Unit #2 Part I

Creating the American

Republic (17751800)
Chapters 46

SSUSH3
The student will explain the primary causes of the American Revolution.

SSUSH3
b. Explain colonial response to such British actions as the Proclamation of 1763, the Stamp Act (1765), and the Intolerable Acts (1774) as seen in the Sons of Liberty and Committees of Correspondence.

English Ideas about Government

Magna Carta (1215) A document in which English

nobles forced King John to sign. made him seek consent of the nobles to levy new taxes, and guaranteed due process.

It limited the kings ability to tax, it

English Common Law-

The compiling of laws over time which has established tradition and the rules to govern England and its colonies.

King John & the Nobles

English Ideas about Government

Parliament Britains bicameral (two-house)

legislature which makes law.

The House of Commons originally

was designed to represent the majority of people (poor and middle classes).

The House of Lords originally

Parliament

represented the interests of the wealthy aristocracy.

English Ideas about Government

Glorious Revolution

In 1688, the English King

James II abdicated (gave up) his thrown and fled to France.

The new Protestants monarchs agreed to sign the

English Bill of Rights which

restated many rights granted by the Magna Carta.
William & Mary

English Ideas about Government

Enlightenment Period in European history in which

reason and logic were used to figure problems and answer questions about life. as John Locke who believed that individuals were destined to be free.

It was led by political thinkers such

In the American colonies, Ben

Franklin professed the same beliefs.

John Locke

Post-War Politics
Whig Ideology The Whigs were those

who opposed King James II and championed Parliamentary government. French & Indian War, Whig ideology became complacent and ineffective.

Following the end of the

Parliament Action
Sugar Act of 1764 Lowered the tax on sugar. Authorized custom officials and

courts to prosecute smugglers.

Stamp Act of1765 Taxed all paper products - legal documents, business records, etc.
British Stamp

Specified that taxes be paid in "hard money and would drain all coinage from the colonies.

Parliament Action
Currency Act of 1764Prohibited the use of paper money in all the colonies. Quartering Act of1765 Law requiring the housing of

British troops in the colonies. which housed the military leadership and nearly 10,000 soldiers.

The act was aimed at New York

Colonial Response
John Adams Massachusetts lawyer and

political writer who opposed the taxes and regulation of

Parliament in colonial affairs.

Eventually rose to become a

delegate to the First Continental Congress.

John Adams

Colonial Response
Patrick Henry-

Virginia representative who

wrote the Virginia

Resolves in 1765 which

argued that only colonial
assemblies could tax, not Parliament.

Patrick Henry

Colonial Response
Non-Importation AgreementsThe boycott of British consumer goods by colonists who opposed the Stamp tax. BoycottOccurs when consumers refuse to buy goods.

Townshend Duties
Townshend Acts of1767 Levied taxes on goods such as lead, paint,

glass, paper, and tea.

Suspended New York Assembly. Created a Board of Customs

Commissioners. in the Colonies.

Set up additional Vice-Admiralty Courts The duties would collect taxes for the
Charles Townshend

Crown and increase regulation in Colonies.

The Sons of Liberty

Sons of LibertySam Adams

Political action group made up of colonists opposed all new taxes and regulations by the British. Sam AdamsBostonian and political agitator who led the Sons of Liberty.
John Hancock

John HancockBusinessman and smuggler of goods into New England who led the Sons of Liberty.

Reactions to the Townshend Acts

Boston Massacre-

In March of 1770, a group of

colonists provoked British soldiers who fired into a crowd killing five

colonists.
Committees of CorrespondenceOrganized by Sam Adams as a
Boston Massacre Engraving by Paul Revere

communication network between the colonies promoting cooperation and unifying colonists.

Colonial Crisis
Gaspee Affair A British revenue schooner that had

been enforcing unpopular trade regulations, ran aground in shallow water,

on June 9, 1772 off the coast of Rhode

Island while chasing the packet boat

Hannah.
In an act of defiance, the ship was
H.M.S. Gaspee

attacked, boarded, stripped of valuables and torched by American patriots.

Colonial Crisis
Boston Tea Party Parliaments continued

support for the monopoly on British tea forced further boycotts. members of the Sons of Liberty boarded three British East India ships and dumped tea into Boston Harbor.

