PROJECT

OF
INFORMATION ON INTERNET
ON

UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER
SUPPLY, ITS FEATURES AND
APPLICATIONS IN VARIOUS
FIELDS

1
 CONTENTS
PAGE NO.

1. COMPANY PROFILE
5
8
2. INTRODUCTION
11
3. TECHNOLOGIES(TYPES)
• OFFLINE/STAND BY
• LINE-INTERACTIVE
• DOUBLE CONVERSION /ONLINE
• Hybrid Topology
• FERRO RESONANT
• DC POWER
• ROTARY

4. COMPONENTS OF UPS 20

5. COMMON POWER PROBLEMS

20
• POWER FAILURE
• VOLTAGE SPIKE
• OVER-VOLTAGE
• LINE NOISE
• HARMONIC DISTORTION

6. HOW DOES A UPS WORKS?

27

2
7. CHARACTERISTICS 29
• ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
• MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS

• ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (DC

INTERMEDIATE CIRCUIT)
• ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS(INVERTOR
OUTPUT)
• ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS(BYPASS INPUT
MAINS)

8. DIFFICULTIES FACED WITH GENERATOR USE

36
9. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 38

10. APPLICATIONS AND BUSINESS NEED

39

11. UPS CONFIGURATION

41

11. UPS EFFECTIVENESS

43

12. CONCLUSION
44

11. BIBLIOGRAPHY
45
z

3
 COMPANY PROFILE
Emerson Network Power (India) Private Ltd.,
(formerly Tata Liebert Limited) is a wholly owned
subsidiary of Emerson Electric, USA, a conglomerate
having 22.6 Billion US$ turnover and a ranking of 115
among Fortune 500 Companies.
Emerson Network Power India was set up in
September 1993, inaugurated by Mr. Charles Knight,

4
the legendary Chairman of the Emerson group. Since
then we are witnessing growth in the country.

Emerson Network Power (India) has seen

CAGR of 30 %, only reaffirming our success in the
Indian market. Today, we have established ourselves
as market leader in the Power Protection solutions
and Precision Air Condition segment. Emerson
Network Power India manufactures & markets
Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) systems, Climate
and Environmental systems, DC power systems,
Automatic Transfer Switches (ATS), Racks, Monitoring
Solutions and Enclosures for IT Server protection and
power distribution units - all supported by world-class
professional services, catering to major industries
such as the IT, Telecom, Banking & Finance, Process
Control, Biotech, Healthcare, Retail, Infrastructure
and Government sectors.
India today is serving
network-dependent data, telecommunications and
Internet-related businesses with a full spectrum of
reliable power and connectivity solutions Emerson
Network Power (India) Pvt. Ltd. has provided
solutions to customers all across India. An ISO 9001&
ISO 14001 certified company; Emerson Network
Power India crossed a major quality milestone when it
was accorded Level II recognition by the MAIT
(Manufacturers Association for Information
Technology) in 1998. This is the highest ever
recognition accorded by MAIT in India for a company
and the first in the manufacturing sector. In 1999, the
Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) recognized
the company for its strong commitment to Quality
through a Certificate under the CII-Exim Business
Excellence Award.

5
 Emerson Network Power India is headquartered in
Thane (MH). In Maharashtra the company has two
plants facilities located at Thane and Nerul and is
supplemented by a strong national network of offices.
Emerson Network Power India today is a 1320
member strong organization and additionally
addresses the requirements of various markets
through over 75 business partners and 1075 resellers
across India.

AWRDS AND RECOGNITIONS

Emerson Network Power India is in its 13th successful
year and with every year has ensured to raise the
level of quality and commitment to its products and
customers. The unrelenting efforts have borne fruit
and the Awards &
recognitions are a testimony to it. As is said, "Success
is not a destination, its a journey" and in our journey,
with our infallible vision and mission, we set out to
achieve new echelons.

