ex?! *odus and *odus coeleetie& TEB! *odua duorum ftlorum& *odue %iscium& TEB! *odue Secundue& BA@& Bx8! *omenclature of the ?tars& not unworthy the attention of gxeat scholars& xi! *Srdiiche 1rone& 8DE! *orma et /egula& various names of& B@T I original composition of& B@TI later form of& B@TI "deleron& B@TI in modern astronomy& B@TI in- Flamsteed s # :as& B@T I composition and culmination of& B@T I other details concerning& B@TI 'iss 2lerke on the nova of& B@T I %rofessor 3oung and& B@T! *orma *ilotica& E@! *ortee& EJE*orthern 2ars& ET8! *orthern 2oal-Sack& 8@D! *orthern 2ross! See 2ygnus! *orthern 2rown& The! See 2orona .orealis! *orthern %ly& The! See 'tuca .orealis! *orthern Gate of the Sun& 8A?! *orthern Sirius& 8TT! *orthern Team& EBC! *ubecula 'ajor& other names of& B@J I location and composition of& B@J I with Flammarion& B@J I among the Southern #rabs& B@J I Schiller s figuring of& B@J! *ubecula 'inor& names and composition of& B@J I with Flammarion& B@J I other details of& B@J! *ubeculae& allusions to& by 7espucci& C?& C@!

*ubeculae 'agellan=& origin of name& B@E I other names of& B@E I .ayer the first to figure the& B@E I wilh %eter 'artyr& B@E I among the %olynesians& B@EI /ussell s photographs of& B@EI location of the& serves to locate the South %ole& B@J! *ube 'aggiore and *ube 'inora& B@J! *ubes 'ajor and *ubes 'inor& B@J! *ubilum& 88B! *unl Mincorrectly *unoN& *unl& and *Gnu& TTD! *unki& TJ@! *Gr& TC@! *uru sha Shutu and *uru sha-"ltfinu& BDC! *u-tsir-da& B@@& TDJ! *uy 1eae& EEE! *uy %ing& in ;eo 'inor& BCE I in 7irgo& EDT! <annes& the Fish-god& DT Msee noteN! <annes M%iscis #ustralisN& TEJ! <arion& TAE!

<belus& TJa <cean and <cean us& BxJ& axy! <ctans :adleianue& formation of& by ;a2atlle& S@CI other names of& B@C I marks the South %ole! B@= <ctipea& 8AD! <culua& a poetical term for 2orona .orealis& 8DL! <culue australis and <culue Tauri M#ldebsranN& T?E! <culue boreue MP TauriN& T@8! <ebalidae and <ebalii& BBa! <ei& or $ei& the B?th tint& B@B!

<etaeue& BE8! <fficina Sculptoria& TDa! <fficina Typographica& formed by .ode& aFFI other names of& B@DI unrecogni)ed to-day& and 5ddom found on maps& B@D! <gka M%olish .ootesN& @D! <iaeau de %aradis& ET! <kuari& EBT! <ld #tlas5 2hildren& T@8! <ld Serpent& The& a figure for 0raco& BAT! <lenium #atrum& ?C! <lor M2ygnusN& 8@T! <mega *ebula& TDT! <ne of 0aniel e ;ions& BJT! <phiuchue vel ?erpentarius t various names of& B@D, location and extent of& B@DI with the dasckal :yginus& B@DI among early nations& B@DI in earliest Greek astronomy& B@?I with the ;atins& so?, legends concerning& B@? I various identifications at B@?& B@@I with #rabian and 9uphratean astronomers& B@@ I .rown on& B@@ I %liny concerning& @@@ X ;ord .acon and& B@@I with the biblical school B@@I various figurings of& B@@& TAAI with .ayer! TAAI /oyal :ill as to its position in the todac& TAAI other details concerning& TAA! #lpha MaN of <phiuchue& various names o2 TAA& TA8 I in the #l4imsine Tablts& TAA I with Laxwini& TAY I in 2hina& TA8 I spectrum& velocity& and culmination of& TA8! .eta <N of <phiuchue& various names of& TA8 , location of& TA8! Gamma MyN of <phiuchue& somecoofusioo concerning its name& TAY I a component of the 2hinese Tsung 2hing& TAY! 0elta MBN of <phiuchue& various names of& yRI in 2hina& TAa!

.peilon MeN of <phiuchue& various names eQ TAB I in 2hina& TAB I a component of the 2hinese :wan 2hay& TAB I a component of *asak al 3aminiyy& TABI in 9uphratean astronomy& TAaI ia modern astrology& TABI other details concerning& T 59ta MiNN of <phiuchue& various names (& yOV with .rown& TAB I in 2hina& TAB! Theta M5N of <phiuchue& various names of& TAT I with 9pping& TAT I a component of the SoF5 dian $ajrik& TATI in 1horasmian and 2optic astronomy& TAT I in 2hina& TAT I with Gould& TAT! ;ambda M#N of <phiuchue& various names of& TATI in2hma& TATI DA <phiuchi& location ofI TA8 I system& period& and parallax of& TAY! <phiuculue and <phiulchua& B@?!

General "ndex

JR@

<phiulcue and <phiultua& @@?! <phiultua Min #urigaN& ?J! <pus %hrygionarum& fanciful name of the 6ews for the )odiac& BI the meaning of& B! <rbiculua 2apitia& 8DT! <rbia lacteua& EDJ! <rbia terraruxn tripertitua& ExJ! drebh& or <rev& 8?8! <rfercalim& TJA! <rigan& on the stars& BDI on the constellations& BD! <rion& brilliancy of& TAT I location of& TAT& TAE I with the Theban Greeks& TAEI variousnames of& TAE-T8AI with 2atullus& TAE I derivation of name& TAE I in the (ranologia& TAE I with the .oeotians& TAE I <vid on& TAE I with 'atthew #rnold& TAE I with #ratos and Thompson& TAJI with Tennyson& TAJI with

:omer and :esiod and :orace& TAJ I %indar and 'aniliua on& TAJ I other classic and modern poets on& TAJ& TACI stormy reputation of& TACI a calendar sign& TACI in the Gentva .ible& TACI with the ;atins& TAC I in 9astern astronomies& TAD I various astronomical writers on& TADI prominent in 9gypt& TAD I on the 0enderah )odiac& TAD I in 9gyptian mythology& TA? I in the .ook of the 0ead& TAD& TA? , various figuring5 of& TAD& TA?I definition of& TA?I in astrology& TACI in the <ld Testament& TA?& TA@I 6ewish later name for& TA@I with #dam 2larke& TA@I in the /evised 7ersion& TA@I in :indu astronomy& TA@I with the 2hinese& TxAI with the 1horasmians& TxAI with the "rish and Saxons& TxAI with 2aesius& TxAI other figuring5 of& TxAI minor components of& TBA! #lpha MaN of <rion& various names of& TxA-TxBI in the #l4onsine Tables& TxAI in #rabia& TxA& T88I with various writers& Tx8 I in :indu astronomy& T88 I %ersian and 2optic e+uivalents of& Tx8 I %rofessor 3oung on& T88 I other details concerning& Tx8 I position and culmination of& TxB! .eta MAN of <rion& various names of& TxBI " marine " character of& TxB I greatest star of <rion& TxT I in astrology& TxT I in *orse astronomy& TxT I spectrum and velocity of& TxT! Gamma MyN of <rion& various titles of& TxT I location of& TxT I in the #ma)on /iver myths& TxT I in astrology& TxE I spectrum and velocity of& TxE! 0elta M?N of <rion& names of& TxE-TxCI in astrology& TxE I location and spectrum of& TxE! .psilon MeN of <rion& names of& TxE-TxCI in astrology& TxEI spectrum& velocity& and culmination of& TxE! >eta MA of <rion& various titles of& TxE-TxCI spectrum and velocity of& TxE! 9ta MidN of <rion& various titles of& TxC! Theta MA5N of <rion& not named individually& TxCI location of& TxCI details concerning the Great *ebula of& TxC& TxD! "ota MtN of <rion& various names of& TxDI in 2hina& TxD I location of& Tx?! 1appa MkN of <rion& names and location of& Tx?!

;ambda M#N of <rion& various names of& Tx?& Tx@ I in astrology& Tx? I in #rabian and 9uphratean astronomy& Tx?I in other 9astern systems& Tx?I

%rofessor $hitney on& Tx? I in 2hina& Tx@ I other writers on& Tx@! *u MyN and Yi MLN of <rion& the 2hinese Shwuy Foo& TBA I location of& TBA! <micron Mo 8 & o5N of <rion& names and location of& TBAI components of the 2hinese Tsan 1e& TBA! %i Ma E & it5& w T & 5` 5R& a E & and gN of <rion& names and location of& TBAI components of the 2hinese Tsan 1e& TBA! Tau MrN of <rion& location of& TBAI the 2hinese 3uh Tsing& TBA! (pallon MvN of <rion& details of& TBA! <ri onida& The& radiant point of& TBA! <rion s ad :ound& 8TB! <rloge and <rologio& BEC! <rphae and <rphua& xCa! <rpheus M2ygnusN& 8@TI M:erculesN& BEY! <raa 'aggiore& Ex@! <raa 'inora& EED<rwandil& TxA! <siris M.ootesN& @CI MSiriusN& xao& 8BEI M<rionN& TA?I MTaurusN& T?8! <siris& 2ar of& ETJ! <a %egaai& TBD! <a %iacia notii& TEC! <a /oaae& 8@J! <strich s *eat& 8CT! <tawa and <tawainen& EBE! <tyaya 1alem& TJA! <ur ;ady s $and& TxC! <ur /iddle M#lcorN& EEJ! <verturned 2hair& TJJ! <villus& BE8! <vis #urea& DC! <wl *ebula& ET?! <x& The MTaurusN& T?B! <xirin+ue M2apricornusN& 8T?& TEJ!

%a Mc SerpentisN& TDC! %a and gut MSagittariusN& TJE! %adevar& ?B! %adua& BxJ! %ae 2haou& BA8! %agaaaea 2arina M#rgoN& CC! %aha& T?J! %ainter s 9aael& The! See 9+uu(us %ictoris! %air of 2ompaaaea& The! See 2ircinus! %airof1ida& BTE! %a 1uh& 2hinese asterism& @A! %al& T?@! %alaemon& BEA! %alette& BxE! %almea emeritus& BAJ! %anda and %antica& ECB! %anthera& BD?! %aon& the French %avo& TBA! %aou %ing& ED! %a-pil-sak& ?JT! %apaukal& xox! %aradiea 7ogel& ET! %araaiea& TTA! %arilicium and %alilicium& T?E& T?D! %amela and %arrbasia& EB8& EBB!

JBA

General "ndex

%arrhasia 7irgo and %arrhaaidea Stellas& Ea)! %arrhasium 6ugum& ET8! %arsondas& TTa %arthena& %artina& or %athona& ECT! %arven& %arvi& and %arur& T@T! %arvis and %arwin& T@T! Fusts >amaaegade& E?8! %aschal ;amb& The M2snis 'inorN& 8TT! %asser& TED! %astinator and %astor& @J! %atascus& @EA! %atera& 8?T! %ath of #ryamln& EDD! %aukascsiu 1ielis& ED@! %aukunawa& ETT! %aul& Saint& and the %kainomsna of #ratos& ?8! %avo& position of& TBAI other names of& TTAI originally #rgos& TB8I in 2hinese astronomy& T@8I 6ulius Schiller s figuring of& TT8! %avone& TTA! %ax& ECT! %eacock& a /oman idea for #+uarius& EC! %eacock& The! See %avo!

%eacocks& #rabian idea for Gemini& TTE! %ecus #thamantidos :elles& DJ! %eS M2orona #ustraliaN& 8DT! %egase& TT8! %egasides& TTT! %egmsida& The& radiant point of& TT?! %egaso& T@ x! %eg aaua& TxTI various names of& TT8-TTE I location of& TB8 I in mythology& TT8 I ;ongfellow on the legend of& TT8I traditional history of& TT8& TTTI in early classical mythology& TTTI the Greeks on& TTTI 9uripides5 name for& TTTI in /oman astronomy& T@T, in the #l4onsin5 Tab(t y T@TI with 2aesius& TTT I in 6ewish legend& TTT I in numismatics& TTT I origin of name of& TTT I in 9gypt and on the 0enderah )odiac& TTE I with the #rabs& TBE I other details concerning& TTE I minor components of& TT@! #lpha MaN of %egaaua& various names of& TTE& TTJI in :indu astronomy& TTEI in 2hinese& TTJI .rown on& TTJI in astrology& TTJI culmination and meridional location of& TTJ I spectrum and location of& TTJ I observed in navigation& TTJ! .eta MAN of %egaaua& various names of& TTJ& TTC I with the #rabs& TTJ , with the :indus& TTJ I %rofessor $:itney and& TTJI in astrology& TTCI with the 2hinese& TTCI variability& spectrum& and velocity of& TTC! Gamma MyN of %egaaua& names of& TTC& TTD I location of& TTCI with #l .irGni& TTCI in 2hina& TTCI with the :indus& TTCI a component of the Three Guides& TTD! 0elta MCN of %egaaua& unnamed as a component of %egasus& TTDI same as #lpha MaN of #ndromeda& TTD! 9pailon MPN of %egaaua& various names of& TTDI a component of the sum Goei& TTDI spectrum and velocity of& TTD! >eta MA of %egasus& names of& TTD& TT?I with the 2hinese& TB?I near the radiant point of the

%egasids& TT?!

9ta MifN of %egasus& location and title of& jsl Theta MAN of %egmaua& with *u MrN aa #nte star-group& T@?I individual name of& T@?, on dc 0resden Globe& TRO 1appa MitN of %egasus& location of& TT?I mv named except in 2hina& TT?! ;ambda M#N and "f u MmN of %egaaua& asses of& TT?! *u MvN of %egasus! See under D5$R ^5N 54 %egasus& T@? Malso TT@N! %i MPN of %egasus& the 2hinese $oo& T@@! Tau MtN of %egasus& names of& TT@ I X component of the 2hinese ;i /ung& TT@! %egasus 9+uus alatus& T@T! %eih& TJ! T aC R T5@%eih ;eih& TET%eih Sing& EJW%eise& TC@! %eisun& TTC! %elagi %rocella& 8TJ! %ele iades& T@J! %elenor& 8J8! %elethroniua& ?E& 8J8! %endeluhr& TEC! %endulum 2lock! See :erv(gium! %eren& T@T! %eri-pik& TxJ! %erisoma& 8AE! %ersea& TT& %ersee& T@@! %er seide& The& location of& TTJ I ancient knowledge of& TTJI various names of& TTJ5 %erseo& TT@! %eraeph one& ECA! %erseua& various names of& T@@-TT8 I early nguriap of& TP@R TTo I in legend& T@@& TTA I with the classes= poets& TTAI with ;a ;ande& TT8I on coinage& TT8I with astrologers& TT8 I with the biblical school& TT8I extent of& TT8 I minor components of& TT8I theory concerning& TT8 I minor components of& and feet5 concerning them& TTE!

#lpha MaN of %erseus& various names of& TT8 , a component of the 2hinese Tien 3uen& TT8 I newt sets in the latitude of *ew 3ork 2ity& TTsI s % ec " trum and velocity of& TTT! .eta MAN of %erseus& various names of& TT5, with %tolemy& :ipparchos& and %liny& TT5 , 555 the :ebrews& TT@I in 2hina& TT@I with astrologcn& TTT, variability& spectrum& and velocity of& TTV 9pailon McN of %erseue& a component of the 2hinese 1euen She& TTT! 9ta MnN of %erseus& unnamed except in 2hou& TTE I details concerning& TTE! <mega MRN of %erseue& name of& TTJ! (psilon MvN of %erseus& location of& TTE , O5P55 of& TTEt TTJ 6 with .ayer& TTE I a component of tbe Sword :and of %erseus& TTJ! %erseus et 2aput 'edusae& T5@& %ersian& The! See "ndus! %ersuaaor #mphitritee& 8@@! %eace #ustrmle& TEE! %eaces M%iscesN& TTD! %55cit TTC& TT?!

General "ndex

JB8

%eaebre& 88T! %e Sse& BJ8! %eter s Skiff& ETC! %eter s Staff& T8J! %etit 2hevs(& B8T! %etit 2hiea& 8T8! %etit ;ion& TCT! %etit *utge& T@J! %etite <urse& EED! %etosiria& J8 Mand not5N! %tau& TBA! %feil& TE@! %hacetis& TT?! %hae thon& ?J! %hagre and <xyrin+ue M%iscis #ustralisN& TEJ!

%nainomena M@DA b! c!N of #ratos& )x I founded on the work of 9udoxos& 8D , many commentaries on the& 8DI translated by 2icero& 8DI by others& 8DI the sole guide to arrangement of early constellations& 8DI best translated by /obert .rown& 6r!& 8?I +uoted by St! %aul& i.! %halgunt& @JE! %haraoh *eku& sends a %hoenician fleet to circumnavigate MFN #frica about CAA a! c& 8E! %haraahah& EBa! %haretra& TJB! %harmax& 8?E! %harua M#raN& Ca! %heasant& or %hoenix& ECE! %henix& TTJ! %hililyrides and %hilyrides& 8E@! %hilo 6udaeua& and the )odiac& B! %hilomelua& AE! %hoebeiua #les& 8D@! %hoebea 'iles& EB8! %hoebi #ssessor& 8@T! %hoebi Sidus& ABB! %hoebo Sacer #les& 8D@! %hoebus& @T8! %hoenice M(rsa 'inorN& EE?I Ma (rsae 'inorisN& EJT! %hoenicia& and astronomy& 8?& 8@& BBI etfassim! %hoenicopterua! See under Grut& BT?! %hoenix& various names of& TTJI location of& TTJ& TTW , .ayer s name for& appropriate& TTC I with the 9gyptians& TTC I in 2hina& TTC , with Schiller& TTC! #lpha MaN of %hoenix& name& conspkuousness& and culmination of& TTC! %hdnix& TTJ! %horbas& B@@! %hrixea<vis M#riesN& DJ! %hrixeum %ecus& DJ! %hrixi 7ector M#riesN& DJ! %iR the BJth situ& TJI the Bd PVR& T?@! %(utos& 8xE! %ica "ndies& Ex?! %iccolomini Mof SienaN& anticipates .ayer& 8T! %ictor& @8E! %idnu-sha-?hame& an #kkadian name for the xodiac& x I meaning of this name& x I asterism& T?J! %in :o& @Tx! %ih:oo&BB! %ih 1eih& EJC!

%"b Tow& ETJ!

%ih 3ang& D?! %ikhSrion& @CA! %ikutorion& ?a! %ile of .ricks& @@J! %ilgrim Star& The& 8ED! %i ;o Sse 'ud& TEC! %irn an& @T8! %incerna& E8! %indar& on #+uarius& EC! %ing Sing& @E@& @C?! %ing Taou& ED@! %innipes& TTA! %in- wheel *ebula& 8DB! %ipiri& B@@! %iri-ere-ua& TD8! %isces Mof the )odiacN& various names of& TTC-TE@ I wide separation of the figures oQ TTD I locations of these& TTDI culminations of& TTD I now first of the xodiac& TTDI embraces the sign #ries& TTDI also the vernal e+uinox& TTDI with the Greeks& TTDI with the /omans& TTDI 'iss 2lerke on& TTDI on the 9uphrates& TTDI in other 9astern systems& TTDI in earliest 2hinese astronomy& TTD& TT?I with the #rabians& TT?I 0ante and& TT?I with the :indus& TT?I #l .lrunl on& TT?I with the Greeks& TT?& TT@I legends concerning&5 TT@ I the Syrians and& TT@I with the 2haldaeans& TT@ I in 6ewish astronomy& TT@ I in astrology& TEA I %tolemy distinguishes them& TEA I derivation of name of& TEA I symbol of& TEA I with the biblical school& TEA& TE8 I on the 'erton 2ollege )odiac& TE8I ancient conjunctions of 6upiter and Saturn within& TE8 I supposed connection of these with birth of 2hrist& TE8 I predictions con-

cerning& TE8I 6uno discovered in& TE8I Spenser on& TE8 I with ;a ;ande& TEY I details concerning& TE@ I minor components of& TET! #lpha MaN of %isces& various names of& TE@ I location of& TE@I with classic writers& TE@I culmination of& TET! .eta MAN of %isces& name of& TETI a component of the 2hinese %eih ;eih& TET! 0elta MPN of %isces& names identical with those of #lpha of %isces& with .ayer& TETI a component of the 2hinese $ae %ing& TET! >eta MQN of %isces& prominent in :indu astronomy& TET I in various 9astern combinations& TET! 9ta faN of %isces& with 9pping& TET I in 2hinese astronomy& TET! %isces Mof %iscis #ustralisN& TEE! %isces boreales& TEA! %iscis a+uoous& TEE! %iscis #ustralis& location and names of& TEEI modern representations of& TEE I with classic and modern writers& TEEI not on the Farnese globe& TEEI in early legend& TEE I ;a ;ande and& TEE& TEJI ;ongfellow s name for& TEJI with the #rabians& TEJI with the biblical school& TEJI serologically like Saturn& TEJI minor components of& TED! #lpha MaN of %iscis #ustralis& #ratos on& TEJI present location of& TEJI with %tolemy& TEJI many names and varied orthography of& TEJ& TEC I various locations of& TEJ& TECI with the early #rabs& TECI with Flammarion& TECI in 2hina& TECI one ot

JBB

General "ndex

0ante s Tie Facelle& TECI southerly position of& TECI culmination of& TECI important in navigation&

TEC! .eta MfiN of %iacia #ustralia& namea of& TEDI in 2hina& TED! %iacia 2apricorn=& TEJ! %iacia Gemellus& TTD! %iacia magnua& TEJ! %iacia 'eridionalie& TEJ! %iacia aolitariua& TEJ! %iacia 7olana& introduced by .ayer& TEDI names and culmination of& TEDI Schiller on& TEDI the 2hinese Fe 3u& TED! %iah %ai& BTJ& TTC! %ish %arvia& @@a! %ietrix M2etusN& 8C8! %ittore& TxE! %lace where <ne .ows 0own& TCa! %laatrum& EBD! %lauatra %arrhaaia& ETD! %lauatric ula& EBD! %lauatri 2uatoa& @E! %lauatrilu ca& EBD! %lauatrum magnum& E@D! %le iadea& The& D I various names of& T@8-EAT I in classic poetry& T@BI everywhere among the most noted objects in the lore of the heavens& T@T I more studied of late than any other group& T@BI general location of& T@B I other placings of& T@B I among the first stars named in astronomical literature& T@BI with the 2hinese and the :indus& T@a& T@T I in %ersia5 T@T= on the 9uphrates& T@TI 9uripides and& T@TI in the .ib(& T@T& T@EI with various poets& T@E I 'iss 2lerke on& T@J I derivation of name of& T@JI poetical ngurings of& T@JI legends concern-

ing! T@J= in 9uropean nomenclature& T@C& T@DI in heraldry& T@DI with the /abbis& T@D I among .abylonian astrologers& T@D& T@? I watesy character of& T@? I in 6osephus& T@? I marked objects on the *ile& T@@ I temples in Greece oriented to them& T@@ I various ngurings of& T@@& EAAI 'iles 2overdale and& T@@ I well known to savage tribes& EAA I among the #ustralians& EAAI on the %araguay /iver& EAAI among South #merican tribes& EAA I with the pagan #rabs& EAA I 'iss 2lerke and& EA8 I a sign of sceding-time& EA8 I :esiod& #ristotle& and 7ergil on this& EAY I with 'ommsen and 0rach& EA8 I in connection with various ancient systems of worship& EA8 I in the modern church calendar& EA8I :ippocrates and& EA8& EAa I with 2aesar& EA8 I in classic lore& EAY& EAB I in astrology& EAa I with the #rabs& EAB I legends concerning origin of& EAB I %liny s name for& EAB I associated in all ages with philosophy and literature& EAB& EAT I .esseTs lettered stars in& EAJEA? I various tacts concerning the %leiad stars& EA@ExB I minor components of& ExB& ExT! %leiaa and %leiaa uda& EAJ! %le ione& EA?! %le jaden and %lejadi& T@D! %liaa& %liade& and %liadea& T@J& T@C! %liny& his terms for the sky-figures& xo I on :ipparchos& xx I his number of asterisms and stars& xx I on origin of #ries and Sagittarius& 8?I et passim!

%li one& EA?! %lorana M.ootesN& @T! %loatrum magnum& E@D! %lough& ET8! %loughman with hia <xen& ?J! %lough <xen& ET8! %luteum %ictoria& BxE! %luto s 2hariot& BDJ!

%ocillator& E8! %oculum& 8?T! %oeticon #atronomicon& The& of :yginns& 88I it passim! %ointers& ET?! %oiaaon #uatrale& TEE! %oiaaona& TTC! %oiaaon 7olant& TED! %olaris& EE@& EJT! %olariaaima& EJ?! %ole& South& The& unfiguxed space around& object of early investigators& 8EI extent of this space& 8E& 8JI marked by <ctans& B@CI in classic and modem poetry& B@C& B@D I among& the :indus and #rabs& B@C, bleakness of the heavens in this region commented on by early navigators& B@CI %eter 'artyr and %igafetta on this& B@C I other allusions to& T@D! %ole-?tar& EJT! %ole-?tar of the South& 8@A! %olia& TJ@! %oliah .ull& ExT! %ollaria& EJT! %ollucea& BTT! %ollux& BTT! %ollux! See under #rte <N Gsmimsrmm! %oln Stier& ExT! %olyleukea& BBT! %omptina& 8?A! %onderoaua& C?! %oniatowaki . .ull& %oniatowaky a Stier& E85

%ope& #lexander& and the sodiac& E! %orrima& EC@! %ortana caput larvae& TTA! %ortitor %hrixi& DJ! %ortitor& or %roditor& 9uropae& TD@& %ortitor (raae& @T! %oatvorta& EC@! %ouaainiere& EAA! %raecania and %rocania& YT8! %raecipua& the htcida of ;eo 'inor& BCE! %raeciaio 9+ui& TxT! %raepee& BTJ! %raeaaepe& incorrectly %raeaepe& 88T! %raeaegmen& BxT! %raeaepe Salvatoria& B?B! %raja-plti& @A& x?x& TA@! %ratiahthana& TJ& TBJ! %raxit elea& xoC! %reaepe& correctly %raeaaepe& 88T! %rima :yadum and %rimus :yadum& T@5 %rincepa #rmenti& T?A! %rinceps 6uventutia& D?! %rincepa >odiaci& DC! %rinting <ffice! See <fficwm Typsgrapkk5%riatla and %riatix& xCx!

General "ndex

J5T

%ritithi& @DC! %rocidene and %rociduue& AEA! %roclue& T! %roctor& on the study of astronomy& xv I on astrological colors& E@! %rocumbena in genua& BEA! %rocyon M%rocion& %rochionN& 8T8& 8TT! %roditor MTaurusN& TD@! %rodromua #atronomiae of 8C@A& 8T! %rofugue& TTA! %rolea 0erda& TT?! %rometheua& TE8! %ropua& TTJ& TTC! %roraa and %roaa& EDA! %roeer pina& ECA! %roahthapadas& TJ& T@J! %rotri getrix& ED8! %rotrygctcr& @J! %rovinde mia major& ED8! %rovinde miator& ED8! %runarum 2onceptaculum M#iaN& Ca! %nycsck& the .ohemian .ootes& @D! %salterlum Georgii& TED! %aylle& @@?! %tah& an 9gyptian name for 2ape(a& ?D! %tolemaeon& DA! %tolemy& 2laudiua& xiiI catalogues constellations& xx I composition of catalogue oQ ix I et passim! %uer #+uilae M#drianaeuaN& E8!

%uer "daeua and "liacue& EC! %ueri Tyndarii& etc!& BBa! %of(i 5TT%ugio& 8A8! %ul& or ."8& EJT! %ulaha& ET?! %ulast ya& ET?! %ulcele& ECA! %ulslnlere& EAA! %uluk-ku& 8A?! %unarvarsu& @T8! %und& @C@! %upi(a& 8D?& @?T! %uppis! Sec#rgv! %ur 2ahen& 8TE! %urple ?ubtle .ndoaure& EJC! %flrva .hldrapadla& TJ& T@J! %flrva %halguni& BJE& @CA! %uahya& no& 88B! %uteus M#raN& Ca! %ythagoras& said to have learned from >oroaster& ax! %ython& @AT! %yxis& Grotius name for X #+uarii& JE! %yxis *autlca& JE& CE I formed from stars in #rgo& TEU I an anachronism& TE? I reannexed by .aily to #rgo& TE?I inserted by Gould in his (ranomttria as a distinct constellation& TE?!

Gablu Mand +lbuN aha rlshu a+rabi& TC@! Garnu ?hah:& 8EA! Guadra .uclidia& @@T! Goadrane 'uralis& location and names of& TE?I culmination of& TE?I Guadrantids of& TE?I not recognised by modem astronomers& TE?!

Guadrants& TE?! Guadrantids& The& axo& TE?! Guadrupea vaata& BD?! Guail s Tail& ECE! Guerela& TE@! Gui in genibus est& BEA! Guin+ue 0romedarii& @AD! Guintilian& insists that astronomical knowledge is necessary in order to understand the classic poets& T8! Guit& Tha ?un e& BEJ! Guiver& The& BAT! /abe& 8D@! /acchetta& ;a& T@D! /aedgasnan and /aedgastran& T?@! /ahab& TA@! /ainy Goat-starre& ?C! /ah 1akeshan& E?8! /akhvad& BTE! /am& The! See # rut! /ameau et 2erbere& 8J@& BEB! /amm& DJ! /ammln or /ammlnu& ED! /amo& 8J@! /amo e 2erbero& BEB! /amus %omifer& BEB!

/ana Secuoda& 8CT! /aphael M:ydrus and TucanaN& @JA& @@J! /ashnawand& TxJ! /at& The& EDI ideograph for water in the 9ast& ED! /ateau& TxC! /atis :eroum& CC! /aven& The! See 2orvtts! /aaor& a :indu figure for the %leiades& T@T! /ed .ird& 8?8& ECE! /edgaesrum& T?@! /ed ?ea& The& BxD! /egia& BJC! /egulus& x J C& BJJ! /ehua& BB@! /eindeer& The& TDD! /_ a em& T?A! / khubh& EJY! /enne& TDD! /ennthier& TD?! /epi MSpica of 7irgoN& EC?! /escuer& T@@! /etlcolo& /eticule or /hombe& TE@! /eticulum /homboidalia& origin and location of& TE?V TE@, olhcT names of& TE@I first drawn by :abrecht& TE@! /evat"& TT?& TET! /eveoante of the Swan& 8@?!

/ex& BJJ& @JC! /homboidal *et& The& TE?! /homboidische *ets& TE@! /hombus& TE@! /iga e S+uadra& B@T! /ikeha& EBE! /ing *ebula& B?D! /ishabam& T?B! /iahi& E@E! /iehu #!& @CA!

S:

General "ndex

/iu-but-eame& @D! /iver 6ordan& BxT& TE?! /lver-of-the-0ivine-;ady& EDJ! /iver of :eaven& EDE! /iver of <cean& BxJ! /iver of <rion& @xD! /lver-of-the-Shepherd s-hut& EDJ! /iver Tigris& ExT! /iwand& TET! /oad of Saint 6ac+ues of2ompostella& E?A! /obur 2arolinum& origin and names oQ TE@ I ;a 2attle and& TE@I in /eeves list oi 2hinese startides& TE@! /oha& an undefined word for #uriga& ?J! /ohin"& TCC! T?E! T?@! /omans& The& and astronomy& 8@I ttpauim!

/oman 7& T??! /osa& 8DA! /oaa myetica& @xE! /oach haaaatan& the 0ivela head& TTs! /osemund& 8@J! /Ssh ha ?"tin& TTa! /ota "xionie& 8DT! /otanev and /otanen& aoo& aoi! /oue& ;a& E@C! /ow of %earls& TET! /ow or /idge& a figure of the 8Jth nakskmtra& TCD! /oyer& #ugustin& 8T! /ubecchio& Tuscan name for xodiac& EI ;ongfellow s translation of& J! /ubu& DC! /udolphine Tablee& The& 8T! /ukub& EJW/ukubi& ?E! /unaway Star& EEC! /uth& 2aesius figure for 7irgo& EC8! /utilicua and /utilico& @ET& @EE! ?a& a ;eonis on the 9uphrates& @J?! .abesias& @C! Sacks of 2oale& @@E! Sacrarium or ?acria& C@! Sadmasij& J@! Saetta& TE@Sagarinus& TDE! Sa-gi-mu& @@@!