On December 16, 1773,

Boston Tea Party

The Intolerable Acts

Coercive Acts of 1774-

Parliament passed as the Coercive Acts:

Closed the port of Boston. Instituted a military governor of

Massachusetts (General Thomas

Gage).
Initiated martial law in Boston.

Disallowed town meetings.

Allowed for a strict enforcement of the

General Thomas Gage

Quartering Act.

The Colonies Meet

First Continental Congress Representatives from the

colonies met in Philadelphia (September, 1774) to discuss the crisis in Massachusetts as a result of the Intolerable Acts. that they had a right to government themselves since they were not represented in Parliament.

Congress wrote to the king

The First Continental Congress met in the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia (1774)

Preparing for War

Militia-

Citizen-Soldiers trained to fight.

MinutemenMilitia ready to fight at a moments-notice. March on ConcordGage sent troops to: (1) capture Hancock

and Adams, and (2) capture stock piles

of weapons and munitions.

April 19, 1775

The Battles of Lexington & Concord

Americans were told of a secret march to Concord. Three men (including Paul Revere) rode into the night to warn of the march. The British marched and confronted 70 minutemen on Lexington Green.

The Battles of Lexington & Concord

Lexington-

Fighting broke out when a shot heard round the world sparked a war. ConcordThe British arrived at Concord and began burning the town and began to march back to Boston.

The Battles of Lexington & Concord

The Return March to Boston

As soldiers marched back to

Boston, Minutemen (using the trees for cover) began firing into

British lines.

Orderly soldiers began to run back to Boston and nearly 200

were killed or wounded.

The American Revolution began and would last eight years.

The Second Continental Congress

Second Continental

CongressMet in Philadelphia in May of 1775 to assume

responsibility for the war.

George Washington-

Selected to become the

Commander-in-Chief of the
Continental Army.

The Second Continental Congress

Continental Army-

The military of the colonies in

rebellion. Olive Branch Petition Sent to the King to affirm

allegiance, but not to

Parliament.
King George III rejected the

petition and sent more troops.

Patriots & Loyalists Disagree

Patriots-

Those colonists who

rebelled against Britain and sought

independence a new
nation. LoyalistsThose colonists who sided with Britain.

Battle of Bunker Hill

Fortifying Boston

About 20,000 Patriots surrounded Boston and fortified the hills, waterways, and roads around the city. Thomas Gage was replaced with British General Lord William Howe who was more aggressive. The British began fortifying the city.

Battle of Bunker Hill

Battle of Bunker Hill

General Howe ordered a frontal assault against Breeds Hill, Bunker Hill, and Charles Town.

Fighting broke in June and the British burned Charles Town. The British were held back at

Bunker Hill.

After three charges on Breeds Hill, the Redcoats captured the peak.

The Opposing Sides

The British

George III ordered more aggressive

generals to defeat the rebels: Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne.

The British would fight an offensive war by taking cities and instituting a naval

blockade.

Defeat the militias and the Continental Army.

The Opposing Sides

The Americans

Fought a defensive war.

American leaders were unorganized

and had to seek French and

European help to sustain the war.

Washington had to keep his army organized and the British occupied.

The Americans Lose New York

Battle of New

YorkWashington and the Continental Army took on the British and lost the city in June of 1776.

The Americans Lose New York

Retreat into

PennsylvaniaTo keep his army together, Washington moved toward Philadelphia to guard the capital in September,1776.

SSUSH3
c. Explain the importance of Thomas Paines Common Sense (1776) to the movement of independence.

Thomas Paines Radical Proposal

Thomas PaineBritish writer who came to the Colonies in 1775 after writing about independence.

Common Sense (1776)Written by Paine to inspire the American will to fight.

SSUSH4
The student will identify the

ideological, military, and diplomatic

aspects of the American

Revolution.

SSUSH4
a. Explain the language, organization, and intellectual sources of the

Declaration of Independence; include

the writing of John Locke, and the role of Thomas Jefferson.

The Colonists Declare Independence

Thomas Jefferson

Virginia delegate to Congress.

At 33, was selected to draft a declaration supporting independence.

Natural Rights of Man-

Jefferson believed in the Enlightenment

and inalienable rights which government could not take away.

The Declaration of Independence

Declaration of Independence (1776)

The delegates of Congress decided to officially declare independence (June 1776).

