? W?|hL_U|L?

|L w# L_it
`**@4 , +)@?
#iT@h|4i?| Lu ,*iU|hU@* @?_ L4T|ih ,?}?iih?}
Ai N?iht|) Lu h3L?@
L 2ffe
AUtL?c ~ HD.2
}t| bc 2ff

 W?|hL_U|L?
wL_i?t|) T@h|)UiU! Ew# UL_it @hi @ U*@tt Lu *?i@h M*LU! UL_it U ThL_i ?i@h
U@T@U|) TihuLh4@?Ui L? @ *@h}i UL**iU|L? Lu _@|@ |h@?t4ttL? @?_ t|Lh@}i U@??i*t *i
t4*|@?iLt*) @_4||?} 4T*i4i?|@M*i _iUL_iht w# UL_it ihi ht| ThLTLti_ M) B@**@}ih
? t bSf _LU|Lh@* _ttih|@|L? do @?_ @t tU@hUi*) UL?t_ihi_ ? |i D )i@ht |@| uL**Li_
?i ?L|@M*i i UiT|L? t |i 4TLh|@?| Lh! Lu A@??ih ? bH d2o ? U A@??ih }i?ih@*3i_
w# UL_it @?_ ?|hL_Ui_ @ }h@TU@* hiThiti?|@|L? Lu w# UL_itc ?L U@**i_ A@??ih
}h@Tt Ai t|_) Lu w# UL_it @t hithhiU|i_ ? |i 4_bbf<t | |i Lh! Lu @Uk@)c
wM)c @?_ L|iht doc deoc dDo L ?L|Ui_c @TT@hi?|*) ?_iTi?_i?|*) Lu |i Lh! Lu B@**@}ihc |i
@_@?|@}it Lu *?i@h M*LU! UL_it U TLttitt tT@hti E*L_i?t|) T@h|)UiU! 4@|hUit
At ||Lh@* U@T|ih ThL_it |i uL?_@|L?t uLh |i t|_) @?_ Th@U|Ui Lu w# UL_it
`i ** t|@h| | |i u?_@4i?|@* hiThiti?|@|L?t Lu w# UL_it @ T@h|)UiU! 4@|hUit
@?_ A@??ih }h@Tt *@ttU@|L? Lu w# i?ti4M*it @ A@??ih }h@T _i}hii _t|hM|L?t
** Mi ?|hL_Ui_c M| i ** L?*) tTihU@**) ULih |i _it}? Lu w# UL_it | LT|4@*
_i}hii _t|hM|L?t @ UL?t|h@?i_ Tti_Lh@?_L4 4@|h UL?t|hU|L? `i ** @*tL hii
tL4i Lu |i L|ih w# UL_i UL?t|hU|L? |iU?^it U @i @TTi@hi_ ? |i *|ih@|hi
Ai i?UL_?} ThLM*i4 uLh tU w# UL_it ** Mi Thiti?|i_ @?_ Uih|@? tTiU@* U*@ttit Lu
w# UL_it U hitL*i |i i?UL_?} ThLM*i4 ** Mi ?|hL_Ui_ 6?@**)c |i |ih@|i
4itt@}iT@tt?} _iUL_?} @*}Lh|4 E@?_ Uih|@? t4T*U@|L?t U ThL_it ?i@hLT|4@*
TihuLh4@?Ui ** Mi Thiti?|i_
Wklv

zrun zdv ixqghg e| QVI judqwv FFU0<;477:5 dqg FFU0<<:<643/ QDVD judqw QDJ8043976/ dqg d
jliw iurp wkh LQVLF HKGU surjudp1

2 +iThiti?|@|L?t Lu w# L_it

2 @|h +iThiti?|@|L?
*|L} w# UL_it U@? Mi }i?ih@*3i_ |L ?L?M?@h) @*T@Mi|tc i t@** UL?t_ih L?*) M?@h)
w# UL_it uLh |i t@!i Lu t4TU|) iU@ti w# UL_it uLh4 @ U*@tt Lu *?i@h M*LU! UL_itc
|i) 4@) Mi _itUhMi_ @t @ Uih|@? &_4i?tL?@* tMtT@Ui F Lu |i iU|Lh tT@Ui I?2 Lu M?@h)
?|T*it Lih |i M?@h) i*_ I2  Bi? |tc i 4@) ?_ @ M@tt  ' i}f c } c c }&3j U
tT@?t F tL |@| i@U U 5 F 4@) Mi h||i? @t U ' f }f n  } n  n &3 }&3 uLh tL4i i j(
4Lhi UL4T@U|*)c U ' C ihi  ' df   &3o @?_ C t |i tLU@**i_ &  ? }i?ih@|Lh 4@|h
Lti hLt @hi |i iU|Lht i} j E@t t UL?i?|L?@* ? UL_?}c @** iU|Lht @hi hL iU|Lht Ai
E?  &_4i?tL?@* ?** tT@Ui F z Lu C UL4Thtit @** iU|Lht 5 I?2 uLh U CA ' f @?_ t
tT@??i_ M) |i M@tt  z ' if c c c ?3&3 j Atc uLh i@U U 5 Fc UA ' f uLh @**  Lhc 4Lhi
UL4T@U|*)c UM A ' f ihi M t |i tLU@**i_ E?  &  ? T@h|)UiU! 4@|h Lti hLt @hi
|i iU|Lht i jc @?_ t |i }i?ih@|Lh 4@|h uLh |i ?** tT@Ui F z  Ai T@h|)UiU! 4@|h M
t tL ?@4i_ MiU@ti | TihuLh4t 6 ' ?  & tiT@h@|i T@h|) UiU!t L? @ hiUii_ Lh_
 *L_i?t|) T@h|)UiU! UL_i t @ *?i@h M*LU! UL_i uLh U |i T@h|)UiU! 4@|h M
@t @ *L _i?t|) Lu <t  hi}*@h w# UL_i t @ *?i@h M*LU! UL_i Lti T@h|)UiU! 4@|h
M UL?|@?t i @U|*) S <t ? i@U UL*4? @?_ i @U|*) o ' S E?*6 <t ? i@U hLc ihi
S 6 Ei^@*i?|*)c S 6 Ai UL_i h@|i - ' &*? t hi*@|i_ |L |iti T@h@4i|iht @
- '  S *o E|t @tt4it M t u** h@?! Wu M t *L _i?t|)c M| |i ?4Mih Lu <t ? i@U
UL*4? Lh hL t ?L| UL?t|@?|c |i? |i UL_i t @? hhi}*@h w# UL_i W| t i@tit| |L tii |i
ti?ti ? U @? w# UL_i t hi}*@h Lh hhi}*@h |hL} |t }h@TU@* hiThiti?|@|L?
22 Bh@TU@* +iThiti?|@|L?
A@??ih UL?t_ihi_ w# UL_it E@?_ @ }i?ih@*3@|L? @?_ tLi_ L |i) 4@) Mi hiThiti?|i_
igiU|i*) M) @ tLU@**i_ MT@h||i }h@Tc ?L U@** @ A@??ih }h@T d2o Ai A@??ih }h@T Lu @?
w# UL_i t @?@*L}Lt |L |i |hi**t Lu @ UL?L*|L?@* UL_i ? |@| | ThL_it @ UL4T*i|i
hiThiti?|@|L? Lu |i UL_i @?_ | @_t ? |i _itUhT|L? Lu |i _iUL_?} @*}Lh|4  MT@h||i
}h@T t @ }h@T E?L_it UL??iU|i_ M) i_}it Lti ?L_it 4@) Mi tiT@h@|i_ ?|L |L |)Titc
@?_ i_}it 4@) L?*) UL??iU| |L ?L_it Lu _gihi?| |)Tit Ai |L |)Tit Lu ?L_it ? @ A@??ih
}h@T @hi |i @h@M*i ?L_it @?_ |i UiU! ?L_it EU i t@** U@** ?L_it @?_ U?L_itc
hitTiU|i*) Ai A@??ih }h@T Lu @ UL_i t _h@? @UULh_?} |L |i uL**L?} h*iG UiU! ?L_i
 t UL??iU|i_ |L @h@M*i ?L_i  i?iih i*i4i?|  ? M t @  ?i 4@) _i_Ui uhL4 |t
|@| |ihi @hi 6 ' ?  & UiU! ?L_itc L?i uLh i@U UiU! i^@|L?c @?_ ? @h@M*i ?L_itc L?i
uLh i@U UL_i M| S  6h|ihc |i 6 hLt Lu M tTiUu) |i 6 U?L_i UL??iU|L?tc @?_ |i ?
UL*4?t Lu M tTiUu) |i ? ?L_i UL??iU|L?t
, @4T*i L?t_ih @ Efc D *?i@h M*LU! UL_i | S ' 2 @?_ o ' S E?*6 ' e | |i
4 Wkh

qrphqfodwxuh ydulhv lq wkh olwhudwxuh= yduldeoh qrghv duh dovr fdoohg elw ru v|pero qrghv dqg fkhfn qrghv
duh dovr fdoohg ixqfwlrq qrghv1