Sagitta& insignificance of& TE@I TE@-TSYI location of& TE@, jP5 astrological nature of& TJAI with .ayer& TJA, with the :ebrews& TJAI not in the /eeves list& TJ8I with 2aesius and Schiller& TJ8I extent of& TJ8I other details concerning& TJ8! Sagitta arcui applicata& TJ@! Sagittarie and Saagittare& TJ@! ?agittario& TT8! Sagittarius& +uotation from Smyth on& @I various names of& TJ5-TJD, location of& TJ8I with the Greeks and ;atins& TJ8I with 9astern nations& TJ@I among the 6ews& TJ@I with the biblical school& TJ@& TJTI formation of& on the 9uphrates preceded that of 2hiron& the Southern 2entaur& TJT I various figurings of& TJT I on the 0enderah )odiac& TJT j confusion of& with the Southern 2entaur& TJT I

TJT5 TJE, u

8 of& b figurings of& TJA I

legends scriptions& TJEI mentioned in Second .mk iftkt 1ings& TJEI in the #ssyrian calendar& TJEI of 9uphratean origin& TJE I with the :indus TJE , a ancient #rabia& TJJ I facts concerning minor components of& TJJI the 2hinese Tiger& TJCI ia astrology& TJCI on early coinage& TJC, ;a 2aule and& TJCI symbol oQ TJD, the sua and& TJDI other de55us of& TJDI minor components of& TJA& TCA! #lpha MaN of Sagittarius& various names of& TJD , possibly the 9uphratean *ibat #nn& TJD! .eta ifi` A5N of Sagittariua& names of& TJD, with Maswlnl& TJD! Gamma MyN of ?agittariua& various names o2

TJD5 TJ. I on the .orgian globe& TJ? I ia 2hina& TJ" 0elta MPN of Sagittariua& names of& TJ?! .pailon MPN of Sagittariua& names of& TJ", facts concerning& TJ?! >eta MQN of Sagittariua& name of& TJ? I b 9astern astronomies& TJ?! ;ambda M#N of Sagittariua& names of& TJ5& TJ@ I with Qanrlni& TJ? I the wm of& TJ@! 'a Mm` R5N of Sagittarius& names and locacioa of& TJ@I details concerning& TJ@I .rown upon& TJV *u Mr l & r 8 N of Sagittarius& name and nature of! TJ@ I components of the 2hinese 1ien Sing& TJA! %i MtrN of Sagittariua& names of& TJ@! Sigma MX5N of Sagittariua& names and locauoo of& TJ@I with the :indus& TJ@, possibly a component of the #kkadian Gu-sku-rab-ba& TCA! <mega MXXN of Sagittariua& with other muwr stars the 1ow 1wo of 2hina& TCA! Sagittariua tenons pateram aeu crateram& 8T8! Sagittary and Sagitary& TJ5Sagittaire& TJ8! Sagittifer M.ootesN& @DI MSagittariusN& TJY! Sagittiger and Sagittlpotens MSagittariusN& TJ8 ?agmarius 2aballua& T@T! ?ahu& @A& TAD! Saint #ndrew& T?@! Saint .enedict& @@@! Saint 2atherine the 'artyr& JD! Saint 0avid& iao! Saint 6ames the Greater& @BE! ?aint 6ames the ;eas& ECJ! Saint 6erome& ?CI et p\uum! Saint 6ob& T@8! Saint 6ohn& 8A@& Saint 6oaeph& TxA! Saint ;aurence s Teara& TTJ! Saint 'arguerite& 8D@! Saint 'atthew the #poatle& TTT! Saint 'atthias& TE8! Saint %aul with the 'alteae 7iper& @@@! Saint %eter& D?! Saint ?tephen& 8JD! Saint Sylvester& @?! Sal& TxA& T@C! Salkim& ECD! Saltator& @EA! Saitatorea& EJ@!

(gh riei& E ?x! 8&@E@!

General "ndex

J5J

Samu& @J?! Sanctua and Sancua& TE8! San 1iS :ung& ExD! San 1ung& 88J! SanTae!EEE! San Tsse& EEE! Saptar Thayar f ETJ! Sara-faaariva& BDD& EDT! Sarama& 88@& E?J! Sardhiwa& TAa! Saren& T@T! Sargea& TC@! Sarlt& T?J! Sarttn& 8A?! Sarwa& EDa! Tartono& correctly Sartana& 8A?! Sarur& TDA! Sarw& E@J! Sa-Sha-Shiru& EC?!

Sata 7a?aa& CD! Sataves& T?J! Satellites of 6upiter& 'arius names for& T@! Satevia& @JC& TCC! Saturn *ebula& JE! Saturnua& TA?! Satyr& TJT! Sayce& %rofoeaorV! :!& on the #kkadian 2alendar& i, et passim! Scaliger and others& on star nomenclature& xiI et passim! Scalovin& aoi! Scarabaeua& 8A@! Sceptre& .randenburg& TCA! Sceptre and :and of 6ustice! See ;meerta! Sceptrum .randenburgicum& when charted& TCAI now practically forgotten& TCA! Scheil& %are& confirms date of discovery of 2reation ;egend& a MnoteN! Schiff& CE! Schiflahrta Geatirn& T@D?chif-atern& D8! Schiller& 6! %! 2! Mthe poetN& and the )odiac& @! Schiller& 6uliue& T?I et passim! Schjellerup 8J@& 88CI location of& xxCI character of& xxC! Schlange& TDE! Schlangentr'ger& @@D! Schlegel& <uatave& (ranographis 2hinoise of& @a!

Scooter& TJC& Sch(tx and Schutae& Tsx! Schwan& Y@@! Schwerdtfiach& aoa! ?dp-ateorra& EJE! Scorpio& and its daws& a double sign& i! Scorpio& names of and legends concerning& TCA-TCE I in eR:y poetry& TC8 I largest of early )odiac figures& TG8 I with <vid& TC8 I with the Greeks and ;atins generally& TC8 I in carry 2hina& TC8 I Sir $illiam 0rummond and& TC@I with the :ebrews& TC@I 2hatterton and Spenser on& TC@ I on the 0enderah 5Piiac& TCa I with the #rabians and %ersians& TC@ I with the #kkadians& TCa I a symbol of darkness& TCa I in early "ndia& TCT I with 0ante& 2haucer& and

;ongfellow& TCTI in the biblical school& TCTI the symbol of& TCTI in meteorology& TCT I in astrology& TCT& TCEI other details concerning& TCEI minor components of& TC@5 #lpha MaN of Scorpio& various names of& TCETCDI derived from %tolemy& TCEI with the astrologers& TCJ I with various astronomical writers& TCJ I in 2hina& TCJI with the :indus& %ersians& and .abylonians& TCCI 2heyneand& TCCI in 9gypt& TCC I %enrose upon& TCCI rising and culmination of& TCCI other details concerning& TCD! .eta M4TN of Scorpio& various names of& TCD& TC?I derivation of name of& obscure& TCDI in #rabia& TCD I with the :indus& TCD I in 2hina& TC? I %rofessor $hitney and& TC?I occultations of& TC?I other details concerning& TC?! Gamma MyN of ?corpio& names of& TC?& TC@ I astronomers at variance over& TC?I in #rabia& TC@I in 2hina& TC@ I .rown upon& TC@! 0elta M"N of ?corpio& names of& TC@& TDAI important in early times& TC@I on the 9uphrates& TC@I with the .abylonians& TC@I in other 9astern astronomies& TC@ I in 2hina& TC@!

Theta M?N of Scorpio& the 9uphratean Sargas& TC@I details concerning& TC@& TDA! ;ambda M#N of Scorpio& names of& TDAI in astrology& TDAI in #rabian and :indu astronomy& TDAI in the %olynesian islands& TDAI other details concerning& TDY! *u MvN of Scorpio& names and location of& TD8! Yi MQN of Scorpio& details concerning& TD8! ?igma M_rN of ?corpio& name of& TD8! (pailon MvN of ?corpio& names of& TD8& TD@ I Smyth on& TD@I in 2hina& TD@I "deler on& TD@! <mega MPX5& 5RN of ?corpio& names and location of& TD@! ?corpion& The! See Scorpio! ?corpione of /ehoboam& TCT! ?corpioa& TC8! Scorpioun& TCT! ?corpiua! See Scorpio! ?corpiua cum 2hslis& TC8! ?croll& @?@! ?cudo di ?obieaki& TDT! Sculptor& formed by ;a 2aille& TD@ I various names of& TD@ I inconspkuousness and location of& TD@! ?cultore& TDs! Scutulum& DE! Scutum ?obieecianum& various names of& TDTI formed by :evelius& TDTI figuring5 of& TDTI long known in 2hina& TDTI other details concerning& TDT! ?cutum .obieskii& or Sobieaii& TDT! ?cyphue& 8?T! ?cytta& TJ@! Sea& The& EJ& TJ@-

Sea 2alf& TT! Sea Goat Mor <oat-%iahN& 8T?! ?eang& EEA! ?eaou Tow& 8CJ! Seaou $ei& S@CE! Secchione& TCT! ?ecdeidoa& or ?eclenidoa& de 0araama& ECT! Sectio .+ui 'inoria& or 9+uina& @xT!

JBC

General "ndex

Sectio Tauri& TD@! Secundus or Se+uent M2anis 'ajorN& 88?! .ed& Sept& Sepet or Set& BA& 8BE! Sedes /egalia or /egie& 8ET! Sedillot& on the lunar mansions& ?! See 2ompaae in #rgo! See %yxis *autica! Segel M7elaN& CE! Seginua M.ootesN& @J I My .odtisN& 8AT! Seginua M2epheusN& 8JC! Segment of %eraeua& TT8! Se :an fa ;ibrae& etc!N& BD?! Seih 'uh MSagittariusN& TJC! ?eitaen tahtinen& in (na 'ajor& EBE!

Sekhet& y 0raconis in 9gypt& BA@! Selk-t& or Serk-t& TCC! Sella and Solium& 8ET! Semi-2apran Fiab& The& 8T?! ?emi Fer and Semi 7ir M2entaurusN& 8J8! Semi-perfectus M9+uuleusN& T8T! ?emita ;actea& EDC! ?emivir MSagittariusN& TJB! Sen MA SerpentisN& TDC! ?eneca& on formation of the constellations& 8?! Senex #e+uoreue& 8JC! Septem- or Septentrionea& ET8& EED! ?eptentrio M.ootesN& @E! Sepulcrum 2hrist= M#ndromedaN& TT! Ser or Shir M;eoN& BJT! Serk-t Ma 2entauriN& 8JT! Serpens& a name for our 0raco& BAT! Serpens& various names of& TDE& TDJ I anti+uity and figuring of& TDE I 'anilius on& TDE I with the Greeks and ;atins& TDEI in #rabia& TDE& TDJ I with the :ebrews& TDJ I with the biblical school& TDJ I other details concerning& TDJI minor components of& TDCI 2hinese names for these last& TDC! #lpha MaN of Serpens& various names of& TDJI Smyth on& TDJI with <vid and 7ergil& TDJI in 2hina& TDJI 9dkins on& TDJI the radiant point of the #lpha Serpentids& TDC I culmination of& TDC! .eta <N of Serpent& with the 2hinese& TDCI near the radiant point of the .eta Serpentids& TDC X unnamed except in 2hina& TDC! Theta MXN of Serpens& names of& TDCI in 2hina& TDC I location of& TDC!

?erpena #+uaticus M:ydraN& BED! Serpent :erculeus& ;ernaeua& ?agarinus or Tiberinus& TDE! Serpent& The! See Serpen5! Serpent& stars of ;epus in 9gypt& BCJ! Serpentaire M<phiuchusN& B@D! Serpent-charmer M<phiuchusN& B@?! Serpente MSerpensN& TDE! Serpent-holder& The! See <phiuchus! Serpentids& The #lpha& TDC! Serpentids& The .eta& TDC! Serpentiger and Serpentinarius& B@?! Serpentis ;ator add Serpentis %raesea& B@?! Serpent of #esculapius M2aesius& Glaucus& ;aocotin& or <phiuchuaN& TDE! Sertum #ustrale M2orona #ustralisN& 8DT! Servana #ntinolim M#+uilaN& JC! Servant& The M%egasus in 9gyptN& BA& TBE!

Set MSiriusN& so& 8BE! Set Mthe ctrcumpolar constellationsN& ETE! Sete Flammas M(rsa 'ajorN& EBE! Sette %alommielle Mthe %leiadesN& T@C! Seulainer Mthe %leiadesN& T@D! Seven #ntelopes M(rsa 'ajorN& EBE! Seven #tlantic ?istera& T@C! Seven .ears or Seven .ulls& EBE!

?even 2hampions of 2hristendom M(rsa 'ajorN& EBE! ?even 0ovelets Mthe %leiadesN& T@C! ?even ;ittle "ndiana M(rsa 'ajorN& EBE! Seven %oets& The& or Seven Sleepers& EBE! Seven %ortuguese Towers M7irgoN& ECJ! ?even Sages& The& or Seven $ise 'en& E5E Seven Shiners& The& EBE! Seven ?isters& The& or ?even 7irgins& T@C! ?even Sisters of "ndustry& @@T! ?even ?tars& The Mthe :yadcsN& T??! Seven ?tara& The Mstars of :ydra in 2hinaN& mSSeven Stars& The Mthe %leiadesN& T@C! Seven Stars& The Min (rsa 'ajorN& EBE! ?extant& The! See Sextans (raauu! ?extans (raniae& formed by :evdnis& TDCI orifinal figuring AUTDDI generally recogni)ed by astronomers& TDD I 0e /heita and& TDD I die imcida oi TDD I in 2hinese astronomy& TDD! ?haddai& 9l MnoteN& 8BE! Shad 'ashir& #+uila in Sogdiana& J@! ?haghar& Spica in Sogdiana& ECD! ?hah& or Shahu M2apricornusN& 8T@! Shahin tara sed of *asr al 0in& JD! Shakespeare and astrology& BT, et passim! Shak-ahadi& the BAth lunar station& 8Ea Shllish and Shftlieha& ?B& E8C! ?hang 2hing& in 2ameloparda(s& 8AD!

Shang %ih& i 0raconis in 2hina& B8a Shang %oo& or ?haou %oo M# 0raconisN& a"! ?hang Seang& stars in ;eo and 7irgo& BCA& EDW Shang Tae& minor stars in (rsa 'ajor& EET5 EEE?hang Tsae Mij 0raconisN& BxA! Shang Tseang& sure in 2oma and ;eo& 8D8& TC jShang $ei& minor stars in 2amdopardsfe and 0raco& 8AD& 8J?! ?haou %ih M@ 0raconisN& B8B! Shaou $e M5 (rsae 'ajorisN& EEJ! Shaou $ei& minor stars in 2amelopardalb& 055 5 and ;eo& 8AD& 8J?& BJE! Shark& ;ong .lue 2lond-eating& The& E55 ?harru Ma ;eon isN& BJJ! Shat Mthe BEth situN& TBC! Shawsbat& Sogdian lunar station& JT! Shay Fuh& Shay Show& and Shay $e& ayx She& stars of 2olumba in 2hina& xC?! ?beaf of $heat M2oma .erenicesN& 8DA! Shebbeltfi Mthe Syriac a 7irginisN& ECD! Sh bhil Tebhnfi Mthe Syriac GalaxyN& E?8! Sheep& The Mstars in 2epheusN& 8JD! Sheep within the %asture M2lub of :erculesN& 'r She ;ow M# <phiuchiN& TAT! Shen M<rion in 2hinaN& TxA! Shepherd& The Mstars in 2epheusN& 8JD?hepherd and his 0og& The& TDJ!

General "ndex

%D

Shepheid of the :eavenly Flock& io)! Shepherd s Star& The M2apellaN& ??I M7enusN& ??! Shepu-arku sha-#& EC@! She Sang *eu& 7irgo in 2hina& ECE! Sheu sing,& Ptars of 7irgo in 2hina& EDT! Shibb2lcth MSpicaN& ECD! Sh= 2h en& or 2hin MGemini and <rionN& @@@& T8A! Shield& The& T@A! Shih Ma %egasiN& T@J! Shih Tase 1ea& 2rux in 2hina& 8@A! Shih<r& incorrectly Sihor& 8BE! Shing 1ung& stars in Scorpio& TC8! Ship #rgo& The! See # rgo 'avis! Ship of Saint %eter& ETC! Shl-shu-mlra or Sim-ehu-mlra M2apricorn usN& 8T?I M0elphinusN& aooI M0racoN& aoo& @AE! Sh<r& Taurus in 6udaea& T?A! Show Sing M;ibraN& TDB! Shuh& stars of Serpens& TDJ! Shiila& or Sfila& 2rux in ancient "ndia& 8?J! Shun :o& or Sse Tsse M;eoN& @JE! Shan Show& in the early 2hinese )odiac& no! Shun $ei& 7irgo in 2hina& ECE! ShGr& the .abylonian Taurus& T?B! Shur-mahrfi-shiru& marked by y 7irginia& EDA! Shur-narkabti-aha-iltanu MA TauriN& T@A!

Shur-narkabti-sha-ahutu MQ TauriN& T@s! Shushak& 1horasmian lunar station& EDa! Shuter& The %ersian 2assiopeia& E8E! Shwang 7u& present 2hinese name for %isces& TT?! Shwuy Foo& 2hinese asterism in <rion& TBa Shwuy $ei Min 2anis 'inorN& 8TJI Ma 9ridaniN& @x? Sib-si-anna Ma and iF .ootisN& xoi& 8AE! Sicilia MTriangulumN& ExC! Sickle& The& BJT& BJJ! Sidhaya& the Cth nakajkatra& no! Sidus %auatum /egis& J8! Sidus :yantis& T??! Sidus ;udovlcianuxn& EEC! Sidus 'inervae et .acchi& BAT! Sidus 7ergillarum& T@C! Siebengestirn and Sifunsterri& T@C! Siete 2abrillas& T@D! Sieu& a 2hinese lunar station& @ I et passim! Sigillarius& T! Signatricia ;umina& T@C! Signum hiemale M2apricorn usN& 8TJ! Signum Tau MTriangulum #ustraleN& E8D! Sihor& correctly Shlb6Sr& YBE! Siktut& a Greenland figure for <rion s .elt& TxJ! Sili+uastrnm Min 2assiopeiaN& 8EE! Silver /iver& The& EDJSi-mal& or ?i-mul Ma #rietisN& ?A! ?8 ma ta ien Min <rionN& Tx@! Simham& or Sinha Mthe Tamil ;eoN& BJE! Simon >elotes M2apricorn usN& 8TD! Sin& or Sam& the 8Cth sum& TCJ! ?ing& the ?th situ& BE?! Singe :anuant Ma 2anis 'inorisN& 8TE! Sing 1i& in 2apricornus and Sagittarius& 8T@& TJC! Sinha& or Simham& in ;eo& @JE! Sin-nun-tu& or ?i-nu-nu-tum& TJ?! Sir& or Tsir& TAE& TAa!

Sirii& The Two& 8@J! Sirion& Syrius and 2anis Syrius& xx?! ?irius& Serius& etc!& @& 8@A-8@@! Sirius 6emenicue& 8B8! Siru& or Shiru M7irgoN& ECE! Situla M#+uariusN& EJI M5 #+uariiN& JE!

Situla Mo 8 9ridaniN& @x@! ?ivlnam& of the /ig 7eda& 8BB! Skinker& The M#+uariusN& E?! Sky figuree& multiplicity of& decried& xCI reform in system of& tried& 8C I old system of& soil remains& 8C I formation and original date of the earliest oM& 8C I various countries claim to have originated& xC I sources of the old E? lost in anti+uity& x?I %liny and 9udemos on the& 8? I preservation of them by the Greeks& x?I ancient 9gyptian& @AI %rofessor 9dward S! : olden on& s?I 0Grer and the& @?I the fiur d: on& TT! See also under 2onstellations! Smati-<eirie& <rion in 9gypt& TA?! Smith& George& discovers the 2rtation ;egend& 8! ?mon barbaris ] and Smon nautis& 8@@! ?myth& $illiam :enry& xviiI et passim! Snail& The& perhaps 0raco in .abylonia& @AE! Sobieski s Shield& Sobieskischer ?child! See Scutum Sobiescianum! Solarium& location of& TDD I origin of obscure& TDD I ignored by astronomers& TDD! Solechin& the 9gypto-Greek Sirius& 8@E! Solitaire& and the Solitary Thrush& B@T& Ex?! Soma-cup& The& of prehistoric "ndia& 8?T! Sonans M2epheusN& 8JC! Sonipes& and Sonipes #les& 8J8& TTT! Son of the Shunammite M#ntmoGsN& E8! Soot-bag& or 2oal-sack& xoo& B@D! ?opet and Sopdit MSiriusN& 8@E! Soror %le iadum& EAD! Sosigenes& aids 6u1us 2aesar to reform calendar& 8@!

Sot& Sothi& or Sothis& @A& 8@T& 8@E! Southern 2elestial 2lock& 8?@! Southern 2ross& The! See 2rux! Southern 2rown& The! See 2orona #ustralis! Southern Fish & The! See %iscis # ustra(s! Southern %ly& The! See #fusca # ustra(s! Southern Gate of the ?un M2apricornusN& 8TC! Southern %ointers& The Ma and 2en tauriN& 8JE! Southern Tramontane M(rsa 'ajorN& E@@! Southern Triangle! See Triangulum #ustral5! South Triangle M2ruxN& 8?@! ?partana Soboles& or Suboles& BBB! Spartan Twins& The& @@B! ?pear& The MSagittaN& TJ8! Spectral Gem& The My 7elaeN& DT! Spence& 6oseph& in %olymetis ] JAI et passim! Spica& Spicum and Spigha& ECC! Spicifera 7irgo 2ereris& EC8! Spinning 0amsel& The M;yraN& J?! Spira #ustralis M2orona #ustralisN& 8DT! Spiral *ebula& The& 8xC! Stachys M7irgoN& ECT I MSpicaN& ECC! Staff& 6acob s& T8J! Star-deaignationa& contusion in conse+uence of change in& 8C I et passim! Star groups! See 2onstellations and Sky figures!

JB5

General "ndex

Star in the 2hayre& The& 8ED! ?tar-names& interrelation of #rabic end Greek& xiiI anti+uity of& adiiI origin of #rabic& archaic& xinI derivation of many& xivI classic writers on& xivI first given by herdsmen& hunters& sailors& etc!& xv! Star of #rcady& in 'ilton s 2emms& EJC! ?tar of #utumn MSinusN& iso! Star Mor StarsN& of 2rucero& The M2ruxN& 8??! Star of 'axduk M2apellaN& ??! ?tarof<airia M2anopusN& DA! ?tar of Saint 2atharine M2anopusN& D8! ?tar of the Flocka& perhaps a #rietis& ?A! Star of the <oddeaa .ahu M0enebolaN& TJ@! Star of the :unter Mthe :yadesN& T?@! ?tar& or ?tar of piercing brightneaa& The& T@?! ?tar /oyal& BJD ^extractN! ?tarry Seven& The& of 1eats 9ndymum& T@8! Stars of the $ater& The& so! Stars& The& titles of& chiefly from the #rabs& xiiI number of& on present maps& 8J I increase of number of& to be charted& 8JI German folk-lore and& @D , other superstitions about& TDI emblems of sanctity in early 2hristian art& a?I blunders of painters and authors in regard to the& B@-T8 I allusions in classic writers to the& T8I Guintitian and& T8I Tennyson accurate regarding& T8I 0ante& ;owell& and ;ongfellow on& T8I et passim!

Star-worship& in #rabia& @C, in "ndia& @CI in 9gypt& TCI in G ree ce & TCI #ristophanes on& @CI #ristotle on& TC I mentioned by %lato& TCI by 0ante& @CI by others& TC-T?I et passim! State 2hariot& ;eo and ;eo 'inor in 2hina& TCE! Statius& on the constellations& TDI et passim! Steering Star& EJJ! Steinbok M2apricornusN& 8TJ! Stella 0omlnatrix M#ldebaranN& T?E! Stella 'aris and Stella %olaris& EJT& EJE! Stelllo M;acertaN& TJ8! Steph ani M?& A& and w ScorpiiN& TC@! Ster ope " and Ster ope "" MSteropes ?idueN& EAD! Stier& 0er MTaurusN& TD?! Stimulus MsN 8 to P1 #urigaeN& oa! Stork in the :eaven& The MGrusN& TTD! Strada di /oma Mthe GalaxyN& E?A! Stranger Star& The& in 2assiopeia& 8ED! Straeae& :ilda& or 6akob s :ulde& ED@! Strong <ne& The MSagittariusN& TJE! Struve& $ilhelm& and family& TD ^noteN I discovery concerning companion of y #ndromedae& TD! ?tymphalian .irds& The& JC! Snalocin& soo! Sublimatns M:ydraN& TEDI M<rionN& TAD! Subrnffa& .ayer s error as to a Tauri& T?E! Suc ula& Suculae& and Succidae& T?E& T??! Sudarium 7eronicas& TDD!

Siidliche Fiach& TEE! Siidliche Fliege& @@8! Siidliche 1rone& 8DT! Sugi MP 2annaeN& D8 I Mme $ainN& ET8! Sugi Stars Min ;ibraN& @DE& TDC! ?ukkJth and Succoth& . nSth& T@D! Sukra& Sirius in earliest "ndia& 8@T! Sukku-du& Sirius in #ssyria& 8@T!

?ulcns& /icaolTs name for X 9ridaai& no! ?nn Mstars in 2elumbaN& 8C?! ?undeamoa& TE@! ?un-dial& The! See Solarium! ?ung& n <phiuchi in 2hina& TAa! Sun of the South& 2ancer in #kkadia& 8A?! Sun s #pex and Guit& The& @EJ! Supa& #kkadian lunar station in Gemini& TT8! Superba& ;a M8Ja SchjeuerupN& tie! Surya Siddhanta& The& ? MmoteN! Suttjenea /avko& the %leiades in Sweden& T@D?u-tul& 2apricornus in #kkadia& 8T@! Svati& #rcturus and the 8Tth aa6ks#atrm& too& Swan& The! See 2ygnus! Swan *ebula& The& TDE! Swargm 0nlii& the Galaxy in *orth "ndia& EDJSwordfiah& The! See Yipkuu under 0eride&

@AS! Swordftah& The& 2apricornus in 9gypt& 8T??word :and of %erseus& The& TTJ! Syntaxis& The M#lmagestN& of 2bwfias %ttlaaj! xii I unknown in 9urope tin the xCth century& xn, description of& u I corrected by (lng .eg& is tp5 century& 8T I et passim! Syr& a possible 2eltic original of Sams& iso! ?yrius& 88?& no! Syrma M8 7irgmisN& EDa! Syrorum 0ea M7irgoN& EAs! Syryan 7oykodsyun& the %leiades& T@?! Sxe %oo& 2hinese stars in 2anielopards1s& 8AD! ?se F:h& 2hinese stars in 'oaoceros& soo! Sse $ei& 5 and d in 9+uuleus& T8E! Table 'ountain& The! See 'eat 'ens5 Tables& of (lug .eg& aI et passim! Tae& 2hinese stars m 2apricofnus& 8E@! Taehti& a title for %olaris in Finland& EJE! Tae $ei& stars of ;eo and 7irgo& TJE! Tae 3ang, ?how& P (rsae 'ajoris& EEJTafelberg& @@8! Tah& the ?th stem& @E?! Tail& or Train& of ;ight& EE?! Ted $ei& a 2hinese stellar division& @@! Tai 7"& in 0raco& @AC MextractN! Taj& #"& a %ersian figure in <rion& T@A!

Ta 1iS& #rcturus in 2hina& 8AA! Ta ;eansI& Taurus in 2hina& T?8! Ta ;ine& t %ersd& TTE! Talyn #rthur& the early .ritons ;yra& @?a! Tambim& Taurus in #" .frOni5 s "ndia& T?s! Tammech& ched by /icdoli for Gemini& T@E! TanaI Shay& one of early 2hina s 0ragons! iOi Taonri& Taurus m "ndia& T?a! Tapttra /ayoaba& Taurus on the #ssatoo& j5i Taraha& %ersian lunar station in Gemini& BT8 Tarandus vel /angifer& location and fonnaws d TDDR TD?, names of& TDD& TD?I seldom figured! 55X now rarely mentioned& TD?! Taxasad and Tarased& CA! Tarlsuk and Terixfl M;ibraN& @DT! Tarcuta& an unidentified star-name& 8@?! Tascheter and Taschter& a Guardian of :esvcs! @JC& T?J!

General "ndex

JB@

Ta Shin Ma ScorptiN& TCJI M%olarisN& EJC! Ta Tsun MC GeminorumN& BTEI Mx (rsae 'ajorisN& EEJTa Tsse Mc ;eonisN& BC8 I Myi (rsae 'inorisN& ECA! Tau& 6ewish name for ;ibra& TDT!

Tau and Tauono& the %leiades in %olynesia& EAA! Taube& 8CC! Taukshika& Sagittarius in "ndia& TJE! Taurft& Syriac title for Taurus& T?A! Taureau& ;e& TD?! Taureau /oyal& ;e& ExT! Taurids& the meteor stream& T?C! Taurt& y 0raconis& BA@! Taurus& first of the twelve signs& 8 I various names of& TD?-T?T I one of the earliest and most noted constellations& TD?I marked the vernal e+uinox from EAAA-8DAA b! c& TD?I 7ergil upon& TD?, in 2haucer& TD?I with the Greeks& TD?I mythology accounts for the figuring of& TD@I various writers on the figuring of& TD@I legends concerning& TD@I Thompson on& TD@ I titles of& synonymous in various languages& T?A I with the ;atins& T?A I with 'anilius& T?AI on coinage& T?AI %lutarch and& T?BI among South #merican tribes& T?8 I in 2hina& 9gypt& and with the :ebrews& T?8 I associated with #dam s first sacrifice& T?8 I with the biblical school& T?BI prominent in %crsico-.abylonian and #kkadian astronomy& T?B I 9pping on& T?B I with various other 9astern nations& T?B I among the 0ruids& T?B I Scotch idea concerning& T?TI in astrology& T?TI other details of& T?T I minor components of& T@8! #lpha MaN of Taurus& various names of& T?TT?C , %rofessor $hitney and& T?T I various writers WnV T?T! T?EI in #rabia& T?EI the divine star of the tribe 'isam& T?E I with the :indus& T?E I color of& and its names connected& T?E& T?J, in astrology& T?JI with Flammarion& T?JI with the :ebrews& T?J , prominent in all systems& T?J I in .abylonia& #kkadia& and %ersia& T?J I in .ohemia and among the :ervey "slanders& T?JI location of& T?CI fre+uent occultation of& by the moon& T?C I used in navigation& T?C I spectrum and velocity of& T?C! .eta MAN of Taurus& names of& T@AI location of& T@A, identical with y #urigae& T@AI Smyth on& T@AI in 2hina& .abylonia& and "ndia& T@AI in astrology& T@A I spectrum and velocity of& T@A!

Gamma MyN of Taurus& names of& T@A I :ipparchos on& T@AI in 2hina& T@8! >ets MQN of Taurus& in .abylonia& T?8I in /eeves 2hinese list& T@8 I in astrology& T@8 I location of& T@8 I other details concerning& T@8! 9ta M88N or %"! BL of Taurus& the #lcyone of the %leiades& EAT I various other names of& EAT-EAJ I brilliancy of& EATI with the #rabs& EAT& EAEI in .abylonia and "ndia& EAEI Thompson upon& EAEI 'adler and& EAJ I with 'iss Gierke& EAJ I culmination and companions of& EAJ! Fl! 8C of Taurus M.essel s g of the %leiadesN& names of& and facts concerning& EAD! %"! 8D of Taurus Mor b of the %leiadesN& titles of& EACI legend concerning& EACI with <vid& EACI in #ustralia& EAC! %"! 8@ of Taurus Morr of the %leiadesN& various TE

names of& EADI with classic writers& EADI (lug teg s name for& EAD I .ayer lettered it _F& EAD! %"! so of Taurus Mor c of the %leiadesN& various names of& EAJ I ancient distinction of 'aia& EAJ I with the ;atins& EAJ I in 2hina& EAJ I the nebula of& EAC! %"! ax of Taurus Mor 4 of the %leiadesN& name and details of& EAD& EA?! %"! as of Taurus Mor k of the %leiadesN& name of& and details concerning& EAD& EA?! %"! TT of Taurus Mor54 of the %leiadesN& details concerning& EAC! %"! BD of Taurus Mor 4of the %leiadesN& name of& and details concerning& EAC! %"! a? of Taurus Mor h of the %leiadesN& various names of& EA?-ExBI spectrum of& EA?I %ickering and& EA? I other observations concerning& EA@-E8B!