6
 Awards

Below are some of the Awards & Recognitions:

• ISO 14001:2004 QMS & 9001:2000 QMS (Quality

Management System) certification from the
prestigious DNV(Det Norske Veritas),
Netherlands for Design, Development,
Manufacturing, Supply, Installation and Servicing
of UPS, DC Power Supply System and Precision
Air Conditioning Systems
• Acquired CMM-2 (monitoring status)

• MAIT Level II Award. 1st manufacturing company

to achieve this award. Highest ever award for
Quality initiatives in IT sector. Using JRD Tata's
quality values Referenced against the EFQM
model. Highest ever recognition achieved so far
by a company as a whole.
• Maharashtra IT award in 2005 .
• Received the Techies Award 3 years in a row by
Computer world for Best Seller in Power
conditioning equipments.
• The Emerson Network Power India team ranked
1st and 3rd in the IMC (Integrated Marketing
Communications) competition. An international
management game where marketing situations
were simulated. 80 countries participated in this
game
• Frost & Sullivan India – Voice of Customers, UPS
Award’ August 2004
• Product & Customer Service Leadership Award in
IT / ITES / Datacenters

7
 • Product & Customer Service Leadership Award in
Telecom products
• Customer Service Leadership Award in Hospitals
• Product & Customer Service Leadership Award in
Large Enterprises
• Customer Service Leadership Award in Banking &
Insurance

INTRODUCTION

An Uninterruptible power supply (UPS), also known as a

battery back-up, provides emergency power and, depending
on the topology, line regulation as well to connected
equipment by supplying power from a separate source when
utility power is not available. It differs from an auxiliary or
emergency power system or standby generator, which does
not provide instant protection from a momentary power
interruption. A UPS, however, can be used to provide
uninterrupted power to equipment, typically for 5–15
minutes until an auxiliary power supply can be turned on,

8
utility power restored, or equipment safely shut down. While
not limited to safeguarding any particular type of equipment,
a UPS is typically used to protect computers, data centers,
telecommunication equipment or other electrical equipment
where an unexpected power disruption could cause injuries,
fatalities, serious business disruption or data loss. UPS units
come in sizes ranging from units which will back up a single
computer without monitor (around 200 VA) to units which
will power entire data centers, buildings, or even an entire
city. (several megawatts).
An UPS contains an internal
rechargeable battery that gets charged from the power line
then gets used to generate line power to the load when the
power line fails. To accomplish that they also contain an
inverter, an electronic device capable of generating
110/220v AC from battery-level DC voltage. There are
different types of UPS depending on how and when the
power generation occurs, and how precisely sine wave-
shaped AC voltage they produce. Power line AC voltage is
supposed to be a sine-wave, and it mostly is. UPS-generated
AC is usually a lot less sine-shaped and some devices care
more about than that others.

For large power units, Dynamic Uninterruptible

Power Supply are sometimes used. A synchronous
motor/alternator is connected on the mains via a choke.
Energy is stored in a flywheel. When the mains power fails,
an Eddy-current regulation maintains the power on the load.
DUPS are sometimes combined or integrated with a diesel-
generator, forming a diesel rotary uninterruptible power
supply, or DRUPS.

9
Front side

10
Back side

11
TECHNOLOGIES(TYPES)

The general categories of modern UPS systems are on-line,

line-interactive, and standby. An on-line UPS uses a "double
conversion" method of accepting AC input, rectifying to DC
for passing through the battery (or battery strings), then
inverting back to 120v AC for powering the protected
equipment. A line-interactive UPS maintains the inverter in
line and redirects the battery's DC current path from the
normal charging mode to supplying current when power is
lost. In a standby ("off-line") system the load is powered
directly by the input power and the backup power circuitry is
only invoked when the utility power fails. Most UPS below 1
kVA are of the line-interactive or standby variety which are
usually less expensive.

For large power units, Dynamic

Uninterruptible Power Supply are sometimes used. A
synchronous motor/alternator is connected on the mains via
a choke. Energy is stored in a flywheel. When the mains
power fails, an Eddy-current regulation maintains the power
on the load. DUPS are sometimes combined or integrated
with a diesel-generator, forming a diesel rotary
uninterruptible power supply, or DRUPS.

A Fuel cell UPS has been developed in

recent years using hydrogen and a fuel cell as a power
source, potentially providing long run times in a small space.
They are explained one by one as follows:-