uL**L?} M 4@|h G

5
9
9
9
M'9
9
9
7

f
f
f

f
f

f
f

f
f
f

f
f

f
f

f
f

f
f

f
f
f

6
:
:
:
:
:
:
8

Ai A@??ih }h@T ULhhitTL?_?} |L M t _iTU|i_ ? 6}  Mtihi |@| ?L_it Sf c Sc S2 c

@?_ S @hi UL??iU|i_ |L U?L_i sf ? @UULh_@?Ui | |i u@U| |@|c ? |i 3ihL| hL Lu Mc
ff ' f ' f2 ' f ' E@** L|iht @hi 3ihL Mtihi |@| @?@*L}Lt t|@|L?t L*_t uLh
U?L_it s c s2 c sc @?_ se U ULhhitTL?_t |L hLt c 2c c @?_ e Lu Mc hitTiU|i*) L|ic @t
uL**Lt uhL4 |i u@U| |@| UM A ' fc |i M| @*it UL??iU|i_ |L |i t@4i UiU! ?L_i 4t| t4
|L 3ihL `i 4@) @*tL ThLUii_ @*L?} UL*4?t |L UL?t|hU| |i A@??ih }h@T 6Lh i @4T*ic ?L|i
|@| ?L_i Sf t UL??iU|i_ |L U?L_it sf @?_ s ? @UULh_@?Ui | |i u@U| |@|c ? |i 3ihL|
UL*4? Lu Mc ff ' f '  
L|i |@| |i A@??ih }h@T ? |t i @4T*i t hi}*@hG i@U ?L_i @t |L i_}i UL??iU|L?t
@?_ i@U U?L_i @t uLh i_}i UL??iU|L?t E|@| tc |i _i}hii Lu i@U ?L_i t 2 @?_ |i _i}hii
Lu i@U U?L_i t e At t ? @UULh_@?Ui | |i u@U| |@| S ' 2 @?_ o ' e Wt t @*tL U*i@h
uhL4 |t i @4T*i |@| 6o ' ?S 
6Lh hhi}*@h w# UL_itc |i T@h@4i|iht S @?_ o @hi u?U|L?t Lu |i UL*4? @?_ hL
?4Miht @?_ tL tU ?L|@|L? t ?L| }i?ih@**) @_LT|i_ ? |t U@ti W?t|i@_c | t t@* ?
|i *|ih@|hi EuL**L?} d.o |L tTiUu) |i ?L_i @?_ U?L_i _i}hii _t|hM|L? TL*)?L4@*tc
_i?L|i_ M) bE% @?_ 4E%c hitTiU|i*) W? |i TL*)?L4@*
bE% '

_
[
_'

b_%_3c

b_ _i?L|it |i uh@U|L? Lu @** i_}it UL??iU|i_ |L _i}hii_ ?L_it @?_ _ _i?L|it |i 4@ 44
?L_i _i}hii 54*@h*)c ? |i TL*)?L4@*
4E% '

_S
[
_'

4_ %_3 c

4_ _i?L|it |i uh@U|L? Lu @** i_}it UL??iU|i_ |L _i}hii_ U?L_it @?_ _S _i?L|it |i 4@ 44
U?L_i _i}hii L|i uLh |i hi}*@h UL_i @MLic uLh U S ' _ ' 2 @?_ o ' _S ' ec i
@i bE% ' % @?_ 4E% ' % 

f0

check
nodes

variable
nodes

c0

f1

c1

c2

f3

f2

c3

c4

c5

f4

c6

c7

c8

c9

6}  A@??ih }h@T uLh i @4T*i UL_i

 U)U*i ELh *LLT Lu *i?}| D ? @ A@??ih }h@T t @ T@| UL4Tht?} D i_}it U U*Ltit
M@U! L? |ti*u Ai A@??ih }h@T ? |i @MLi i @4T*i TLttittit @ *i?}|S U)U*i @t i i4T*i_
M) |i t ML*_ i_}it ? |i }hi Ai }h|  Lu @ A@??ih }h@T t |i 4?44 U)U*i *i?}| Lu
|i }h@T Ai tLh|it| TLttM*i U)U*i ? @ MT@h||i }h@T t U*i@h*) @ *i?}|e U)U*ic @?_ tU
U)U*it 4@?uit| |i4ti*it ? |i M 4@|h @t uLh <t |@| *i L? |i ULh?iht Lu @ tM4@|h Lu
M `i @hi ?|ihit|i_ ? U)U*itc T@h|U*@h*) tLh| U)U*itc MiU@ti |i) _i}h@_i |i TihuLh4@?Ui
Lu |i |ih@|i _iUL_?} @*}Lh|4 ti_ uLh w# UL_it At u@U| ** Mi 4@_i i_i?| ? |i
_tUttL? Lu |i |ih@|i _iUL_?} @*}Lh|4

 w# L_i #it}? TThL@Uit

*i@h*)c |i 4Lt| LMLt T@| |L |i UL?t|hU|L? Lu @? w# UL_i t @ |i UL?t|hU|L? Lu @
*L_i?t|) T@h|)UiU! 4@|h | ThitUhMi_ ThLTih|it  *@h}i ?4Mih Lu _it}? |iU?^it
i t| ? |i *|ih@|hic @?_ i ?|hL_Ui tL4i Lu |i 4Lhi ThL4?i?| L?it ? |t tiU|L?c @*Mi|
@| @ tTihU@* *ii* Ai _it}? @TThL@Uit |@h}i| _gihi?| _it}? Uh|ih@c ?U*_?} iUi?|
i?UL_?} @?_ _iUL_?}c ?i@hU@T@U|) TihuLh4@?Uic Lh *LihhLh h@|i LLht Ew!i |hML UL_itc
w# UL_it Lu|i? tgih uhL4 *LihhLh h@|i LLhtc L?} ML| |L TLLh _t|@?Ui tTiU|h@ @?_
i@!?ittit ? |i |ih@|i _iUL_?} @*}Lh|4
 B@**@}ih L_it
Ai Lh}?@* w# UL_it _i |L B@**@}ih do @hi hi}*@h w# UL_it | @? M 4@|h Lu |i
uLh4
5
6
M
9
:
9 M2 :
9
M ' 9  :
:
7  8
MS

ihi |i tM4@|hUit M_ @i |i uL**L?} t|hU|hi 6Lh @?) ?|i}iht > @?_ o |@? }hi@|ih
|@? c i@U tM4@|h M_ t >  >o | hL i}| o @?_ UL*4? i}|  Ai tM4@|h

M @t |i uL**L?} tTiUU uLh4G uLh  ' c 2c c >c |i | hL UL?|@?t @** Lu |t o <t ?
UL*4?t E  o n |L o  Ai L|ih tM4@|hUit @hi t4T*) UL*4? Tih4|@|L?t Lu M  W| t
i_i?| |@| M t hi}*@hc @t _4i?tL? >S >o c @?_ @t hL @?_ UL*4? i}|t o @?_ S c
hitTiU|i*) Ai @Mti?Ui Lu *i?}|e U)U*it ? M t ?L| }@h@?|ii_c M| |i) U@? Mi @L_i_ @
UL4T|ih _it}? Lu M B@**@}ih tLi_ |@| |i i?ti4M*i Lu tU UL_it @t i Ui**i?| _t|@?Ui
ThLTih|it ThL_i_ S   @?_ o : S  6h|ihc tU UL_it @i *LUL4T*i |) i?UL_iht
t?Ui T@h|) M|t U@? Mi tL*i_ uLh @t @ u?U|L? Lu |i tih M|t @ |i T@h|)UiU! 4@|h do
B@**@}ih UL_it ihi }i?ih@*3i_ M) A@??ih ? bH d2o @?_ ihi t|_i_ uLh @TT*U@|L? |L
UL_i_tL? 4*|T*i@UUitt UL44?U@|L? U@??i* ? dbo B@**@}ih UL_it ihi i |i?_i_ M)
@Uk@) @?_ L|iht doc deo
2 @Uk@) L_it
@Uk@) @_ ?_iTi?_i?|*) _tULihi_ |i Mi?i|t Lu _it}??} M?@h) UL_it | tT@hti M
4@|hUit @?_ @t |i ht| |L tL |i @M*|) Lu |iti UL_it |L TihuLh4 ?i@h U@T@U|) *4|t doc
deo @Uk@) @t @hUi_ L? @ iM T@}i dfo @ *@h}i ?4Mih Lu w# UL_it i @t _it}?i_
uLh @TT*U@|L? |L _@|@ UL44?U@|L? @?_ t|Lh@}ic 4Lt| Lu U @hi hi}*@h Oi ThL_i_ ?
deo @*}Lh|4t |L ti4h@?_L4*) }i?ih@|i tT@hti M 4@|hUit  ui Lu |iti @hi *t|i_ Mi*L ?
Lh_ih Lu ?Uhi@t?} @*}Lh|4 UL4T*i |) EM| ?L| ?iUitt@h*) 4ThLi_ TihuLh4@?Ui
 M t Uhi@|i_ M) h@?_L4*) }i?ih@|?} i}|S UL*4?t @?_ E@t ?i@h @t TLttM*i ?uLh4
hL i}|
2 M t Uhi@|i_ M) h@?_L4*) }i?ih@|?} i}|S UL*4?tc *i i?th?} i}|o hLtc
@?_ ?L |L UL*4?t @?} Lih*@T }hi@|ih |@? L?i
 M t }i?ih@|i_ @t ? 2c T*t tLh| U)U*it @hi @L_i_
e M t }i?ih@|i_ @t ? c T*t M ' dM M2o t UL?t|h@?i_ tL |@| M2 t ?ih|M*i ELh @|
*i@t| M t u** h@?!
?i _h@M@U! Lu @Uk@) UL_it t |@| |i) *@U! tUi?| t|hU|hi |L i?@M*i *LUL4T*i |)
i?UL_?} ,?UL_?} t TihuLh4i_ M) T||?} M ? |i uLh4 d A Uo @ B@ttaLh_@? i*4?@|L?c
uhL4 U |i }i?ih@|Lh 4@|h U@? Mi T| ? |i t)t|i4@|U uLh4 C ' dU  o Ai ThLM*i4
| i?UL_?} @ C t |@| |i tM4@|h  t }i?ih@**) ?L| tT@hti tL |@|c uLh UL_it Lu *i?}|
? ' fff Lh 4Lhic i?UL_?} UL4T*i |) t } ? iUi?| i?UL_?} |iU?^i i4T*L)?} L?*)
|i M 4@|h @t ThLTLti_ ? dSo
 Whhi}*@h w# L_it
+U@h_tL? i| @* d.o @?_ wM) i| @* dHo _i?i_ i?ti4M*it Lu hhi}*@h w# UL_it T@h@4i
|ih3i_ M) |i _i}hii _t|hM|L? TL*)?L4@*t bE% @?_ 4E% @?_ tLi_ L |L LT|43i |iti
TL*)?L4@*t uLh @ @hi|) Lu U@??i*t T|4@*|) t ? |i ti?ti |@|c @tt4?} 4itt@}iT@tt?}
_iUL_?} E_itUhMi_ Mi*Lc @ |)TU@* UL_i ? |i i?ti4M*i @t U@T@M*i Lu hi*@M*i UL44?U@
|L? ? Lhti U@??i* UL?_|L?t |@? UL_it L|t_i |i i?ti4M*i @hi Ai Lht|U@ti U@??i*
UL?_|L? t U@**i_ |i _iUL_?} |hitL*_ @?_ |i LT|43@|L? Lu bE% @?_ 4E% t uL?_ M) @
UL4M?@|L? Lu @ tLU@**i_ _i?t|) iL*|L? @*}Lh|4 @?_ @? LT|43@|L? @*}Lh|4 #i?t|)