Theta Mft 8 & s N of Taurus& may be binary& ExB! "ota MA of Taurus& with other stars composes the 2hinese 2hoo $ang& E8B! 1appa Mk 8 & k5N of Taurus& with other stars components of the #rabs #l 1albain& ExB! %hi M_fVN of Taurus& a component of the 2hinese ;i Shih& ExB! 2hi MxN of Taurus& a component of the 2hinese ;i Shih and Tien 1eae& ExB! (psilon MvN of Taurus& a component of the #rabs #l 1albain& ExB I also of the 2hinese Tien 1eae& ExB! Taurus %oniatovii& various names of& ExTI formed from <phiuchus by the #bbe" %oc)obut in 8DDD& ExTI not generally recogni)ed by astronomers& ExTI in 2hinese astronomy& E8TI with .artsch& E8T I a triangular figure on the .orgian globe& ExT I culmination and companions of& ExT& E8E! Taurus& a variant for Sagittarius& TJB! Taurus /egalia& E8T! Taushaugjil& #+uila in Turkey& JD! Ta $ho& Scorpio and its stars& TC8& TCJ& TC?! Tayg eta& or Tayg ete& EAD! Ta)xa M2raterN& 8?B! Tchsng& or 2hang& the @th situ& BE?! Tchin& the nth sum& 8?B! Team& The& in (rsa 'ajor& ET8! Teen :o& 2hinese stars in #ries& ?T! Tegeaea 7irgo& 1allisto of (rsa 'ajor& EB8! Tegmen and Tegmine& 88E! Tejat %osterior& BTC! Tejat %rior& BTJ! Telescopium& the Telescope& formed by ;a 2aille& ExEI .ode s name for& ExE I in 2hinese astronomy& E8EI culmination of& ExE! Telescopium :erschelli& formed by the #bbe5 :ell in 8D?8 and published by .ode in x?oo& ExE I disappearance from maps& and former location of E'Tell& #ries in 6udaea& D?! Telum MSagittaN& TJAI MSagittariusN& TJB! Temennu& #lcyone in .abylonia& EAE! Temo meridianus MSagittaN& TJA!

Temple& Sagittarius in 2hina& TJC I the :yades in "ndia& T?@! Temple 'oney& The& of 2hina& J!

JTW

General "ndex

Templum M#raN& CB! TeSmlm& BBT! Terebellum& TCA! Tericas M2oma .erenicesN& 8DA! Teriones& the grammarians Triones& ET8! Ternuelles& the %ersian :ercules& BE8! Terrestris M2anopusN& C?! Testa M;yraN& B?T! Testudo& a proposed constellation& 8CT& B?T& TEB! Testudo and Testudo ;yrae& B?T& B?E! Te Te& Taurus in .abylonia& T?B! Tew& Tow& or *an Tow& the 8@th sieu t TJJ! Thales& inventor of (rsa 'inor& 8?& EE?I et passim! Thamyris M:erculesN& BE8! Thegius and Theguius M.ootesN& @C! Theophrastus& the first botanist-author& on e 2ancri& 88TI et passim! Thesbia or Thespia M7irgoN& ECB! Theseus Ma GeminorumN& BT8 I M:erculesN& BE8! Theseus and %irithotis MGeminiN& BBT! Thessalicae Sagitta MSagittariusN& TJB!

Thierkreis& the German title for the )odiac& T! Thigh& The& the 9gyptian title for (rsa 'ajor& BA! Thompson s& 0 #rcy $ent worth& Glossary of Greek .irds& xvii I et passim! Thomson& 6ames& on #+uarius& ECI et passim! Thoth MSinusN& 8BE! Three Guides& The& 8EC& TBD! Three :unters& P& Q& Vj (rsac 'ajoris& EBT! Three 1ings& C& P& Q <nonis& T8C! Three 'agi M:erculesN& BEB! Three 'arys& or Three 'owers& T8C! Three %atriarchs MTriangulum #ustraleN& E8D! Three Stars& The& <rion s .elt& T8A& T8C! Three Swedish 2rowns& $eigel s figure for .ootes& @?! Throne of <rion& a& A& y& and O ;eporis& BCJ! Throne of Thor& (rsa 'ajor and (rsa 'inor& EJA! Thronos 2aesaris& %liny s name for 2rux& 8?J! Throwend& the #nglo-Saxon title for Scorpio& TCT! Thymele M#raN& CB! Thyo ne& <vid s title for the :yadcs& T?D! Thyrsus& distinct constellation with :ipparchos& 8J8! Ti& orTi Tso Ma (rsac 'inorisN& EJC! Ti& the 8Eth sieu& BDCI (rsac 'inoris& EJ@! Tiam& the ancient Jth j4VP& BT8! TifimOt& or Tiimut& TB& 8C8& )?i& 8?T& BAE& B@@! Tien 2hing& late 2hinese title for ;ibra& BDB! Tien 2hoo Min 0racoN& B8AI Min (rsa 'ajorN& ETD! Tien 2huen& y and Fj %ersci& TTE! Tien 2hwang& stars of 0raco& B8A! Tien :e& the modern 2hinese Scorpion& TCB! Tien :o Mthe GalaxyN& EDJ! Tien :wan& stars of 2etus in 2hina& 8CJ! Tien :wang Ta Ti& %olaris in early 2hina& EJC! Tien 1ae& and y 0raconis& BAD! Tien 1ang&or Tien Tsien&in %iscis #ustralia& TED! Tien 1e MA :erculisN& BEEI My (rsac 'ajorisN& ET?! Tien 1eae and Tien Tare& in Taurus& E8B& E8T! Tien 1iang& or Tung :an& in <phiuchus& TAT! Tien 1uen& C (rsac 'ajoris& ET@! Tien 1wan& 2hinese stars of Taurus& T@8! Tien ;aou& stars of (rsa 'ajor& EEJ!

Tien ;i and Ti Tche& stars of (rsa 'ajor& ETJ! Tien ;in& stars near the :yades& T?@!

Tien ;uy 2hing& stars of 2apricornus& 8Es Tien 'eaou& 2hinese asterism in #rgo! CD! Tien 'un& stars of :ydra and 7irgo& BE?& ED8! Tien %ien& Scutum in modern 2hina& TDT! Tien Seang& in Sextans& TDD! Tien Seuen& (rsae 'ajoris& ET?! Tien She& a 2hinese general division& BB! Tien Shi 3uen& stars in Serpens& TDs! Tien See& Scorpii& TC?! Tien Teen and Tsin :een& stars in 7irgo& EDTTien Tsan& or Ta Tsun& EV (rsae 'ajoris& EEJTien Tsin& stars of 2ygnus& 8@D! Tien 3u or 3uen& in 2etus and Fornax& 8CE& BT8 Tien 3uen& stars of 9ridanus& B8?& B8@I star5 if %erseus& TT8! U Tiger& Sagittarius in 2hina& TJC! Tigris M;ynxN& BD@I M/iverN& B?AI MSagittaN& TJ5 Timshemath& correctly Tinshtmeth& 8@E! Tipografia& B@D! Tir& the %ersian and %ahlavi Sirius& tsa! Tir-#n-na& the #kkadian %olaris& BAC! Tishiya& the Cth nakskatra& no! Tishiya& Tishiga& Tistrija& or Tishtrya& 8BB! Tis-khu& Sirius in #kkadia& 8BT! Tistar& 9dkins name for #rcturus& 8AA! Tistar Star& Sirius or Spica& 8BB! EC?! Titefui& a 2optic lunar asterism& BJJ! Ti Tso and Tsin& a :erculis BET! Tituma& or 6ituma& the Tamil Gemini& BBT! Tjung& the ancient @th situ& BE?! Togo ni samu Mthe %leiadesN& EAA! Tolam& Tulam& and Tula& BDB! Tome& the Gemini of Tyre& BBT! Too See& stars of 2erberus& 8CA! Too See 1ung& 2eti& 8CT! Tora& a %ersian tide for Taurus& T?a

Torcular and Torcularis septentrionalis& TET Toro& ""& the "talian Taurus& TD?! Toro di %oniatowski& E8T! Tortoise& The& 2ancer in .abylonia& 8A@! Totyarguil& #+uila in #ustralia& J@Toucan& Toucana& and Toucano! Sec Tucama Touchan& The& .urritt s name for Tucana& E8?! Tow 1wei& the S+uare in (rsa 'inor& EJC! Trager des 'edusen 1opf& TTA! Tramontane and Tramontane& EJB& EJE! Trape)ium& in <rion& TxC! Trape)ius M:erculesN& BE8! Trape)untius MGeorge of Trcbt)ondN& translator -_t the Syntaxis& xii! Tre %acelle& The& of 0ante& D8& Bx?& TEC! Trethon M#urigaN& ?E! Triangle& The! See Triangulum! Triangle& a figuring of BAth nakskatrm y B?C! Triangle "ndien& BJA! Triangle Stars& The MTriangulum #ustraleN& E8D Triangles& The Mof 2ygnusN& 8@J! Triangolo& Triangulum& and Triangulus& E' Triangulum& various names of& ExE-E8CI locatk5 and anti+uity of& ExJI :ood connects it with #ries! E8JI #ratos and& E8JI with 2icero& :yginus& awl

General "ndex

JT8

other classic astronomers& E8JI in 9gypt& E8JI with the biblical school& ExJ I origin of some names of& E8JI with the #rabs and 6ews& ExC I in 2hinese astronomy& ExC! #lpha MaN of Triangulum& name and culmination of& ExC! .eta MAN of Triangulum& unnamed& but& with #lpha MaN& the #rabian 'i)On& E8C! Triangulum #ustrale& names of& E8D I more noticeable than its northern original& E8DI formation

of& attributed to Thcodor about 8JAT& E8DI 2aesius and& ExD I with Schiller and %roctor& E8D I in 2hina& E8DI location of& E8DI minor components of& ExDI "delcr and& E8D! Triangulum 'inor& formed by :evclius& ExD I now discontinued by astronomers& ExD! Triangulus Septentrionalia& E8J! Trica& Tricas& and Tri+uetras& 8C@& 8DA! Tricuspid& Triplicitas& and Tri+uetrum& E8J! Trifid *ebula& TJ@! Trigon& The #iry M#+uariusN& E@! Trigon& Trigonum& Trigonus& E8J! Trigon& $atery M2ancer& %isces& and ScorpioN& 8AD! Trinity& The MTriangulumN& E8J! Trionee& ET8! Triopas M<phiuchusN& T@@! Tripater M<rionN& TA?! Triptolemus and "aeion MGeminiN& BBT! Triton& a classical title for 0elphinus& 8@@! Trochilus M#urigaN& ?J! Tropic 2rab& The& 'ilton s name for 2ancer& 8A@! Tropus M8b GcminorumN& BTJ! True ;over s 1not& *ebula *! G! 2! BADA& BAB! Tsae 2hing& .ode s BCB@ in 2oma& 8D8! Tsan& the Eth sir5& T8A! Tsan 1e& stars in <rion& TBA! Tsan Tae& stars in ;yra& B?D! Tsaou Foo& stars in 2cpheus& 8J?! Tsee& Tsok& or Teuy :e& the Td situ& T8?!

Taeen %oo and Taeen %een& stars in #+uila& C8! Tseen :wang& stars in #uriga& @8! Taeen 1e and Tseen 1ow& stars in #rgo& DE& DJ! Tseen 1wao& stars in 2etus& 8CB! Tseen <& in #na& CE! Tseen She MiN 2arinaeN& DT! Tseen 3in MC and Q #raeN& CE! Tseih 1ung and Tso She Ti& in .ootes& 8AE! Tseih She& the 2hinese #lgol& TTB! Tseih She 1e& the .eehive in 2ancer& 88T! Tseih Shwuy& stars in %erseus& TTE! Tseih Sing& the seven stars in (rsa 'ajor& ETJ! Tseih Tsing& stars in Gemini and 2ancer& BTD! Tseu Tare& %isces in early 2hina& TT?! Tsew 1e& stars in ;55o and 2ancer& BCT! TshiJ Mij& A& and Q <phiuchiN& TAT! Tsien Ta Tseang& stars of #ndromeda and Triangulum& ExC! Tsih My 2assiopciaeN& 8ED I M;epusN& BCJ! Tsih Tsin& stars in 2ancer and Gemini& 88E! Tsf 1ung& 0raco in 2hina& BAC! Tsin Min 2apricornusN& 8EBI Min SerpensN& TDC! Tsing& the Jth situ& BT8& BTD! Tsing 1ew& and L :ydrae& BE@!

Tsing ;ung& #)ure 0ragon of 2hina& BB& TCJ& TC?! Tsin 3in& C and Q #rietis& ?T!

Tso 2hih %a M8D 7irgin isN& ED8! Tso 2hoo MM 0raconisN& BxA! Tso :ea MA 2orviN& 8?B! Tso 1ang MP #raeN& CE! Tso 1e Mp #+uilacN& C8! Tsoo& in 2apricornus& 8EBI in <phiuchus& TAB! Tsow 1aou& stars of 2etus& 8CT! Tsu 1e& stars of 2ancer and ;eo& 88E Tsung 2hing& and y <phiuchi& TA8! Tsung 6in& or Tsung Ting& E8T! Tsung Tsing& stars of :ercules& BEE! Tsxe& # 2olumbac& 8C?! Tsxe %e& c and p! ;eonis& BC8! Tsae Seang MA ;eonisN& BCBI MC 7irgin isN& EDA! Tsae Tseang Mc 7irginisN& ED8! Ts)e $ei& circumpolar stars in 2hina& BB! Tufimu& Gemini in #ssyria& BT8! Tuberoni /egia& or Tyberone& BJC! Tubus #stronomicus! See Te(scopium! Tucana& various names of& E8D& E8?I published by .ayer& E8D I in 2hina& Ex? I location of& E8?I 2aesius and& E8?I details concerning& E8?! Tui& or 6ui M8 <nonisN& T8D! Tukan& E8?! Tukto& (rsa 'ajor in Greenland& EDJ! Tul-1u& identified with #ra& CT! Tung :ae& Qand ij Serpen lis& TDC! Tung Tsing& stars of Gemini& BTJ! Turdus Solitarius& BE?I names and formation of&

E8?I details concerning& E8?! Turibulum& Turribulum& and Thuribulum& CB! Turree& 2astor in #ustralia& BB@! Tur-us-mal-max& 2astor in #ssyria& BT8! Twan 'un& or 3ih 'un& the autumnal e+uinox in 2hina& ED8! Twelf Tacna& the twelve signs in Saxon 9ngland& E! Twelve #khtars& The& the %ahlavi )odiac& J! Twin ;aconian Stars& BBB! Twin Sons of /ebecca& BBE! Twins& The! See Gemini! Twisan& Ge& the #nglo-Saxon Gemini& BBB! Twister& The& ETT! Two #ngels& a figure for Gemini& BBE! Two .rothers& a and 2cntauri& 8JE! Two 0ogs& the #rabs 2assiopeia and 2cpheus& 8EE! Two-handed %ot& early 9nglish name for 2rater& 8?T! Two-headed 9agle& $eigel s figure for <rion& T8A! Two Ga)elles& Gemini in 2haldaea and %hoenicia& BBE! Two 'en that once were ;ions& 8JE! Two Sprouting %lants& an 9gyptian figure for Gemini& BBE! Two Stars& The& perhaps Gemini in 9gypt& BAI a tide now for o and (rsae 'ajoris& ET?! Tycho .rahS& catalogue of& 8T I et passim! Tycho s Star& 8ED! Tympanum& a classical title for ;yra& R?t! Tyndaridae and Tyndarides MGeminiN& BBB! Tyrannus& cited by .ayer for #ntares& TCJ! Tyrannus a+uae& #+uarius with :orace& EC! Tyrius& 'artial s name for Taurus& TD@!

JT B

General "ndex

(ccello %aradleo M#pusN& ET! (dgudua& or (tucagaba MSagittariusN& TJE!

(dkagaba M;cpus or SagittariusN& @CJ! (druvaga& #+uarius in late "ndia& E?! (ghlak& 2apricornus in Turkey& 8TC! (ghu)& Taurus in Turkey& T?A! (lgher& the %leiades in Turkey& T@T! (lug .eg& the Tables M>tjN of& BI et passim! (mbilicus #ndromedae& TJ! (ngal& perhaps a& y& and # <nonis& T88! (ogulae& the arms of 2ancer& ixx! (nicorn& The! See 'onoceros! (nicorno and (nlcornu& T?@& B@A! (ooaoura& its connection with 2ynosura& EE?! (peuritoa& 2optic lunar asterism in #+uarius& JE! (pulneuti& 2optic lunar asterism in #+uarius& JB! (rakhga& the #kkadian 2orvus& 2ygnus& and ;yra& 8@T& B?B! (rania M7irgoN& ECB! (ranus& discovered by :erschelin 8D?8& BTCI details as to this& BTCI ancient observations of& BTCI Flamsteed and& BCA! (r-bar-ra& perhaps stars in %egasus& TBJ! (rbat& ;upus in #kkadia& BD? I in .abylonia& TCC! (rcuchillay& ;yra in ancient %eru& B?B! (rion M<rionN& TAE! (rna& in #+uarius& JA& JE I M2raterY 8?T! (rnam +ui tenet M#+uariusN& EC! (r-ner-gub MAV and A5 SagittariiN& TJD!

(ropygium Ma 2ygniN& 8@J! (rsa& %roctor s (na 'inor& EJT! (rea cum puerulo& ETA! (rsa 'ajor& sometimes identified with 'a))ardth& BI various names of& Ex@-ETD, best known of stellar groups& E8@I Sir G! 2! ;ewis opinion concerning& E8@I with the Greeks& E8@I early importance of& Ex@ I many titles and associations of& E8@I the universal appellation of& Ex@I possible origin of the common name of& E8@ I early catalogues and& E8@I with Teutonic nations& EBAI in #ratos %kainomena& EBA I with other classic poets& EBA I in #nglo-Saxon astronomy& EBA I .en 6onson and& EBAI with ;a ;ande& EBAI in ancient legend& EBA& EB8I 'atthew #rnold and& EBAI legendary and poetic appellations and conceits of& EB8 I on early coinage& EBBI with Sophocles& EBBI 'ueller and the myth of& EBBI #ratos on the legend of& EBBI with the :ebrews& EBB I Saint 6erome and this& EBB I popular mistake arising from Saint 6erome s mistranslation& ETBI modern corrections of this& EBBI in the .reeches .ible& EBT I in various eastern systems& EBT I with the *orth #merican "ndians& EBT I with old Thomas :ood& EBTI with the %ennsylvanian Germans& EBEI Trevisa and& EBEI in the 1aleutala& EBE I in the 2entury 0ictionary& EBE I with 2haucer and 'insheu& EBEI in "ndia& EBE& EBJI time of enlargement of& EBJ I on the 9uphrates and Ganges& EBJ I Theon s theory concerning& EBJ I among the Syrians& EBJ I with northern nations& EBJ I Smyth upon& EBJ I among the early .ritons& "rish& and French& EBCI with :omer and Greek navigators& EBC I #ratos on this& EBD I used with <rion in navigation& EBD I various derivations of names of

the $ain& ETDI with #nacreon& EBDI :esyduo name for& EBD , #ben 9)ra and& ETD I with the /omans& EBD I limitations of these names of& as sh_-wa by .artschius& EBD I with the "taliansand %ortuguese! EBDI in Scandinavian nomenclature& EBDI with the Goths& EB?I German writers and& EB?I 1ingjaoes " and& EB?I variant forms of the name 2harles $ain& EB? I connection of& with 9nglish kings& ET@, in 'iles 2ovcrdale s .ible& EB@ I various 9ngfcti poets and& EB@I in the Septuagint y ET@I in the %eskitta-Syriac 7ersion& EB@I 7espucci and& EY! ETAI more 9nglish poets upon& ETA& ET8 I used sR a

timepiece and a guide& ETAI Sophocles refai i_ such use of& ETAI in Shakespeare& ETAI in astrology! ET8 I in heraldry& ET8 I mechanical names of! ET8 I n prehistoric "ndia& ET8I ;atin names of& associaiedPith agriculture& ET8 I ;atin writers and& ET8 I 0ante aa_i! ET8& ETBI more 9nglish poets and& ETBI in %enu& ETBI :eraclitoS (pon& ETaI on early coinage& ETB ! in :ebrew nomenclature& ETB I with the biblical school ETa I with the #rabs& ETB I #rab legend conceroirg #rabic name of& ETT I 0diusch and& ETT I with the early #rab poets& ETT I names shared with (na 'inor& ETT I reason of some Greek names of& ETT , <vid on the two .ears& ETT I :omer s epithet kr! ETE I ancient name of& in 9gypt& ETE I on the 0enderah planisphere& ETE I prominence of& in early 9gypwR astronomy and in astrology& ETEI :ewitt on 9gyptian names of& ETEI 9gyptian figuringN o2 ETE I myths connected with these& ETEI later 9gvptnn figurings and names of& ETJ I in "ndia& ETJ I %rofo55 $hitney on& in :indu astronomy& ETJ I #l .ruii on the same& ETJ I with the 2hinese& ETJ I $eigeTs& Schiller s& and 2aenus names for! ETJ I popular names for& ETC , in southern France& ETC I aoaer!t belief concerning& ETCI 'anilius on this& ETCSanskrit legend concerning this& ETCI 9den and tbe " pole#ntaUtike& && ETCI ;opes on this& ETCI %hny s blunders concerning& ETD I formation of the 0ipper! ETD#lpha MaN of (rsa 'ajor& various names c ETD& ET?, the :indu 1ratu& ETDI ;ockyer and! ETD I in 2hina& ETD I location of& ETD I die 9gypt5" #k& ETD I #rago s name for& ET? I use of& to hegi5 ners in astronomy& ET? I spectrum and velocity 5 " P ? U 5& .eta MAN of (rea 'ajor& various names of! ET5! in 2hina& ET?I spectrum and velocity of! ET s , 555 <wl *ebula close by& ET?! Gamma MyN of (rea 'ajor& various name5 PX ET? I in :indu nomenclature& ET? I in 2hina& E!8- , spectrum& velocity& and location of& ET?! 0elta MPN of (rea 'ajor& various namesof& ET@ in 2hina and in "ndia& ET@ I location of& on the e+onoctial colure& ET@ I %tolemy& Tycho& and 'iss 2leric on its comparative brilliancy& ET@! M

9psilon MPN of (rea 'ajor& various names 5R! and the uncertainty as to their derivation& ET@5 55W on the 2ufic globe& ET@I .ayer and& ET@ , al.oac the :indus& EEAI in 2hina& EEAI spectrum& to5 tion& and velocity of& EEA I now the biad5 of (P5 'ajor& EEA! >eta MA of (rea 'ajor& various names of! EE

General "ndex

JTT

with the #rabs& EEAI #ssemani and& EEAI legend concerning& EEA I in "ndia& EEA I first star noted as telescopically double& EEAI successfully daguerreotyped in 8?JD& EEAI spectrum& location& and velocity of& EE8! 9ta MifN of (rsa 'ajor& various names of& EE8 I #rab poets on& EE8I on the .orgian globe& EE8 I in "ndia& EE8 , in 2hina& EE8 I refer r e d to in :itdibras& EEa I location of& EEa I the radiant point of the (rsids& EEa I spectrum and velocity of& EEB! Theta MLN of (rsa 'ajor& various names of& EEBI in #rabian astronomy& EEB I :yde and& EEsI in 2hina& EEB! "ota M8N of (rsa 'ajor& combined with 1appa MPN by the #rabs& EEB I also by the 2hinese& EET! 1appa MPN of (rsa 'sjor& combined with "ota MtN by #rabic and 2hinese astronomers& EEa& EET! ;ambda M#N of (rsa 'ajor& combined with 'u MdON& various names of& EET I in 2hina& EET! 'u MmN of (rsa 'ajor& combined with ;ambda M#N& various names of& EETI in 2hina& EET! *u MrN of (rsa 'ajor& combined with Yi MQN& various names of& EETI in 2hinese astronomy& EETI the northern of the two& EETI other details concerning! EET-

Yi MQN of (rsa 'sjor& combined with *u MvN& various names of& EET I the southern of the two& EET I in 2hina& EET I other details concerning& EET! <micron MoN of (rsa 'ajor& EEE! %i MR & n5N of (rsa 'ajor& EEE! ?igma M_r l & _r5N of (rsa 'ajor& components of Oa)winl5s #l Thiba & EEEI in 2hina& EEE! Tau MrN of (rsa 'ajor& a component of the 2hinese *uy 1eae& EEE! 2hi MxN of (rsa 'ajor& names of& EEE& EEJ! %si M`pN of (rsa 'ajor& Tien Tsan in 2hina& EEJ! <mega M_5VN of (rsa 'sjor& the 2hinese Tien ;aou& EEJ! Fl! ?A Mor!fi of (rsa 'ajor& various names of& EEJ& EECI famous in astronomical lore& EEJ I Smyth and 'iss 2lerlce on& EEJI other writers on& EEJ& EECI legends concerning& EECI importance of& in Syria! EECI in *orth Germany& EECI in 2hina& EEC! 8?TA Groombridge of (rsa 'ajor Mor EA8A .! #! 2N& identity of& and details concerning& EEC, *cwcomb and 3oung on& EEDI location of& EED! (rsa 'inor& various names of& EED-EJTI theories regarding derivation of Greek name of& EEDI Gaelic name forU EE?I not mentioned by :omer and :esiod& EE? I origin of the constellation& EE? I Thales and& EE?I in classic legends and poetry& EE?& EE@, 0ante on the "dancing" of the stars& EE@I with the #rabs& EE@I ;owell on& EE@I 'anilius and& EE@, other #rabic rtgurings of& EJA I in various eastern systems& EJAI on the 0enderah )odiac& EJAI 6ensen s identification of& with .abylonia& EJAI %lutarch s with %hoenicia& EJA I among the Scandinavian races& EJAI 0ante and& EJAI with 2acsius& EJAI in 2hina& EJAI in the #l4onsine Tables& EJ8 I among the :ebrews& EJ8 , in the Geneva .ible& EJ 8 X 2aesius name for& EJ8 I modern names of& EJ8I early references to& and figuring5 of& EJ8 I *orse ideas of& EJBI similar modern names of& EJBI in

Tennyson& EJB I %roctor s nomenclature of& EJT I as

now drawn& EJT! #lpha MaN of (rsa 'inor& the #rabs knew it as a young he goat& EE@I various names of& EJTEJ?I "most practically useful star in the heavens&" EJTI 0ante and& EJTI in 9uclid s %kainomena& EJT I :ipparchos and other classic writers on& EJT I 'iss 2lerke and& EJT& EJE I %y thcas and %olaris& EJE I assumes the office of the pole-star& EJE I other details concerning& EJE I with the Finns& EJE I with 8Athcentury #nglo-Saxons& EJEI poetical references to its use in navigation& EJJI in 'ilton& EJCI in 2hina& EJCI in earliest *orthern "ndia& EJCI with the #rabs& EJCI name of& in 0amascus& EJDI in #rabic astronomy& EJD I superstition concerning& EJD I in the # l4onsine Tables& EJD I with the Turks& EJD I distance of& from the exact pole& EJD , its approach to and recession from the pole& EJD& EJ?I Shakespeare s error concerning& EJ? , distance and velocity of& EJ?I spectrum of& EJ? I other details concerning& EJ?! .eta MAN of (rsa 'inor& various names of& EJ ? V EJ@ V familiar to the #rabs& EJ@ I in 2hina& EJ@ I spectrum and velocity of& EJ@! Gamma Myi& yVN of (rsa 'inor& various names of& EJ@& ECAI components of the 0ancers and of the Guards& EJ@I various writers on& EJ@I usefulness of& as a timepiece& EJ@& ECA I in 2hina& ECA! 0elta MCN of (rss 'inor& names of& ECA! >eta MA of (rsa 'inor& names of& ECAI in 2hina& ECA! b of (rsa 'inor& 2hinese name for& ECA! (rsa %hoenicia& EE?! ( raids& The& location of& BCBI sometimes confused with the ;eonids& BCB& EEB! (rsus& EBB! (rsus 'arinus M2ctusN& 85B! (ru-anna& supposed derivation of <rion& TAE! (rusaba& Taurus in 2eylon& T?B! (ssika& Scorpio in 2eylon& TCT! (ttara .hadrapadss& the BJth nakskatra& TJ& TBJ! (ttara %halguni& the 8Ath nakskatra& BJ?!

()& #kkadian stars in 2apricornus& 8EA! 7agina& Germanicus name for <rion s .elt& T8J! 7agn& ;itli& the 0anish (rsa 'inor& EJA! 7agn& Stori& the 0anish (rsa 'ajor& EBD! 7aha <tawa! the Finn s (rsa 'inor& EJA! 7ahik& #+uarius and 2apricornus in %ersia& ED& 8TC! 7aht& a and %egasi in %ersia& TBC! 7anand MSirius or %rocyonN& 8BB& 8TE! 7snant& >end for #ltair& J@! 7ansnt M2orvusN& 8?8! 7anant and 7ansnd MM!f ScorpioN& TC@& TDA! 7arftha 'ihira& :indu astronomer& used Greek as! tronomical titles& B8& E?! 7arak& #ries in the .undehesk& D?! 7ariabilis 2oronae& 8D?! 7as& or 7as a+uarium& 8?T! 7ashishfha& probably _(rsae'ajorisin "ndia& EEA! 7stlant Street& or $adlyng Street& ED?! 7aynes& $aves& or $synes of :eaven& EB@! 7ectis& 7irga& 7irgula jacens MSagittaN& TJA! 7ector #rionis& 8@@!

JTE

General "ndex

7ehiculum ;unae M#rgoN& CC! 7eiervcicn Straet& or 7ronelden Straet& ED@! 7ela! See # rgo! Gamma MyN of 7ela& various names of& DT& DT I

position of& DT I spectroscopically notable& DT! 7ena& %rocyon in the :ervcy "slands& 8TE! 7enabulum Mm 8 .oot isN& 8AJ! 7enant Mof ;eoN& BJC! 7enator M<rionN& TA@! 7enator (rsae M.ootesN& @E! 7eneris 'ater M%iscesN& TT@! 7eneris Sidus MlibraN& TDE I MTaurusN& T?T! 7entrale MA #ndromedacN& TC! 7enue cum #done& 7enus et 2upido& 7enus Syria cum 2upidine M%iscesN& TT@! 7ergil& on star-naming& xivI ct passim! 7ergiliae& or 7irgiliae& T@C! 7ernal 9+uinox& The& in Taurus& TB?J b! c& BAI in #ries& 8DTA d! c& DCI now in %isces& TTD! 7ernal %ish M%iscesN& TT?! 7ernus %ortitor and 7ervex M#riesN& DC! 7erseau& ;e& EJ! 7espa& the $asp M'usca .orealisN& B@B! 7espertilio M#ntaresN& TCJ! 7estae Sidus M2apricornusN& 8TC! 7estigium Solis and 7ia perusta& E?E! 7etrarbraut& the *orse Galaxy& E?A! 7ia coeli regia& 7ia lactea& and 7ia lactis& EDC! 7ia lattea& E?A! 7icOkhS& the 8Eth nakshatra y BDJ! 7ichaca& cited from Flammarion for 2orona& 8DD!

7icritftu& the 8Dth nakshatra& TDA! 7ictima 2entauri M;upusN& BD?! 7ictor Gorgonei 'onstri M%erseusN& TTA! 7ierge& ECA! 7ig iles MA& y 8 and y5 (rsae 'inorisN& EJ@! 7ij& the ancient B?th sieuV B@B! 7ildiur MJ (rsae 'inoris!N& ECA! 7incla& 2icero s 2ords of the Fishes& TET! 7inde mia tor& 7indemitor!and 7inde mia trix& ECD& EDA7iolentus ;eo& BJB! 7irgine& ECA! 7irgin 'ary& The& ECT! 7irgin s Spike& The& ECC! 7irgo& a universal title& ECAI various names of& ECAECCI usual figuring of& ECA, its Greek title in the #ttic and "onic dialects& ECA-EC8 I with astrologers& EC8 I one of the )odiacal signs in anti+uity& EC8 I #ratos on this& EC8 I other variations of this& EC8 I 2aesius figuring of& EC8, early legends concerning& EC8 I in 1eats poem& ECB I other allusions to& ECB I the oldest allegorical representation of innocence and virtue& ECB I allusions to& by the classic writers& ECBI in 9gypt& ECBI figuring of& in the 'iddle #ges& ECTI the symbol of& ECT I in #ssyria& "ndia& and %ersia& ECT I with the early #rabs& Turcomans& and 2hinese& ECEI on the 9uphrates& ECEI continual prominence of& ECE I in astrology& ECE& ECJ I other associations of& ECJ I on coinage& ECJ I Schiller and& ECJI figuringF& of& ECJI %tolemy s definition of& ECJ I :ipparchos and& ECJ I present extent of& ECJ& ECCI details concerning& ECCI minor components of& EDT!