12
1. Offline / standby
The Offline / Standby UPS (SPS) offers only the most basic
features, providing surge protection and battery backup.
Usually the Standby UPS offers no battery capacity
monitoring or self-test capability, making it the least reliable
type of UPS since it could fail at any moment without
warning. These are also the least expensive, selling for as
little as US$40. The SPS may be worse than using nothing at
all, because it gives the user a false sense of security of
being assured protection that may not work when needed
the most.
With this type of UPS, a user's equipment is
normally connected directly to incoming utility power with
the same voltage transient clamping devices used in a

common surge protected plug strip connected across the

power line. When the incoming utility voltage falls below a
predetermined level the SPS turns on its internal DC-AC
inverter circuitry, which is powered from an internal storage
battery. The SPS then mechanically switches the connected
equipment on to its DC-AC inverter output. The switchover
time is stated by most manufacturers as being less than 4
milliseconds, but typically can be as long as 25 milliseconds
depending on the amount of time it takes the Standby UPS
to detect the lost utility voltage. Generally speaking,
dependent on the size of UPS connected load and the
sensitivity of the connected equipment to votage variation,
the UPS will be designed and/or offered (specification wise)
to cover certain ranges of equipment, i.e. Personal
Computer, without any obvious dip or brownout to that
device.

13
 Offline / standby UPS.
Typical protection time: 0 - 20 minutes.
Capacity expansion: Usually not available
2. Line-interactive

The Line-Interactive UPS is similar in operation to a Standby

UPS, but with the addition of a multi-tap variable-voltage
autotransformer. This is a special type of electrical
transformer that can add or subtract powered coils of wire,
thereby increasing or decreasing the magnetic field and the
output voltage of the transformer. This type of UPS is able to
tolerate continuous under-voltage brownouts and over-
voltage surges without consuming the limited reserve

14
battery power. It instead compensates by auto-selecting
different power taps on the autotransformer.

Autotransformers can be engineered to cover a

wide range of varying input voltages, but this also increases
the number of taps and the size, weight, complexity, and
expense of the UPS. It is common for the autotransformer to
only cover a range from about 90v to 140v for 120v power,
and then switch to battery if the voltage goes much higher
or lower than that range.

Line-Interactive UPS.
Typical protection time: 5 - 30 minutes.
Capacity expansion: Several hours

In low-voltage conditions the UPS will use more current than

normal so it may need a higher current circuit than a normal
device. For example to power a 1000 watt device at 120
volts, the UPS will draw 8.32 amps. If a brownout occurs and

15
the voltage drops to 100 volts, the UPS will draw 10 amps to
compensate. This also works in reverse, so that in an
overvoltage condition, the UPS will need fewer amps of
current.

Wep UPS series

3. Double-conversion / online
The Online UPS is ideal for environments where electrical
isolation is necessary or for equipment that is very sensitive
to power fluctuations. Although once previously reserved for
very large installations of 10kW or more, advances in
technology have permitted it to now be available as a
common consumer device, supplying 500 watts or

16
 less. The Online UPS is generally more expensive but may
be necessary when the power environment is "noisy" such as
in industrial settings, for larger equipment loads like data
centers, or when operation from an extended-run backup
generator is necessary. The basic technology of the online
UPS is the same as in a Standby or Line-Interactive UPS.
However it typically costs much more, due to it having a
much greater current AC-to-DC battery-charger/rectifier, and
with the rectifier and inverter designed to run continuously
with improved cooling systems. It is called a Double-
Conversion UPS due to the rectifier directly driving the
inverter.

Typical protection time:

5 – 30 minutes
Capacity expansion:
Several hours

17
 SPCUPS 48V /5A /5Ahs

In an Online UPS, the batteries are always connected to the

inverter, so that no power transfer switches are necessary.
When power loss occurs, the rectifier simply drops out of the
circuit and the batteries keep the power steady and
unchanged. When power is restored, the rectifier resumes
carrying most of the load and begins charging the batteries,
though the charging current may be limited to prevent the
high-power rectifier from overheating the batteries and
boiling off the electrolyte. The main advantage to the on-line
UPS is its ability to provide an electrical firewall between the
incoming utility power and sensitive electronic equipment.
While the Standby and Line-Interactive UPS merely filter the
input utility power, the Double-Conversion UPS provides a
layer of insulation from power quality problems. It allows

18
control of output voltage and frequency regardless of input
voltage and frequency.

4. Hybrid Topology / Double

Conversion on Demand
Recently there have been hybrid topology UPSs hitting the
marketplace. These hybrid designs do not have an official
designation, although one name used by HP and Eaton is
Double Conversion on Demand.[2] This style of UPS is
targeted towards high efficiency applications while still
maintaining the features and protection level offered by
double conversion.