iL*|L? hiuiht |L |i iL*|L? Lu |i ThLM@M*|) _i?t|) u?U|L?t ET_u<t Lu |i @hLt ^@?
||it T@tti_ @hL?_ |i _iUL_ih<t A@??ih }h@T Ai _iUL_?} |hitL*_ uLh @ }i? bE%4E%
T@h t _i|ih4?i_ M) i@*@|L? |i T_u<t Lu UL4T|i_ *L}*!i*LL_ h@|Lt Etii |i ?i | tiU|L?
Lu |i UL_i M|t Ai tiT@h@|i LT|43@|L? @*}Lh|4 LT|43it Lih |i bE%4E% T@ht
Nt?} |t @TThL@U @? hhi}*@h w# UL_i @t Mii? _it}?i_ Lti t4*@|i_ TihuLh4@?Ui
@t |? ffeD _ Lu |i U@T@U|) *4| uLh @ M?@h)?T| `B U@??i* do At UL_i
@_ *i?}| ? ' f. @?_ h@|i - ' *2 W| t }i?ih@**) |hi |@| _it}?t @ _i?t|) iL*|L? @hi
Mit| @TT*i_ |L UL_it Lti h@|i t ?L| |LL } E-  *e @?_ Lti *i?}| t ?L| |LL tLh|
E? z Dfff Ai hi@tL? t |@| |i _i?t|) iL*|L? _it}? @*}Lh|4 @tt4it ? $ 4 Ei?Uic
6 $ 4c @?_ tL bE%4E% T@ht U @hi LT|4@* uLh ih) *L?} UL_itc ** ?L| Mi LT|4@*
uLh 4i_4*i?}| @?_ tLh| UL_it t _tUtti_ ? d2oc doc deoc dDoc tU bE%4E% T@ht
@TT*i_ |L 4i_4*i?}| @?_ tLh| UL_it }it hti |L @ } ihhLhh@|i LLh
6?@**)c i hi4@h! |@|c @t uLh |i @Uk@) UL_itc |iti hhi}*@h UL_it _L ?L| ?|h?tU@**)
*i?_ |i4ti*it |L iUi?| i?UL_?} OLiihc @t 4i?|L?i_ @MLic +U@h_tL? @?_ NhM@?!i
dSo @i ThLTLti_ @*}Lh|4t uLh @Ui?} *?i@h|4i i?UL_?} uLh |iti UL_it
e 6?|i BiL4i|h) L_it
W? dSoc d.oc hi}*@h w# UL_it @hi _it}?i_ t?} L*_u@tL?i_ |i |MLL! dHo |iU?^it M@ti_
L? ?|i }iL4i|hit Ai hit*|?} w# UL_it u@** ?|L |i U)U*U @?_ ^@tU)U*U U*@ttit Lu
M*LU! UL_it @?_ *i?_ |i4ti*it |L t4T*i i?UL_ih 4T*i4i?|@|L? @ tu|hi}t|ih UhU|t
Ai U)U*U ?|i }iL4i|h) UL_it |i?_ |L @i hi*@|i*) *@h}i 4?44 _t|@?Uitc M| |i ^@t
U)U*U UL_it |i?_ |L @i tL4i@| t4@** 4?44 _t|@?Uit *tLc tLh| w# UL_it E? L?
|i Lh_ih Lu 2ff M|t _it}?i_ t?} |iti |iU?^it @hi }i?ih@**) Mi||ih |@? tLh| w#
UL_it _it}?i_ t?} Tti_Lh@?_L4 M 4@|hUit
Ai U)U*U ?|i }iL4i|h) UL_it @i |i _h@M@U! |@| |i T@h|)UiU! 4@|h ti_ ?
_iUL_?} t ?  ? ?t|i@_ Lu E?  &  ? EW| t TLttM*i |L ULLti @? E?  &  ? tM4@|h Lu
|i ?  ? 4@|h |L _iUL_ic M| |i *Ltt ? TihuLh4@?Ui t }i?ih@**) ?L??i}*}M*i Ai ?  ?
4@|h t UhU*@?|c | |t ht| hL i^@* |L @ Uih|@? ?U_i?Ui iU|Lh dSo ?L|ih _h@M@U!
t |@| |i @*it Lu o @?_ S @hi hi*@|i*) *@h}i U t ?_ith@M*i t?Ui |i UL4T*i |)
Lu |i |ih@|i 4itt@}iT@tt?} _iUL_ih t ThLTLh|L?@* |L |iti @*it ?i ?@* _h@M@U! t
|@| |ihi t ?L| @ i M*|) ? |i ULUi Lu *i?}| @?_ h@|ic @*|L} |t tti U@? Mi _i@*|
| M) UL_i tLh|i??} @?_ T?U|h?}
D +c W+c @?_ iW+ L_it
 |)Ti Lu UL_ic U@**i_ @ hiTi@|@UU4*@|i E+ UL_ic U @t |i U@h@U|iht|Ut Lu ML|
tih@* |hML UL_it @?_ w# UL_itc @t ThLTLti_ ? d2fo Ai i?UL_ih uLh @? + UL_i t tL?
? 6} 2 ihi | t tii? |@| tih M|t @hi hiTi@|i_ E2 Lh  |4it t |)TU@*c Tih4|i_c @?_
|i? ti?| |hL} @? @UU4*@|Lh E_gihi?|@* i?UL_ih Aiti UL_it @i Mii? tL? |L Mi
U@T@M*i Lu LTih@|L? ?i@h U@T@U|) *4|tc M| |i) @i |i _h@M@U! |@| |i) @hi ?@|h@**)
*L h@|i Eh@|i %2 Lh *Lih
Ai + UL_it ihi }i?ih@*3i_ ? tU @ @) |@| tL4i M|t ihi hiTi@|i_ 4Lhi |@? L|iht
)i*_?} hhi}*@h hiTi@|@UU4*@|i EW+ UL_it d2o t tL? ? 6} 2c |i W+ i?UL_ih
UL4Thtit @ *L_i?t|) }i?ih@|Lh 4@|h c @ Tih4|ihc @?_ @? @UU4*@|Lh 5U UL_it @hi

U@T@M*i Lu LTih@|L? ii? U*Ltih |L |iLhi|U@* *4|t |@? + UL_itc @?_ |i) Tih4| }ih
UL_i h@|it  _h@M@U! |L W+ UL_it t |@| |i) @hi ?L4?@**) ?L?t)t|i4@|U UL_itc @*|L}
|i) Mi T| ? @ t)t|i4@|U uLh4c M| | t @| |i i Ti?ti Lu }hi@|*) *Lih?} |i h@|i @t _iTU|i_
? 6} 2
v@?} @?_ +)@? doc deoc dDo @i ThLTLti_ @ U*@tt Lu iUi?|*) i?UL_@M*i hhi}*@h w#
UL_it U 4}| Mi U@**i_ i |i?_i_ W+ EiW+ UL_it EAiti UL_it ihi ?_iTi?_i?|*)
ThLTLti_ ? d22o Ai iW+ i?UL_ih t tL? ? 6} 2 L|i |@| |i iW+ i?UL_ih t
t)t|i4@|U @?_ Tih4|t ML| *L @?_ } h@|it 6h|ihc i?UL_?} U@? Mi iUi?|*) TihuLh4i_
_hiU|*) uhL4 |i M 4@|h U TLttittit @? 6  6 tM4@|h U u@U*|@|it UL4T|@|L?
Lu |i T@h|) M|t uhL4 |i tih M|t d22oc dDo
RA
u

repeat

w
1
1 D 1 x n

IRA
u
u
G

kxn

w
1
1 D 1 x n

eIRA

u
A
k x (n-k)

u
p
1
1 D 1 x (n-k)

6} 2 ,?UL_iht uLh |i hiTi@|@UUU4*@|i E+c |i hhi}*@h + EW+ UL_ic @?_ |i
i |i?_i_ W+ UL_i EiW+
S hh@) L_it
6@? @t tL? |@| @ Uih|@? U*@tt Lu UL_it U@**i_ @hh@) UL_it U@? Mi ii_ @t w# UL_it
@?_ |t U@? Mi _iUL_i_ | @ 4itt@}i T@tt?} @*}Lh|4 d2oc d2eo 5Mti^i?| |L 6@?<t Lh!c
 Uih d2Do ThLTLti_ @ 4L_i_ @hh@) UL_i i4T*L)?} |i uL**L?} M 4@|h
,*iu|ihL @?_ *
uLh4@|
5
9
9
9
9
M'9
9
9
7