#lpha MaN of 7irgo& various names of& ECC-ECAI general agreement in nomenclature of& ECC, classic appellations of& ECC& ECD I with tbe #rabs& ECD I is

the # "fonsint Tables& ECDI marked the nth Pu5sii& ECD I in early astrology& ECD , with 9astern atronomers& ECD& EC?I in .abylonia& EC?I ia Guoa! EC?I in 9gypt& EC?I :ipparchos and& in the discovery of the precession of the e+uinoxes& ECS %tolemy and& EC@ I spectrum and velocity of& ECE ! used in navigation& EC@, culmination of& EC@, a component of the 0iamond of 7irgo& EC@! .eta MAN of 7irgo& various names oQ EC@I ia #rabia and .abylonia& EC@I in %ersia and 2hnu! EC@ I location and culmination of& EC@! Gamma MyN of 7irgo& names of& EC@& EDAI variously mentioned& EDAI in .abylonia and 2hin! EDAI astronomers on& EDAI culmination of& EDA! 0elta M"N of 7irgo& various names of& EDAI beauty of& EDA! 9psilon MPN of 7irgo& various names of& EDA! ED8 I prominent in classical astronomy& ED8 , in 2hina& ED8 I in astrology& ED8 I culmination of& ED8! 9ta MtFN of 7irgo& various names of& ED8 , i5 2hina& ED8I location of& ED8! Theta M@N of 7irgo& location of! ED8I names _!_ EDa! "ota M8N of 7irgo& names of& EDT I various details concerning& EDB& EDT! %"! C 7irginia& observed by Flamsued with (ranus& BCA! 7irgo devota M#ndromedaN& TT! 7irgo *onacrina M%arrhasia& TegeaeaN& EB8! 7irgo splcea munera gestana& EC8! 7ir /egius M2ephcusN& 8JC! 7itruvius& the most scientific /oman astronomef! 8@I et passim! 7ociferans M2epheusN& 8JC!

7ociferator M.ootesN& @T! 7oie lactee& E?A! 7olans& the %lying %ish& TED! 7olucris M2ygnusN& 8@T! 7oluyara& cited by Grimm for #uriga& ?J! 7risha& 7rishan& and 7rouchabam& Taurus in early "ndia& T?T! 7rishaman& the Tamil Scorpio& TCT! 7rouchicam& Scorpio in early "ndia& TCT! 7ulcani Sidus M;ibraN& TDJ! 7ulpecula cum #nsere& formed by :evclius& EDT, various names of& EDT& EDEI details concerning& ED iEDEI its title abbreviated to 7ulpecula& EDT, cul mination of& EDT I the 0umb-bell *ebub it5 must famous object& EDE! 7ulpeculids& The& meteor stream& EDE! 7ulpes& %roctor s name for 7ulpecula& EDT! 7ulturcadens M2ygnusN& 8@TI M;yraN& B?T! 7ulture& the early "ndian ;yra& B?B! 7ultur volans M#+uilaN& JC! $aage and $aege& TC@! $abir& a 1horasmian lunar station& TJ! $adha& C and @ ;eonis in Sogdiana& BCA! $ae 2hoo& a 2hinese asterism in 'onoceros& B@A $aenes Thisl& (rea 'ajor of #ngkV-SaPonP& E5V $ae %ing& stars of %isces& TET!

General "ndex

JTJ!

$aeter-gyt& se& the #nglo-Saxon #+uarius& E?! $aetlinga-Straet& $atlinga-Strete& and $atling Street& EDD& ED?! $ag and $age& TC@! $ages& the Teutonic $ain& EBA! $agen am :immel& ET@! $agen and :immel $agen& ET?! $aggon& The& EB?! $agon& an "ndian figure of the :yades& T?@! $agoner& The M.ootesN& @T! $agon of <din& $oden& or $uotan& EB?! $ain& or $agon& The& ETA& ETC! $ain man& The M.ootesN& ?T! $ajrik& @ and Q <phiuchi in Sogdiana& TAT! $allfisch& 0er& 8CA! $alayngham $ay and $erlam Street& ED?! $an 2hang& stars of (rsa 'ajor& EET! $ang ;eang& or 3ah ;ang& stars of 2assiopeia& 5EJ& 8EC$anjil& %ollux in #ustralia& TT@! $ardens& y l and y5 (rsae 'inoris& EJ@! $arrior& The 0ark& a 2hinese )odiac division& 5T@R TT?! $assermann& EJ! $ater& The& TAA& TTD& TJ@$ater-beetle& The& early figure for 2ancer& 8A@! $ater-dog& The& %rocyon in .abylonia& 8TT! $aterman& The! See #+uarius! $ater-pot of 2ana& The Stone M2raterN& 8?E! $ater-pots of 2ana& The M0clphinusN& BAA! $ater-Snake& The! See :ydra! $aves and $aynes of :eaven& ET@! $ay of Mor toN Saint 6ames& E?A! $eaving Sisters& a 2hinese figure of ;yra& J?! $e Ma TekscopiiN& E8T!

$eg& $ee& or (ueg& "ringe s& ED? I 6akobs& ED@ I $uotanes& ED@! $eg uf /om& E?A! $ei& the TTd sieu in #+uarius& J8! $ei& E and Y 2apricorni& 8ET! $ei& mR FV and E 2entauri& 8JJ! $ei Mthe 8Dth sieu in ScorpioN& TC@! $hale& The! See 2etus! $hale that Swallowed 6onah& The& 8CB! $heat Field& The& a %hoenician sky-figure& 8@B! $heel& The& a figuring of the Dth nakshatra& TE?! $hirlpool *ebula& The& in 2anes 7enatici& 88C! $hite Tiger& a 2hinese stellar division& D?& T8A& T?8! $hitney& %rof! $illiam 0wight& and star nomenclature& xi I on the ;unar 'ansions& D& ?I on "ndian astronomy& B8 I et passim! $ho Sing& #n lares& the Fire Star& TCJ! $hyte .ole& The& TD?! $iar Strate& the Galaxy in $estphalia& ED@! $ider and $idder& 0er M#riesN& DJ! $idhayu and $idhu M4T ;conisN& BJ@! $ild .oer& The& (rsa 'ajor in Syria& EBJ! $ine-cup of *oah& The& 8?E! $ine-skin& 9ratosthenes idea of ;upus& BD@! $inkelmass& T@T! $inter Street& or $inter Gatan& the Galaxy in Sweden& ED@! $inged :orse& The& TTT!

$olff& 0er& BD?!

$olf& The! See ;upus! $olke& Gross5 and 1leine& T@J! $oman in a Ship& the 2ingalese 7irgo& E"T! $onderful Star& The& Stella 'ira& 8CE! $oo& or 3ue Mc #+uilaeN& C8! $oo MR %egasiN& TT@! $oo 2hay& stars of #uriga and Taurus& ??& T@A! $oo 2hoo :ow& in 2oma and Gemini& 8D8& TTC! $oo 2how Shih& stars of Gemini& TTC! $oo Ti Tso& 0enebola and adjacent stars& TJ?! $oomera& 2orona .orealis in #ustralia& 8DD! $o5 *iebeski& the %olish :eavenly $ain& @D& EB?! $reath of Flowers& 2orona .orealis& 8DJ! $uotanes $eg& or Stra)a& ED@! Y& The 9gyptian& DT& 8TJ! Yiphias! See Sword4ish& under 0orado! 3ai& the Turkish Sagittarius& TJB! 3a 1e& stars of 2anis 'ajor& 8T8! 3ang :un Mor 'enN Ma ;upiN& TD@! 3aou 1wang MiV (rsae 'ajorisN& EE8! 3ard-stick& or 3ard-wand& T8C! 3augh& stars in Sagittarius& TJ@! 3dra and 3dre M:ydraN& BED! 3ellow 0ragon& The& TJE!

3ellow /oad5& The& E?8! 3en& 2hinese stars in 2apricorn us& 8EB! 3ew 2hi Fa 7irginisN& EC?! 3ew :ea Ma 2orviN& 8?8! 3ew 1ang& stars of %isces& TET! 3ew 1e& stars of #+uila& C8! 3ew She Ti& stars of .ootes& 8AJ! 3h& 3ih and 3en& the 8Ath sieu& 8?E! 3idigher 3ildu)& (rsa 'ajor in Turkey& EBE! 3ilange& <phiuchus in Turkey& B@@! 3ildun ^C (rsae 'inorisN& ECA! 3ildu)& %olaris in Turkey& EJD! 3ing She Mor ShihN& the BEth sieu& TBC! 3in Tih M2amelopardalisN& 8AD! 3in 3ang& Gemini in 2hina& BT@! 3dra and 3dre& TED! 3oung .oy in a 2anoe M.ellarrixN& T8T! 3oung Girls Mthe %leiadesN& EAA! 3oung :e Goat& the #rabs figure for %olaris& EE@! 3oung 'en& #ustralian figure for <rion s .elt& T8J! 3oung& %rof! 2harles #!& his assistance in this work& xixI on number of constellations& 8JI on 8 2apricorni& 8E8I on a 2entauri& 8JTI on 2orona .orealis& 8D?I on ;ibrae& TDDI on t ;yncis& a?oI upon the number of recogni)ed novae& B@T I on a <nonis& T88 I on apparent comparative si)e of 7enus and the moon& T8@ I et passim! 3oung $omen& the Gemini in South #frica& BB@! 3 twr tewdws& the :yades in $ales& 8@D!

3u 2hoo Ma 0raconisN& BAC! 3ue MU 2apricorniN& 8EB! 3ue5 Mif GeminorumN& TTJ! 3uen $ei& unidentified stars of 0raco& BAJ! 3uh 1ang Mc (rsae 'ajorisN& EEA! 3uh Tsing M4S9ridaniN& B8?I Mir <nonisN& TBA! 3u lin 1eun& stars of #+uarius and %isces& JT! 3u *eu Mn ;eonisN& BCT!

JTO

General "ndex

3un 3u Mir and # %isciumN& TET! 3( Shi& the /uler of /ain Mthe :yadesN& T?@! >enith-star& The My 0raconisN& BA@! >erah& 2aesius figure for 2epheus& 8JD! >eata v5 /im Mthe GalaxyN& E?A! >ib& %isces in later .abylonia& TTD! >ibanitu& lunar asterism in ;ibia& BDC! >ibbat #! M0encbolaN& BJ?! >ibu& perhaps ;upus on the cylinders& BD?! >ichoa& ;ibra in the @th century& BDA! >idadh& a 1horasmian lunar station& TET! >inge and the >ingians& DA! >irkel& 8CC!

>lxumara& or Shi-ahu-mara& BAA& BAE! >odiac& Solar& The& many theories as to birthplace and time of formation of& x I general agreement as to its origin& 8 I 9uphratean six alternate signs of& 8 I dictum of Servius MEAA a! d!N concerning it& x I /icdoli cites a " 2haldean" tide of& 8I doubt as to this& 8 I known to the #kkadians as "nnum and %idnu-sha-Shame& 8 I other 6ewish names for& @I the 9gyptians and& 8& BI 2optic- 9gyptian titles of&

B I Greek names of& T , German name of& T , nancs of& in /ome& TI when first known in Greece& TI 2icero s name for& T I poetical name of& TI 05 Thaun s name for& TI #nglo-Saxon names of! E! %ope s name fcr& EI former 9nglish names of& &E , 0ante s name for& E I Tuscan name of& EI /ig 5P5 term for& JI common :indu name of& JI %aha5 terms for& J I >oroaster s e+uivalent for& J , 2hinese names of& J, 2hinese progression of& JI date of formation of& in 2hina& J I 6esuits introduce the 9uropean todiac into 2hina& CI 7enerable .ede and& CI Sir $illiam 0rummond and& CI /P G! Townsend and& CI the #jvcalyfu and&5, various national forms of& CI une+ual dim55 of& C I :ipparchos5 division of& C I the paranatellons of& C! >odiac ua& the ;atins )odiac& T! >ona& <rion s .elt with <vid& T8J! >ona peruata& the Galaxy with 'acrobius& E5E>oroaster& mentioned the )odiac in the #vtsto& J>osma MB ;eonisN& BCA! >weig& the .ranch& in :ercules& BE5>willing& or >willinge& aaa!

#/#."2 "*09Y

#ccentuation of the originals of the corrupted words has been followed for the latter as fax as practicable& but

in many cases necessarily is arbitrary! The #rabic alphabet& with its 9nglish e+uivalents& follows these pages!

#a krab MScorpioN& TCT! #a krab genu bi ME ScorpiiN& TC@! #ar af& #l& %oe s poem and star title& 8EC! #been and #ben M0racoN& BAJ! #ben 9xra Ma TauriN& T?E! #brachale ua& #racale us MA GeminorumN& BTT! # camar MX 9ridaniN& B8@! # carnar& # chenar& and variants Ma 9ridaniN& @8?! # chernar& etc! Ma 9ridaniN& B8DI ML 9ridaniN& B8@! #chir& a Tauri in 1horasmia& BJD! #cimon & a 7irginia in the # "f on sine Tables& ECD! #cka ir and #ckl ar Mij (rsae 'ajorisN& EE5! #clil uachemall and #clu ahemali M2orona .orealisN& 8DC! #cola ML (rsae 'ajorisN& EET# crab and #a krab schemali MA ScorpiiN& TCD! #cubens and #cuben e Ma 2ancriN& hi! #dara & #dhara !and #dard &in 2anis 'ajor& 8TA! #ddeb lria Ma TauriN& T?E! #delf alfa res MR l 2ygniN& 8@D! #derai min and #dderoia minon Ma 2epheiN& 8JD! #dhafe ra& #ldhafa ra& #ldhafe ratf ;eonisN& BC8! #dhara and #dbrl & #l Min 2anis 'ajorN& 8TA& 8T8! #dhil MM #ndroroedaeN& T?! #dhra al *afhifah& #l M7irgoN& ECE& ECD! #dib & #ddib& #did and #div e Ma0raconisN& BAC! #dige and #digege M2ygnusN& 8@T! #dren desa and #dren edesa M7irgoN& ECE! #fr Ma& A& and y ;ibraeN& BDC! #ghnam& #l& in 2epheus& 8JD& 8J@I the 2lub of

:ercules& TAB! # gribfth& #l& in 2anis 'ajor& 8TAI in 2olumba& 8CD! #haut #lgenubi M%iscis #ustralisN& TEJ! #:awat al ?uhall& the two 0og-stars& 8TB! #nfa al Farkadain MyR& y"& and M (rsae 'inorisN& i EJ@! ECo#hir al *ahr Ma 9ridaniN& B8D! #in and #l #in Mc TauriN& T@8! #in al /ami Mr l and v5 SagittariiN& TJ@! #in al Thaur Ma TauriN& T?E! #inilam and #nilam Mc <nonisN& T8E! #jmal & #l& and #hmal M2onrusN& 8?A& 8?8! #js al # aad& in 2orvus& 8?A! # krab& #l MScorpioN& TCB! #ktftb al # aad MA ;eonisN& BJ?! #laa )el& #la cel& and #la )el Ma 7irginiaN& ECD! #l abi eth and #lal oth Me (rsae 'ajorisN& ET@#lacast and #lcalst MP 7irginisN& ED8!

#lach il& or #lad il& #lgenubi M2orona #ustralisN& RDT#la crab& #la trab& and #la trap MScorpioN& TCB! #ladfar MiF ;yraeN& B??! #lahance and #lhance MSagitraN& TJA! #laho re& #llo re& #loho re Ma ;yraeN& B?E! #lamac & #lamak & and #lamech My #ndromedaeN& TC! #lanac & #lanat & #lloc & etc!& #uriga and a #urigae& ?J& ?D! #lange and #langue M<phiuchusN& B@@!

#langue& and variants Ma <phiuchiN& TA8 I Ma SerpentisN& TDJ! #lanin M0racoN& BAJ! #laraph Ma 7irginisN& ECDI Me 7irginisN& ED8! #larne bet M;epusN& BCJ! #laach a M# ScorpiiN& TDAI Mv ScorpiiN& TDB! #la sid& #la aado& and #la tid M;eoN& BJE! #latbod and #latud o& etc!& #uriga and a #urigae& ?J! ?D! #la )et and #le sit MA ;eonisN& BJ?! #lbanere& (gendum #lhance MSagittaN& TJA! #lbega la and #lbegaio M;yraN& B?B! #lbe )e and #lbi) )e Ma and 2entauriN& 8JA! #lcahel a Ma #urigaeN& ?D! #lca id and #lka id MRF (rsae 'ajorisN& EE8! #lcan tarus& #lcau curua M2apricornusN& 8TJ& 8TC! #lcantub Ma ScorpiiN& TCJ! #lcatel and #lcha yr Mfj (rsae 'ajorisN& EE8! #lcha malo M#riesN& D?! #lchan) ato MSagittaN& TJ8! #lchel eb #lach bar M2anis 'ajorN& 88@! #lchel eb #laa gar M2anis 'inorN& 8TT! #lchemb Ma %erseiN& TT8! #lche te and #lche ti M:erculesN& BEB! #lche ti hale /echaba tib M:erculesN& BEB! #lcho ro& #lio re& #ll ou re& #loho re M;yraN& B?T! #lcor and #lkor Mg (rsae 'ajorisN& EEJ& EEC! #lcor e& /iccioli s name for c (rsae 'ajoris& ET@! #ldeb aran& and variants Ma TauriN& T?T& T?E! #l 0erab & #l 0eraf & #lredaf & and #lredat Ma 2epheiN& 8JD! #lderal 6emln M2epheusN& 8JD! #ldera min and #l 0erai mln Ma 2epheiN& 8JD! #ldiga ga and #ddigaga to M2ygnusN& 8@T! #le ser and #le )et M;eoN& BJE! #lfa ras #lathem & #lpha res and #lphe ras M%egasusN& TBE!

TJ

JTD

JT?

#rabic "ndex

#lfard & #lpbard & and variants Ma :ydraeN& BE@! #lfec ca& #lfet a& etc! M2orona .orealisN& 8DC! #lfec ca meridia na M2orona #ustraliaN& 8DT! #lferkathan MA and y (rsae 'inorisN& EJ@! #lfirk Ma 2epheiN& 8JDI MA 2epheiN& 8J?! #l Gam ua MA 2anis 'inorisN& 8TE! #lgau )a My <nonisN& T8T! #lgebar5& #lgibbar & #lgebra & etc! M<rionN& TAD! #lgebar & 9lgebar !and #lgibbar MA <nonisN& T8a! #lge di Ma 8 and a" 2apricornii& 8EA! #lgei ba and #lgi eba My ;eon isN& TJ@! #lgen ib& #lgen eb!and 9lgen ab Ma %erseiN& TT8! #lgen ib and #lgem o My %egasiN& TTC! #lgenu bl Mc ;eonisN& BCA! #lgethi and #lgiethi M:erculesN& TEs! #lgeuse and 9lgeu) i MGeminiN& @ET! #lgha vil #ltannin M0racoN& TAJ! #lgomeia a& #lgomia a&and #lgomeya a M2anis 'inorN& 8Ta! #lgomei) a and #lgomia a M2anis 'inorN& 8TB! #lgomeyl a MA 2anis 'inorisN& 8TE! #lgomys o and #lcbamia o M2anis 'inorN& 8TF! #lgorab & y 2orvi in the #lftmtine Tables& 8?a! #lgorab and #lgores & modern names for ? 2orvi&

8?a! #lgueae & /iccioli s name for a Geminorum& BT8 ! #lha fa& 2hilmead s name for Serpens& TDE! #lhague and #salange Ma <phiuchiN& TA8! #lhal ath& #lhi ath& #lhut Mc (rsae 'ajorisN&E T o! #lha ior& #lba joc& etc!& #uriga and a #urigae& ?J& ?D! #lhai seth Ma 7irginiaN& ECD! #l :amar ein& erroneously for a 2ancri& xn! #lbas & #lker & and #lkea M2raterY 8?T! #l :aur& #l :ague & #lhava M<phiuchusN& B@@! #lhen a My GeminorumN& BTE! #lhl ac MQ (rsae 'ajorisN& EEA! #lhut& by #ssemani s error for c (rsae 'ajoris& ET@! #liar e and #lior e Me (rsae 'ajorisN& ET@! #(ath & #lioth &and variants M_ (rsae 'ajorisN& ET@! #liour e MGeminiN& BBE! #lkalu ropa M.ootesN& @DI My :erculisN& 8ATI Mp :erculisN& YAJ! #l 1a melu) M.ootesN& @D I Ma .ootisN& tox! #lkfit& #l& O& t& Q <nonis& T8J I 8D& etc!& in <rion& T8C! #lkauus o& 9lkaus u& 9lkus u MSagittariusN& TJB! #lkea & #lhes & and #lker Ma 2raterisN& 8?E! #lmacb & #lmak & #lmaak & #lmaac& and #lmaack My #ndromedaeN& TC! #lman tica sett *i tac Mthe )odiacN& T! #lmegir et& /iccioli s name for the galaxy& E?8! #lmegra mith and #lmugam ra M#raN& CT! #lxnei ean and #lmei sam My GeminorumN& BTE! #lmen keb& 2hilmead s name for %egasi& TBJ! #lmerxamo nna gied Ma <nonisN& T88! #lmlra)gual & a 'oorish name for %erseus& TTA! #lmi sam and #lmi san My GeminorumN& TTE! #lmi sarfand #lmi )en M;ibraN& BDT! #lmucedie Ma 7irginisN& ECD I Me 7irgin isN& ED8! #lmuredin MP 7irginisN& ED8! #lmuta bet algenu bl MTriangulum #ustraleN& E8D! #lmuta leh& #lmutal lath& #lmutla to MTriangulumN& ExC!

#l *ath MA TauriN& ?@! #lnihan and #lnilan7 Mc <nonisN& T8E #lnitah and #lnitak M^ <nonisN& TxE!

#love M%erseusN& TTAI MA %erseiN& TTB! #lphac a& #lphakh aco& and #lphen a M2orasa .orealisN& 8DC& 8D?! #lphart & a star in #rgo& DJ I a :ydrae& BE@! #lphe rat and #lphe ra( Ma #ndromedaeN& TJ#lpbor a and #lphrad Ma :ydraeN& TE@! #l /am ec& #ra mec& #re meab Ma .ootisN& iw! #l /eacha and #l /iacha Ma %isciumN& TEa! #lruca ba and #lrucca ba M(rsa 'inorN& EJa #lruca ba and #lrucca bab Ma (rsae 'inorisN& EJD! #lruca ba MA (rsae 'inorisN& EJ?! #laa ft and #thftfi M_r 0raconisN& axa! #(ahare aliemali ja M2anis 'ajorN& 8x@! #laahare alsemall ja M2anis 'inorN& 8TB! #laanj a& #aang e& and variants M;yraN& a?x& T?T! #lsciau kat& a star in ;ynx& T?A! #leebere #acemi e #lgamei ea M2ams 'inorN! YTB! #lsem cha& 2hilmead s name for %isces& TT?! #(tre & cited by Grotius for Sirius& 8BB! #laha in MA #+uilaeN& CA! #lahemali Mm ;eonisN& TCT! #laobam & 2hilmead s name for Sagitta& TJA! #leugahh & 2hilmead s name for :ydra& TED! #ltm ir& #( ir& #lcalr& and #lcar M#+nixaN& JD #lta ir& #tha ir& #ta ir& etc! Ma #+uilaeN& J@! #ltaur o and #taur D MTaurusN& T?A! #lta yr& 2hilmead s name for 2ygnus& 8@T! #lta yr aldigey a& #lfonsine name for 2ygnus! 8@E! #lterf M# ;eonisN& BCT! #l Thura ja& .aily s name for Fl! 8@ and Ft --T Tauri& ExB! #l Tinnin MP 0raconisN& BAC! #ltor & Schickard s name for Taurus& T?A! #ltor ic and #thorTic M5 TauriN& EAE! #ltor icb and #ltor ieh Mthe %leiadesN& TA?! #ltor ich and #thor rich Mid TauriN& EAE! #ludra MiN 2anis 'inorisN& 8T8! #lu la auatra lia MQ (rsae 'ajorisN& EET! #lula borealis Mv (rsae 'ajorisN& EET! #lvahar & 2hilmead s name for 9ridanus& T8D! #lva ka& 2hilmead s name for ;yra& T?B! #lwa id MA 0raconisN& BAD! #l ya and #l ga M@ Serpen tisN& TDC! #l ya M5V and Pa TauriN& E8B! #l yah& #l yat& and #l ioth MP SerpennsN& TDJ #l yat& the origin of name for c (rsae 'ajoris& ET@! #l >ara MP 2anis 'ajorisN& 8TA!

#l)imon & *ubian name for a 7irginis& ECD! #mud al galib MP 0elphiniN& TAA& aoi! #nOk al #rd& TCI meaning of& TCI (lug .eg and! TDI connected with early #rabian astronomy& TD! #nftk al .anftt Mc (rsae 'ajorisN& EEA! #ncbat al *ahr Mr5 9ridaniN& aao! #nget enar& and variants Mr5 9ridaniN& aao! #nf& #l Mc %egasiN& TBD! #nf al # sad& the Cth manxil y no! #niph ol %harasi& Schickard s P %egasi& TTD! #nana de and #sna de M#ndromedaN& TB! #ntar and #utar a Star Ma ScarpaN& TCJ!

#rabic "ndex

JT@

#nwir al Farkadain Mfi and 5 (rsae 'inorisN& EJ@! ECA! #ns& #l MP #urigaeN& @A! #ramSkh& a .oons in modern #rabia& 8A8! #t cbarnar Ma! 9ridaniN& ai?! #rided and #ridif Ma 2ygniN& 8@T& 8@J! #rion and #rrioph Ma 2ygniN& 8@J! #rkab Mfi 8 and A5 SagittariiN& TJD! #fUuwab& #l Ma and fi %egasiN& TBE! #rma lah& #l M#ndromedaN& TB! #r nab& #l& and #r nebeth M;epusN& BCJ! #r nig and #s nig M;yraN& B?B! #rra i My 2epheiN& 8J?! #rra kis Mp! 0raconisN& B88! #rab Ma! ;eporisN& BC?! 5 #rnh al 6au aah M5& fi& y& and # ;eporisN& BCJ! #ran al Simfik al # aal& stars in 2orvus& 8?A! # aad& the early #rabs5 ;ion& @D& BT8& BJE I etfassim! # aad& the scientific #rabians ;eo& BJE! # sadah& #l M;upusN& BD?! #nceher] #achere & and #achere #liemi ni Ma 2anis 'ajorisN& 8BB! #schemi e and #achere M2anis 'inorN& 8TB! #schlmech iner mis& #aimec Ma 7irgin isN& ECD! #scimech & #simech & #simeth Ma .oonsN& iox!

# sedaton and # sid M;eoN& BJE! #aema rik and #sme at& stars in 2entaurus and ;upus& 8JA! #shlar& #l Mc and p ;eonisN& BCA& BCT! #ahrit& #l& the BDth mansil& ?B! # alda M;upusN& BD?! #a ina& #al ua& #su ia& #svi a M:ydraN& BED! # sia and #s sld M;eoN& BJE! #su gia M<rionN& TAD! #su ia and #svi a Mfi 0raconisN& BAD! #suxn pha Mfi ;eonisN& BJ?! #tara ge and #tora ge Mthe %leiadesN& T@?! #taur ia& 2hilmead s name for the %leiades& T@?! # tha& #l& correctly #l (l thah M2omaN& 8C@! #thiflyy& #l& ?B& B8B& B?C& B??& B@B& Tx?! #thffer& #l Mm ;yraeN& B??! #fhfl;r al 0hi5b& #l M5R 0raconisN& BxB! #thora ce& #thorai ae& and #thorai e Mthe %leiadesN& T@?! #tik& #l& #tik& and #tl Mo %erseiN& TTE! # tin and :ain #ltor Ma TauriN& T?E! #ltanin o& Schickard s name for 0raco& BAJ! #tud & and variants& #uriga and a #urigae& ?J& ?D! #u ft& #l& correctly #uwft & in #+uarius& JB! #uhakln& #l& Q&8D 0raconis& BxAI `j4 0raconis& BxB! #ulftd al 0hi bah& stars of .ootes& 8AJ! #ulad al *adhlOt& other stars of .ootes& 8AC! #wftld& #l& stars of 0raco& BAD! #w la& "deler s name for Q 0raconis& EET! j#wwft & #l M.ootesN& @TI Mthe xxth manxilN& EC@! #wwftd& #l& stars of 0raco& BAD! #w wal al 0abarln My TauriN& T@A! #w wal al 0hirl5 Ma GeminorumN& BT8! #yyuk M#uriga and a #urigaeN& ?D! #xal al 0aja jah Miri 2ygniN& x @D ! #selfaf age& #5elfaf ge& and #xelfa ge Mv5 2ygniN& "@D! 8@?#5hi& #l& and #xha Mif 9ridaniN& B8?!

#simech Ma 7irginisN& ECD! #simeth 2olan s5 M.ootesN& @D! #almon Ma 7irginisN& ECD! #)uben e Ma 2ancriN& xxxI M;ibraN& BDT!

#)ula fe M;yraN& BCE! #))ang o& Schickard s name for ;yra& B?8! .abaaur& #l& #rabic popular name for <rion& TAD! .ad lye& the %ersian 2rater& 8?T! .aham ML ;eonisN& TB?! .ald& #l& .aid & and .e id MA8 9ridaniN& B8@! .akkftr& #l M.ootesN& @C! .akr& #l& #l Sufi s name for *ubecula 'ajor& B@J! .al dah& #l& the 8@th manxil and n Sagittarii& T5E! TJJ& TJ@.ali & #l Mc #+uariiN& JT.anOt *a ash al 1ubrft& in (rsa 'ajor& ETB! .anOt *a ash al Gughrl& in (rsa 'inor& EE@! .ard& #l& an #rabic group in 7irgo& EC@! .at enel 1al tos and .at enkaiton MQ 2etiN& 8CT! .at en 1altos and .ot en MQ2etiN& 8CT! ."flyah& #l& and .at lnah M2raterN& 8?T! .afn al Qut& the BCth man)il& TC& TT?! .ajn al gaitos& or getus MQ 2etiN& 8CT! .ed 9lgue)e Ma <nonisN& and variants& TxA! .ee mim and .ee mun Mv$ 9ridaniN& BBA! .enat 9lnasch & /iccioli s error for the %leiades& T@?! .enat nasch Mjj (rsae 'ajorisN& and variants& EEs! .enen as& .eneth #s& and .eneth asch& 2hilmead s collective name for c& Q& and if (rsae 'ajoris& ETB! .ersha wiah M%erseusN& TTA!

.et elgeuxe Ma <nonisN& and variants& TxA! .ihim& #l M@ ;eonisN& TB?! .irdun & correctly .irdhaun& #l M2entaurusN& 8JAI M;upusN& BD@! .ot ein MS #rietisN& ?T! .ri nek M;yraN& B?B! .ula an& #l Mp and v #+uariiN& JT! .urj al 6auxa MGeminiN& BBT! .ufain & #l& the B?th mansil& B@B! 2a ab& #l& #ssemani s name for 85 0raconis& B8 x! 2abala trab Ma ScorpiiN& and variants& TCJ! 2ai cana and 2an tans M2epheusN& 8JC! 2alb-ale set MP ;eonisN& and variants& BJC! 2aph and 2haph Mfi 2assiopeiaeN& 8EC! 2ebalra i& 2elabra i& 2elbalra i& and 2hel eb Mfi <phiuchiN& TAY! 2ele ub& 2hel eub& and 2hel ub M%erseusN& TTA! 2hen ib Ma %erseiN& TT8! 2hiba & #l Ma 2orviN& 8?8! 2tairka& *asr al 0in s title for ;yra& B?B! 2hort M@ ;eonisN& 8JE& BCB! 2hortan MC and @ ;eonisN& BCA! 2ursa Mfi 9ridaniN& B8?! 0aban & %ostellus tide for 0raco& BAJ! 0ab arftn& #l& the Bd man)il and a Tauri& T?TI the :yades& T?@! 0a bih& 0a bih 'ajor and 0a bih 'inor Mfi` fi5 2apricorniN& 8EA!