A hybrid (double conversion on demand) UPS

operates as an offline/standby UPS when power conditions
are within a certain preset window. This allows the UPS to
achieve very high efficiency ratings. When the power
conditions fluctuate outside of the predefined windows, the
UPS switches to online/double conversion operation.[3] In
double conversion mode the UPS can adjust for voltage
variations without having to use battery power, can filter out
line noise and control frequency. Examples of this
hybrid/double conversion on demand UPS design are the HP
R8000, HP R12000, HP RP12000/3 and the Eaton BladeUPS.

5. Ferro-resonant

Typical protection
time:
5 - 15 Minutes

19
Capacity expansion:
Several Hours

Ferro-resonant units operate in the same way as a standby

UPS unit with the exception that a ferro-resonant transformer
is used to filter the output. This transformer is designed to
hold energy long enough to cover the time between
switching from line power to battery power and effectively
eliminates the transfer time. Many ferro-resonant UPSs are
90-93% efficient and offer excellent isolation.

This used to be the dominant type of

UPS and is limited to around the 15KVA range. These units
are still mainly used in some industrial settings due to the
robust nature of the UPS. Many ferro-resonant UPSs utilizing
controlled ferro technology may not interact with power-
factor-correcting equipment.

6. DC power
Typical protection
time:
Several hours
Capacity expansion:
Yes

A UPS designed for powering DC equipment is very similar to

an online UPS, except that it does not need an output
inverter, and often the powered device does not need a
power supply. Rather than converting AC to DC to charge
batteries, then DC to AC to power the external device, and
then back to DC inside the powered device, some equipment
accepts DC power directly and allows one or more
conversion steps to be eliminated. This equipment is more
commonly known as a rectifier.

20
Many systems used in telecommunications use 48 volt DC
power, because it is not considered a high-voltage by most
electrical codes and is exempt from many safety regulations,
such as being installed in conduit and junction boxes. DC has
typically been the dominant power source for
telecommunications, and AC has typically been the dominant
source for computers and servers.

There has been much experimentation

with 48v DC power for computer servers, in the hope of
reducing the likelihood of failure and the cost of equipment.
However, to supply the same amount of power, the current
must be greater than an equivalent 120v or 240v circuit, and
greater current requires larger conductors and/or more
energy to be lost as heat.

High voltage DC (380 volts) is finding use in

some data center applications, and allows for small power
conductors, but is subject to the more complex electrical
code rules for safe containment of high voltages.

7. Rotary
Typical protection
time:
20 – 60 seconds
Capacity expansion:
Several seconds

21
A Rotary UPS uses the inertia of a high-mass spinning
flywheel to provide short-term ride-through in the event of
power loss. The flywheel also acts as a buffer against power
spikes and sags, since such short-term power events are not
able to appreciably affect the rotational speed of the high-
mass flywheel. It is also one of the oldest designs, predating
vacuum tubes and integrated circuits.

It can be considered to be online since it spins continuously

under normal conditions. However, unlike a battery-based
UPS, flywheel based UPS systems typically provide

10 to 20 seconds of protection before the flywheel has

slowed and power output stops. It is traditionally used in
conjunction with standby diesel generators, providing
backup power only for the brief period of time the engine
needs to start running and stabilize its output.

The Rotary UPS is generally reserved for applications

needing more than 10,000 watts of protection, to justify the
expense of an extremely large and heavy power system that
can only be transported by forklift or crane. A larger flywheel
or multiple flywheels operating in parallel will increase the
reserve running time or capacity.

Because the flywheels are a

mechanical power source, it is not necessary to use an
electric motor or generator as an intermediary between it
and a diesel engine designed to provide emergency power.
By using a transmission gearbox, the rotational inertia of the
flywheel can be used to directly start up a diesel engine, and
once running, the diesel engine can be used to directly spin

22
the flywheel. Multiple flywheels can likewise be connected in
parallel through mechanical countershafts, without the need
for separate motors and generators for each flywheel.

They are normally designed to

provide very high current output compared to a purely
electronic UPS, and are better able to provide inrush current
for inductive loads such as motor startup or compressor
loads, as well as medical MRI and cath lab equipment. It is
also able to tolerate short-circuit conditions up 17 times
larger than an electronic UPS, permitting one device to blow
a fuse and fail while other devices still continue to be
powered from the Rotary UPS.

Its life cycle is usually far greater

than a purely electronic UPS, up to 30 years or more. But
they do require periodic downtime for mechanical
maintenance, such as ball bearing replacement. Battery-
based designs do not require downtime if the batteries can
be hot-swapped, which is usually the case for larger units.
Newer Rotary units use technologies such as Magnetic
bearings and air-evacuated enclosures to increase standby
efficiency and reduce maintenance to very low levels.