A five-man committee was selected to draft the document including Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin. The document is broken into four sections:

(1) Preamble, (2) statement of natural rights, (3) grievances against the king, and (4) declaring of independence.

The Declaration of Independence

Declaration of

Independence (1776)A five-man committee was selected to draft the document including Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin.

The Declaration of Independence

Signing of the Declaration of Independence (1776)-

SSUSH4
c. Analyze George Washington as a military leader; include the creation of a professional military and life of a

common soldier; describe the

significance of the crossing of the

Delaware River and the winter at

Valley Forge.

The Hessians
Mercenaries-

Soldiers who fight for

money. Hessians

German mercenaries
who fought for the British King.

Were known for their

fierce fighting.

Crossing the Delaware

Battle of Trenton

In December of 1776,
Washington stood to lose what was left of his army.

On Christmas Day,
Washington crossed the Delaware River and attacked

a garrison of Hessian troops.

The attack inspired his men to re-enlist for another year.

Crossing the Delaware

The Crossing-

Victory
The American Crisis (1776)Thomas Paine

Thomas Paines work written

during Washingtons campaign in New Jersey. Battle of PrincetonFought in January 1777 in

which Washington defeated

Cornwallis using British tactics.

The British Capture Philadelphia

Battle of Brandywine

CreekOn September 11, 1777, the British defeated Washington allowing Howes army to march on the Rebel capital.

The British Capture Philadelphia

Philadelphia-

Congress fled to
nearby York (PA) before the British , under General Howe, took the

city for the winter.

General William Howe

The Winter at Valley Forge

Valley Forge

The Continentals spent

the winter of 1777-78. Washington lost nearly

30% of his 10,000 men to

starvation and privation.

Prussian General Baron

Von Steuben
volunteered and helped train the Continental Army.
Baron Von Steuben

The Winter at Valley Forge

Valley Forge-

SSUSH4
b. Explain the reason for the significance of the French alliance and foreign assistance as well as the role of Benjamin Franklin and the Marquis de Lafayette.

French Support
Marquis de

Lafayette

French aristocrat (age 19) who volunteered his services to Washington.

Helped Americans seek the help of the French.

French Support
Battle of Saratoga

In October of1777, the

Americans defeated the British under General John Burgoyne in New York.

The battle was a turning-point in the war.

The French Alliance

Benjamin FranklinAmerican envoy to France who helped negotiate a treaty and win French aid. French AllianceThe Franco-American

alliance was official in

February of 1778.

SSUSH4
d. Explain Yorktown, the role of Lord Cornwallis, and the Treaty

of Paris (1783).

The Southern Campaign

Charles Cornwallis

Led the British Army in the South. Captured Savannah, Charles Town, and coastal areas in the

Carolinas.
Southern Campaign

The British were hoping to unite

Southern Loyalists. A bloody campaign erupted.

Britains Offensive
Savannah Captured-

The defense of Savannah resulted in the capture of

2,000 Americans. Charleston SeizedThe port city came under British control as 5,000 troops became prisoners.

Britains Offensive
Map of the Siege of Charles town-

War in the South

Banastre Tarleton-

British colonel who earned the

reputation as The Butcher. The Militia in the SouthSome of the bloodiest fighting took place between Loyalist and Patriot militias.

War in the South

Battle of Camden-

Guerilla Warfare
Daniel Morgan Known as the Swamp

Fox.
He led Carolina militia

on a campaign of guerilla warfare against

Cornwallis.

Guerilla Warfare
Nathaniel Green American general who

engaged Cornwallis at Guilford Courthouse.

Despite the British victory,

Americans inflicted heavy casualties on the British.

Cornwallis moved into Virginia

to gain needed supplies at Yorktown.

An American Victory
Battle of Yorktown

A French fleet kept

the British fleet from supplying Cornwallis in Yorktown.

Combined American and French armies lay siege on land forcing Cornwallis to surrender.

An American Victory
Battle of Yorktown-

An American Victory
Battle of Yorktown-

Impact of the Revolution

Manumission

The practice by farmers in the South of voluntarily freeing their slaves. By 1800, many southern states passed laws to stop the practice.

Impact of the Revolution

Women & the War

During the war, women

served as spies, nurses, and ran either farms or businesses.
Abigail Adams

Few legal rights or

political gains were

afforded women following the end of the war.
Martha Washington