U
f
f



U
U
f



U
k
U




U
U
   k32
k 3
   k2E 3 k2E32






f f  f
U
k 3





k&32
k2E&3




   kE3E&3 

6
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
8

E

ihi & @?_  @hi |L ?|i}iht tU |@| &c   R ihi R _i?L|it @ Th4i ?4Mih U t |i
R  R _i?||) 4@|h c  |i R  R ?** 4@|h c @?_ k @ R  R Tih4|@|L? 4@|h hiThiti?|?}

@ t?}*i *iu| Lh h}|U)U*U tu| Ai TTih |h@?}*@h ?@|hi Lu M }@h@?|iit i?UL_?} *?i@h
? |i UL_iLh_ *i?}| Ei?UL_?} t itti?|@**) |i t@4i @t uLh iW+ UL_it
Aiti 4L_i_ @hh@) UL_it @i ih) *L ihhLh h@|i LLhtc @?_ ML| *L @?_ }h@|i
UL_it 4@) Mi _it}?i_ OLiihc @t t U*i@h uhL4 |i _itUhT|L? Lu M @MLic L?*) ti*iU|i_ UL_i
*i?}|t @?_ h@|it @hi @@*@M*i
. L4M?@|Lh@* w# L_it
W? i Lu |i u@U| |@| w# UL_it 4@) Mi _it}? M) UL?t|h@?i_ h@?_L4 UL?t|hU|L? Lu M
4@|hUitc | t ?L| _U*| |L 4@}?i |@| }LL_ w# UL_it 4@) Mi _it}?i_ @ |i @TT*U@|L?
Lu UL4M?@|Lh@* 4@|i4@|Ut A@| tc _it}? UL?t|h@?|t EtU @t ?L U)U*it Lu *i?}| uLh
@TT*i_ |L @? M 4@|h Lu t3i E?  &  ? 4@) Mi U@t| @t @ ThLM*i4 ? UL4M?@|LhUt 5iih@*
hiti@hUiht @i tUUittu**) @TThL@Ui_ |t ThLM*i4 @ tU UL4M?@|Lh@* LMiU|t @t 5|i?ih
t)t|i4tc kh!4@? t)t|i4tc @?_ M@*@?Ui_ ?UL4T*i|i M*LU! _it}?t d2Soc d2.oc d2Hoc d2boc dSo

e W|ih@|i #iUL_?} *}Lh|4t

e ihi
W? @__|L? |L ?|hL_U?} w# UL_it ? t ti4?@* Lh! ? bSf doc B@**@}ih @*tL ThL_i_
@ _iUL_?} @*}Lh|4 |@| t |)TU@**) ?i@h LT|4@* 5?Ui |@| |4ic L|ih hiti@hUiht @i
?_iTi?_i?|*) _tULihi_ |@| @*}Lh|4 @?_ hi*@|i_ @*}Lh|4tc @*Mi| tL4i|4it uLh _gih
i?| @TT*U@|L?t deoc dfo Ai @*}Lh|4 |ih@|i*) UL4T|it |i _t|hM|L?t Lu @h@M*it ?
}h@TM@ti_ 4L_i*t @?_ UL4it ?_ih _gihi?| ?@4itc _iTi?_?} L? |i UL?|i | Aiti ?@4it
?U*_iG |i t4ThL_U| @*}Lh|4 E5c |i Mi*iu ThLT@}@|L? @*}Lh|4 Ec @?_ |i
4itt@}i T@tt?} @*}Lh|4 E Ai |ih4 R4itt@}i T@tt?} t@**) hiuiht |L @** tU |ih@
|i @*}Lh|4tc ?U*_?} |i 5 E @?_ |t @TThL 4@|L?t
U *!i LT|4@* E4@ 44 @ TLt|ihLhc  t)4ML*M)t)4ML* _iUL_?} Lu |hi**t UL_itc
i @hi ?|ihit|i_ ? UL4T|?} |i @ TLt|ihLh ThLM@M*|) E |@| @ }i? M| ? |i
|h@?t4||i_ UL_iLh_ U ' dSf S  S?3o i^@*t c }i? |i hiUii_ Lh_ ) ' d+f +  +?3 o
`|L| *Ltt Lu }i?ih@*|)c *i| t uLUt L? |i _iUL_?} Lu M| S tL |@| i @hi ?|ihit|i_ ?
UL4T|?} |i 
hES ' m )
Lh |i  h@|L E@*tL U@**i_ |i *!i*LL_ h@|Lc w+
,ES  ]

hES ' f m )

hES ' m )

w@|ih i ** i |i?_ |t |L |i 4Lhi ?4ihU@**) t|@M*i UL4T|@|L? Lu |i *L} h@|Lc @*tL
U@**i_ |i *L}*!i*LL_ h@|L Eww+G
#

hES ' f m )
uES  ] *L}
hES ' m )

ihi ihi @?_ ? |i ti^i* |i ?@|h@* *L}@h|4 t @tt4i_

Ai  uLh |i UL4T|@|L? Lu hES ' m )c ,ES c Lh uES  t @? |ih@|i @*}Lh|4
U t M@ti_ L? |i UL_i<t A@??ih }h@T 5TiUU@**)c i 4@}?i |@| |i ?L_it hiThiti?|
ThLUittLht Lu L?i |)Tic U?L_it hiThiti?| ThLUittLht Lu @?L|ih |)Tic @?_ |i i_}it hiThiti?|
4itt@}i T@|t W? L?i @*u |ih@|L?c i@U ?L_i ThLUittit |t ?T| 4itt@}it @?_ T@ttit |t
hit*|?} L|T| 4itt@}it T |L ?i}MLh?} U?L_it E|L ?L_it @hi t@_ |L Mi ?i}MLht u |i)
@hi UL??iU|i_ M) @? i_}i At t _iTU|i_ ? 6}  uLh |i 4itt@}i 6f2 uhL4 ?L_i Sf |L
U?L_i s2 E|i tMtUhT|i_ @hhL ?_U@|it |i _hiU|L? Lu |i 4itt@}ic !iiT?} ? 4?_ |@|
Lh A@??ih }h@T UL?i?|L? T*@Uit U?L_it @MLi ?L_it Ai ?uLh4@|L? T@tti_ UL?Uih?t
hESf ' K m ?T| 4itt@}itc K 5 ifc jc |i h@|L Lu tU ThLM@M*|itc Lh |i *L}@h|4 Lu |i
h@|L Lu tU ThLM@M*|it L|i ? |i }hi |@| |i ?uLh4@|L? T@tti_ |L U?L_i s2 t @** |i
?uLh4@|L? @@*@M*i |L ?L_i Sf uhL4 |i U@??i* @?_ |hL} |t ?i}MLhtc i U*_?} U?L_i
s2 ( |@| tc L?*) i |h?tU ?uLh4@|L? t T@tti_ 5U i |h?tU ?uLh4@|L? 6 t UL4T|i_
uLh i@U UL??iU|i_ ?L_i%U?L_i T@h S *s @| i@U @*u|ih@|L?

f0

f2

f1

c0
y0 (channel sample)
6}  5M}h@T Lu @ A@??ih }h@T ULhhitTL?_?} |L @? M 4@|h Lti 3ihL| UL*4? t
d f f  foA  Ai @hhLt ?_U@|i 4itt@}i T@tt?} uhL4 ?L_i Sf |L ?L_i s2
W? |i L|ih @*u |ih@|L?c i@U U?L_i ThLUittit |t ?T| 4itt@}it @?_ T@ttit |t hit*|?}
L|T| 4itt@}it _L? |L |t ?i}MLh?} ?L_it At t _iTU|i_ ? 6} e uLh |i 4itt@}i
6fe uhL4 U?L_i sf _L? |L ?L_i Se Ai ?uLh4@|L? T@tti_ UL?Uih?t hEUiU! i^@|L? sf
t t@|ti_ m ?T| 4itt@}itc K 5 ifc jc |i h@|L Lu tU ThLM@M*|itc Lh |i *L}@h|4 Lu |i
h@|L Lu tU ThLM@M*|it L|ic @t uLh |i ThiLt U@tic L?*) i |h?tU ?uLh4@|L? t T@tti_ |L
?L_i Se  5U i |h?tU ?uLh4@|L? 6 t UL4T|i_ uLh i@U UL??iU|i_ U?L_i%?L_i T@h
s *S @| i@U @*u|ih@|L?