JEW

#rabic "ndex

0afi ra& the #lfonsine name for ;eonis& TJ?! %afirah& #l& 2oma .erenices and Fl! 8J 2omae .erenices& 8D8! %aikft& #l& a vacant space in Taurus& T?C! 0ajajah& #l& the #rabians and 'anetho s name for 2ygnus& 8@T! 0alw& #l& the #rabians #+uarius& ED I x #+uarii& JE! 0alw& #l& the S+uare of %egasus& TBE! %arb al TObbftnin Mthe galaxyN& E?8! 0eb iron Ma TauriN& T?E! 0egi ge M2ygnusN& and variants& 8@T! 0eli& the :ebrews #+uarius& /kxioh s 0elle& ED! 0e neb Mc and Q #+uilaeN& C8! 0e neb& 0e neb #di ge& 0e nebadigege& etc! Ma 2ygniN& 8@J! 0e neb& 0e neb #lgenu bi& and 0he neb Mif 2etiN& 8CT& 8CE! 0e neb and 0eneb ola MT ;eonisN& and variants& BJ?! 0e neb and 0ha nab al 0ulflm Mc 0elphiniN& BA8! 0e nebalchedi & 0e neb #lgedi & and 0e neb #lgethi My 2apricorniN& 8E8! 0e neb #lgedi MC 2apricorniN& 8E8! 0e nebcaiton and 0e neb 1ai toe MA 2etiN& 8CT! 0e neb 1ai toe Mt 2etiN& 8CE! 0en neb 9laa krab Mv ScorpiiN& TDB! 0hail& #l ^L or # #ndromedaeN& T?! 0halim and Thalim MA and L 9ridaniN& a 8?! 0ha nab& #l My GruisN& TT?! 0ha nab al # sad MA ;eonisN& BJ?! 0ha nab al 0ajajah& #l MP 2ygniN& 8@J! 0ha nab al 0ulftm MP 0elphiniN& BA8! 0ha nab al 6a dy& correctly 0ha nab al 6a dl MP 2apricorniN& 8E8! 0ha nab al 1ai toe Mor 1e MusN al 6anubi yy MA 2etiN& xC T ! 0ha nab al (kftb MP and y #+uilaeN& C8! 0hit al 1ursi yy& 0hath #lcursi & and 0ath 9lkarti M2assiopeia and a 2assiopciaeN& 8ET& 8EJ! 0hawa ib& #l& small stars in <rion& TBA! 0hi bah& #l& stars in .ootes& 8ATI stars in 0raco& BAC I t 0raconis& B8A! 0hi bain& #l MQand n 0raconisN& B8AI ty l and U5 0raconisN& B8B!

0hili& #l Ma 0raconisN& BACI Mt 0raconisN& B8AI MXR and4 0raconisN& B8B! 0hirfi & #l Ma and 2anis 'inorisN& 8TJ I Mthe Jth matt)ilN& BT8 I Ma <nonisN& TxA! 0hira al # ead al 'akbudah& in 2anis 'inor& 8TT! BT 8 0hirft al 'absu tah & #l Ma& GeminorumN& BT8! 0hira al 3amin& #l Ma 2epheiN& 8JD! 0hirft ftn& #l Ma and GeminorumN& BTE! 0hu al "nftn M#urigaN& ?C! 0hub 9le) guar M(rsa 'inorN& EE@! 0hur and 0uhr Mi ;eonisN& BCA! 0if da MA 2etiN& 8CT! pifdi al #w wal& #l Ma %iscis #ustral isN& TEC! pifdi" al Thftni& #l MA 2etiN& 8CT! 0ob and 0Jbh M(rsa 'ajorN& EBT! 0J8 and 0ial& the %ersians #+uarius& ED! 0ou be& or 0Sb her& (rsa 'inor in %hoenicia& EJA! 0schab be and 0sha beh Ma 2apricorniN& 8EA! 0schub ba MC ScorpiiN& TC@!

0ai ban MU and _lV5 0raconisN& axa! 0ub& 0ub bc& 0nb he& 0ub on M(rsa 'ajorN& E5T0ubb al #k bar& #l& 0ub #la2ber& and 0ub.da2bar M(rsa 'ajorN& EBT! 0ubb al #i ghar& #l& 0ub #iaa gmr& and 0hub 9lex guar M(rsa 'inorN& EE@! 0ub he and 0ubb Ma (rsae 'ajorisN& ETD0ubhe rukabah M(rsa 'inorN& EJ8! 0ulflm& #l M0elphinusN& BAA! 9c ber& 2hilmead s name for a 2anis 'ajoris& 8B8! 9d #sich and 9ldaich M8 0raconisN& BxA! 9ddib and 9l 0sib MP 0raconisN& BAC& 9degia gith and 9ldigia gich M2ygnusN& 8@T! 9deleu and 9ldelia M#+uariusN& ED! 9lada ri and 9leada ri M7irgoN& ECE& ECD!

9lar neb M;epusN& BCJ! 9lea) alet Ma 7irginiaN& ECD! 9lgen ab Ma %erseiN& TT8! 9lgeuse M<rionN& TAD! 9lgiautri Ma GeminorumN& BT8! 9lhak aac MA GeminorumN& BTT! 9lha thi M:erculesN& BEB! 9l :aut and 9lhaut ine M%iscesN& TT?! 9l :au we Ma <phiuchiN& TAA! 9l :a vic M:ydraN& BED! 9lhen aat MA and y GeminorumN& BTT& BTE! 9lkai tos& .lkal tus& and 9lke toa M2etusN& 8CB 9l 1e id M(rsa 'ajorN& ETBI Mif (rsae 'ajorisN& EE89lkia M2raterN& 8?T! 9lkleil 9l genu bi M2orona #ustralisN& 8DT! 9l 1oph rah M5 (rsae 'ajorisN& EEJ! 9lle sed M;eoN& BJE! 9lmac #lche ras M9+uuleusN& B8T! 9l 'elik Ma #+uariiN& J8! 9l *ath Ma #rietisN& ?AI MA TauriN& T@A! .lnaf ret My and fi 2ancriN& 88B! 9l /ided M2ygnusN& 8@TI MP 2ygniN& 8@J! 9lecheere & 9laeiri & 9laere M2anis 'ajorN& 88@! 9lacheere Ma 2anis 'ajorisN& iR! 9ltanin & 9tamln & 9tanlm & 9tannln & 9ttanin My 0raconisN& BAD!

9l Taur MTaurusN& T?A! 9lteamec ti and 9ltsamach Ma 7irginiaN& ECD9l)egesia le and 9lgeaiale rulxbachei M:erculesN& BEB! 9 nar Ma 9ridaniN& ax?! 9nf& 9nf #lphe rae& 9n if& 9n ir Mc %egariN& TBF 9rra i and 9r /a l My 2epheiN& 8J?! 9rra kia Mji 0raconisN& an! 9rucca bah M(rsa 'inorN& EJ8! 9tabln and 9tanin M0racoN& BAJ! 9urisim M2ygnusN& 8@E! Fahd& #l M;upusN& BD?! Fandh& #l My (rsae 'ajorisN& ET?! Fafcl& #l M2anopusN& C@! Fakir al 6au xah M<rion s .eltN& TxJ! Fakar al Shuja5 MP :ydraeN& BE@! Fak kah& #l M2orona #ustralisN& YDT, M2orona .orealisN& 8DC! Fa lak& #l Mthe )odiacN& T! Fanifc& #l Ma TauriN& T?E!

#rabic "ndex

5'

%aras al #w wal& #l M9+uuleusN& B8T! Fa ras al Tttmm& #l& an early #rabic asterism& TAE& Fa ras alThftni& #l M9+uuleusN& aiTIM%egasusN&TBE! %ard al Shujft Ma :ydraeN& BE@! Fargh al #w wal& the BEth mama 4& TBC!

Fargh al 'u liir& #l& the TJth manxil& TTC! Fargh al 'uk dim& #l& the TEth mauul& TBJ! Fargh al Thftnl& #l& the BJth mantil& TJ& TBC! %argu& #l& correctly #l Fargh& the BJth manvi& TJ! T5WFarkadain & #l MA& y 8 & y5 (rsae 'inorisN& EE@! Far kad& #l MAR (rsae 'inorisN& EJ@! %ass& #l& an #rabic figure for (rsa 'inor& EJA! Fatik& #l& cited by #l .irunl for a Tauri& T?E! Fawaris& #l& #rabic astcrism in 2ygnus& 8@J& 8@D! Fersaus & the #rabic orthography for %erseus& TTA! %ica res M2epheusN& 8JCI MA 2epheiN& 8J?! Fik rah al <la& #l ML (rsae 'ajorisN& EET! Firk& #l& Qaswlnf s name for a 2ephei& 8JD! %o ca M2orona .orcalisN& 8DC! Fomalhaut & %otnalc4& and variants Ma %iscis #ustraliaN& TEJ& TEC! Futn al # sad& an #rabic idea of 2ancer& no! Fum al Fa ras MP %egasiN& TBDI Mv %egasiN& TB@! Fum al :<t& and variants& for a %iscis #ustralia& TEJ! TEDFum al Sa makah MA %isciumN& TET! FurGd& #l& and Furud MQ 2anis 'ajorisN& 8TA! Gabbar Ma 2anis 'ajorisN& 8B8! Gar acles MA GeminorumN& BTT! Gen ib Ma %ersciN& TT8! Geu)e and Geu)ax guar M<rionN& TAD! Ghaf ar and <hafr& #l& the 8Tth tnan)il& EDB! Gharafis & #l M2anis 'inorN& 8TT! Ghumaisa5& #l M2ants 'inorN& 8TB! Ghurab& #l& #chsast s name for #+uila& JDI 2orvus& 8?A! Gie di M%rimaN& aR 2apricorni& 8E8! Gie di MSecundaN& a5 2apricorni& 8E8!

Gie di MP (rsae 'inorisN& EJDGienah My 2orviN& 8?BI Mc 2ygniN! 8@D! Gieu5 MGeminiN& BBT! Gomei aaand Gomel sa Ma 2anis 'inorisN& 8TE! Guad and Guag i M9ridanusN& B8D! :abor D and :alabor Ma 2anis 'ajorisN& isx! :a cerab and :a crab MScorpioN& TCB! :a dar& #l Ma 2annaeN& C?, Ma and 2entauriN& x JR& 8JE:adi& #l Ma #urigaeN& ?D! :idl al *ajm Ma TauriN& T?E! :ague& #l& a 'oorish name for <phiuchus& B@@! : ail& #l& an #rabic figure in :ydra and ;eo& BE@! : I5: 58 1attani yy& #l& the Flaxen Thread uniting %isces& TEB! :ak ah& #l& marking the head of <rion& T8?! :al bah& #l& correctly #l :ul bah& 8D8! :amal& #l& #ries and a #rietis& D?& ?A! :a mal& #l M2orvusN& 8?8! :amasah& #l& an #rabic anthology& E?E! :a mel& :am mel& and :a mul Ma #rietisN& ?a :imil ;uia& #l M.ootesN& @D!

:ftmil /l s al GhGl M%erseusN& TTA! :-amis al *a amah My #ndromedaeN& TD! :ammlm& #l& :yde s name for Q %egasi& TBD! :am mel& /iccioti s name for #ries& D?! :ams& or :am aah& #l& perhaps the #rabs Sagitta& TJA!

:an ah& #l& the Eth man)il ] BTE! : arltfln& #l MC and ;eonisN& 8JE& BCA& BCB! :-arasah& #l M# and v ScorpiiN& TDB! :ftris al Samft5 and :ftris al ?imlk& .ootes and a .ootis& @D& 8A8! :ar neb M;epusN& BCJ! :asalan gue M<phiuchusN& B@@! :aft& #l& an #rabian division of Taurus& TD@! :aud& #l M2omaN& 8D8I M;eo 'inorN& BCEI Min (rsa 'ajorN& EEB! :aun& #l& (lug .eg s name for e (rsae 'ajoris& ET@! :aur& #l& :yde s rendering for c (rsae 'ajoris& ET@! :aur& #l& on #rabic globes for <phiuchus& B@@! :aut M%iscesN& TT?! :aut elgenu bl M%iscis #ustralisN& TEJ! :awalm& #l& L %egasi on the 0resden globe& TB?! >jlaw ar& #l& #l Tixini s name for c (rsae 'ajoris& ET@:awwft & #l& #rabian translation of <phiuchus& B@@! :aw wa& individual tide for a <phiuchi& TA8! :ay yah& #l M0racoN& BAJI M:ydraN& BEDI MSerpensN& TDE! : a )af& #l& an #rabic figure for ;yra& B?B! :asimet #la )el& :asimeth #lha cel& and :u)imeth on Ma 7irginisN& ECD! :ek a and :ik a M# <nonisN& Tx?! ! :e mal Ma #rietisN& ?A! : iba` #l& #& a& 5 #urigae& @8 I 2orona #ustralis& 8DT! :iba" al 3amaniyyah& #l M2orvusN& 8?8!

:ie risim MA 2ygniN& 8@C! :ie rixim& :i resym& :y resym M2ygnusN& 8@E! :imlrain & #l& the Cth mamil My& C& P 2ancriN& 88A& ixx! :inayat al *ahr M-: 9ridaniN& BBA! :omam and :oman MQ %egasiN& TBD! :ul bah& #l& incorrectly #l :al bah& the #rabians name for our 2oma .erenices& 8D8! :ul bah& #l& #l .iruni5s name for a 7irginis& ECD! rjlurr& #l M# #urigaeFN& @8! rjlGt& #l& incorrecdy #l :ut& the 7ernal Fish& TT?! :Gt al 6anubiyy& #l M%iscis #ustralisN& TEJ! : us" mat& #l& correcdy #l :ux mah& 2oma .erenices in modern #rabia& 8DA! "bf al 6au xah Ma <nonisN& TxA! "clar krav& perhaps C Scorpii& TC@! "chT MA ScorpiiN& TCD! led #lgeu)e Ma <nonisN& T8A! "klll& #l M2orona .orealisN& 8DC! "klll al # krab& P Scorpii& TC@! "klll al 6ab hah& the 8Jth manxil& TCD& TD8! "klll al 6anubly yah& #l M2orona #ustralisN& 8DT! "klll al Shamftliy yah& #l M2orona .orealisN& 8DC! "nak & #l& and "ns& #l `^ (rsae 'ajorisN& EEA! "nas& #l Ma& Q& iy #urigaeN& ?D& @A! "ncalu rus& .ootes in the #i4imsitu Tables& @D! "ner mis #slmec Ma 7irginisN& ECD!

JEB

#rabic "ndex

"r acleua& Grotius name for Geminorum& BTT! "a tlusc and "a tuac MSagittaN& TJa "wtw & #l& peculiar to #l Sufi for ;yra& B?B! ")ar& #l Mc .ootisN& 8AE! 6ab bah My ScorpiiN& TD8! 6ab bOr& #l M<rionN& TAC! 6ab hah& #l& the ?th manxil& @JE& @JD! 6ab hah& #l MC ScorpiiN& TC@! 6ab hat al #krab MXRV and Xa ScorpiiN& TDB! 6ad"& #l MPR (nae ' in orisN& EJD! 6ady & #l& correctly 6ad"& #l M2apricornusN& 8EA! 6ady ain& #l& the 1ids& Qand ij #urigae& @8! 6ab ialah& #l MP %egasiN& TBD! 6a is Mfor TaisN MC 0racon(N& BA@! 6anlb& #l Mf2ygniN& 8@DI My %egasiN& TBC! 6anfib Ghurfib al #iman My 2orviN& 8?B! 6anb& #l My %egasiN& TBCI Ma %erseiN& TT8! 6anb al 'us alaalah MA #ndromedaeN& TC! 6an ib Ma 8 and a5 ;ibraeN& BDJ! 6athi yy ala /ukbat aihi& #l& the #rabians :er! cules& BEB! 6aun & #l Mc (rsae 'ajorisN& ET@! 6au )ah& #l& <rion in early #rabia& TAD! 6au)& #l& and 6au )ah& #l& early #rabic names for

: Tauri& EAT! 6ed MB <phtuchiN& TAB! 6eu)e M<rionN& TAD! 6uddah & #l& a (rsae 'ajoris in modern #rabia& EJD! 6ummai)a& #l M2anis 'inorN& 8TT! 6u )a M1 0raconisN& B88! 1abd al # sad Ma 2anum 7enaticorumN& 88C! 62atVE al "n #n MA #urigaeN& T@A! La b dhi l loan My #urigaeN& ?@I Mt #urigaeN& @8! 1abah al #llf& #l M#riesN& D?! 1aUb al 1arm& in 2entaurus and ;upus& 8JA& BD?! 1aff& #l MA 2assiopeiaeN& 8EC! 1aff #lgeria& #l& correctly #l 6ariah& stars in 9ridanus& B8D! 1affal :adlb& #l& stars of 2assiopeia& 8ET! 1aff al 6idh mah Mor 6udh mahN& #l&2etus and a 2eti& 8CB& 8CT! 1af )ah& #l M5 (rsae 'ajorisN& EEJ! 1af )ah al Thinly ah& #l M#& n (rsae 'ajorisN& EET! 1af )ah al 6hiba" Min (rsa 'ajorN& EEE! 1af )ah al <la& #l Mv and Q (rsae 'ajorisN& EET! 1ahil al # sad MQ and 5 ;eonisN& BCA! 1a ig& #l Mo5 9ridaniN& BBA! Qa id .anfit al *a ash M8D (rsae 'ajorisN& EE8! 1aitaln Ma %isciumN& TEB! 1alft if & #l Mthe :yadesN& T?@! 1alb& #l MA 2anis 'ajorisN& 8B@ I M%erseusN& TTA! 1alb& #l MA ;eonisN& BJ?I the 8Cth man)il& TCJ! 1albaln& #l& of #l 0abarOn in Taurus& E8B! 1alb al #krab& 1alb #a krab Ma ScorpiiN& TCJ! 1alb al #k bar& #l M2anis 'ajorN& 88@! 1alb al # aad& 1albela sit& 1albele ced& 1albol # aadi& and 1ale #la sed Ma ;eonisN& BJC! 1alb al #s ghar& #l M2anis 'inorN& 8TT! 1alb al 0ab arftn Ma TauriN& T?C! 1alb al Fiat& the BCth man)il& TC! 1alb al 6abbOr M2anis 'ajorN& 88@!

1alb al 'utakad dlm& #l M2ants 'inorN& 8TT!

1alb al /a i Mp 2epheiN& 8J@, M5 :ercuhsN& BEb 1albel aphard & 1alb 9lba vich Ma :ydraeN& a5 1allfts& #l Mthe :yadesN& T?@! Lamtta& #l& #rabic dictionary& JT, etftsgm! 1a rmb& #l Mr and v %egasiN& T@@! 1arb al "bl& stars in 2anes 7cnatki& 88J! 1ara al Thaural Sham illy yah My #urigaeN& @a 1is& #l M2raterN& 8?T! 1fta ah 0arwlahftn and 1la ah Shekestefc M2orona .oreatisN& 8DC! 1af at al 'asakln and 1af at al Silik M<we .orealisN& 8DC! 1ata at #lta raa& Giilmead s name for 9+uukas! B8T! 1a tab& #l MA ;eonisN& BJ?! 1afat& #l& and #l 1athl M2ygnusN& 8@T! 1a :d& #l M0elphinusN& BAA! 1au kabalShamall yy& #l MP (rsae 'inoriOEJD1aua & #l MSagittariusN& TJB! Laus & #l& a small group in Sagittarius& TJJ! 1aua #ustra :a Mc SagittariiN& TJ?! 1aua .orea lia M# SagittariiN& TJ?! 1aua 'erid ionalia Me SagittariiN& TJ?! 1awakib al Firk Ma& A& and 5 2epheiN& 8JD 1e id and 1l ed MeP 9ridaniN& BBA! 1elb ala crab Ma ScorpiiN& TCJ! 1cltf alas5 guar M2anis 'inorN& 8TT! 1elde& /iccioli sname for stars in 2epheus& 8JD 1entau rua& #l M2entaurusN& 8JA! 1etpholtsu mao MA GeminorumN& BTT! 1e tua& #l M2etusN& 8CB! 1haw war& #l M4- (rsae 'ajorisN& 8Es5 1hetu rua& #l M.ootesN& @CI Ma .oousN& iox! 1ib lah& #l Ma (rsae 'inor isN! EJC! Lidr& #l& early #rabic figure in 2epheus& 8JD! J5 1if fa auatra lia MP` a5 ;ibraeN& BDJ! 1if fa borea lia MA ;ibraeN& BDC! 1if fah al 6anGbiy yah& #l Ma5& PV ;ibraeN& sFJ1if tatan& #l& the #rabians libra& BDT! 1iladah& #l& the 8@th montilU TJs!

1iltf & #l Mthe :yadesN& T?@! 1ir dab& #l Mletter s suggestion for Q 2epbeih 8J5 1issln& #l& for some star in 2oma .erenices& 8D 1it" at al %a raa M9+uuleusN& BxT! 1it alpha M9+uuleusN& B8T! 1it alpha& 1it alphar& and 1itel %bard MP OpwleiN& BxE! 1o cbab and 1o4chah MA (rsae 'inorisN& EJR1olan )a M.ootesN& @D! 1ub bah& #l M2orona #ustralisN& 8DT! 1umm& #l& stars in <rion& TBA! 1ufhab& #l& 1aswtnfs name for Q 2ephei& xL@1ural yy al 6ab bar M;epusN& @CJ! 1uralyy al 6au )ah& in 9ridanus and <rion& aiR 1ur fld& #l& in 2anis 'ajor and 2olumba& ifr lCfi 1udb al Shamlli yy& #l M(rsa 'inoraw( (R5 'inorisN& EJD! ;aa ah& #l& ;each at& ;ea uth M v ScorpiiN& $5 "%;es ath v5l fiothu ;ea aaa .la akrab "forta5 Scorp! Mv ScorpiiN& TDB! ;ib5 & #l& the Cth mansil& 8A?!

#rabic "ndex

JET

;uri& #l M;yraN& B?T! ;ur nis& or #l (r nis M2ygnusN& 8@E! 'aa aim& 'a sini& 'a aym& 'a xym& etc! M# :ercu1sN& TEE! 'abautlh& #l& and 'absuthat MFl! T8 ;yncisN& B?A! 'a ax& #l M_ #urigaeN& @A! 'abauM#t& #l M_ GeminorumN& TTJ! 'aha sim ML and if #urigaeN& TEJ!

'aisin& #l My GeminorumN& TTEI M# <nonisN& T8?! ' ajar rah& #l Mthe galaxyN& E?8! 'akbfl dah& #l MQ GeminorumN& TTJ! 'a laf& #l Min 2ancerN& 88TI M2raterN& 8?T! 'alf al 1ha tar M2orona .orealisN& 8DC! 'aliki yy Ma ;eonisN& TJC! 'allepb on& Schickard s name for 2rater& 8xT! 'alphelca ne& and 'nlfelcar re M2orona .orcalisN& 8DC! 'ana)il al Lamr MpluralN5 'anail MsingularN& ?! 'an ica& #l Sufi s name for <rion s 'antle& TTa 'an kib& #l Ma <nonisN& TxAI My <nonisN& T8T! 'an kib al Fa raa Mfi %egasiN& TTJ! 'an kib al Thuray ya MQ %egasiN& TTE! 'an )ll Mplural 'anasilN& an #rabic lunar station& ?! 'ar ah al 'ua alsalah& #l M#ndromedaN& TT! 'ar ftkk& #l Mfi (rsae 'ajorisN& ET?! 'ar chab and 'arkab Ma %egasiN& TTE! 'ar fak and #l 'ar fik ^R and fi 2assiopeiaUN& 8E?! 'ar fak& 'ar fik& and #l 'ar fi7 M5 :erculisN& TEE! 'ar fak Ma %erseiN& TT8! 'ar fic and 'ar fik MP :erculisN& TEE I M# <phiuchiN& TAT! 'ar fik& #l ML and 4O 2assiopeiaeN& 8E?I MP :erculisN& TEE I M# <phiuchiN& TAT! 'ar fik 58 Thuray ya Ma %erseiN& TT8! 'arkab& #l M#rgoN& CCI Ma %egasiN& TTEI Mr %eg! asiN& TB@!

'ar kab and 'ar keb MP #rgusN& DE! 'ar aia and 'ar aic Mk :erculisN& TEE! 'ar sic M# <phiuchiN& TAT! 'l sik al "nln M#urigaN& ?C! 'a tar M8D %egasiN& TT?! 'atn al Fa raa Ma %egasiN& TTE! 'eboula& 'ebau ta& 'ebus ta& and 'eluc ta M5 GeminorumN& TTJ! 'eel eph& 'el lef& and 'el leff Mc 2ancriN& 88T! 'e grer MC (rsae 'ajorisN& ET@! 'ei rer& 'e rak& and 'erer MP .oot isN& 8AE! 'eis sa M# <nonisN& Tx?! 'ekbu da MQ GeminorumN& TTJ! 'eni ta MP GeminorumN& TTJ! 'en kab& 'en kar& and 'on kar Ma 2etiN& xCa! 'en kaliaa & 'en kalinam & 'en kalinan Mfi #urigaeN& ?@! 'en kar M# 2etiN& 8CE! 'en kar 9ldigla gich Mfi 2ygniN& 8@C! 'en kib Mfi %egasiN& TTJ I MQ %erseiN& TTE! 'e rach Mj? #ndromedaeN& TC! 'e rak& 'i rae& 'i rak Mfi (rsae 'ajorisN& ET?! 'esang uo M;yraN& B?8! 'esarthlm and 'eeartim My #rietisN& ?T!

'et oula MP GeminorumN& TTJ! 'e )en and 'eier Mc .ootisN& 8AE!

'ibwa la Me GeminorumN& TTJ! 'i car& 'i rak& and 'i rar M_ .ootisN& 8AE! 'i car&'i rach& and 'i xar Mc (rsae 'ajorisN& ET@! 'idaa non& Schickard s name for ;ibra& TDT! '( dab& #l Mthe :yadesN& T?@! 'ij marah& #l M#mN& CT! 'ilaf%& incorrectly 'alif& al 1ur rah M2orona .orcalisN& 8DC! R 'in& an #rabic preposition signifying "belonging to&" xoI et passim! 'in al # )al& stars in the head of :ydra& TE@! 'ln ftar& #l Ma 2etiN& xCa! 'in tiar al # aad MP ;eonisN& BCB! 'in .ar al 0ajajah Mfi 2ygniN& 8@C! 'in liar al Ghurab Ma 2orviN& 8?8! 'in .ar al Shujl5 M@ :ydraeN& TJA! 'in fakah& #l& 'in taka& and 'in tika M5 <nonisN& TxE! 'in takat al #wwl5 MP .ootisN& 8AE! 'inta kaf al .uruj Mthe )odiacN& T! 'i ract and 'i rae Mfi #ndromedaeN& TC! 'i ract MP (rsae 'ajorisN& ET@! 'i ra\& 2hilmcad s name for fi (rsae 'ajoris& TC! 'i rak MQ (rsae 'ajorisN& EEA! 'iffak and 'lr sac Ma %erseiN& TT8! 'ir fak MP :erculisN& TEE! 'ifaa and 'ir aam Mfi 2anis 'ajorisN& 8T@! 'lr xam Ma <nonisN& TxAI MA <nonisN& T8T! 'irxam" al Shirayain and #l 'irraman & fi 2anis 'ajoris and fi 2anis 'inoris& 8B@! 'i fam& #l M# :erculis& L and 8F #urigaeN& TEE! 'isam al Thuray ya M5 and h %erseiN& TTE! 'iamar& the tide of %olaris in 0amascus& EJD! '"xan& #l& an #rabic asterism in #ntinous& E8I in #+uila& C8 I in ;ibra& TDT I in Triangulum& ExC! '"xan al .atll& #l ^c& . t 8& a` k <rion isN& T8J! 'i aan #llemin Ma 8 and a5 ;ibraeN& TDJ! '"xan al :-akk& #l MP& r& Q <nonisN& T8J! 'i )ar& #l& and 'i xar Mfi #ndromedaeN& TCI MP .ootisN& 8AEI Mfi (rsae 'ajorisN& ET?I MRj (rsae 'ajorisN& ET@, Mf (rsae 'ajorisN& EEA! 'i rat and 'if)a MQ (rsae 'ajorisN& EEA!

'o allakftt& #l& correc(y #l 'u allak#t& T@E! 'on kar Ma 2etiN& 8CB! 'osch leck Mv ScorpiiN& TDa! 'oac lek M# ScorpiiN& TDA! 'u allaklt& #l& incorrectly #l 'o allakftt& T@E 'u fridal /ttmih& 'u frid& 'u fride Mi& .ootisN& YAE! 'ugham mid Mor 'u1am mirN al Thuray ya& perhaps a %ersei& TT8! 'u hanalm& #l& and 'u bibbain My and C 2apricorniN& 8E8! 'uh dij& #l Ma TauriN& T?E! 'uijlifain & #l My& Q& and # #rgusN& DB& DT& DE, M? 2anis 'ajorisN& 8TAI Ma and fi 2olumbaeN& 8CD! 'uhtallfain & #l& and 'ubnithain & #l& Da& DT& DE& 8TA& 8CD! 'uk dim al gitlf Me 7irginisN& ED8! 'uliphen & y 2anis 'ajoris& 8TAI y <phiuchi& TA8! 'ul tahab& #l M2epheusN& 8JD!

JEE

#rabic "ndex

'um aaaich #lhanam & 2hil mead s name for #uriga& ?C! 'um ftik al "ntn M#urigaN& ?C! 'unic and 'unir Ma 2oronac .orealisN& 8D?! 'unlr al Fak kah M2orona .orealisN& 8DC! 'u phrid and 'u frid Mij .ootisN& 8AE! 'ur xim& #l& and 'ur xim ^fi 2ants 'ajorisN& 8B@I ^fi 2anis 'inorisN& 8TE I Ma <nonisN& T88! 'ur xim al *ajid My <iionisN& T8T!

'u ahalah& #l .irunl s name for # Scorpii& TDA! 'utakab bidah& #l MQ GeminorumN& BTJ! 'uthal lath& #l MTriangulumN& ExC! 'utlat & liutlathum & 'utlaton & etc MTriangulumN& E8C! *a l im& #l Mr and v %egasiN& T5@P *airn& #l& the 8?th man)xl& TJJ& TJ?! *a tm and *a t lm al gldirah& #l& the 8?th man)ily TJJ& TJ?! *a lm al $ind& #l My& P& P& ij SagittariiN& TJJ! *a lmlt& #l& xCa! *a ash& #l MP& M& and n (rsae 'ajorisN& ETT! *a ash ;aa xar& the S+uare in (rsa 'ajor& ETa! *ab lium and *ab lon M;yraN& B?T! *ahr& #l& *ah ar& *ar M9ridanusN& B8D! *ahr& #l Mthe galaxyN& EDJ! *ahrln& #l& stars in ;eo and 7irgo& EC@! *ajid& #l& indiscriminately used for a& fi& and y <nonis& T8B& T8T! *t ir& #l& the #rabs word for the brightest star in a sky figure& passim! *ajm& #l Mthe %leiadesN& T@?! *akklr& #l M.ootesN& @DI *akkar ^fi .ootisN& 8AT! *asak al Shamtliy yah MorShlmi yyN& #l& stars in :ercules& <phiuchus& and Serpens& BET& TAB& TDJ! *aaak al 3amlniy yah& #l& stars in <phiuchus and Serpens& BET& TAB& TDJ! *a ahira My and C 2apricorniN& 8E8! *aaak & #l MP& P& and ^ <nonisN& T8J! *asi& #l My SagittariiN& TJD*aar al Slkit& #l M;yraN& B?B! *asr al Ta ir& #l M#+uilaN& LD5 B?B! *aar al $lki` #l M;yraN& B?B! *lfih& #l& the BDth mortal& ?BI fi Tauri& T@A! *athm& #l Me <nonisN& T8E! *athrah& #l! the Cth mansil& no& 88B! *ebol elle sed& *ebolla aid& and *ebula ait ^fi ;eonisN& BJ?! *ekkar M.ootesN& @DI fi .ootis& 8AT!

*essrusa kat and *essrusa kito M;yraN& B?T! *ibal and *ihal ^fi ;eporisN& BC@! *ihil& #l& the four brightest stars of ;epus& BCJ! *ijld& #l MP& P& and Q <rionisN& T8J! *itlk& #l MQ <rionisN& TxE! *iUhlm& #l& the phi stars in 2etus& 8CB& 8CJ I c <rionis& T8E! *iylf& #l M@ and r ScorpiiN& TD8! *ub#tai & #l My& mR 5& 5F& and ^ GeminorumN& BTE& BTJ! *ujum al #fidh& the lunar stations& ?! *uaa kan ^fi 2oronac .orealisN& 8D@! *usuk & #l& <rion and <rion s .elt& TAD!

<klb& #l& correctly #l (klb M#+uilaN& JD! <k da Ma %isciumN& TEB! <rf& #l& correctly #l (rtI the famous nova in 2auk55 peia& YEC! <xen of Teha ma& "deler5s tendering of the #rabs term for the *ubeculae& B@J! %afma& #l Sufi s term for 2orona .orealis& 8Dk %hacd& %had& %haed& etc! My (rsae 'ajorisN& ETF! %hact& %had& and %haet Ma 2olumbaeN& 8CD! %ham #l Zut& etc& for a %iscis #ustralis& TEC %hard& .urritt s name for a #+uarii& J8! %he2ca M2orona .orealisN& YDC! %hec da& %hafda& and %hek da My (rsae 'a! jorisN& ET?! %herd& :yde s name for a :ydrae& BE@! %herkad 'ajor& %herkad 'inor MyP& y5 (rsa5 'inorisN& EJ@! %hica rea& %hica rus& %irchae ua M2cpheusN& 8J= %hik ra al Thlni a& #l& .aGy s name for # ae6 ft (rsae 'ajoris& EET! %homalhaut & and variants& 5 %iscis #ustralis& JEC %rima Gie di Ma 8 2apricorniN& 8EA! %u pl""a& cited by .ayer for a 2oronae .orealis& 8DO /a ar& /iccioti s and 1ircher s name for 2epbeus!