COMPONENTS OF UPS

Mainly UPS consists of

• RECTIFIER
• BATTERY CHARGER
• BATTERY TANK

23
 • A INVERTER CIRCUIT

Common power problems

There are various common power problems that UPS units
are used to correct:

1. Power failure
2. Voltage spike
3. Over-voltage
4. Line noise
5. Harmonic distortion

UPS units are divided into categories based on which of the

above problems they address, and some manufacturers
categorize their products in accordance with the number of
power related problems they address. They are explained as
follows:-

1. Power failure:-
Tree limbs create a short circuit in electrical lines during a
storm. This will typically result in a power outage to the area
supplied by these lines.

A power outage (also known as a power cut, power failure,

power loss, or blackout) refers to the short- or long-term loss
of the electric power to an area.

There are many causes of power

failures in an electricity network. Examples of these causes
include, faults at power stations, damage to power lines,

24
substations or other parts of the distribution system, a short
circuit, or the overloading of electricity mains.

Power outages are categorized into three different

phenomena, relating to the duration and effect of the
outage:

• A dropout is a momentary (milliseconds to seconds)

loss of power typically caused by a temporary fault on a
power line. Power is quickly (and sometimes
automatically) restored once the fault is cleared.
• A brownout is a drop in voltage in an electrical power
supply, so named because it typically causes lights to
dim. Systems supplied with three-phase electric power
also suffer brownouts if one or more phases are absent,
at reduced voltage, or incorrectly phased. Such
malfunctions are particularly damaging to electric
motors.
• A blackout refers to the total loss of power to an area
and is the most severe form of power outage that can
occur. Blackouts which result from or result in power
stations tripping are particularly difficult to recover from
quickly.

25
 • Outages may last from a few hours to a few weeks
depending on the nature of the blackout and the
configuration of the electrical network.

2. Voltage spike:-
In electrical engineering, spikes are fast, short duration
electrical transients in voltage (voltage spikes), current
(current spike), or transferred energy (energy spikes) in an
electrical circuit.

Fast, short duration electrical transients (over voltages)

in the electric potential of a circuit are typically caused by

• lightning strikes
• power outages
• tripped circuit breakers
• short circuits
• power transitions in other large equipment on the same
power line
• malfunctions caused by the power company
• electromagnetic pulses (EMP) with electromagnetic
energy distributed typically up to the 100 kHz and 1
MHz frequency range.
• Inductive spikes

26
In the design of critical infrastructure and military hardware,
one concern is of pulses produced by nuclear explosions ,
whose nuclear electromagnetic pulse (EMP) distribute large
energies in frequencies from 1 kHz into the Gigahertz range
through the atmosphere.

The effect of a voltage spike is to produce a corresponding

increase in current (current spike). However some voltage
spikes may be created by current sources. Voltage would
increase as necessary so that a constant current will flow.
Current from a discharging inductor is one example.

For sensitive electronics, excessive current can flow if

this voltage spike exceeds a material's breakdown voltage,
or if it causes avalanche breakdown. In semiconductor
junctions, excessive electrical current may destroy or
severely weaken that device. An avalanche diode, transient
voltage suppression diode, transil, varistor, overvoltage
crowbar, or a range of other overvoltage protective devices

27
can divert (shunt) this transient current thereby minimizing
voltage.

While generally referred to as a voltage spike, the

phenomenon in question is actually an energy spike, in that
it is measured not in volts but in joules; a transient response
defined by a mathematical product of voltage, current, and
time.

Voltage spike may be created by

a rapid buildup or decay of a magnetic field, which may
induce energy into the associated circuit. However voltage
spikes can also have more mundane causes such as a fault
in a transformer or higher-voltage (primary circuit) power
wires falling onto lower-voltage (secondary circuit) power
wires as a result of accident or storm damage.

Voltage spikes may be longitudinal

(common) mode or metallic (normal or differential) mode.
Some equipment damage from surges and spikes can be
prevented by use of surge protection equipment. Each type
of spike requires selective use of protective equipment. For
example a longitudinal mode voltage spike may not even be
detected by a protector installed for normal mode transients.