f0

c0

c1

c2

c4

6} e 5M}h@T Lu @ A@??ih }h@T ULhhitTL?_?} |L @? M 4@|h Lti 3ihL| hL t

d f f f  foA  Ai @hhLt ?_U@|i 4itt@}i T@tt?} uhL4 ?L_i sf |L ?L_i Se

u|ih @ ThitUhMi_ 4@ 44 ?4Mih Lu |ih@|L?t Lh @u|ih tL4i t|LTT?} Uh|ihL? @t Mii?
4i|c |i _iUL_ih UL4T|it |i c |i w+c Lh |i ww+ uhL4 U _iUtL?t L? |i M|t S
@hi 4@_i ?i i @4T*i t|LTT?} Uh|ihL? t |L t|LT |ih@|?} i?
UOA ' fc ihi
U t @
|i?|@|i*) _iUL_i_ UL_iLh_
Ai  @tt4it |@| |i 4itt@}it T@tti_ @hi t|@|t|U@**) ?_iTi?_i?| |hL}L| |i
_iUL_?} ThLUitt `i? |i + @hi ?_iTi?_i?|c |t ?_iTi?_i?Ui @tt4T|L? L*_ L*_ |hi
u |i A@??ih }h@T TLttitti_ ?L U)U*it 6h|ihc |i  L*_ )i*_ i @U| t ELh w+t Lh
ww+tc _iTi?_?} L? |i ihtL? Lu |i @*}Lh|4 ? |t U@ti dfo OLiihc uLh @ }h@T Lu }h|
c |i ?_iTi?_i?Ui @tt4T|L? t L?*) |hi T |L |i *2| |ih@|L?c @u|ih U 4itt@}it
t|@h| |L *LLT M@U! L? |i4ti*it ? |i }h@T<t @hLt U)U*it 5|**c t4*@|L?t @i tL?
|@| |i 4itt@}i T@tt?} @*}Lh|4 t }i?ih@**) ih) igiU|i ThL_i_ *i?}|uLh U)U*it @hi
@L_i_ w? i| @* dbo tLi_ |@| tL4i UL?}h@|L?t Lu *i?}|uLh U)U*it @hi ?L| @h4u*
W| @t tL? ? do L |i 4itt@}iT@tt?} tUi_*i _itUhMi_ @MLi @?_ Mi*L E|i tLU@**i_
LL_?} tUi_*i 4@) Mi 4L_i_ |L 4|}@|i |i ?i}@|i igiU|t Lu tLh| U)U*it
W? |i hi4@?_ih Lu |t tiU|L? i Thiti?| |i RThLM@M*|) _L4@? ihtL? Lu |i 5
EU UL4T|it t @?_ |t *L}_L4@? ihtL?c |i *L}5 EU UL4T|it ww+tc @t
i** @t Uih|@? @TThL 4@|L?t h |hi@|4i?| UL?t_iht |i tTiU@* U@tit Lu |i M?@h) ih@thi
U@??i* E,c |i M?@h) t)44i|hU U@??i* E5c @?_ |i M?@h)?T| `B U@??i*
EW`B
e2 hLM@M*|)#L4@? 5 #iUL_ih
`i t|@h| M) ?|hL_U?} |i uL**L?} ?L|@|L?G
 T ' i?L_it UL??iU|i_ |L U?L_i s j
 T q ' i?L_it UL??iU|i_ |L U?L_i s jqi?L_i S j
  ' iU?L_it UL??iU|i_ |L ?L_i S j
  q ' iU?L_it UL??iU|i_ |L ?L_i S jqiU?L_i s j
  E  ' i4itt@}it uhL4 @** ?L_it i UiT| ?L_i S j
 S E  ' i4itt@}it uhL4 @** U?L_it i UiT| ?L_i s j
  ' h ES ' m + 
 7 ' ii?| |@| |i UiU! i^@|L?t ?L*?} S @hi t@|ti_
 ^ EK ' h ES ' K m 7 c + c S E  c ihi K 5 ifc j 6Lh |i  @*}Lh|4 Thiti?|*)
?_ih UL?t_ih@|L?c 6 ' ^ EK( uLh |i w+ @*}Lh|4c 6 ' ^ Ef*^ E( @?_ uLh |i
ww+ @*}Lh|4c 6 ' *L} d^ Ef*^ Eo
 o EK ' h EUiU! i^@|L? s t t@|ti_ m S ' Kc  E  c ihi K 5 ifc j 6Lh |i
 @*}Lh|4 Thiti?|*) ?_ih UL?t_ih@|L?c 6 ' o EK( uLh |i w+ @*}Lh|4c 6 '
o Ef*o E( @?_ uLh |i ww+ @*}Lh|4c 6 ' *L} do Ef*o Eo

L|i |@| |i 4itt@}it ^ EKc *i ?|ihThi|i_ @t ThLM@M*|it ihic @hi h@?_L4 @h@M*it
Eh<t @t |i) @hi u?U|L?t Lu |i h<t + @?_ L|ih 4itt@}it U @hi |i4ti*it h<t 54*@h*)c
M) h|i Lu |i 4itt@}i T@tt?} @*}Lh|4c |i 4itt@}it o EK @hi h<t
L?t_ih ?L |i uLh4 Lu ^ Ef Uc }i? Lh ?i ?L|@|L? @?_ |i ?_iTi?_i?Ui @t
t4T|L?c i 4@) i Thitt @t Etii 6} D
^ Ef ' h ES ' f m + c 7 c S E 
' E    h E7 m S ' fc + c S E  * h E7 
\
' g E   
o  Ef


 M .

Ee

ihi i ti_ @)it< h*i |Ui |L LM|@? |i tiUL?_ *?i @?_ |i ?_iTi?_i?Ui @tt4T|L? |L
LM|@? |i |h_ *?i 54*@h*)c
^ E ' g 

 M .


o  E


Ee2

Ai UL?t|@?|t g @hi ULti? |L i?thi |@| ^ Ef n ^ E ' 
fj
rji(b)
qij(b)

ci

yi

6} D W**t|h@|L? Lu 4itt@}i T@tt?} @*u|ih@|L? uLh |i UL4T|@|L? Lu ^ EK
AL _ii*LT @? i ThittL? uLh |i o EKc i ?ii_ |i uL**L?} hit*|
+it*|  EB@**@}ih do L?t_ih @ ti^i?Ui Lu  ?_iTi?_i?| M?@h) _}|t @ uLh U
h E@ '  ' R  Ai? |i ThLM@M*|) |@| i@ j
' UL?|@?t @? ii? ?4Mih Lu <t t


\
n
E  2R  
2 2 ,'

Ee

hLLu G W?_U|L? L?  
W? i Lu |t hit*|c |L}i|ih | |i ULhhitTL?_i?Ui R ' ^ Ec i @i Etii 6} S
\
o Ef ' n
E  2^  E
Eee
2 2  MT .


t?Uic i? S ' fc |i M|t iS G  5 T qj 4t| UL?|@? @? ii? ?4Mih Lu <t ? Lh_ih uLh
UiU! i^@|L? s |L Mi t@|ti_ *i@h*)c


o E '  o Ef

EeD

fj

rji(b)
ci

qij(b)

6} S W**t|h@|L? Lu 4itt@}i T@tt?} @*u|ih@|L? uLh |i UL4T|@|L? Lu o EK
Ai  uLh |i UL4T|@|L? Lu |i <t t ?|@*3i_ M) ti||?} ^ EK ' h ES ' K m + 
uLh @** c  uLh U  ' E|@| tc ^ E '  @?_ ^ Ef '    Oihic + hiThiti?|t U@??i*
t)4ML* |@| @t @U|@**) hiUii_ Eic | t @ ?L| @h@M*i ihi `i UL?t_ih |i uL**L?}
tTiU@* U@tit
, W? |t U@tic + 5 ifc c .j ihi . t |i ih@thi t)4ML*c @?_ i _i?i B ' hE+ '
. m S ' K |L Mi |i ih@thi ThLM@M*|) Ai? | t i@t) |L tii |@|
;
A
?

i? + ' K
f i? + ' KS
h ES ' K m +  '
A
=
*2 i? + ' .
ihi KS hiThiti?|t |i UL4T*i4i?| Lu K
5 W? |t U@tic + 5 ifc j @?_ i _i?i 0 ' hE+ ' KS m S ' K |L Mi |i ihhLh
ThLM@M*|) Ai? | t LMLt |@|
+

h ES ' K m +  '

 0 i? + ' K

0 i? + ' KS

W`B `i ht| *i| % '  2S Mi |i | |h@?t4||i_ M?@h) @*i( ?L|i % ' nE
i? S ' fE `i t@** ti % @?_ S ?|ihU@?}i@M*) ihi@u|ih Ai? |i | hiUii_ t@4T*i
t + ' % n ? ihi |i ? @hi ?_iTi?_i?| @?_ ?Lh4@**) _t|hM|i_ @t # Efc j2  Ai? | t
i@t) |L tL |@|
k

l3
h E% ' % m +  ' n i T 2+%*j2
ihi % 5 i j
544@h) Lu |i hLM@M*|)#L4@? 5 #iUL_ih
 6Lh  ' fc c c ?  c ti|  ' h ES ' m +  ihi + t |i | hiUii_ U@??i* t)4ML*
Ai? ti| ^ Ef '   @?_ ^ E '  uLh @** c  uLh U  ' 
2 NT_@|i io EKj t?} i^@|L?t Eee @?_ EeD
 NT_@|i i^ EKj t?} i^@|L?t Ee @?_ Ee2 5L*i uLh |i UL?t|@?|t g 
e 6Lh  ' fc c c ?  c UL4T|i
' Ef ' g E   

M

o Ef

EeS

@?_

' E ' g 

M

o E

Ee.

ihi |i UL?t|@?|t g @hi ULti? |L i?thi |@| ' Ef n ' E ' 
D 6Lh  ' fc c c ?  c ti|

S  '

u ' E : ' Ef


f i*ti

Wu
UOA ' f Lh |i ?4Mih Lu |ih@|L?t i^@*t |i 4@ 44 *4|c t|LT( i*tic }L |L 5|iT
2
+i4@h!t At @*}Lh|4 @t Mii? Thiti?|i_ uLh Ti_@}L}U@* U*@h|)c M| 4@) Mi @_t|i_
|L LT|43i |i ?4Mih Lu UL4T|@|L?t 6Lh i @4T*ic 5|iT e 4@) Mi UL4T|i_ MiuLhi 5|iT
 @?_ 5|iT  4@) Mi hiT*@Ui_ | |i t4T*i _tL? ^ EK ' g ' EK*o EK `i ?L|i @*tL
|@|c uLh }LL_ UL_itc |t @*}Lh|4 t @M*i |L _i|iU| @? ?ULhhiU|i_ UL_iLh_ | ?i@h?|)
ThLM@M*|) E5|iT Dc ?*!i |hML UL_it deo
e wL}#L4@? 5 #iUL_ih
t | |i ThLM@M*|)_L4@? V|ihM @?_ a+ @*}Lh|4tc |i ThLM@M*|)_L4@? 5
tgiht MiU@ti 4*|T*U@|L?t @hi ?L*i_ E@__|L?t @hi *itt ULt|*) |L 4T*i4i?| @?_ 4@?)
4*|T*U@|L?t Lu ThLM@M*|it @hi ?L*i_ U UL*_ MiUL4i ?4ihU@**) ?t|@M*i Atc @t
| |i V|ihM @?_ a+ @*}Lh|4tc @ *L}_L4@? ihtL? Lu |i 5 t |L Mi Thiuihhi_ AL
_L tLc i ht| _i?i |i uL**L?} ww+tG
#

uES  '
uEo  '
uE^  '
uE'  '

h ES ' f m + 
*L}
h ES ' m + 
#
$
o Ef
*L}
o E
#
$
^ Ef
*L}
^ E
#
$
' Ef
*L}
' E

Ai ?|@*3@|L? t|iTt uLh |i |hii U@??i*t ?_ih UL?t_ih@|L? |t MiUL4iG
;
A
? n4c + ' f

4c + ' E,

fc + ' .