5JD/abes co& ;yra s stars on the .orgian globes B?B! /adlf& #l M2epheusN& 8JD, M2ygnusN! 8@T! /lfid&5#l Mm 0raconisN& Bx8! /ag ulon& 2aesius5 name for <rion& TxA! /li & #l My 2epheiN& 8J?! /l i al 6au xah ^fi <rionisN& T8a! /l " al *a " im M# SagittariiN& TJ?! /aka bah& #l M(rsa 'inorN& EJA! /lkib& #l Ma #urigaeN& ?D! /lkia& #l ^fi 0raconisN& BADI Mft 0raconisN! B88, M :erculesN & BET! /lml& #l Ma SagittariiN& TJD/amih& #l M.ootesN& @D! /aaaben My 0raconisN& BA?I M:erculesN& BE8 I MX :erculisN& BET! /aa alaa Mp ;eonisN& BCT! /la al # aad al 6anttbiy yah Mc ;eonisN& BCA! /ls al # aad al Shamlli yy MZt ;eonisN& BCT! /as algauae & /aa algeuse & and /aa algeuse ^fi GeminorumN& BTT! /aa #lgethi & /ls al 6lthi yy& and variants MX :erculisN& BET! /l a al GhGl ^fi %erseiN& TJT!! /aa alha gue& /aa al :ayro& and variants M5 <phiuchiN& TAA& TA8! /ls al tfa mal and /aa :am mel M5 #rietisN& fo! /la al Gawwl5& /aa alha gue& and variants MX <phiuchiN& TAA& TAY! /ls al 6au)l ^fi GeminorumN& BTT! /la al 6au xah M# <rionisN& Tx?! /ls al 'uthal lath Ma TrianguliN! E8C! /la al Ta um al 'u ali nar& fi Geminorum! RTT/la al Ta um al 'ukad dim Ma GeminorumN! TT8 /la al Tlnnin& /aa 9ltanim MV 0raconnN& Rf /aa taban &and variants ^fi 0raconisN& AAD!

#rabic "ndex

JEJ

/as taban & and variants My 0raconisN& BA?! /as al Thu ban MA 0raconisN& TAD! /au cjah& #l& in :ercules& <phiuchus& and Serpens& BET! TDE/e D gel and /i gel #lgauie Mj? <nonisN& T8B! /eicchab ba& the #lfonsine (rsae ' in oris& EJ?! /i a!8& #l& stars between #chernar and Fomalhaut& 55@R TTJ/iba^at& #l& the #rabic lunar stations& ?! /idf& #l Ma 2ygniN& 8@J! /idhadh& #l M2ygnusN& 8@T& 8@J! /i gel Ma 2entauriN& 8JBI MA <rionisN& T8B! /ig "on& Schickard s name for <rionis& T8B! /ijl al #wwa Mp! 7irginisN& EDT! /i jil al 1entau rua Ma 2entauriN& 8JB! /ijl al 'us alsalah My #ndromedaeN& TD! /ijl al 6auxah al 3amna MP <rionisN& T8?! /ijl al 6au )ah al 3uara MA <rionisN& TxB! /isal ioth MP (rsae 'inorisN& ET@! /is:a5& #l& early #rabic name for #ndromedae& TC! /isha & #l& the BCth man]il y TT? I a %iscium& TET! /uba5& #l& correctly #l /ub ah& in 0raco& aio& B88! /uba (& #l& or #l /u bl iyylt& of <mar 1hayyam M: ay yamN& B8B& T@TI et passim! /uc ba& /uc bar& /uch bab M? 2assiopeiaeN&xE?! /uc ba& /ue bah& and /uc bar Ma SagittariiN& TJD! /ucca bah Ma (rsae 'inorisN& EJD! /uk bah& #l M? 2assiopejaeN& 8E?! /uk bah and /uk bat Ma SagittariiN& TJD! /uk bah& perhaps the derivation of #lruca ba& EJ8! /uk baf 5= 0aj#jah and /uch ba Mw T 2ygniN& 8@?! /uk bat al /ami M5 SagittariiN& TJD! /ukkabah& #l M(rsa 'inorN& EJA! /umh& #l& and /urab al /lmih Mij .ootisN& 8AE! /u xam& #l& #l Sufi s name for y <rionis& TxT!

Saak M88 .ootisN& 8AE! Sabik and Silk Me and 8D <phiuchiN& TAB! Sabu5& #l& 2hilmead s #l Subahh M;upusN& BD?! Sadate ni MQ #urigaeN& @8! Sa5d& its definition and application& TBD! See note! Sadach bia and Sa d al #: biyah My #+uariiN& JB! Sadak & #l& and #l Sai dak Mg (rsae 'ajorisN& EEJ! Sa d al .ahl im MA %egasiN& TB?! Sa d al ."ri5 M# and a5 %egasiN& TB?! Sa d al .ula & the B8st mansil& JT! Sa d al 0habi b& the BAth man)il& 8EA! Sa d al :um am MQand M %egasiN& TBD! Sa d al 'a far Mtj and o %egasiN& TB?! Sad alroe lik and Sa d al 'alik Ma #+uariiN& J8! Sa d al 'ulk Ma and o #+uariiN& JJ! Sa d al *a fimah MQ %egasiN& TB?& TB@! Sa d al *lahirah My and T 2apricomiN& 8E8! Sa d al *a)i5 M# and p %egasiN& TB?! Sad alauud & incorrectly Sadalaund and Sadalaaud MA #+uariiN& JB! Sadato ni MQ #urigaeN& @8! Sadr& #l Ma 2assiopeiaeN& 8EJ! gadr al 0ajftjah My 2ygniN& 8@D! Ladr al gai toa& or ge tus My 2etiN& 8CT& Bx@! Sa dubna ahirah& Smyth s y 2apricomi& 8E8! Safin ah& #l M#rgoN& CC!

Sag ma Mt %egasiN& TB@! Sahil Ma 2arinaeN& C?!

Sah ja& #l& g (rsae 'ajoris in #rabic poetry& EEJ! Sahrn& #l MSagittaN& TJA! Saib *asch-ru-ah My 2apricomiN& 8E8! Slid& #l MA %egasiN& TTJ! Sai dol-pha ra)i& Schickard s %egasi& TBJ! Sa if aljabbir Mtj <rionisN& TxC! Silk al Thuray ya Ma TauriN& T?E! Sa iph & occasionally used for y <rionis& T82! Sa iph & commonly used for k <rionis& T8?! Sale al # sad Ma 7irginisN& ECD! St kib al 'l M#+uariusN& ED! Salib & #l& an #rabic figure in 0elphinus& BAA! Saiib#k& #l& Qa)wini s name for ;yra& B?E! Sa lib al $lki5& #l& an #rabic figure in 0raco& BAD! Salm& #=&and Sal ma Mr %egasiN& TB@! Sam akah& #l M%iscesN& TT?! Sam akatain & #l& the #rabic dual for %isces& TT?! Sam eh M%iscesN& TT?! San& /iccioli s and 1ircher s name for 2epheus& 8JD! Sanlm al *tkah MA 2assiopeiaeN& 8EC! Sanj& #l&and San gue M;yraN& B?8! Sanj /umi& a %ersian name for ;yra& B?8! Sarafan& #l M2ancerN& xo?! Sar fah& #l& the 8Ath rnan)il& BJE& BJ?! Sar fah& #l& and Ser pha MA ;eon isN& BJ?! Sarlr .an#t al *a aah& and other stars in (rsa

'ajor& EEB! Sartai MA #rietisN& ?B! Scartai My #rietisN& ?B! Sar fan and Ser tan Ma 2ancriN& in! Sce ara M2anis 'ajorN& 88@! Scera Ma 2anis 'ajorisN& 8BB! Scha liaf& 2hilmead s name for ;yra& B?E! Scha ham and Sham MSagittaN& TJA! Scheat and Scheat 9del eu MC #+uariiN& JT! Scheat and Scheat #lphe ra) MA %egasiN& TBJ! Sched ar& Sed er& and variants Ma 2assiopeiaeN& 8EJ! Sched di My and C 2apricomiN& 8E8! Scheere liemi ni M2anis 'ajorN& 8x@! Schema li MFN MP! 2etiN& 8CE! Schom lek and Shorn lek M# ScorpiiN& TDA! Seat & Grotius name for w #+uarii& JJ! Seat #lfa raa& Seat #lphe raa MA %egasiN& TBJ! Secun da Giedi Ma5 2apricomiN& 8EA! Semba let 9lean dri& Sombalet& and Sumbalet Ma 7irginisN& ECD! Serpens #lan gue MSerpensN& TDE! Shaari ;obur & 9ber s name fora 2anis 'ajoris& 8B8! Shalyftk& #l& correctly Shilylk& #l& B?E! Shamfirl:& #l& in 2entaurus and ;upus& 8JA& BD?! Shamiyyah& #l Ma 2anis 'inorisN& 8TT! Sharftsif& #l& stars of 2rater and :ydra& 8?E& BE@! Sharatain & #l& Sharatan & and Sheratan MA #rie-

tisN& ?8! Shau lah& #l& Shau la& Shau ka M# ScorpiiN& TDA! Shau kah& #l MFl! T8 ;yncisN& B?A! Shel iak& Shel yak& and Shil iak MA ;yraeN& B?D! Shi rfi& #l& and Si rt& #l Ma 2anis 'ajorisN& 8B8! Shi rft al #bGr al 3amftniy yah& 2anis 'ajor and Sirius& Y8@& YBi!

TC

JEC

#rabic "ndex

Shi ra al Shamiy yah& #l Ma 2ams 'ajorisN& 8TT Shi raytn& #l MSinus and %rocyonN& 8BJ! Shuja & #l M0racoN& BAJ I M:ydraN& BED I M<rionN& TAD! Siair Sia mi Ma 2anis 'inorisN& 8TT! Sia ush& #rabian orthography of %erseus& TTA! SiheT and Sibil Ma 2arinaeN& 2?! Sihil pondero aa Ma 2arinaeN& C@! Simftk& #l& definition of the word& 8AA! Sec note! Simile& #l& the 8Bth manxil& ECD! Simftk al # )al& #l Ma 7irginisN& ECD! Simile al /fimib Ma .odusN& 8AA! See note! Sira & %ersian name for a 2anis 'ajoris& 8 BB! Sir rah Ma #ndromedaeN& TJ!

Sohayl & Soheil & Sohel & Sobil Ma 2arinaeN& C?! Somecb haramach& 2hilrnead s a .ootis& 8A8 Subhel and Subil oo Ma 2annaeN& C@& DA! Sudr Ma 2ygniN& 8@D! Sugia & cited by Scaliger for <rion& TAD! Suhail & Suhel & Suhil & Suhilon Ma 2arinaeN& C?! Suhail & #l& Siriu5 in modern #rabia& 8BB! Suhail al 'uh lif& y 7elorum in #rgo& DB! Suhail al $a)n& stars in #rgo& C@& DE! Suhail al 3amtniy yah& #l Ma 2arinaeN& C@! Suhail :a dar Ma 2arinaeN& DT! Suhel al Fard& Suhel al Sham Ma :ydracN& BE@ Suhel pondero sus M a 2arinaeN& C@! Sulafat My ;yraeN& B?D! Sulabflt M;yraN& B?E! Sum bela M7irgoN& E<E! Sunbulah& #l M7irgoN& ECEI Ma 7irginiaN& ECD Sun bale& Sun balon& Sum bela Ma 7irginisN& ECD Suradain & #l MAV an d AP SagittariiN! TJD! Sur rat al Fa raa Mo #ndromedaeN& TJ! Su ud al *ujum& star-group in %egasus& TB?! Taben & Tanem & Tannlm& Tannin M0racoN& BAJ! Tahftyl & #l& incorrectly Tabftyl M8 GeminorumN& PTJI M# <nonisN& T8?! Ti ir& #l& and #l Ta iral #r duf M2ygnusN& 8@T! Tais & #l& ? and adjacent surs in 0raco& BA@! Tali al *ajm Ma TauriN& T?E! Tali" al Shau lah& clusters in Scorpio& TDA! Ta lita and Ta litha M8 (rsac 'ajorisN& EEB& EET-

Ta ni a austra lis Mm (rsae 'ajotisN& EET! Ta ni a bore alia M# (rsae 'ajorisN& EET! Taraapo)& #rabic orthography for 2entaurus& 8JA! Tarcuta& an unidentified star-name& 8@?! Tarf& #l& the Dth man)il& BCT I MA 2ancriN& m! TRrik al ;a ban& Tarik al Tibn Mthe galaxyN& E?8! Tau amln& #l MGeminiN& ivy Taur& a rarely used name for Taurus& T?A! Tawibi al #yyuk My and 8 #urigaeN& @A& @8! Tayyasan& #l& correctly #l Tiyasan& undetermined stars in 0raco& BA@! Tejat %oate rior Mm GeminonimN& BTC! Tejat %rior Mn GeminorumN& BTJ! Tba bit& perhaps v <rionis& !wo! Thahr al # Rad MC ;eonisN& BAA! Thahr al 0ubb al #k bar Ma (rsae 'ajorisN& ETD! jhalim Ma %iscis #uslralisN& TEC! Thalim& #l& for and @ 1ridani& B8?& B8@! Thalimain& #l M#ntinotisN& ERi ( and # #+uilaeN& A8 I M# and m SagittariiN& TJ?!

Thani al 0hira MA GeminorumN& UTT! Thaur& #l MTaurusN& T?A! Thaur al Thuray ya Mv TauriN& EAE! Theemin7& the uptilott stars of 9ridanus!& Faj The!e !nim& an erroneous form of Thecmim& )U_ Thibfi & #l& the sigmas and other stars in (U 'ajor& EEE! Thiba wa-#uladuha& #l& perhaps ;eo 'inot& !" P f hilf al Fa raa MR 2ygniN& 8@D! Thu ban& #l M0racoN& BAJ! Thuban Ma 0raco nisN& BAC! Thufr al Ghi)(n & undetermined stars to ; rs 'ajor& EEB! Thuray ya& #l M2assiopeiaN& 8EE, Mthe %lei56cVT@J! T@?! EAT! Tinnin& #l M0racoN& BAJ! Tiyasan& #l! See Tayyasan& #; Tower of Gad& .urritt s name for 2apricornus i!j Tur& /iccioli s name for Taurus& T?A!

Tur aia and Tur yeiah M8 2arinaeN& DE! Turanyl& the %leiades in Southern #rabia& TUJ5 Two %herkads & The& and y (rsac 'inoris EJ a (dara and (dra Me 2anis 'ajorisN& 8TA! (dbft al *airn& correctly (dhi yy al *a as M2orona #ustralisN& 8DTI Min 9ridanusN! B8s, _c SagittariusN& TJJ! (dbi yy & #l! Sec (dL5! (kdah& stars of :ydra& BJA! (fed al :-aitain Ma %isciumN! TEB! (kud& #l Ma& A& y& and P 0elphi niN& BAA! (l thah& #l& incorrectly #l #tha M2omaN& nV (mm al Samt5 Mthe galaxyN& E?8! (nk al :ay yah Ma SerpentisN& TDs (nk al Shujft Ma :ydraeN& BE@ (nuk& correctly (nlf& al Ghurftb& CA! (nuk al :ay or T6nuk alhai Ma SerpentisN& !&DJ (rf& #l& incorrectly #l <rf& the famous nam u 2assiopeia& 8EC! (rkab MAR and A5 SagittariiN& TJD! (r nis& on the .orgian globe for 2ygnus& 8@E! (thfiy yah& #rabic title for various small triangle5 stars& B8B& B?B& B@B& Tx?! (unk al :ay& an error in name of 5 Serpentis TD5 7a gieh& /iccioli s name for a ;yrae& B?E! 7ar di& cited by /iocioli for 9ridanus& T8D! 7a) neganu bi&etc& in ;ibra& BDT I a 8 & a5 libr!r!-` 7a) nesche mali& in ;ibra& BDTI ;ibrae& @DC 7e ga& correctly $e ga Ma ;yraeN& B?E! 7e ka and 7ue ga Ma ;yraeN& B?E! $a ghi& Scaliger s name for a ;yrae& B?E! $a rak al # sad MA 7irginisN& EC@! $a aat& #l& and $a sat MC GeminorumN& DTE $a sat& #l M#lcyoneN& EATI MTaygeteN& EAD $ail& #l My SagittariiN& TJ?! $arn& #l Ma 2arinaeN& C? , MC 2anis 'ajomN! Min 2entaurusN& 8JB& 8JEI MA 2olumbacN! 85, M;ibraN& BDT! $axn al 6anubiy yah& #l MPi and 5 s libraeN& 5DJ

$e ga Ma ;yraeN& B?E! $e sat MC 2cmtnorutnN& BTE!

#rabic "ndex

JED

$e) cn ^O 2anis 'ajorisN& 8TA! $ern < 2olumbaeN& 8CD! 3ad& #l MC <phiuchiN& TAa, Ma %cgasiN& TBE! 7ad al 3am nft"& #l Mo <rionisN& T8A! 3cd #lphe ras Ma %egasiN& TBE! 7cd %oste rior _P <phiuchiN& TAB! 3ed "Vrior MP <phiuchiN& TAB! >alVan & #l .iruni s name for the 8Eth man)il& BDJ! >a niah Mij 7irginisN& ED8! >a r`jaxO _A 7irginisN& EC@! >au rac and >au rak My 8 9ridaniN& B8?! >au rak& #l& stars of %hoenix& TTJ! >a viUava < 7irginisN& EC@! >ftwiah& #l _4T 7irginiaN& EC@I M+ 7irginisN& ED8! >ftwiat al #wwfi My 7irginisN& EDA! >eOar on M_5 2assiopeiaeN& 8EJ! >ibal& #l& stars between #chernar and Fomalh!iut& aR@R TTJ>ij ^TaStesb of (lug .eg& B, et %assim! >irr& #l MQ GcminorumN& BTD!

>uban ah& #l Ma 2ancriN& mI M;ibraN& BDTI Mihe 8Eth man)ilN& BDJ!

>ubfin al #krab My ScorpiiN& TC@! >ubftn al 6anubiy yah& #l Ma 8 and a5 ;ibraeN& BDJ ! My ScorpiiN& TC@! >uban al 1ra vi My ScorpiiN& TCN! >ubOn al Shamaliy yah& #l MA ;ibraeN& BDC! >ubanatain& #l M;ibraN& BDT! >uben # crabi My ScorpiiN& TC@! >uben el 2hama li MA ;ibraeN& BDC! >uben elgema bi& used in error for ;ibrae& BDC! >uben el Genu bi Ma 8 and a5 ;ibraeN& BDJ I My ScorpiiN& TC@! >uben elgubi Ma` a5 ;ibraeN& BDJI My ;ibraeN& BDD! >uben eschamaii& erroneously used for a 8 and a5 ;ibrae& BDJ I correctly used for ;ibrae& BDC! >uben ha krabi& .urritt s name for 8D ;ibrae& B?D! >uben :a krabi& .ayer s name for y Scorpii& TCcN! >u bra MC ;eon isN& BCA! >u brah& #l& the @th man)il& BJE& BCA! >ujj al *ushshibah My SagittariiN& TJD! >ulia ca& ;yra in the #lfonsinc Tables& B?E

T:9 #/#."2 #;%:#.9T

X8 #lif glottal catch!

b _-V .a

t lk6 Ta

th vQV Tha

jc 6im like4 in 6ack& orU in gem! Vc :a smooth guttural aspirate! 88 :a like ch in the Scotch word loch I in the German rxu

dU 0al

dh 6V 0hal like th in the& that! 8N /a

)N s u5 sh 65 >ay Sin Shin Sad like tsI or& as in modern #rabic& a sharp palatal s! E u5 pad dwith a glottal catch!

t 6o Ta emphatic palatal 4! th 6b Tha emphatic 5! Xc c #in strong glottal catch! gh Q Ghain post-palatal guttural! o Fa

5< 1af pronounced by the tongue and the velum palati!

86 1af ;am

mr 'lm

n *un :a

wU $aw

y vJ 3a

#t the beginning of words and syllables the #lif M N is not represented! The termination of feminine nouns MatN is represented by ah& except where a genitive follows! The case terminations Mnom! uI gen! 44 ace! aN and their nasali)ed forms MttnI inI anN are not represented! The article is invariably transcribed alI no account is taken of the assimilation of the 4 to a following consonant! The vowels are used in their so-called 2ontinental pronunciation! JE?

G/991 "*09Y

X #yawa& EBD& EED! #yvo1TT<f Getff&C& ?8! #P 5aiUf& EJE! #erof& JC&J@&T@T! #.aYici1& 8TJ! #iyi-Tlav& 8TC! #iyotcipevf& 8TJ! y #tyCnepu+ M#riesN& DJ I M2apricorousN& 8TJ! #terdc& J@& TJA! #dI M #PyicN& ?E! #5Q& ?D& 8TJ! 5#Pfaer Mepithet of <pvi+N& 8@B! #Pw5 M5#PQ of %tolemyN& ?D! #icpoardYwv& DE! 5#T\1r4xRrC_hov& TAE! ##eT4xwr#fcov and #forrpoird#ior& TAE! ##6cff& BEA! 5#VjciPCvcc and #4(vOv& EAE MnoteN! ###oc C8otC`& TJA! ##crrrrj>& EAC& EEC! #fia$eiaL id pa5I& ?D! #4iaUa& E8@& EBC& EBD& EB?& ETE& EED! #fieyaYapos& BJC! #pt :-tyivos& 8EA! #fiCpU\jroi f meaning of& 8A I tt passim! #vaicec& BBT! #vdpafikda and #vdpopkOri& T8! #wUp ftaoitytds& 8JC! #vrdpw& TUEX#vraprU& TCJ! #v$voof& E8! #Quv Ma possible derivation of "#4iafaN&EBD! #n-rtfonF& BTA! #itU#aiv& BTA& BTT! #irowf!ET! #rrrepoi Mepithet of lie #n#ifeFN& T@J! #pyeiov& 8?T!

5#pyoc& 8TB& TAE! "#pT2& BDC& TAE& TCJ! #4wcrof& E8@& EBC& ETE& EED! #ptsrov bvpd Ma derivation of #rcturusN&@T#ptcrov orpofddec 5cf #ndtoi& ETT! #p1To-bYa> M.ear- watcherN& @T! #p1Tovpog M.ear-guardN& @T! kpfulari1& ?J! 5#pnnCCvif t TEB! "#pirt4& the fa fx of %erseus& TB@& TTE! I#pre $V EB8! 1paaio+ M%tolemy s epithet for %etosirisN&Ji! #MT1Y+iriCfL B@?!

" #ooiyta non aoftia" BED! #eiri'o19& DE! 5#ffDro#4a& BJ@& ECB! #arepurpdi& 8A! #orifrp Makin to #starteN& ECT! #orpoftiwv& 88?! #arpov& to& 8BA! #ripyaric& TT?! #r$yevj4f& T@T! #tV4aQ MA 9ridaniN& B8@! #Uxx6iry& 8DD& TT@& EC? MnoteN! X#j'Uiia! #tfwprof& ?J! .ayde5 Ma mnemonic wordN& 8D?! .a_rav_A4iEf and .aoavurrfjpiov& JC! .E_ravof& JC& B?T! .aai#ia1oc& BJJ! .aat#urcrff aarifp& BJC! .i#o1pdrtip& TJ8! .epevi1ij Msee noteN& 8C@! .QpevfciDf ir'napos& C@!

.orrrfc Ma derivation of .ootesN& @T! .Onropof& TD@ MnoteN! .51jrp71or .epevixw& 8C@! .dr4w5& T@W.ov#Uyef & @B! .oOtw& @B& @@! rata& to& EDE! r_i#EQiof& 6& EDE! T<vur& B88! TUwv& B8C MnoteN! rPy5c& TAC! rfYya4tac5 B T@ MnoteN! rYav1t6f Mepithet of #aywf N& BCE! rYUvea& T88! Trig epurOv& BE8! "tyyOwn4& TTB! Tpaijxuos& """! Ttty 1aOifitvo+& B?B! rF 7V ntTCiuvosMoM l`i) "lk hanian TablesN&U! #eivov #p1Tovpoio& @@! #f4rwrUi4& E8J! #f4ty4v and #t #U4F& 8@?! #eopof Ma %isciumN& TEB! #rvrif' 1iuc#a& 8DB! #fur4pof& 8DB! #i#vpot& BBT!

JE@

FJW

Greek "ndex

#itcy& BDB& ECB! #ivijroi k vk #u& 8DB! #Bof& E8J! #iooriftfia& 88T! #tdoicvpoi& BBT! #ide "<4w4f & JC! #tfp+YaTf1& ?J! #pawv M0racoN& BAB& BAJI M:ydraN& BED #u#e1anjfidpta& ra& T! X9U#t5& TDE! 594du#a rfoo1a4rfefca& ra& T! 9tSMjFjov f BT@! "9tdu#av dnrvflof& BE8! 9tp6jvTj& ECB! 94_DayaRyjD& JA! 9icd4iiy Mof 9uripidesN& TAE! 11xvoi+& JJ! 9#dmrnrof& ?J! 9#44AD& ETT& EED! 9#ixcjirfc& ETE! X9#4f& ETT! 9v ydvaatv& BT@!

9vydvam& BT@& BEB! 9vyofUvaer5& BT@! X9vioUof & ?E! 9v 1oF#vpo Mderivation of "ncalurusN& 8AJ! 9v rti pvyx ei MD TauriN& T@A! "9f-aarpov& E8 8! 9nonevoc M "UcN& TEW9rrraTTopoi& E88! 9pya 4cat :ptpai Mof :esiodN& @T! 1piytveia Ma possible derivation of 9rigoneN& EC8! 9ptdavig& B8J! 94'_favdf 45#flf& B8C! 9pfiait4& B?8! "9pifot& ?E& @A! 9pfudfai& TEB! 9pde4f& BTA MnoteN! 94wrerdv& TDE! 9pboifiov& 8@E! 9_TDrepof& EC? MnoteN! 9cxria M7esta M#raNN& CB! 9ffUdpa and 9jdpa& CB! 9vedwpavUof& TCC! 9vjievfc M1tvravpocN& 8E@! 9fiortoi& BBT! 9utTUopoc Mthe planet 7enusN& EC? MnoteN! >fff M#men and #riesN& D?! >fi -c Mthe planet 6upiterN& T@ MnoteN! >fyt44Voc& BDJ MnoteN! >vydv M>vVdcN& BC@& BDB&BDE& B?B& B?D& TCE!

>rVMj44a M :ipparchos name for ;yraN& B?B! >rt-oc aarijp& TJ& TBD! >Pa& E! >oxJ4o t 8A!

>udiajcdf and >ud4a5df 1ia74mI& o& T! >ujtfdpnf& BDJ! >ovF& TC& T8J! >a1tyja and >w4xa& BCA! :yovfitvos M "UtfN& TEA:epdetf Mepithet of <pvifN& 8@B! 88 ftiTeF61 an d :4iiTofinc& TBB! :4uUavfc #546vf iffirof& TBB! .!pa1F6+g and :pa5QjDf& BTT& BT@! "" tov .pavov& 8ET! .apyD44jCv& EA8! Af4ava& TBT! .eoyovax Mof :esiodN& B8J! Gifpiov M;upusN& BD?! <vfiiarypiov M#raN& CB! <iyxrd#oy1oc& 8J 8! <vpaoc& 8J8! Gixuacrrjjpwv and @vrZ4wov M#raN& CB! laoidao& 8JC! "epof "Ut 3 & 8@@! "arivoc& 8@J! lov#aucrj #px_uofoyia f B8C MnoteN! "fTTny#driTf& ?J! "irnos and ""inrof iepoU&yiB! "nndra L+p t 8E?!

"fl-jrdriT2 M%erseusN&TTAI M Sagittarius N&TJ B ""inrov hpoTofrfj& B8T! "_tPic& TCB! "IrPPr Mor "jffeI N t TTD! =5]R TEGR TEJX"Ui y jityac& TEJ! "Uif 4uovd^uv& TEJ! "Uy vdnof& TEJ! "YGTB of "jUoi5 Ypuntc Grbv TRU B_jrfyV& TEA! 5"Pv Mof 9uripidesN& 8AT! 1dfieipot& BBT! 1a#avpoU M45 of .ootesN& @D& 8AJ! 1 a##iariD& EB8! 1a#6urru& EBA! 1d#my& 1d4freiU& and 1dx5Df& JA! 1OYicy Mk #+uariiN&JEI M2raterN& 8?T! 1afin6jr BJA! 1dvrfaoc or 1avddw M.ootesN& @E! 1avdduv M<rionN& TAE! 1dvdapos& 8?T! 1dvu4Fof and 1dvufrof& CD! 1dpa4Fof& 8A@! 1a4'tta #rdvrof & BJC! 1apdla 9icopiriov& TCJ! 1apftfoor& 8AD!

1apnivo+& Gvot& xai 5drvjF& 8AD! 1fpadv& TD@! 1aoo(ireta& 8ET! 1aTaoTfpioftoi Mof 9ratosthenesN& it!

Greek "ndex

SJi

1wrjoai YP44owoQ& ?C! 1cvTavpog& 8E?! 1efa6jj "ttkov& B8T! 1tcuv& BTB! 1rFfj71eitrv @ 8DB! 1r4rof& 8CA& TT@! 1445\i7& 8JC! 1iddpa& B?8! 14vUrat YeifiiavatI Mepithet of 2apellaN& ?C! 1iaatvoUy 8D8! 1 #apia& 8A?! 1Yttt<f& BBE! 1w4ictaf MSuidas name for ;upusN& BD?! 1o>Yopo6oc& 8AJ! 1C #!ovpog M%roclus term forcolureN& 8A?! 1ufififf Mof :esychiosN& E?! 1ovrapaT<f& A8 I ^pt1po+N& ECD!

1dpaf& "D@R 8?8&BED! 1Cpr4& 8 DD& ECA! 1opvv]TDFQ& BEA! 1op73Tfl1Vp<Q& BE<& BET! 1paryp& 8?T! 1Urff M#riesN& DJ& B@B! 1vfiirov& BEE! 1 i-jc4of ya#ajcradc and 1i1ko+ Ta #afj lag &EDE! 1f jc#of tov >odtup& C& T! 1fPci4of& 8@B! 1v>fevai+& B?8! 1-w-Uc-ov-pa& EE?! 1wtoovpa and 1wdaovptf& EED& EE?! 1fprrfr& T?A! 1i wv& 88D& 8BA! 1fuu acrfyp and 1t$ oeipuoc& 8BA! #ay_jv& EEA! #aV_jdL- and #aI OQ& BCE! #apiradias and #apnai paiI T?E! #apirpd+& row kv 3opyoviu C& TTB! #5DTopPf& BCE! #fCw& BJB& BCE! #Uvdc Mcorrectly #ivocN& TEB! #44iawrfTtf and #i4iavurpig& CB! #ivew and #ivov& TEB! #t7pa M#4t4hmN& BDB!

#ofdF 1iw#of& d& T! #wcdrovpa& EE?! #t-po M#lp+N& B?8& B?E! #fya 4caroUpfa& B?8! 'ryadTjpiov and 'e#ofa4'ov& TC8! 'ttaf M 9pP6avdfN& B8C! 'ertopa& 8A! 'h-un-ov& 8CA! 'UUov& BE8! '55cpdf 1uvrapaTos& ECD! 'o4Umtc4j-& 8A! 'owwcov >Ofiiov& 8@@! 'w& ED!

*dft #a& B?T! *eicrap tj Ovrt4pPjv f CT! *cUwv and *fUeYof4difa Me 2ancriN& 88B! *eLeFioeidijs& d MY& A8& ft <nonisN& T8@! *eifie#otidi1& C Mx and h %erseiN& TTE! *eAe#wP] 1oi dinhybs Mi4l& pB SagittariiN& TJ@*tyeaortdfc M# and v of B5opDr4of N& TDA! *tU#ottdfa cnvTfxxrf& 8C@! *oivof M "UiyNi TEA! A_vdf& T@C MnoteN! <4wjoeia& JE! <tvotv .aot4ei+& JC! <wrdf & TJA!