3. Over voltage:-

When the voltage in a circuit or part of it is raised above its

upper design limit, this is known as over voltage. The
conditions may be hazardous. Depending on its duration, the
over voltage event can be permanent or transient, the latter
case also being known as a voltage spike.

28
 Electronic and electrical devices are designed to
operate at a certain maximum supply voltage, and
considerable damage can be caused by voltage that is
higher than that for which the devices are rated.

UPS-300TA

For example an electric light bulb has a wire in it that at

the given rated voltage will carry a current just large enough
for the wire to get very hot (giving off light and heat), but
not hot enough for it to melt. The amount of current in a
circuit depends on the voltage supplied: if the voltage is too
high, then the wire may melt and the light bulb would have
"burned out". Similarly other electrical devices may stop
working, or may even burst into flames if an over voltage is
delivered to the circuit of which these devices are part.

4. Signal noise:-

29
In science, and especially in physics and telecommunication,
noise is fluctuations in and the addition of external factors
to the stream of target information (signal) being received at
a detector. In communications, it may be deliberate as for
instance jamming of a radio or TV signal, but in most cases it
is assumed to be merely undesired interference with
intended operations. Natural and deliberate noise sources
can provide both or either of random interference or
patterned interference. Only the latter can be cancelled
effectively in analog systems; however, digital systems are
usually constructed in such a way that their quantized
signals can be reconstructed perfectly, as long as the noise
level remains below a defined maximum, which varies from
application to application.

More specifically, in physics, the term noise has the

following meanings:

1. An undesired disturbance within the frequency band of

interest; the summation of unwanted or disturbing
energy.
2. A disturbance that affects a signal and that may distort
the information carried by the signal.
3. Random variations of one or more characteristics of any
entity such as voltage, current, or data.
4. A random signal of known statistical properties of
amplitude, distribution, and spectral density.
5. Loosely, any disturbance tending to interfere with the
normal operation of a device or system.

Noise and what can be done about it has long been studied.
Claude Shannon established information theory and in so
doing clarified the essential nature of noise and the limits it
places on the operation of electronic equipment.

In some cases a little noise may be

considered advantageous, allowing a dithered representation
of signals below the minimum strength, or between two
quantization levels. This is especially true for signals
intended for human appreciation, since the brain seems to

30
expect signals to contain a degree of "neural noise"[1][2], or
the phenomenon of stochastic resonance, where small
amount of noise improves the detection of signals in non-
linear sensors

5. Distortion

A distortion is the alteration of the original shape (or other

characteristic) of an object, image, sound, waveform or other
form of information or representation. Distortion is usually
unwanted. In some fields, distortion is desirable, such as
electric guitar (where distortion is often induced purposely
with the amplifier or an electronic effect to achieve an
aggressive sound where desired). The slight distortion of
analog tapes and vacuum tubes is considered pleasing in
certain situations. The addition of noise or other extraneous
signals (hum, interference) is not considered to be distortion,
though the effects of distortion are sometimes considered
noise.

Correction of distortion
As the system output is given by y(t) = F(x(t)), then if the
inverse function F-1 can be found, and used intentionally to
distort either the input or the output of the system, then the
distortion will be corrected. An example of such correction is
where LP/Vinyl recordings or FM audio transmissions are
deliberately pre-emphasized by a linear filter, the
reproducing system applies an inverse filter to make the
overall system undistorted.

31
 Pulsar Ellipse 500 USBS UPS

Correction is not possible if the inverse does not exist, for

instance if the transfer function has flat spots (the inverse
would map multiple input points to a single output point).
This results in a loss of information, which is uncorrectable.
Such a situation can occur when an amplifier is overdriven,
resulting in clipping or slew rate distortion, when for a
moment the output is determined by the characteristics of
the amplifier alone, and not by the input signal.

How does a computers

uninterruptible power supply

32
 works………
What your computer expects to get from the power grid (in
the United States) is 120-volt AC power oscillating at 60
Hertz (see How Power Distribution Grids Work for more
information). A computer can tolerate slight differences from
this specification, but a significant deviation will cause the
computer's power supply to fail. A UPS generally protects a
computer against four different power problems:

• Voltage surges and spikes - Times when the voltage on

the line is greater than it should be.

Voltage sags - Times when the voltage on the line is less

than it should be

Total power failure - Times when a line goes down or a

fuse blows somewhere on the grid
or in the building.