0
+

uE^  ' uES  ' E *L}
E5
0
uE^  ' uES  ' 2+ *j2 EW`B
uE^  ' uES  '

A
=

EeH

6Lh 5|iT c i ht| hiT*@Ui o Ef |  o E ? EeD @?_ hi@hh@?}i | |L LM|@?
 2o E '
k

 MT .


E  2^  E 


L t?} |i u@U| |@| |@? 2 *L} ERf *R ' Rf  R '  2Rc i 4@) hih|i |i i^@|L?
@MLi @t




\

|@? uEo  '

|@? uE^  
Eeb
2
2
 MT .


Ai ThLM*i4 | |iti i ThittL?t t |@| i @hi t|** *iu| | @ ThL_U| @?_ |i UL4T*i |@?
u?U|L? `i U@? hi4i_) |t @t uL**Lt do 6ht|c u@U|Lh uE^  ?|L |t t}? @?_ 4@}?|_iG
u E^  ' k q
k ' r}? duE^ o
q ' muE^ m
tL |@| Eeb 4@) Mi hih||i? @t


\
\

|@? uEo  '

k  
|@? q  
2
2
 MT .
 MT .


`i |i? @i
uEo  '

k   2 |@?


#
\

|@? q 
2

#

$

$

'
k   2 |@? *L} *L}
|@? q 
2




\
[

3
3
'
k   2 |@? *L}
*L} |@? q 
2


\

'

 MT .


ihi i @i _i?i_

k    C


 MT .

 Eq  D

Eef

e% n
 E% '  *L} d|@? E%*2o ' *L} %
e 
@?_ ti_ |i u@U| |@| 3 E% '  E% i? % : f Ai u?U|L? t u@h*) i** Mi@i_c @t tL?
? 6} .c @?_ tL 4@) Mi 4T*i4i?|i_ M) @ *LL!T |@M*i


phi(x)

45o

line

0
0

3
x

6} . *L| Lu |i E% u?U|L?

6Lh 5|iT 2c i t4T*) __i i^@|L? Ee M) Ee2 @?_ |@!i |i *L}@h|4 Lu ML| t_it |L
LM|@?
[
uE^  ' uES  n
uEo  
Ee

 M .

5|iT  t t4*@h*) 4L_i_ tL |@|

uE'  ' uES  n

 M

uEo 

Ee2

544@h) Lu |i wL}#L4@? 5 #iUL_ih

 6Lh  ' fc c c ?  c ?|@*3i u E^  @UULh_?} |L EeH uLh @** c  uLh U  ' 
2 NT_@|i iu Eo j t?} i^@|L? Eef
 NT_@|i iu E^ j t?} i^@|L? Ee
e NT_@|i iu E' j t?} i^@|L? Ee2
D 6Lh  ' fc c c ?  c ti|

S  '

u u E'  f

f i*ti

Wu
UOA ' f Lh |i ?4Mih Lu |ih@|L?t i^@*t |i 4@ 44 *4|c t|LT( i*tic }L |L 5|iT
2
+i4@h! At @*}Lh|4 U@? Mi t4T*i_ uh|ih uLh |i , @?_ 5 U@??i*t t?Ui |i
?|@* ww+t Etii EeH @hi |ih?@h) ? |i ht| U@ti @?_ M?@h) ? |i tiUL?_ U@ti 5ii |i
_tUttL? Lu |i 4?t4 _iUL_ih Mi*L

ee +i_Ui_ L4T*i |) #iUL_iht

W| tL*_ Mi U*i@h uhL4 |i @MLi |@| |i *L}_L4@? 5 @*}Lh|4 @t *Lih UL4T*i |) @?_ t
4Lhi ?4ihU@**) t|@M*i |@? |i ThLM@M*|)_L4@? 5 @*}Lh|4 `i ?L Thiti?| _iUL_iht
Lu *Lih UL4T*i |) U Lu|i? tgih L?*) @ *||*i ? |ih4t Lu TihuLh4@?Ui Ai _i}h@_@|L? t
|)TU@**) L? |i Lh_ih Lu fDc M| t @ u?U|L? Lu |i UL_i @?_ |i U@??i* @t _i4L?t|h@|i_ ?
|i i @4T*i Mi*L
ee Ai ?54 #iUL_ih d2o
L?t_ih |i T_@|i i^@|L? Eef uLh u Eo  ? |i *L}_L4@? _iUL_ih L|i uhL4 |i t@Ti
Lu  E% |@| |i |ih4 ULhhitTL?_?} |L |i t4@**it| q ? |i t44@|L? _L4?@|itc tL |@|


#
[

 Eq  

 

*   4? q 


'



4? q 
 MT .  


Atc |i 4?t4 @*}Lh|4 t t4T*) |i *L}_L4@? 5 | 5|iT hiT*@Ui_ M)
uEo  '

 MT .


k   4? q  
 MT .


W| U@? @*tL Mi tL? |@|c ? |i W`B U@tic |i ?|@*3@|L? uE^  ' 2+ *j 2 4@) Mi
hiT*@Ui_ M) uE^  ' + i? |i 4?t4 @*}Lh|4 t i4T*L)i_ Ai @_@?|@}ic Lu ULhtic t
|@| !?L*i_}i Lu |i ?Lti TLih j2 t ??iUitt@h) ? |t U@ti
ee2 Ai ?54*tLhhiU|L?6@U|Lh #iUL_ih deo
L|i |@| i U@? h|i

o EK ' h C

 MT .

S ' K E4L_ 2 m  ED



tL |@| uEo  ULhhitTL?_t |L |i EUL?_|L?@* ww+ Lu @ t4 Lu M?@h) h<t L UL?t_ih |i
uL**L?} }i?ih@* hit*|
+it*| 2 EO@}i?@ih i| @* do L?t_ih |L ?_iTi?_i?| M?@h) h<t @ @?_ @2 |
ThLM@M*|it h E@ ' K ' RK c K 5 ifc jc @?_ ww+<t u ' uE@  ' *L} ERf *R  Ai ww+ Lu |i
M?@h) t4 2 ' @  @2c _i?i_ @t
#

hE2 ' f
c
uE2  ' *L}
hE2 ' 
t }i? M)

n eu nu2
uE2  ' *L}

eu n eu2

Ee

hLLu
#

hE@  @2 ' f
uE2  ' *L}
hE@  @2 ' 
#
$
RfR2f n R R2
' *L}
RfR2 n RR2f 
3

R2f 4
n RRf
' *L} C Rf RR2f2 D
R n R2
#

n eunu2
' *L}

eu n eu2

Wu 4Lhi |@? |L ?_iTi?_i?| M?@h) h<t @hi ?L*i_ E@t t |i U@ti uLh o EKc |i? |i ww+
Lu |i t4 Lu |iti h<t 4@) Mi UL4T|i_ M) hiTi@|i_ @TT*U@|L? Lu |t hit*| 6Lh i @4T*ic
|i ww+ Lu  ' @  @2  @ 4@) Mi UL4T|i_ @  ' 2  @ @?_
#

n euE2nu
uE  ' *L}
euE2  n eu

t @ tLh|@?_ doc i ** h|i u T u2 |L _i?L|i |i UL4T|@|L? Lu uE2 ' uE@  @2
uhL4 u @?_ u2 ( @?_ u T u2 T u |L _i?L|i |i UL4T|@|L? Lu uE  ' uE@  @2  @ uhL4
u c u2c @?_ u( @?_ tL L? uLh 4Lhi @h@M*it
`i ?L _i?ic uLh @?) T@h Lu hi@* ?4Miht %c +c
4@

E%c + ' *L} Ee% n e+  

Eee

U 4@) Mi tL? dDo |L Mi



4@ W E%c + ' 4@ E%c + n *L} n e3%3+ 

EeD

Mtihi uhL4 Ee @?_ Eee |@| i 4@) h|i

u T u2 ' 4@
tL |@|

Efc u n u2   4@

Eu c u2 c

u T u2 ' 4@ Efc u n u2  4@ Eu c u2 n rEuc u2 

EeS
Ee.