G ioTofopos M.ootesN& @D! <idOfav& BT@! <jcrdTroi5& 8AD! A4iQwixif& E8A! 5AUa .odf& T?E! <voi& 8AD& in& 8?A! <vot! See 1apnivoc& "<wm& 4cc 5drw4! <f iVf and <f i7arof rfa nUddoU& EAE! ADrUtrri3& 8T?! <mado-ftdpuv& 8AD& TC8! <jraywdf& 8BA! <pwf& 8@B& 8@E! d<pZc& <pUdf& and <pffaI& 8CA! <vpavio1os& 8DB! <vpavoaiunria Mof 0octor /obert $ittie& iC?iN&i T ! <ijpa rov 1a4rov& 8CT! <vpiov and <vpov& TAE! Mtyioi4Uor MpojeposN& B@?! "<A_L- M0racoN& BAB& BT@! "AAU MSerpensN& TDE! <APf ty'wjov& TDE! "ldv& 8TC! 6lavaUavfc& E8 8 X llapdmrypaTa& @@ MnoteN! (ap.kvo+ #iog& ECB Msee also ECTN! "leta4ddef& T?T& T@J! "lenrU Mepithet of Tai porN& TD@! "lcpUe4of U2anopusN& C?!

"lepi Q_awv tdiOrjfToc Mof #elianN& BCJ! 3lepifirj1eTos M"lfp<Tlf N& TT8! ""e4xrPf& TTA! nepP#d& TTA! ";r4yai& TB8! "lr4yaffoc M%egasusN& TBB I My %egasiN& TBC! nUdf& TB VX :Udd#4ov Ma 2arinaeN& CD! (t1oTopiuv& TTD! T7ipdjjpt& 8JT! "lUdt and "fr44d5vre4Pwv& BTB! :tftevTeiciuv& BJT! Fhj4dwv 1t 1kaoptvov and ""_vd4c4or& 8DC!

JJ5

Greek "ndex

(iuf'orv& T?J! Tikeiada M(rsa 'ajor in Sept uagintN& EB@! ""#ePw6ec and :keia+ t T@B& E88! "lYetdf knTOorepos& E8 8 ! Ylkelv or "'etof Mderivatives of n#ftadUN& T@JTl#eifrrepoc npofaveig MBZcopfl"_ofN& TC8! "lfevpd (tpadovg& TT8! ""#j4idcfyr! T@B! "7uv.iav& ETT!

""#_fcai4of& 8C@! "lYd4ca4iof .epevt1$ 9vtpyfri#of& 8C?! (YwTUpia y EA8! "lowaYof Mepithet of 1wvN& 88@& 8BD! ""o#5Mir& f :&ECB! n_6Yof & EJT& EJ?! ""o#wlev'fa& BTT! Tlorafj(tg& C& B8J! ""ora4EoiV dupov& E8J! ""ov#ia M"lovtemN& T@@! Tlobs dtdvfiuvy T 8 B! "lowf 1dvrovpof& 8JB! /pijoTts and "lpanvr Mfrom llpfjdeivN& 8C8! npoPMRwv& 8BA& 8T8& 8TT! (p<O"TTt1t "BA! npdTrof and T;poimvs& BTJ! "lpocQFjFvoi Mepithet for the #rcadiansN& EE?! Tiporof6j& TD?! (porpvyerUp M-rfa& -rdfN& ED8! :vpOfivrj M#raN& CB! riwpi6cif Mthe planet 'arsN& BDC MnoteN! %tproc Mof 9uripidesN& J@& E88! 7Orra#ov& 8AJ! %irrup r_6fov& TJ8! >d4iTtt#of M2anopusN& DA! BErQY#a& T@D! BPp& leipog& Yeipios& and leipiovft 8BA! Yeipwv O_rrpov and TUipvo+ aarr4p& 8BA! BPV'Vf <UyafN& 88D& 88?& 88@& 8BA! >eiulat& TJA! BEA& 8BE! BU4Qara& 8A!

Saif4p B5a44Z& 8TT! BiaUp lafiavr4& 8B 8! B_4Tv##a& ECB& ECD! BPO& BBT! BPywr5o f & BC@& 5Ci& TDA! Boa( lafiavrj& C@! Bo#Q4cZv& 8BE! STropdc6ff& meaning of& 8A! BraAUc& BDB! BrdUvf & ECC! >raUwiUf& EC8& ECC! BraQwOM] 1oi p+& EC8! BrdrDp& BDB! BreAdw'& 8DB! BriAavoc& 8DE& 8DJ!

Brtyavof ftCpetog f 8 DE! BrtyaixVf vorios& 8 DB! Brtoaroc irpurroc& 8DE! YtiaTuVv& BTA MnoteN! Swca4)4vof& 8TB! Yirvdeofioc tuv "U Pwv t TEB! Yvvdeofios r2tv #ivuv& TEB! YifvraUig& "" 'fUd#F DD4J- #oTpovopiag Mof %tolemyN& xii I et passim! >vppa& T@& EDB! BtVf& T??!

BwrpoAy& 88B&TTE! BUpdv& TJC! BU44ara& 8A! BE4iara& 8A! Tama& 8J@! Taperovpo #fwvv M/egum #mmonisN& DD! Torpor& TD?&TD@RE"Tavpof TreTTT7$f& TD@! Teipea& 8A! Ttpaf 4iiya& TC8! Trrpapipfos Yivragtf Mof %tolemyN& xii I 554 Terpdirltvpov& TCA! To4U& TD?ToijevTtjp and ToQP4rfo& TJ8! TdfoiV& TJA& TJB! Toforfa& TJ8& TJE! ToiN yOp koi yfvog kapiv M #ratos verseN& ?8! TpdVoc& 8T@! Tpiyuvov& E8J! T4w7ar46of& TA?! Tp4jff& 8DA! Tpo7of& BTJ! Tpojdf "Q5diP5& 8DT! Tpvyeryp and Tptycrfr& @J& ED8! Tvxv& ECB! Tdrfrc& T?D& T??! "TCpa and TopF& BED! 3opayuyOv& 8 8 ?!

3dpeiov and TdpPd& 8?T! Tope5& BED! Tdpofopia& 8 8?! Tdpojdof and Tdpojocff & EC& E?& TEJ! "Towp& JJ! 3ntifiipiav f .rachium beneficumN& ED! 3noypafai& ai rtjvrrFuvCujv Mof the #ugursN& ETT! "3nCGupa t EEA! Tirdiapixi2& 8AB&BTT&T88! Tpitiv& TAE! Tf& T??! y T-8Vi(v& T??! bat<uv Mthe planet 6upiterN& T@& 88B! Gaivdpeva& ""I ct passim! Gaivaw Mthe planet SaturnN& EDA MnoteN!

Greek "ndex

JJT

5arwF Msee 1ap4c4i55& k!t!Y!N& 8AD! Udrvff and <arwyf& 88T! Gepevitai Mderivation of .ereniceN& 8C@ MnoteN! OoiviRaj @ EE!?! OW%$\V B?8! _5:oo_pCpos Mthe planet 7enusN& EC? MnoteN! Ydf:6ijt& BEA! Yeip ftefiajxhwu EE5

Ytiputv M2entaurusN& 8E@I MSagittariusN& TJTYt#toCviac and Ye DudCviag ijflff & EE& 8 C8 &TT@! Ye>vs& B?E! YeUif C#iVDD& B?T!

Yylol& TC8! Ytf#fli Mfidpetos and vor5of N& BC@! YFU f'petos& BDC! Ytf4tZ v_6riof& BDJ! Yopevrfc Mirpomj and _LevrQpaN& ECA! Ypfoog Mthe planet SaturnN& EDA MnoteN! Yvois v<aroF& to! Yvrpd-irovg& B?B! (pa& TAE! tiapiwv and Gapioveiog& TAE! fiY4vy and Gteviinpff ?J! 5SB44of diShfujv& T88! <pmF& T?8! 2pfov& TAE!

TD

"*09Y T< #ST/<*<'"2#; /9F9/9*29S #S F<(*0 "* T:9 /97"S90 79/S"<* <F T:9 .".;9! T:9 <;0 T9ST#*f9*T! Genesis i& 8E , let them be for signs& and for seasons& and for days and

years& @! 8C , he made the stars also& vii& ;eviticus xvii& D , he-goats& 8BJ! The Bd .ook of the 1ings &xxiii&J , them also that burned incense unto! ! ! the sun& and to the moon& and to the planets& and to all the ho5t of heaven& 8! The .ook of 6ob ix& @ , the .ear& <rion& and the %leiades& and the chambers of the south& TA?& TA@& TCB& T?@& T@T& EBB! 8T , /ahab& TA@! xxv& J , the stars are not pure in his sight& BD! xxvi& 8T, .y his spirit the heavens are garnishedI :is hand hath pierced the swift scrdVent& BAT& TDJ& EDJxxxviii& T8& TB , 2anst thou bind the cluster of the %leiades& <r loose the bands of <rion F 2anst thou lead forth the 'a))aroth in their season F <r canst thou guide the .ear with her train F @?& 8BJ& TAC& TA?& TA@& T@E& T@C& EBB& EJ8! TC, Min 2heyne s translationN, $ho hath put wisdom into the ;ance-star F <r given understanding to the .ow-starF TCC! The %salms civ& 8@ , :e appointed the moon for seasons& @! cxlvii& E , :e telleth the number of the stars I :e giveth them all their names& xiv! The .ook of theN Vciii& 8A , the stars of heaven and the constellations thereof& D8& TA@" 5 xiv& 8B, < day star& son of the morning= EC?! 8T , the mount of congregation& in the uttermost parts of Mhe north& EJ8! xl& BC , he calleth them all by name& xiv! QLLQO5 ` 5 liv V V5 XR , _ he iPP of heaven - 55a #mos v& ?, seek him that makcth %leiades and <rion& 8A8&TA?&TA@& T@TT:9 *9$ T9ST#'9*T! The Gospel according V U B ! his slar in the eastV ?V 5 xiii& ET, Then shall the righteous shine forth as the sun& BD!

The /evelation of N xiif E ! #nd nis tail drawcth the third part of the stars of heaven& S& 6ohn the 0tvtne ` j &!! !8 ! !ii ! D and cud cast them to the earth& BAT! JJE

%#/T"#; ;"ST

<F #(T:</S& #(T:</"T"9S& #*0 .<</S <F /9F9/9*29 2"T90 "* T:"S $</1! The page number refers to the first& or to some important mention!

#ben& or "bn& 9)ra! See 9)ra! #brabanel& "saac M8ETD-8JA?N& 6ewish scholar& TE8! #chillea Tatios ^circa JAAN& #lexandrian rhetorician& 8JJ! #chsasi& #l Mcirca 8CJAN& #rabian astronomical writer& TDI et passim! #costa& 6ose de M8JEA-8CAAN& Spanish 6esuit archaeologist and historian& ??! #dams& 6ohn 2ouch M8?8@-8?@BN& 9nglish astronomer& TC8! -#ddison& 6oseph M8CDB-8D8@N& 9nglish essayist and poet& 8D@! #elian& or #elianus& 2laudius Msecond century a! d!N& /oman rhetorician& BCJ! #eschylus MJBJ-EJC b! cN& Greek tragic poet& 8JA! #lbertus 'agnus Mii@TF-r!B?oN& Swabian scholastic philosopher& ECT! #lbiruni! See .Truni! #lbumaaar M?AJ 8-??JN& astrological writer of Turkestan& DD I et passim! #lchabitua M8Bth centuryN& #rabian astrologer& 8TC!

#lfonaine Tables& The M8BJBN& in various editions& ia! #lfraganus& #lfergani& etc! See Fergkani! #lmagest& The& or Syntaxis! Sec ":olemy! #lmagest urn 2"! %tolemei M8J8JN& published by %etrus ;iechtenstein& xii! #mara Sinha Mfloruit circa JCF n! cN& Sanskrit author of the Tri4eanda& no! #mpelius& ;ucius ^circa second century a! d!N& /oman writer& E@! #mr al 1ais Mearly in seventh centuryN& #rabic poet& T@E! #nacreon MJCT-ED?F b! cN& Greek lyric poet& EBD! #naxagoras Mcirca JAA-EB? b! cN& Greek philosopher& E?T! #naximander Mcirca C88-JED b! cN& Greek physical philosopher& 8@! #nthon& 2harles M8D@D- 8?CDN& #merican classical author& T?A! #nwar i Suhaili& #l 2' @EN& %ersian version of the Fab(s o4.idpai& C@! #pianus& %etrus& or %eter .ienewit) M8E@J8JJBN& German cosmographer& BTA! #pocrypha& The! ad 'ai cabtes I .ook of Tobit! #pollodorus Msecond century n! cN& #thenian mythologist& 8E@!

#pollonius /hodius Mthird-second century b! cN& Greek epic poet& 8DE! #ppian Msecond century a! d!N& Greek historian& EC! #rago& 0omini+ue Francois M8D?C-8?JTN& French physicist& 8BD! #ratos Mcirca BDA b! cN& Greek astronomical poet& T! #rchaeologia&7ol! YY7" M8?TCN& B5JI 7ol! Y;7""!

E@! TJT#rgelander& Friedrich $ilhelm #ugust M8D@@8?DJN& German astronomer& xviii! #riosto& 6judovico MiEDE-5JTTNV "talian poet& BBC! #ristarchos of Samoa Mfloruit B?A-BCE b! cN& Greek astronomer& BT! #riatides MJth century b! cN& #thenian general& C?! #ristophanes MEEE-T?? b! cN& Greek comedist& BC! #ristotle MT?E-TBB b! c N& %eripatetic philosopher& T& BCI et passim! #rnold& 'atthew M8?BB-8???N& 9nglish poet& 8E@! #rnold& Sir 9dwin& 9nglish poet& 8BE! #ryabhata& #rdubarius& or #rjabahr Mcirca JAAN& :indu astronomer& ax! #sclepiades Mthird century b! cN& Greek poet& 88?! #sma i abu Said abd al 'elek ibn 1orai b& #l MDEA-?TAN& #rabian litterateur& TEB! #stronomical 6ournal& The& edited by 2handler& :all& and .oss& passim! #stronomical Society of the %acific& %ublications of the& passim! #thenaeus Mcirca BAA a! d!N& Greek scholar& T@J! #tlases and %lanispheres! #rgelander s *eue (ranometrie M8?ETN& xviii! .ayer s (ranometria M8CATN& 8T! .ode s 0ie Gestirn5 M8?AJN& 8E! .urritt s # tins M8?TJ-8?JCN& 8J! 2entury #tlas M8?@DN! Firmamentum Firmianum M8DT8N& 8DD! Flamsteed s #tlas 2oelestis M8D?8N& 8E! :eis *euer :immels- #tlas M8?DBN& xviii& xix! 1lein s Star #tlas& edited by 'c2lure M8?@TN! %eck s %opular #tlas Mi? @ xN! %oole .rothers 2elestial %lanisphere M8??DN!

Sticler s :and #tlas M8?DBN! (pton s Star # ttas Mx.gtN! $hitali s 'ovable %lanisphere M8?D8N! #usonius& 0ecimus 'agnus Mcirca T8A-TAAN& ;atin 2hristian poet& n!

sss

SJ_V

%artial ;ist of #uthors& #uthorities& 9tc!

#ustin& #lfred& poet laureate of 9ngland& EAD! #vesta& The Marea TJA a! d!N& the .ible of >oroastrianism& JI et passim! #vianus& Flavius Mfourth century a! dN& ;atin fabulist& TTD! #vicenna& or "bn Sina M@?A-8ATDN& #rabian commentator& E?T! #vienus& /ufus Festus Mfourth centuryN& ;atin versifier of #ratos poem& 8D! .abylonian and <riental /ecord& Tht&passim! .acon& Francis M8JC8-8CTCN& 9nglish philosopher& B@@! .acon& /oger M8B8E F-iaoEN& 9nglish philosopher& TP@.ailey& %hilip 6ames& 9nglish poet& hi! .ailey& Solon "!& #merican astronomer& 8xC! .ailly&6ean Sylvain Mx DTC-8D@TN& French astronomer& BT!

.aily& Francis M8DDE-8?EEN& 9nglish astronomer& 8C! .ainbridge& 6ohn M8J?B-8CETN& 9nglish astronomer and physician& xoa! .ancroft& George M8 ?AA-8?@8N& #merican diplomatist and historian& EBT! .arnard& 9dward 9merson& #merican astronomer& J@! .arnes& /ev! #lbert M8D@?-8?DAN& #merican biblical commentator& BAT! .artschius& or 6akob .artsch Mfirst half of seventeenth centuryN& German astronomer& 8T! .as& or .asse& $illiam Mmiddle of seventeenth centuryN& 9nglish poet& EB@! .assus& #ufidius Mfirst century a! d!N& /oman historian& BTJ! .ayer& 6ohann M8JDB-8CBJN& German astronomer& 8T! .eaumont& Francis& and 6ohn Fletcher Mseventeenth centuryN& 9nglish dramatists& BCC! .ede& the 7enerable M.aeda& CDTD-DTJN& 9nglish ecclesiastical writer& C! .eigel& <eorg $ilhelm Sigismund M8DJT-8?TDN& German <rientalist& ?J! .ern hardy& Gottfried M8?AA-8?DJN& German classical scholar& 88! .erosus& or .erSss<s Mthird century b! cN& Graeco.abylonian historian& B! .essel& Friedrich $ilhelm M8D?E-8?ECN& %russian astronomer& 8@D! .e)a& or de .ece& Theodore M8Jx@-8CAJN& Swiss theologian& 8ED! .ible& The& in various versions& H 2admardet2s of 8JxJ& ;uther 8 sot 8JTE& 2overdale5 s of 8JTJ& .eeke s of 8JE@& .reeches& or Geneva& of 8JCA& `ht #uthori)ed of 1ing 6ames "& xCn& the /evised of 8??8-8??J& and the %olychrome of 8?@?& H is fre+uently cited from the books of Genesis& ;eviticus& 0euteronomy&

6udges& Samuel& 1ings& 2hronicles& 6ob& %salms& "saiah& 6eremiah& 9)ekiel& 0aniel& #mos& *ahum& Saint 'atthew& #cts of the #postles& 9pistle to the 9phesians& and The /evelation! .iblical #rchaeology& %roceedings of the Society of& passim! .iot& 6ean .aptists M8DDE-8?CBN& French physicist& ?!

.irmingham& 6ohn Mi?iC-x??aN& "rish , 8@J! .iruni& #l M@DT-8AE?N& astronomical writer in #rabic xii MnoteN I et passim! .laeu& $illem 6ansson& or 6ansenius 2aesios Mx JD8-8CT?N& 0utch globe-maker& 8E! .lundeville& Thomas Msixteenth centuryN& 9nglish geographer& 8??! .ochart& /ev! Samuel Mx J@@-8CCDN& French <nec talist and biblical scholar& aa! .ode& 6ohann 9hlert M8DED-8?BCN& German asms5 omer& xviii! .oethius& #niciua 'anliua Severinus MEDJ5JBEN& /oman philosopher& JT MnoteN! .ond& $illiam 2ranch M8D?A-8SJ@N& #merican astronomer& 8BD! .ond& George %hillips M8?BJ-8?CJN& #merican astronomer& son of $! 2! .ond& 8BD! .ook of the 0ead& The& the funeral ritual of anrieni 9gypt& 8E JR TWDR TA?& ETE.oss& ;ewis& #merican astronomer& BSC! .oteler& or .utler& Samuel M8C8B-8C?AN& 9agfeh satirical poet& T& BE& EE8! .ouvart& #lexis M8 DCD-8?ETN& French astronomer! 8EB! .ouvier& 'iss :annah '! #merican astronomical writer& BDC! .radley& 6ames M8C@T-8DCBN& #stronomer /oyai

of 9ngland in 8DEB& BA?! .rah2& Tycho M8JEC-8CA8N& 0anish astronomer& n .rahmanas& The M?AA b! c! FN& Sanskrit sacred writings& ?! .rown& 6r!& /obert& 9nglish <rientalist& xviii Mw#R .rowne& Sir Thomas MYCAJ-8C?BN& 9nglish author and physician& TEA! .rowning& 'rs! 9li)abeth .arrett M8?AC-8?C<! 9nglish poet& 8AD& TB@& TTC! .rowning& /obert M8?8B-8??@N& 9nglish poet& a5 .rugsch& :einrich 1arl M8?BD-8?AEN& Gernur 9gyptologist& BA! .runo& Giordano MxJE?F-xCooN& "talian phita"pher& B?! .ryant& 6acob M8D8J-8?AEN& 9nglish my thologi5! tf! .ryant& $illiam 2ullen Mx D@E-8?D?N& #merican poet& xC?! .uchanan& /obert $illiams& Scottish poet& m .ullialdus& or "smail .ouillaud Mseventeenth centuryN& French astronomer& T@! .undehesh M?AAF a! p!N& %ahlavi version of >nroaster s writings& J! .urnham& Sherburne $!& #merican astronomer! T@ a r .urnouf& 9ugene M8?A8-Y?JBN& French <rientals EE?! .urrltt& 9lijah :! Mcirca 8?TTN& #merican astronomer& 8J! .uttmann& %hilipp 1arl M8DCE-8?B@N! German philologist& @J! .yron& ;ord George *oel Gordon M8D??-8?BEN! 9nglish poet& @B& BTA& EAC! 2ada 'osto& #lois& or ;uigi di Mcirca 'P8E?AN& "talian navigator& ETC!

%artial ;ist of #uthors& #uthorities& 9tc!

JJD

2aesius& 6ansenius! See .laeu! 2aesius& %hilippus a >esen Mseventeenth centuryN& 0utch astronomical writer& TT MnoteN! 2allimachus Mthird century b! cN& Greek poet& @A! 2amSea& ;ui) de MiJBEF-iJ?oN& %ortuguese epic poet& x! 2apella& 'artianus 'ineus %elix Mfifth centuryN& 2arthaginian encyclopaedic poet& 8DT! 2arlyle& Thomas M8 D@J-8??8N& Scottish essayist and historian& xi& 8B& TA! 2atalogues of Stars! 44alley s& of Souther5 Stars M8CD@N& 8T! The %alermo M8?AT-8?8EN& 8D@! The .edford M8?EEN& xviiI et passim! The .ritish #ssociation M8?EJN& 8J! 2atullus& Gaius 7alerius Mcirca ?E-JE b! cN& /oman poet& 8C@! 2hambers& George %!& 9nglish astronomer& T?! 2hampollion& 6ean Francois M8D@A-8?TBN& French <rientalist& ETE! 2handler& Seth 2& #merican astronomer& ET! 2harlevoix& %ierre Francois Yavier de M8C?B8DC8N& French missionary& EBT! 2hase& %! ;!& #merican astronomer& 8DA! 2hatterton& Thomas M8DJT-8DDAN& 9nglish poet& 2haucer& 0an Geoffrey Mcirca 8TEA-8EAAN& 9nglish poet& xi! 2heyne& /ev! Thomas 1elly& 9nglish biblical critic& TCC! 2hilmead& 6ohn Mcirca 8CT@N& 9nglish writer on globes& TC MnoteN! 2hrysococca& Georgius Mfourteenth centuryN&

Graeco- %ersian astronomer& C@! 2hrysostom& Saint 6ohn Mcirca TED-EADN& a father of the Greek 2hurch& ?8 MnoteN! 2icero& 'arcus Tulliua M8AC-ET . - c -NR orator and versifier of #ratos& T& TDBI et passim! 2lark& #lvan Graham M8?TB-8?@DN& #merican optician& 8B@! 2larke& /ev! #dam M8DCT-8?TTN& .ritish biblical commentator& TA@! 2laudian& or 2laudius 2laudianus Msecond half of fourth centuryN& ;atin poet& E& @T! 2leanthes Mcirca TCJ b! cN& Stoic philosopher& ?8! 2lemens& Titus Flavius MSaint 2lement of #lexandriaN Mcirca 8JA-BTAN& a father of the early church& ?8 MnoteN! 2leostratos MJAAF b! cN& Greek astronomer& T& 8?! 2lerke& 'iss #gnes '!& 9nglish astronomical writer& C& 8C& E?JI et passim! 2olas& 6ules& #merican astronomical writer& TAB! 2olebrooke& :enry Thomas M8DCJ-8?TDN& 9nglish Sanskrit scholar& so! 2oleridge& Samuel Taylor M8DDB-8?TEN& 9nglish poet& T8! 2olumella& ;! 6unius 'oderatus Mfirst century a! d!N& /oman writer& 8@! 2ommentaries& .iblical! 2larke s M8?8A-8?BCN& TA@! The Speaker s M8?D8-8??8N& T@DI et passim! 0elit)sch on The .ook of 6ob& translated by .olton& second edition M8?C?N& C? I et passim! TD Z

2onfucius& or 1 ung fu tsu Mcirca JJA-ED? 5X cN& 2hinese philosopher& J?! 2opernicus& or *icolaus 1oppernigk (EDT8JETN& %olish astronomer& MT! 2orinna Mfifth century b! c!NV Greek lyric poet& TAE! 2orsali& #ndrea Mcirca 8JAAN& "talian navigator&

8E! EE& EJ! 8?D! 2ortes& 'artin M8JTT-8J?@N& Spanish writer on navigation& EJ@! 2ostard& George M8D8A-8D?TN& 9nglish astronomical writer& TEC! 2overdale& 'iles M8EC?-8JC?N& 9nglish translator of the .ible & T@@! 2owley& #braham M8Cx?-8CCDN& 9nglish poet& BTT! 2ox& Sir George $illiam& 9nglish historian and mythologist& ETB! 2reation ;egend& The& of .abylonia& x& s& TT& ED! 2remonaeus& or Gerard of 2remona Mtwelfth centuryN& ;atin translator of the #lmagest& xii! 2yclopedia of *ames& 2entury M8?@E-8?@JN& xvi 0ante #lighieri M8BCJ-8TB8N& "talian poet& T8& 8?C! 0arwin& 9rasmus M8DT8-8?ABN& 9nglish naturalistpoet& TAB! 0a vies& Sir 6ohn M8JC@-8CBCN& 9nglish poet& ET@! 0awes& $illiam /utter M8D@@-8?C?N& 9nglish astronomer& ExA! 0eli(sch& Fran) M8?8T-8?@AN& German :ebraist commentator& C?! 0emocritus Mfifth century b! cN& Greek philosopher& E?T! 0emosthenes MT?T-TTB b! cN& #thenian orator& @@! 0enning& $illiam Frederick& 9nglish astronomer& TCT! 0e Guincey& Thomas M8D?J-8?J@N& 9nglish essayist& T8C! 0erby& 9arl of& or 9dward-Geoffrey Smith Stanley M8D@@-8?C@N& 9nglish statesman and poet& lao! 0ickens& 2harles M8?8B-8?DAN& 9nglish novelist& T@! 0ictionaries! #nti+uities& of 8?@A& edited by Smith& $ayte& and 'arindin! .ible& of 8?@?& edited by :astings! 2lassical, #nthori s& of 8?J8I

Seyffert s& of 8 ?@8& edited by *ettleship and Sandys , :arpers & of 8?@D& edited by %eck! 9nglish , 2entury&of 8 ??@-@8& edited by $hitneyI *ew :istorical& of 8???-& edited by 'urrayI Standard& of 8?@T8?@J& edited by Funk I $ebster s "nternational& of 8?@A& edited by %orter! Greek, ;iddell and Scott& of 8??@& edited by 0risler! ;atin, :arpers & of 8?D@ MFreund sN& edited by #ndrews& ;ewis& and Short! 2hinese, 'orrison s& of 8?x@! #rabics ;ane s& of 8.CT-8??J! %olyglot, 'inshcu s& of 8CBD-! 0igges& ;eonard Msixteenth centuryN& 9nglish mathematician& 8TT! 0illmann& 2hristian Friedrich #ugust M8?TT8?@EN& German <rientalist& B! 0ioddrus Siculus& or The Sicilian Mfirst century b! cN& Greek historian& TA! 0iogenes ;aertius Mthird century a! d!N& Greek historian& EB!

JJR

%artial ;ist of #uthors& #uthorities& 9tc!

0ionysius 9xiguus Msixth centuryN& chronologist& BD! 0ouglas& Gavin or Gawain M8EDED-8JBBN& Scottish poet& TAJ! 0rake& 6oseph /odman M8D@J-8?BAN& #merican poet& E?B! 0raper& 6ohn $illiam M8?x8-8??BN& 9nglish-#merican scientist& E8C MnoteN! 0raper& :enry M8?TD-8??BN& #merican scientist& son of 6ohn $!& T8C! 0rayton& 'ichael M8JCT-8CT8N& 9nglish poet& ETB! 0reyer& 6ohn ;ouis 9mil& 0anish- 9nglish as-

tronomer& T@& T@8! 0rummond& Sir $illiam MiDCot-i?a?N& .ritish writer& C! 0ry den& 6ohn M8CT8-8DAAN& 9nglish poet& ET! 0upuis& 2harles Francois M8DEB-8?A@N& French astronomical writer& 8@! 0(rer& #lbrecht M8ED8-8JB?N& German painter and engraver& 8T& B?! 0yer& 6ohn M8DAT-8DJ?N& 9nglish poet& 8E@! 9bers& Georg M8?TD-8?@?N& German 9gyptologist& 8BB! 9den& /ycharde M8JT8 F-iJDCN& 9nglish translator& 8B ^noteN! 9dkins& /ev! 6oseph& 9nglish missionary& xviii& PR ETJV 9gede& :ans M8C?2-8DJ?N& 0anish missionary& T@D! 9lkin& $illiam ;!& #merican astronomer& CA& 8JT! 9llis& $illiam M8D@E-8?DBN& 9nglish missionary& BB@! 9merson& /alph $aldo M8?AT-8??BN& #merican essayist and poet& @S! 9ncke& 6ohann Fran) M8D@8-8?CJN& German astronomer& 8EB! 9ncyclopaedia .ritannica& The M8 ?D?-8??@N! 9nnius& Guintus MBT@-8C@ b! cN& /oman epic poel& TC8& ET89noch& The .ook of& from #ethiopia Msecond century .! 2N& BD! 9pic of 2reation& The! Sec 2reation ;egend! 9pping& 6!& German <rientalist& xviii MnoteN& ?A! 9ratosthenes MBDCU-8@C b! cN& #lexandrian-Greek astronomer& 88! 9spin& /ev! T! :! 9! 2& 9nglish astronomer& 88C!

9uclid Mcirca B?A b! cN& #lexandrian-Greek mathematician& EJT! 9udemos Mcirca TAA b! cN& Greek philosopher& 8?! 9udoxos of 2nidos Mcirca EA@-TJC b! cN& Greek astronomer& 8D! 9uripides ME?A-EAC u! cN& #thenian tragic poet& T8& J@R PGT9usebius %amphili& of 2aesarea Mcirca BCE-TE@ a! 0!N& the Father of 2hurch :istory& xv& ?8 MnoteN! 9velyn& 6ohn M8CBA-8DACN& 9nglish writer& BJ! 9wald& Georg :einrich #ugust M8?AT-8?DJN& German biblical critic& TA@! 9rr a& "bn& or #ben M8A@B-8 8CDN& 6ewish commentator& 8T& ?C MnoteN! Ferghani& #l Mcirca @JAN& #rabian astronomer& ?& 8JD MnoteN!

Festus& Sextus %ompeius Msecond century a! d!i& ;atin lexicographer& 8AD! Fig#lus& %! *igidius Mcirca CA b! cN! %ythagorean astrologer& ?J! Firmicus& 'aternus 6ulius Mcirca TJEN& a ;atin astrological writer& 8A! Flrusftbftdi& #l Mfourteenth centuryN& #rabian lexicographer& Ja! Flaccus& Galus 7alerius Mfirst century a! iu& /oman poet& T@?! Flammarion& 2amille& French astronomer& EB! Flamsteed& 6ohn M8CEC-8Dx@N& 9nglish astronomer! 5ER TE! Fleming& 'rs! $illamina %!& #merican astrooomer& B@T! Frost& 9dwin .rant& #merican astronomer! xv ii!

Froude& 6ames #nthony M8?8?-8?@EN& 9ngfcb historian& 8@A! Galen& or 2laudius Galenus Msecond centwy a! d!N& Greek physician& 8BA! Galileo Galilei M8JCE-8CEBN& "talian astronomer! 88T MnoteN! Galle& 6ohann Gottfried& German astronomer! 8E8 MnoteN& 8EB! Gassendi& or Gassend& %ierre M8J@B-8CJJN& French astronomer& JE! Gellius& #ulus Msecond century a! uN& 1omar grammarian& ET8! Geminos Mfloruit DD b! cN& /hodian astronomer& JA& 8BC! Gemma %hrysius&or Fnsius Msixteenth century=& writer on astronomy& 8B! George 9liot& or 'rs! 'arian 9vans 2ross M8?8@-8??AN! 9nglish novelist& BAE! Germanicus& 2aesar M8J b! A!-8@ 1 - 0 VR /om' general and translator of #ratos& 8D! Gesner& 1onrad von M8J8C-8JCJN& Swiss naturalist and scholar& BE?! Gill& 0avid& .ritish astronomer& 8JT! Gill& /ev! $illiam $yatt& missionary to %olynesia& and author& BB@! Gladstone& $illiam 9wart M8?A@-8?@?N& Fjigfcb statesman and poet& JJ& 8TB& BBJ& BBC! Golius& or 6akob Gohl M8 J@C-8CCDN& 0utch <rien talist& 8JD! Goodricke& 6ohn M8DCE-8D?CN& 9nglish amateur astronomer& 8J? MnoteN! Gore& 6! 9llard& 9nglish astronomer& EE& 8AC! Gorius Marea 8DJAN& numismatist& xvii MmoteN! Gottheil& /ichard 6! :!& #merican <rientalist! xviii! Gould& .enjamin #pthorp M8?BE-8?@CN& #merican

astronomer& xtiri MnoteN! Gower& 6ohn M8TBJ-8EA?N& 9nglish poet! B8J Grims& /ev! $illiam 9lliot& #merican educator and writer& J?! Grimm& 6akob M8D?J-8?CTN& German philologist! T@?! EB@Grotius& :ugo& or :uig van Groot 2tJ?T-iCEJR0utch scholar& xi& 8D!