ihi rE%c + t @ tLU@**i_ ULhhiU|L? |ih4 }i? M)



rE%c + ' *L} n e3%n+  *L} n e3%3+ 

W| U@? Mi tL? deo |@|
4@ Efc u n u2   4@ Euc u2  ' t}? Eu t}? Eu2  4? Emu m c mu2m
tL |@|

u T u2 ' t}? Eu t}? Eu2  4? Emu m c mu2m n rEu c u2

EeH

U 4@) Mi @TThL 4@|i_ @t

u T u2 * t}? Eu t}? Eu2  4? Emum c mu2m

Eeb

t?Ui mrE%c +m  fSb

+i|h??} |L |i UL4T|@|L? Lu uEo  U i t@_ ULhhitTL?_t |L |i ww+ Lu @ t4 Lu
M?@h) h<tc ?_ih |i ?_iTi?_i?Ui @tt4T|L?c i 4@) h|i
uEo  ' uE^  T uE^3c  T uE^nc  T uE^?  
At i ThittL? 4@) Mi UL4T|i_ @ hiTi@|i_ @TT*U@|L? Lu +it*| 2 |L}i|ih | Ee. Etii
deo uLh @? iUi?| @) Lu _L?} |t Mtihi |@|c u |i @TThL 4@|L? Eeb t i4T*L)i_c
i @i |i 4?t4 @*}Lh|4 | |i ULt| Lu t*}|*) }hi@|ih UL4T*i |)c TihuLh4@?Ui U@? Mi
i?@?Ui_ M) t?} @ t*}|*) |}|ih @TThL 4@|L?c M) tMt|||?} rE%c + uLh rE%c + ? EeH
ihi deo
;
A
? S u m% n +m 2 @?_ m%  +m : 2 m% n +m
rE%c + ' A S u m%  +m 2 @?_ m% n +m : 2 m%  +m
=
f L|ihti
@?_ ihi S L? |i Lh_ih Lu fD t |)TU@*
, @4T*i `i UL?t_ih |L hi}*@h ,U*_i@? }iL4i|h) E,B w# UL_it @?_ |ih TihuLh
4@?Ui | |i |hii _iUL_iht _tUtti_ @MLiG |i E*L}5c |i 4? t4c @?_ |i 4? t4
| @ ULhhiU|L? u@U|Lh EU i _i?L|i M) 4?t4Sc | S ti| |L fD Ai ht| UL_i t @
U)U*U h@|ifH2 EefbDc S. ,B w# UL_i | 4?44 _t|@?Ui ML?_ _6?  SD iU@ti
|i UL_i t U)U*Uc | 4@) Mi 4T*i4i?|i_ t?} @ tu|hi}t|ih UhU| Ai M 4@|h uLh |t
UL_i t @ efbD  efbD UhU*@?| 4@|h | hL @?_ UL*4? i}| Se Ai tiUL?_ UL_i t @
E}i?ih@*3i_ ^@tU)U*U h@|ifH.D EH.Sc .DS ,B w# UL_i iU@ti | t ^@tU)U*Uc
i?UL_?} 4@) Mi TihuLh4i_ t?} tiih@* tu|hi}t|ih UhU|t Ai M 4@|h uLh |t UL_i t
f22  H.S @?_ @t UL*4? i}| e @?_ hL i}| 2 W| UL4Thtit i}| D  2fee UhU*@?|
tM4@|hUitc i@U | UL*4? i}| 2 @?_ hL i}| H Aiti UL_it @hi Mi?} UL?t_ihi_
uLh 5#5 t|@?_@h_3@|L? uLh @TT*U@|L? |L t@|i**|i UL44?U@|L?t d.o Etii @*tL dSoc d.oc
@?_ dbo
Ai TihuLh4@?Ui Lu |iti UL_it uLh |i |hii _iUL_iht L? @ W`B t Thiti?|i_ ? 6}t
H @?_ b `i 4@!i |i uL**L?} LMtih@|L?t E@** 4i@thi4i?|t @hi | hitTiU| |L @ ,+ Lu
f3D 
 Ai *i?}|efbD UL_i t S _ @@) uhL4 |i h@|ifH2 W`B U@T@U|) *4| Ai
*L?}ih UL_ic |@| t |i *i?}|H.S UL_ic t U*Ltih |L |t U@T@U|) *4|c L?*) fb _ @@)
+i}*@h w# UL_it Lu |iti *i?}|t 4}| Mi _it}?i_ U @hi @ M| U*Ltih |L |ih
hitTiU|i U@T@U|) *4|tc M| L?i L*_ @i |L hitLh| |L hhi}*@h w# UL_it |L hi@*3i
tMt|@?|@* }@?t u ULhtic @? hhi}*@h w# UL_i L*_ ? }i?ih@* hi^hi @ 4Lhi
UL4T*i i?UL_ih
 6Lh |i *i?}|efbD UL_ic |i *Ltt hi*@|i |L |i 5 _iUL_ih tgihi_ M) |i 4?t4
_iUL_ih t  _ @?_ |i *Ltt tgihi_ M) |i 4?t4S _iUL_ih t fD _ 6Lh |i *i?}|
H.S UL_ic |iti *Lttit @hi f _ @?_ ff _c hitTiU|i*) `i @||hM|i |i *@h}i *Lttit
uLh |i *i?}|efbD UL_i |L |i u@U| |@| |t _iUL_ih hi*it L? @? M 4@|h | i}|Se

hLt Atc @ 4?44 @4L?} Se t4@** ?L??i}@|i ?4Miht t |@!i? @| i@U UiU! ?L_i
? |i UL_i<t A@??ih }h@Tc tL |@| @ @*i ?i@h 3ihL t t@**) ThL_Ui_ @?_ T@tti_ |L @
?i}MLh?} @h@M*i ?L_i 
EG(4095, 3367) Performance under various decoders (50 decoding iterations)

10

capacity limit
BER:SPA
FER:SPA
BER:minsum
FER:minsum
BER:minsumC
FER:minsumC

Error Probability (FER/BER)

10

10

10

10

10

10

2.5

3.5

4
4.5
Eb/N0 (dB)

5.5

6} H ihuLh4@?Ui Lu @ U)U*U ,BEefbDc S. w# UL_i L? @ M?@h)?T| `B

U@??i* @?_ |hii _iUL_?} @*}Lh|4t

EG(8176, 7156) Performance under various decoders (50 decoding iterations)

10

10

Error Probability (FER/BER)

10

capacity limit
BER:SPA
FER:SPA
BER:minsum
FER:minsum
BER:minsumC
FER:minsumC

10

10

10

10

10

2.5

3.5
Eb/N0 (dB)

4.5

6} b ihuLh4@?Ui Lu @ ^@tU)U*U ,BEH.Sc .DS w# UL_i L? @ M?@h)?T|

`B U@??i* @?_ |hii _iUL_?} @*}Lh|4t

D L?U*_?} +i4@h!t
wL_i?t|) T@h|)UiU! UL_it @hi Mi?} t|_i_ uLh @ *@h}i @hi|) Lu @TT*U@|L?tc 4U @t
|hML UL_itc |hi**t UL_itc @?_ L|ih UL_it ihi i? |i) ihi ht| ?|hL_Ui_ |L |i UL_?}
UL44?|) t ?_U@|i_ @MLic w# UL_it @hi U@T@M*i Lu ?i@hU@T@U|) TihuLh4@?Ui *i
@_4||?} @? 4T*i4i?|@M*i _iUL_ih 4L?} |i @_@?|@}it w# UL_it @i Lih |hML
UL_it @hiG E |i) @**L @ T@h@**i*3@M*i _iUL_ihc E2 |i) @hi 4Lhi @4i?@M*i |L } UL_i
h@|itc E |i) }i?ih@**) TLttitt @ *Lih ihhLhh@|i LLh EuLh |i t@4i *i?}| @?_ h@|ic Ee |i)
TLttitt tTihLh TihuLh4@?Ui ? Mht|t E_i |L ?|ihuihi?Uic u@_?}c @?_ tL L?c ED |i) hi^hi
?L ?|ih*i@iht ? |i i?UL_ih @?_ _iUL_ihc @?_ ES @ t?}*i w# UL_i U@? Mi ?iht@**) }LL_
Lih @ UL**iU|L? Lu U@??i*t dSo 4L?} |ih _t@_@?|@}it @hiG E 4Lt| w# UL_it @i
tL4i@| UL4T*i i?UL_ihtc E2 |i UL??iU||) @4L?} |i _iUL_ih UL4TL?i?| ThLUittLht U@?
Mi *@h}i @?_ ?i*_)c @?_ E |hML UL_it U@? Lu|i? TihuLh4 Mi||ih i? |i UL_i *i?}| t
tLh| W| t i@t) |L ?_ ? |i *|ih@|hi 4@?) Lu |i @TT*U@|L?t Mi?} i T*Lhi_ uLh w#
UL_itc ?U*_?} @TT*U@|L? |L _iiT tT@Ui @?_ t@|i**|i UL44?U@|L?tc hi*itt Et?}*i @?_
4*|@?|i??@ UL44?U@|L?tc 4@}?i|U t|Lh@}ic @?_ ?|ih?i| T@U!i| |h@?t4ttL?
W"AN,ja}6jA|t
Ai @|Lh L*_ *!i |L |@?! |i @|Lht Lu dbo @?_ do uLh !?_*) ThL_?} ThiTh?|t
Oi L*_ @*tL *!i |L |@?! vui ~@?} Lu |i N?iht|) Lu h3L?@ uLh ThL_U?} 6}t . @?_
H