%artial ;ist of #uthors& #uthorities& 9tc!

JJ@

Grubb& 6ohn& 9nglish minor poet in %ercy s /eli+ues of 8DCJ& aaa! :ans& Shams al 0in 'uhammad Mfourteenth centuryN& %ersian poet& @?& B?8& T@E! :aggard f :enry /ider& 9nglish novelist& TA! :all& #saph& #merican astronomer& EA! : alley& 9dmund M8CJC-8DE@N& 9nglish astronomer& 8T&BEaI et passim! :arding& 1arl ;udwig M8DCJ-8?TEN& German astronomer& TE8! :arvard %hotometry M8??EN& xviii! :ela& 9duard& German astronomer& xviii I et passim! :ell& #bbe 'aximilian M8DBA-8D@BN& #ustrian astronomer& E8& TED! :emaos& 'rs!& nQe Felicia 0orothea .rowne M8D@T-8?TJN& 9nglish poet& 8?@& EAD! :enry .rothers& French astronomers& EA@! :eraclitoa ^circa JTJ-EDJ b! cN& Greek philosopher of 9phesus& ETB! :erder& 6ohann Gottfried von M8DEE-8?ATN& German cntic and poet& T@E! :ermetic .ooks& The& sacred canon of 9gypt& T@B! :erodotua ME?E l-EBE b! cN& Greek historian and

traveler& TB! :erachel& Sir Friedrich $ilhelm M8DT?-8?BBN& :anoverian- 9nglish astronomer& T?! :erachel& Sir 6ohn Frederick $illiam M8D@B8?D8N& 9nglish astronomer& 8A& 8CI it passim! :esiod _?ooF n! cN& Greek poet& @T& @J& @?& @@! :eaychio. Mlast hair of fourth centuryN& Greek grammarian of #lexandria& @E! :evelius& :ewel& or :oevelke& 6ohannes M8Cx88C?DN& %olish astronomer& 8T! :ewitt& 6! F!& 9nglish essayist& J@! :iggina& $! :!& 9nglish writer on star-names& DB! :ill& /oyal& #merican astronomer& 8@J! :ilprecht& :erman 7ollrat& German- #merican <rientalist& 8TC ^noteN! :ind& 6ohn /ussell& 9nglish astronomer& 8xB! :ipparchos Mcirca 8CA-8BA d! c!NR Greek astronomer& C! :ippocrates MECA D-TDD b! cN& Greek physician& @@& B@?! :ogg& 6ames M8DDA-8?TJN& Scottish poet& EB@! :olden& .dward Singleton& #merican astronomer& xx& B?! :olland& %hilemon M8JJB-8CTDN& 9nglish translator of classical works& 88 I et passim! :olwarda& %hocylides M8Dth centuryN& 0utch astronomer& 8CE! :omer M?JAF .! cN& Greek poet& T& 8?I et passim! :orn me 8& Fritx& German <rientalist& xviii MnoteN! :ondius& 6odocus Mlatter half of sixteenth centuryN& 0utch globe-maker& 8E! :ood& Thomas Mcirca 8J@AN& 9nglish astronomical writer& xi! :ood& Thomas M8 D@?-8?EJN& 9nglish humorous %oet& EB@! :ooke& /obert M8CTJ-8DATN& 9nglish astronomer& ?B! :orace& or Guintus :oratius Flaccus MCJ-? b! c! N& /oman poet& EC!

:ough& George $ashington& #merican astron-

omer& 8E8! :outmann& Friedrich Msixteenth centuryN& 0utch navigator& 8E& EJ! :ues& /obert Mcirca 8CAAN& 9nglish writer on globes& TC MnoteN! :uet& %ierre 0aniel MxCTo-iDaiN& French prelate and scholar& 8ET! :uggins& Sir $illiam and ;ady& 9nglish astronomers& EA! :umboldt& Friedrich :einrich #lexander von& M8DC@-8? J@N& German scientist& C@! :uygens& 2hristian M8CB@-8C@JN& 0utch astronomer& ?a! :yde& Thomas M8CTC-8DATN& 9nglish <rientalist& xi& B MnoteN I et passim! :yginus M:istoriaN& Gaius 6ulius Mcirca 8 a! d!N& /oman astronomical poet& 88! "deler& 2hristian ;udwig M8DCC-8?ECN& German astronomer& xi& xvi! "sidorus :ispalensis& or Saint "sidore Mcirca JCA-CTCN& Spanish ecclesiastical writer& BJ& ?J! 6ames "& 1ing M8JCC-8CBJN& the /oyal %oet& 8@?! 6ameson& 'rs!& nee #nna .rownell 'urphy M8D@E-8?CAN& .ritish writer on art& B@! 6ensen& %eter& German <rientalist& xriii MmVteN! 6erome& Saint& or .usebius :ieronymus Mcirca TEA-EBAN& a father of the ;atin 2hurch& ?8 MnoteN! 6ohnson& Samuel MYDA@-YD?EN& 9nglish lexicographer& xvi& T??! 6ones& Sir $illiam M8DEC-8D@EN& 9nglish <rientalist& ao& T@E6onson& .en M8JDT 8-8CTDN& 9nglish dramatist& BDE! 6osephus& Flavius& or 6oseph ben 'atthias

MTD-@JN& 6ewish historian& B! 6ournal of the #merican <riental Society& The& 7ol! 7" Mi?CAN& ?! 6uvenal& or 0ecimus 6ulius 6uvenilis Mfirst century a! d!N& /oman satirist& BT! 1alewala& The Mcollected 8?BB-8?E@N! Finnish epic poems& EBE! 1imus& #l Mfourteenth centuryN& #rabic dictionary of #l FirG)abadi& JB! 1apteyn& 6acobus 2ornelius& 0utch astronomer& B8E& EEC! 1a)wini& #l Mthirteenth centuryN& %ersian astronomical writer& xiv& xvii MnoteN I et passim! 1eats& 6ohn M8D@J-8?B8N& 9nglish poet& T5& JJ! EC8! 1eeler& 6ames 9dward& #merican astronomer& 8AT! 1epler& 6ohann& or 7on 1appel Mx JD8-8CTAN& German astronomer& 8T! 1eyser& %ieter 0ircksx! See %ieter Theodor! 1ing& 2! $!& 9nglish astronomical writer& E@! 1ingsley& 2harles M8?8@-8?DJN& 9nglish poet& TE 1irch& Gottfried M8CT@-8D8AN& %russian astronomer& TCA& EEA! 1irch& 'aria 'argaretha $inckelmann M8CDA8DBAN& wife of Gottfried& EEA!

JCA

%artial ;ist of #uthors& #uthorities& 9tc!

1ircher& #thanasius M8CAB-8CCAN& German archaeologist& T MnoteN! 1itchiner& $illiam Mcirca 8?TJN& 9nglish writer on optics& BJ@!! 1lein& :erman 6!& German astronomer& ET?!

1nobel& 9dward .all& 9nglish astronomer& TD! "fur in& #l ^circa CJBN& ?& T@?I et passim!

;a 2aille& #bbe *icolas ;ouis de M8D8T-8DCBN& French astronomer& 8E& CE& T@8! ;ach& Friedrich $ilhelm 7ictor Mx?th centuryN& German scholar& 8D8& 8?A& BxB! ;a 2ondamine& 2harles 'arie de M8DA8-8DDEN& French scientist& T?8! ;ajard& 6ean .aptiste Felix M8D?J-8?J?N& writer on ancient art& BJE! ;a ;ande& 6oseph 6erome le Francois de M8DTB-8?ADN& French astronomer& 8E! ;ampridius& #elius Mfirst half of fourth centuryN& ;atin historian& TBT! ;andor& $alter Savage M8DDJ-8?CEN& author of The %entamrroft& T@C! ;andseer& 6ohn M8DC@-8?JBN& 9nglish writer on archaeological astronomy& 8D! ;ang& #ndrew& Scottish writer& BD& EC8! ;angland& or ;angley& $illiam Mcirca 8TTA8EAAN& 9nglish poet& ED?! ;angren& 6acob Mor #rnoldN Florent van& seventeenth-century globe-maker& EE& EAT! ;a %lace& 'ar+uis %ierre Simon de M8DE@-8?BDN& French astronomer& 8C! ;arcom& 'iss ;ucy M8?BC-8?@TN& #merican poet& T_VT;a s sell& $illiam M8D@@-8??AN& 9nglish astronomer& discoverer of *eptune s satellite& T88! ;egF e t /ev! 6ames M8?8J-8?U?N& missionary and Scottish Sinologist& J?! ;e 'onnier& %ierre 2harles M8D8J-8D@@N& French astronomer& 8E!

;enormant& Francois M8?TD-8??TN& French archaeologist and numismatist& ?A! ;e 7errier& (rbain56ean 6oseph M8?88-8?DDN& French astronomer& 8E8! ;ewis& Sir George 2ornewall M8?AC-8?CTN& 9nglish statesman and astronomical writer& E8@! ;illy& $illiam M8CAB-8C?8N& 9nglish astrologer& BE! ;indsay& $illiam Schaw M8?8C-8?DDN& 9nglish writer on ships& CC! ;ittrow& 6oseph 6ohann von M8D?8-8?EAN& #ustrian astronomer& E8A! ;ockyer& Sir 6oseph *orman& 9nglish astronomer& xvii& DA& ?T& 8BT& 8BE& 8CDI et passim! ;ongfellow& :enry $adsworth M8?AD-8??BN& #merican poet& J& T8& EA& EJ& E?! ;ongomontanus& or 2hristian ;ongberg Mlast half of 8Dth centuryN& 0anish astronomer& E8! ;owell& 6ames /ussell M8?8@-8?@8N& #merican diplomatist& essayist& and poet& T8! ;ubienitcki& Stanislaus Mseventeenth centuryN& astronomical illustrator& CJ! ;ucan& or ' ! #nnaeus ;ucanus MT@-CJN& ;atin poet& T!

;ucian& or ;ucianus Msecond centuryN& Greek rhetorician& BA! ;ucretius& or Titus ;ucretius 2ams MoCF-JJ b! c!NR /oman poet& EAA! ;unar >odiac& The M8?DEN& by $hitney& ? M5VfrN! ;uther& /ev! /obert 'aurice& #merican astronomer& EBE! ;ydgate& 6ohn M8TDA-8EJ8N& 9nglish poet& TT5 MnoteN! ;ytton& 9dward /obert ;ytton .ulwer& or <wen 'eredith M8?T8-8?@8N& 9nghsh poet& 88E

'acaulay& Thomas .abington Mi?oo-x?jsV& 9nglish poet& BBD! 'acrobius& #mbrosius Theodosius Mfourth cceturyN& ;atin grammarian& 8@! 'aedler& 6ohann :einrich von MiwU1 German astronomer& TT8& EAA& EAJ! 'andeville& Sir 6ohn de Mfourteenth centuryN! 9nglish traveler& EJE! 'anetho Marea BJA a! c!NR Graeco- 9gyptian histo rian& BDT! 'anilius& Gaius& or 'arcus Mfirst century a! d!d& ;atin astronomical poet& TB MnoteN! 'ariette& #uguste .douard M8?B8-8??8N& French 9gyptologist& ECJ! 'arius& or Simon 'ayer Mcirca 8CAAN& German astronomer& T@! 'arlowe& 2hristopher M8JCE F-i J@TN& 9nglish poet and dramatist& TSC& EJD! 'artial& or 'arcus 7alerius 'artialis MET-8AEFN& ;atin poet& ET8! 'artyr& %eter& or %ietro 'artire d #nghiera M8EJJ-8JBCN& "talian historian of carry #merican discovery& ia! 'arvell& #ndrew M8CB8-8CD?N& 9nglish poet& BD8 'ather& /ev! 2otton M8CCT-8DB?N& #merican theologian and scholar& EBT! 'ayer& 2hristian Mlast half of eighteenth centuryN& German astronomer& B??! 'ayer& 6ohann Tobias M8DBT-8DCBN& German s5! tronomer& TD! 'ayer& Simon& of Gun)enhauscn! See 'arius! 'echain& %ierre Frmnc&ois #ndre M8DEE-8SAEN& French astronomer& T@8& ET?! 'edina& %edro de& or %etrus 'edinensis M5u-

teenth centuryN& Spanish writer on navigation& EE 'ercator& Gerardus& or Gerhard 1ramer Msixteenth centuryN& Flemish globe-maker& 8T! 'essier& 2harles M8DTA-8?8 DN& French astronomer& T@& 8@8& 8@B& T@8! 'etrodorus MTB@-BDD b! c!N of ;ampsacus& or #theas 9picurean philosopher! E?T! 'ickiewicx& #dam M8DA?-8?JJN& %olish poet& $-'ilman& 0ean :enry :art M8D@8-8?C?N& 9nglish author& BxC! 'ilton& 6ohn M8CA?-8CDEN& 9nglish poet& T8& TE! DJ 'insheu& 6ohn& or 'inshaeus Mearly in seventeenth centuryN& 9nglish lexicographer& 8J! ED?! 'itchell& 'iss 'aria M8?8?-8??@N& #merican astronomer& BE! 'ollineux& 9merie Mlatter half of sixteenth centuryN& 9nglish globe-maker& 8E!

%artial ;ist of #uthors& #uthorities& 9tc!

J Ci

'om m sen& 2hristian 'atthias Theodor& German historian& EA8! 'oore& Thomas M8DD@-8?JBN& .ritish poet& C@& DA! 'orris& $illiam M8?TE-8?@?N& 9nglish poet& 8JA! 'orrison& /ev! /obert M8D?B-8?TEN& 9nglish missionary to 2hina and lexicographer& xviii! 'ueller& %riedrich 'aximilian& or 'ax ' tiller& M6erman-9nglish Sanskrit scholar& 8Ba! *arborough& Sir 6ohn Mseventeenth centuryN& 9nglish discoverer& 8?@!

*asr al 0in& or #l Tusi Mthirteenth centuryN& %ersian astronomer& JD! *ewcomb& Simon& #merican astronomer& 8@C! *ewton& #lfred& 9nglish ornithologist& E8D! *ewton& :ubert #nson M8?TA-8?@CN& #merican astronomer and mathematician& xxi& ?& TC8! *ewton& Sir "saac M8CEB-8DBDN& 9nglish natural philosopher& 8?& CC! *icander Mcirca 8BJ r! cN& Greek poet& T@a! *iebuhr& 1arsten M8DTT-8?8JN& German traveler& C@ MnoteN I et passim! *igidius! See Fig>lus! *onius& or %edro *une)& or *unes M8E@B-8JDDN& %ortuguese writer on navigation& ?J! *onnus Mfirst half of fifth centuryN& Greek poet& 8JC! <ecumenius Mtenth centuryN .y)antine ecclesiastical writer& ?8 MnoteN! <enopides Mfifth century b! cN& Greek astronomer& 8?! <thers& :einrich $ilhelm 'atthias M8DJ?8?EAN& German astronomer& ECC! <mar 1hayyam& or :ayyfim Mtwelfth centuryN& %ersian astronomer-poet& B8B& T@T! <ppert& 6ules& French <rientalist& 8BT! <rigen& or <rigenes #damantius M8?J -BJTN& Greek father of the church& BD! <ttley& $illiam 3oung M8DD8-8?TCN& 9nglish writer on ancient art& 8C8 ^noteN! <vid& or %ublius <vidius *aso MET h! c!-iTF a! rV!N& ;atin poet& E! <wen 'eredith! Sec;yttim! %alladium of :usbandry M8EBAN& 9nglish work on agriculture& 8B8! %alladius& /utilius Taurus #emilianus Mfourth

or fifth centuryN& /oman writer on agriculture& @J! %anyasis Mfifth century n! cN& Greek poet& DEA! %araphrase& The 2haldee& or 6ewish- #ramaean Targum& E?I et passim! %arsons& $illiam! See /osse! %ascal& .laise M8CBT-8CCBN& French philosopher& 8A?! %aul& The #postle Mdied about CDN& allusion of& to #ratos MFN& 8?& ?8! %aul& :enry 'artin& #merican astronomer& ET! %ausanias Msecond centuryN& Greek geographer and writer on art& ?E! %eck& :arry Thurston& #merican classical lexicographer& T??! %eck& $illiam& .ritish astronomer& E8B! %enrose& Francis 2ranmer& 9nglish archaeologist& ?A!

%etavius& or 0enis %etau M8J?T-8SJBN& French anti+uary& TAE! %eters& 2hristian :einrich %riedrich M8?8T8?@AN& German- #merican astronomer& 8AJ! %etosiris M?AAF b! c! N & reputed founder of astrology in 9gypt& J8& CE! %herecydes Mcirca CAA-JJA b! aN& Greek philosopher and "onic writer& 8DJ! %hilo 6udaeus Mcirca EA a! d!N& :ellenistic-6ewish philosopher& B! %ia))i& Giuseppe M8DEC-8?BCN& "talian astronomer& 8J?& BA8& E8J! %iccdlomini& #lessandro M8JA?-8JD?N& "talian astronomer! 8T! %ickering& 9dward 2harles& #merican astronomer& xviii!

%ickering& $illiam :!& #merican astronomer& T8D! %ieter Theodor& or %etrus Theodorus 9mbdanus Mearly in sixteenth centuryN& 0utch navigator& 8E& EE! %igafetta& #ntonio M8E@8-8JTEFN& "talian navigator and writer& 8E& BBD! %indar Mfirst half of fifth century b! cN& Greek lyric poet& EC! %lato MEB?-TED b! cN! #thenian philosopher& BC! %lautus& Titus 'accius Mcirca BJE-8?E b! cN& /oman comedist& 8AA& B8J! %liny& The 9lder& or Gaius %linius Secundus MBT-D@ a! d!N& /oman encyclopaedic writer& 8A& 8DA! %lutarch Mcirca JA-8BAN& Greek biographer& BC& BC?! %oc)obut& #bbe" Meighteenth centuryN& %olish astronomer& E8T! %oe& 9dgar #llan M8?A@- 8?E@N& #merican %Wet& 8EC! %olybios MBAE-8BJ b! cN& Greek historian& TAC! %ope& #lexander M8C??-8DEEN& 9nglish poet& E! %opular #stronomy& #merican monthly maga)ine& B?D! %osidippus Mthird century b! c! N& #thenian comedist! %osidonius Mcirca BCA b! cN& #lexandrian astronomer& D8! %osidonius Mfirst century b! cN& Stoic philosopher& D8 MnoteN! %ritchard& /ev! 2harles M8?A?-8?@TN& 9nglish astronomer& TE t MnoteN! %rocius ME8B-E?JN& %latonic philosopher& T! %roctor& /ichard #nthony M8?TE-8???N& 9nglish astronomer& xv& 8J& B?& E@! %ropertius& Sextus Mcirca JA-8C n cN& /oman

elegiac poet& CC! %rudens& or %rudentius& #urelius 2lemens Mfourth centuryN& ;atin 2hristian poet& 8TJ& 8DJ! %tolemy& or 2laudius %tolemaeus Mfirst half of second centuryN& #lexandrian-Greek astronomer& xiiI et passim! %ythagoras Mfloruit JEA-J8 V b! cN& Greek philosopher& at& E?T& E?E! %ytheas MEth century b! cN& Greek navigator& EJE! Guintilian& or 'arcus %abius Guinctilianus Mcirca TJ-@J a! d!N& /oman rhetorician& T8! /abelais& Francois M8E@s F-i JJTN! French humorist and writer& BBC!

JCB

%artial ;ist of #uthors& #uthorities& 9tc!

/awlinson& Sir :enry 2reswicke M8?xA-8?@JN& 9nglish #ssyriologist& @AE! /ecorde& /obert M8JAA-8JJ?N& .ritish physicist& 8AB! /eduan& #li # ben& or "bn M:alyN& #rabian translator of the Tetrabiblos t TB! /eeves& 6ohn& 9nglish astronomer& xviii ^noteN! /enan& 6oseph 9rnest M8?BT-8?@TN& French critical philosopher& BAT! /enouf& Sir %eter ;e %age M8?BE-8?@DN& 9nglish 9gyptologist& BA! /eynolds& 'iss 'yra& #merican writer& E?B! /iccioli& Giovanni .attista M8J@?-8 CD8N& "talian astronomer& 8& TD ^noteN! /icher!6ean M8Dth centuryN& French astronomer& J8!

/ig 7eda MBAAA-8JAAF b! c! N& collective :indusacred poems& J! /oberts& "saac& 9nglish astronomer& 88C! /oger of :oveden Mlast half of twelfth centuryN& 9nglish chronicler& EDD! /ogers& Samuel M8 DCT-8 ?JJN& 9nglish poet& 8?E ^noteN! /olleston& 'iss Frances& 9nglish astronomical writer& B?& BAY! /osse& ;ord& or $illiam %arsons M8?AA-8?CDN& 9nglish astronomer& it C! /ossetti& 2hristina <eorgina M8?TA-8?@EN& 9nglish poet& xi D& EJT! /oyer& #ugust in ^6ioruit 8CD@N& French astronomer& 8T! /udolphine Tables& The M8CBDN& by 1epler& BAB!

Sachau& 2! 9dward& German <rientalist& 8B8! Sackville& Thomas! M8JTC-8CA?N& 9nglish poet& TC8! Sadi& or 'uslihu al 0in Mthirteenth centuryN& %ersian poet& T@E! Safford& Truman :enry& #merican astronomer& 8B?! Saint 2lement! See 2lemens! Saint "sidore! Sec "sitiorus! Saint %aul! Sec %aul Sappho ^circa CAA .! cN& Greek lyric poet& T8! Sarmiento de Gamboa& %edro M8JTA D-8J?@N& Spanish navigator& 8??! Sawyer& 9dwin F!& #merican astronomer& ET! Saxe& 6ohn Godfrey M8?8C-8??DN& #merican hu-

morous poet& 8?A! Sayce& #rchibald :enry& 9nglish <rientalist& xviii ^noteN& 8! Scaliger& 6oseph 6ustus M8JEA-8CA@N& French scholar& xi& 88! Schaubach& 6ohann 2onrad Meighteenth centuryN& German commentator& CT! Scheil& %ere 7!& French <rientalist& B! Scheiner& 6!& German astro-spectroscopist& xvii& @B! Schiaparelli& Giovanni 7irginio& "talian astronomer& 8BD& Schiller& 6ohann 2hristoph Friedrich von M8DJ@ 8?AJN& German poet& B& 8EE! Schlegel& #ugust $ilhelm von M8DCD-8?EJN& German <rientalist& BA! Schoenfeld& 9! M8SB?-8?@8N& German astronomer& T5C!

Scott& Sir $alter M8DD8-Y?TBN& 9nglish novdk and poet& BE& TxJ! Scylax of :alicarnassus Msecond century r! cN& 2arian astronomer& C?! Secchi& Father #ngelo M8?8?-8?D?N& modern /oman astronomer& ?@ ^noteN! See& Thomas 6efferson 6!& #merican astronomer! DB! Seneca& ;ucius #nnaeus MTF b! c-CJ a! t!!N& /oman Stoic philosopher and writer& xiv! Septuagint& The Mthird century b! cN& Greek ver55 of the :ebrew Scriptures& ?DI et passim! Serviss& Garrett %!& #merican astronomer and writer& ED& 8DA! Servius& 'arius& or 'aurus& :onoratus Mfourth

century a! d!N& /oman commentator& 8! Shakespeare& $illiam M8JCE-8C8CN& BE& 8D& TA! Shelley& %ercy .ysshe M8D@B-8?BBN& 9nglish poet BD& B@& CD& BBD& TAT I et passim! Sheridan& /ichard .rinsley .utler M8DJ8-8?8CN! .ritish dramatist& BB?! Siddhantas& The& Sanskrit astronomical books& dTg Sidonius& or Gaius Sollius #pollinaris Man5 ETA-E?BN& 2hristian author& EBD! Sigourney& 'rs!&nCe ;ydia :untly M8D@8-8SCJN! #merican poet& xxiii! Simonides ^circa JAA n! cN& Greek lyric poet& L@J Skeat& $alter $illiam& 9nglish philologist& 8DJ Skelton& 6ohn ^circa 8ECA-8JB@N& 9nglish poet& E8J! Smith& George M8?EA-8?DCN& 9nglish #ssyno$psi! discoverer of The 2reation ;egendU 8& B& 8A8! Smyth& $illiam :enry M8D??-8?CJN& 9nglish atronomer& xii& xvii ^noteN y aI et passim! Solinus& Gaius 6ulius Mthird centuryN& /oman grammarian& 8CA! Sophocles ME@CF-EoC b! cN& Greek tragic poet& T8 Spanheim& 9)ekiel M8CB@-8D8AN& German writer VP numismatology& 8TD! Spence& 6oseph M8C@@-8DC?N& 9nglish critic! JW Spenser& 9dmund M8JJB-8J@@N& 9nglish poet& m5DER Y DS, et passim! Statius& %ublius %apinius MEJF-oC a! p!N& /oman poet& BD& EC& @B! Stobaeus& 6oannes Mlatter half of fifth centuryN& Greek compiler& EJE! Strabo ^circa CT n! c-B8 a! d!N& Greek geographer& I, Strassmaier& 6! *!& German <rientalist& xviii ^nettN Struve& Friedrich Georg $ilhelm von M8D@T8?CEN& German- /ussian astronomer& TD ^noteN& T5JStruve& <tto $ilhelm von& German-/ussiaii atronomer& TD ^noteN! Suckling& Sir 6ohn M8CA@ =-x CEBFN& 9nglish /oyalist lyric poet& EDE!

Suetonius& or Gaius Suetonius Tran+uillus Mfirst half of second centuryN& /oman biographer! 8 bD Sufi& #l Mtenth centuryN& %ersian astronomical writrr! xiii ^noteN I et passim! Suidas ^circa @DAN& Greek lexicographer& iR& RD S SGrya Siddhlnta& The& early Sanskrit standard astronomical book& ? ^noteN I et passim! Swift& 6onathan& or 0ean Swift M8CCD-8DEJN! .ritish satirist& BE& E?B! Swift& ;ewis& #merican astronomer& EA@!

%artial ;ist of #uthors& #uthorities& 9tc!

JCT

Swinburne& #lgernon 2harles& 9nglish poet& ?T! Syntaxis& or #lmagest! See %tolemy! Tablet of the Thirty Stars& The& .abylonian astronomical work& DC! Targum! See %araphrase! Taylor& .ayard M8?BJ-8?D?N& #merican poet& TD?! Taylor& 6ohn M8J?A-8CJEN& 9nglish poet& EB?& ET@! Tempel& 9rnst $ilhelm ;eberecht M8?T8-8??@N& German astronomer& EAC! Tennyaon& ;ord #lfred M8?A@-8?@BN& 9nglish poet& T8& E8& 8TD& BTA& TTB& BEJ& T8C& T@C& ETA& E?B! Tetrabiblos Syntaxis! See %tolemy! Thabitibn 1urrah& #l ^circa @JA s! cN& #rabian astronomer& 8?! Thalea MCEA D-JEC b! cN& Greek sage and astronomer& 8?& EE?! Thaun& %hilippe de Mtwelfth centuryN& #nglo-

*orman poet& T! Theon the 3ounger Mfourth centuryN& #lexandrianGreek commentator& JE! Theophanes Mcirca ?AAN& .y)antine historian& BC8! Theophrastus MT?B-B@DF b! cN& Greek philosopher and botanist& 8DI et passim! Thomas& 'iss 9dith 'atilda& #merican poet& ED@! Thompson& 0 #rcy $ent worth& .ritish ornithologist& xvii& 8DA& EAEI et passim! Thomson& 6ames M8DAA-8DE?N& 9nglish poet& EC& BDA! Tibullus& #lbius MJEF-P@ b! c!NR /oman elegiac poet& @B! Timochares Mcirca BD8 b! c!NR #lexandrian-Greek astronomer& EC?! Tin dale& $illiam M8E?E-8JTCN& 9nglish translator of the .ible& BBJ! Tiaaerand& F! F! M8?EJ-8?@CN& French astronomer& TTTTi)ini& #l Mfirst half of sixteenth centuryN& #rabian astronomer& TD MnoteN! Todd& 0avid %!& #merican astronomer& xix! Topclius& >achris M8?8?-8?@?N& Finnish dramatist& historian& novelist& and poet& 8BB& E?T! Townsend& /ev! George M8D??-8?JDN& 9nglish astronomical writer& C! Trevisa& 6ohn of Mcirca 8E8BN& 9nglish translator& E?! Tusi& #l! See *asr al 0in! T)et)es& 6ohannes Msecond half of twelfth centuryN& Greek grammarian of 2onstantinople& B@?!

(kita& 1a)utami& 6apanese scholar& xviii! (lug .eg!or(lugh .eigh Mmiddle of fifteenth cen-

turyN& Tatar prince and astronomer& 8TI ct passim! (pton& $inalow& #merican astronomer& 8J!

7ariha 'ihira Mcirca JAAN& :indu astronomer& B8& BJ?I et passim! 7arro& %ublius Terentius #tacinus Mfirst century b! cN& ;atin poet& ?J! 7eda! Set /ig 7eda! 7ergil& or %ublius 7ergilius 'aro MDA-8@ b! cN& ;atin poet& xivI et passim! 7espucci& #merigo M8EJ8-8J8BN& "talian navigator& 8E& EE& C?& C@! 7itruvius %ollio& 'arcus Mfirst century b! cN& /oman architect& 8@! 7ogel& :ermann 1arl& German astronomer& ?8&8@C! 7oltaire& assumed name of Francois 'arie #rouet M8C@E-8DD?N& French writer& 8B@! $allace& ;ew& an #merican novelist& author of .en ffur& ?& TA! $atson& 6ames 2raig M8?T?-8??AN& #merican astronomer& 8xE! $ebb& /ev! Thomas $illiam M8?AD-8??JN& 9nglish astronomer& 88C! $eber& #lbrecht Fried rich& German Sanskrit scholar& TJ& T8@I et passim! $eigel& 9rhard Mseventeenth centuryN& German constellation-maker& JD& J?! $est& /obert :!& #merican-Syrian astronomer and educator& EEJ! $et)stein& 6ohann Gottfried Mborn 8?8JN& German critic& ?D! $hewell& $illiam M8D@E-8?CCN& 9nglish philosopher and scientist& B@E! $hite& :enry 1irke M8D?J-8?ACN& 9nglish poet& B@!

$hitney& $illiam 0wight M8?BD-8?@EN& #merican philologist& xi& xxi& DI et passim! $hittier& 6ohn Greenleaf M8?AD-8?@BN& #merican poet& 8?J! $icklif& 6ohn de M8TBE-8T?EN& 9nglish religious reformer& iox! $illiams& 6ohn& 9nglish astronomer& xvii& BB! $illis& *athaniel %arker M8?AC-8?CDN& #merican poet& EE& B?E& TCE! $ither& George M8J??-8CCDN& 9nglish poet& xxiii! $olfe& 2harles M8D@8-8?BTN& .ritish poet& TA! $ordsworth& $illiam M8DDA-8?JAN& 9nglish poet& BC& TBB& EJJ3oung& 2harles #ugustus& #merican astronomer& xix& 8JI et passim! 3oung& 9dward M 8C? 8- 8DCJN& 9nglish poet& BJB& BDA! >ach& Fran) Yaver& .aron von M8DJE-8?TBN& German astronomer& ECC! >oroaster& or >arathushtra Mseventh-sixth century .! cN& founder of %crso- "ranian religion& B8!

; 9*7<" (nto those Three Things which the #ncients held impossible& there should be added this Fourth& to find a .ook %rinted without erratas! #lfonso de 2artagena

That this book has its faults& no one can doubt& #lthough the #uthor could not find them out! The faults you find& good /eader& please to mend& 3our comments to the #uthor kindly send! 1itchiner s Tke 9conomy of the 9yes! H %art 44!

0<9S *<T 2"/2

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