+iuihi?Uit
do + B@**@}ihc RwL_i?t|) T@h|)UiU! UL_itc W+, Ah@?t W?uLh4@|L? AiLh)c TT 22Hc
a@? bS2
d2o +  A@??ihc R hiUhti @TThL@U |L *L UL4T*i |) UL_itc W,,, Ah@?t W?uLh4@|L?
AiLh)c TT DDe.c 5iT| bH
do # @Uk@) @?_ + i@*c RBLL_ UL_it M@ti_ L? ih) tT@hti 4@|hUitc ? h)T|L}h@T) @?_
L_?}c D| W L?uc  L)_c ,_c wiU|hi L|it ? L4T|ih 5Ui?Uic TT ffc
ih*?c Bih4@?)G 5Th?}ihc bbD
deo # @Uk@)c RBLL_ ihhLh ULhhiU|?} UL_it M@ti_ L? ih) tT@hti 4@|hUitc W,,, Ah@?t
W?uLh4@|L? AiLh)c TT bbec @hU bbb
dDo  *L? @?_  wM)c R *?i@h |4i ih@thihit*i?| UL_i | ?i@h*) LT|4@* hiULih)c
W,,, Ah@?t W?u AiLh)c TT .2.Sc L bbS
dSo A a +U@h_tL?c @?_ + NhM@?!ic R,Ui?| i?UL_?} Lu *L_i?t|) T@h|)UiU! UL_itc
W,,, Ah@?t W?uLh4@|L? AiLh)c L* e.c TT SHSDSc 6iM 2ff
d.o A +U@h_tL?c  5L!hL**@c @?_ + NhM@?!ic R#it}? Lu U@T@U|)@TThL@U?} hhi}*@h
*L_i?t|) T@h|)UiU! UL_itc W,,, Ah@?t W?uLh4@|L? AiLh)c L* e.c TT SbS.c
6iM 2ff
dHo  wM)c  |3i?4@Uihc  5L!hL**@c @?_ # 5Ti*4@?c RW4ThLi_ *L_i?t|) T@h|)
UiU! UL_it t?} hhi}*@h }h@Ttc W,,, Ah@?t W?u AiLh)c TT DHDDbHc 6iM 2ff
dbo V 5LhL!?ic 6 + ktUtU@?}c @?_ 5 @tT@|)c RB@**@}ih UL_it uLh # @TT*U@|L?tG
@h| Wc W,,, Ah@?t L44c TT SSfSSHc U| 2fff @?_ RB@**@}ih UL_it uLh #
@TT*U@|L?tG @h| WWc W,,, Ah@?t L44c TT HHH2Hc L 2fff
dfo #a @U!@)c ||TG%%L*h@T) U@4@U!%4@U!@)
do 5 v ?}c B # 6Lh?i)c A a +U@h_tL?c @?_ + NhM@?!ic R ? |i _it}? Lu *L
_i?t|) T@h|)UiU! UL_it |? fffeD _ Lu |i 5@??L? *4|c W,,, L44?U@|L?t
wi||ihtc L* Dc TT DH Sfc 6iM 2ff
d2o  @?c @?_  Vi?|h@c R#it}? @?_ TihuLh4@?Ui i@*@|L? Lu tL4i }h@|i hhi}*@h
*L_i?t|) T@h|)UiU! UL_itc hLU 2fff W,,, B*LMiL4 L?uc TT bbfbbec L
2ff
do  v@?}c v wc @?_ ` , +)@?c R#it}? Lu iUi?|*)i?UL_@M*i 4L_ih@|i*i?}| }
h@|i hhi}*@h w# UL_itc hLU ef| ??@* **ih|L? L?uihi?Ui L? L44?U@|L?c
L?|hL*c @?_ L4T|?}c @4T@}?c Wwc TT eDe2ec U| 2ff2
deo  v@?} @?_ ` , +)@?c RwLih?} |i ihhLh h@|i LLht Lu 4L_ih@|i*i?}| }h@|i
w# UL_itc hLU 2ff W?| 5)4T L? W?u AiLh)c a?ia*)c 2ff

dDo  v@?}c ` , +)@?c @?_ v wc R#it}? Lu iUi?|*) i?UL_@M*i 4L_ih@|i*i?}| }h@|i
w# UL_itc @UUiT|i_c W,,, Ah@?t L44c 2ff
dSo v kLc 5 w?c @?_  6LttLhihc RwL_i?t|) T@h|)UiU! UL_it M@ti_ L? ?|i }i
L4i|hitG @ hi_tULih) @?_ ?i hit*|tc W,,, Ah@?t W?uLh4@|L? AiLh)c L* e.c TT
2.2.Sc L 2ff
d.o + wU@tc  6LttLhihc v kLc @?_ 5 w?c RW|ih@|i _iUL_?} Lu L?it|iT 4@Lh|)*L}U
_iUL_@M*i UL_it M@ti_ L? Mi*iu ThLT@}@|L?c W,,, Ah@?t L44c TT bb.c a?i
2fff
dHo 5 w? @?_ # Lt|i**Lc ,hhLhL?|hL* L_?}G 6?_@4i?|@*t @?_ TT*U@|L?tc hi?|Ui
O@**c bH
dbo O A@?}c a jc 5 w?c @?_ k M_i*B@g@hc RL_it L? ?|i }iL4i|hitc tM4||i_ |L
W,,, Ah@?t W?u AiLh)c 2ff2
d2fo # #t@*@hc O a?c @?_ + U,*iUic hLU S| ??@* **ih|L? L?u L? L44c L?|hL*c
@?_ L4T|?}Uic RL_?} |iLhi4t uLh |hML*!i UL_itc c TT 2f2fc 5iT| bbH
d2o O a?c  k@?_i!@hc @?_ + U,*iUic RWhhi}*@h hiTi@|@UU4*@|i UL_itc hLU 2?_
W?| 5)4T L? AhML L_it @?_ +i*@|i_ ALTUtc hit|c 6h@?Uic TT Hc 5iT| ec 2fff
d22o + @h@)@?@t@4c L_i_ L_*@|L? | wL#i?t|) @h|)iU! L_itc 5 |ittc
Ai @t : N?iht|)c 2ffc @T|ih .
d2o a 6@?c L?t|h@?i_ UL_?} @?_ tLu| |ih@|i _iUL_?} uLh t|Lh@}ic # _ttih|@|L?c 5|@?
uLh_ N?iht|)c #iUi4Mih bbb E5ii @*tL 6@?<t k*ih 4L?L}h@T M) |i t@4i ||*i
d2eo a 6@?c Rhh@) UL_it @t *L_i?t|) T@h|)UiU! UL_itc 2?_ W?| 5)4TLt4 L? AhML
L_it @?_ +i*@|i_ ALTUtc hit|c 6h@?Uic TT DeDeSc 5iT| 2fff
 Uihc RwL_i?t|) T@h|)UiU! UL_it uLh _}|@* tMtUhMih *?itc
d2Do , ,*iu|ihL @?_ 5 *
hLU 2ff2 W?| L?u L? L44c TT.D2.D.c Th*@)c 2ff2
d2So # @Uk@) @?_  #@i)c R,@*@|L? Lu B@**@}ih UL_it uLh tLh| M*LU! *i?}| @?_ }
h@|i @TT*U@|L?tc ? L_itc 5)t|i4tc @?_ Bh@TU@* L_i*tG VL*4i 2 Lu W VL*4it
? @|i4@|Ut @?_ |t TT*U@|L?tc TT fc 5Th?}Vih*@}c i vLh!c 2fff
d2.o  V@tUc R5|hU|hi_ |ih@|i*) _iUL_@M*i UL_it M@ti_ L? 5|i?ih t)t|i4t @?_ |ih @T
T*U@|L? |L 4@}?i|U hiULh_?}c hLU 2ff W,,, B*LMiL4 L?uc TT 2bDe2bDHc L
2ff
d2Ho  V@tUc RL4M?@|Lh@* UL?t|hU|L?t Lu *L_i?t|) T@h|)UiU! UL_it uLh |ih@|i _i
UL_?}c hLU 2ff2 W,,, W?| 5)4T W?u AiLh)c T 2c a?i%a*) 2ff2
d2bo 5 aL?tL? @?_ 5 `i**ihc RL?t|hU|L? Lu *L_i?t|) T@h|)UiU! UL_it uhL4 kh!4@?
|hT*i t)t|i4tchLU 2ff W,,, B*LMiL4 L?uc TT b.fb.ec L 2ff

dfo a i@h*c hLM@M*t|U +i@tL??} ? W?|i**}i?| 5)t|i4tc 5@? @|iLc G Lh}@? k@u4@??c
bHH
do O j@L @?_  @?@ti4c Ritt@}iT@tt?} tUi_*it uLh _iUL_?} w# UL_itc tM
4||i_ |L W,,, Ah@?t L44c 2ff
d2o  `Mih}c L_it @?_ #iUL_?} L? Bi?ih@* Bh@Ttc # _ttih|@|L?c N w?!LT?}c
5i_i?c bbS
do a O@}i?@ihc , gihc @?_ w @T!ic W|ih@|i _iUL_?} Lu M?@h) M*LU! @?_ UL?L*|L?@*
UL_itc W,,, Ah@?t W?u AiLh)c TT e2beeDc @hU bbS
deo jv Oc , ,*iu|ihLtc # h?L*_c @?_  #L*@!@c R,Ui?| 4T*i4i?|@|L? Lu |i
t4ThL_U| @*}Lh|4 uLh _iUL_?} w# UL_itc hLU 2ff W,,, B*LMiL4 L?uc TT
fSfS,c L 2ff
dDo  V|ihMc R? ?||i t|U@|L? @?_ @ t4T*i_ 4T*i4i?|@|L? Lu |i  _iUL_ih
uLh UL?L*|L?@* UL_itc W,,, a5c TT 2Sf2Sec 6iM bbH
dSo  aL?itc  @|@Uic A A@?c a V**@ti?Lhc @?_ + `iti*c RAi ?iht@*|) Lu w#
UL_it L? hi*itt U@??i*tc |L @TTi@hc hLU 2ff W,,, *UL4 UL?uc U| 2ff
d.o ` 6L?}c R`|i T@Tih uLh w# UL_it uLh 5#5 U@??i* *i LL!c 5 B56
`|i @Tih tM4||i_ |L |i @?i*  5#5 5|@?_@h_t L44||iic U| 2ff2