Frequency differences - Times when the power is

oscillating at something other than 60 Hertz

33
There are two common systems in use today: standby UPS
and continuous UPS. A standby UPS runs the computer off
of the normal utility power until it detects a problem. At that
point, it very quickly (in five milliseconds or less) turns on a
power inverter and runs the computer off of the UPS's
battery (see How Batteries Work for more information). A
power inverter simply turns the DC power delivered by the
battery into 120-volt, 60-Hertz AC power.

In a continuous UPS, the computer is always

running off of battery power and the battery is continuously
being recharged. You could fairly easily build a continuous
UPS yourself with a largish battery charger, a battery and a
power inverter. The battery charger continuously produces
DC power, which the inverter continuously turns back into
120-volt AC power. If the power fails, the battery provides
power to the inverter. There is no switch-over time in a
continuous UPS. This setup provides a very stable source of
power.
Standby UPS systems are far more common for
home or small-business use because they tend to cost about
half as much as a continuous system. Continuous systems
provide extremely clean, stable power, so they tend to be
used in server rooms and mission critical applications.

CHARACTERISTICS:

What do entrepreneurs and investors expect of you and what

should you expect of them? The criteria many large
pharmaceutical and medical device companies apply to

34
potential development projects generally cover the following
areas:

• Scientific Confidence. This criterion must be

established over time and the levels of technical risk
that are suitable for an entrepreneurial venture are
likely to be too risky for a large company to undertake.
Over time, the proposed mechanism of action must be
supported in laboratory experiments.

• Unmet Medical Need. If a product would only

marginally improve treatment for a disease or if
sufficient treatment already exists, then it is difficult to
justify investing further time and money.

• Large Market Opportunity. This area is largely self-

explanatory and is covered more in depth below.

• Adequate Market Protection. It is critical that there

is broad intellectual property protection, so that the
company can be assured of recovering the large R&D
costs of developing a product.

• Manufacturing Economics. The economics of

manufacturing a product cannot be so costly that it
would make the eventual cost of the medicine too high.

35
Electrical Characteristics

RECTIFIER INPUT MAINS

I/P Ratings Units 30 Kva

6 pulse
Rated power kVA 30
Rated Mains Voltage Vac 380 – 400 – 415 V

Supply Three phase without neutral

Input voltage % ±10

tolerance 
Frequency Hz 50 or 60

Input frequency tol. % ±5

Rated input power  kVA 33
Rated input current A 48

Maximum input kVA 41
power 
Maximum A 59
input current 
Duration of sec
progressive power 2 to 10
walk-in 

 = 380V or 415V set changing taps on auxiliary supply

transformer

36
 = With mains at –15% and suggested battery elements
the UPS maintains the output rated voltage at rated load
but cannot guarantee float charge to battery; the battery
does not discharge.
 = EN 50091-3 (1.4.39): UPS, rated load, input rated
voltage 400V, no current to battery
 = EN 50091-3 (1.4.40): UPS, rated load or overload, input
rated voltage 400V, battery on boost charge with
maximum allowed current.
 = Set with jumper on Rectifier control board.

Mechanical characteristics

Mechani U 30 kVA
cal nits 6 pulse
Characte
ristics
Height mm 1615
Width mm 830
Depth mm 775
Ventilatio - By internal intake fans
n
Cable - Bottom
entry
Protection IP 41

37
UPS Electrical
Characteristics (DC
Intermediate Circuit)
D. C. INTERMEDIATE CIRCUIT
kV
Rated Power 30
A
Voltage range for Vd 320 – 470
Inverter operation c

Recommended No 190 (380 Vac)

number of s. 198 (400 Vac)
- Lead-acid cells 204 (415 Vac)
-
291 (413 Vac)

- Ni-Cd cells -

Recommended float Vd 432 (380 Vac)
charge voltage c 446 (400 Vac)
2.25 V/cell (Lead 459 (415 Vac)
Acid) 
413 Vac

1.42 V/cell (Ni-Cd) 

Recommended boost Vd 460 (380 Vac)
charge voltage 2.40 c 475 (400 Vac)
V/cell (Lead Acid)  490 (415 Vac)

451 Vac
1.55 V/cell (Ni-Cd) 

38
Recommended end Vd 320 (380 Vac)
of discharge voltage c 330 (400 Vac)
1.67 V/cell (Lead 340 (415 Vac)
Acid) 
320 Vac

1.1 V/cell (Ni-Cd) 

Recommended test Vd 365 (380 Vac)
voltage c 376 (400 Vac)
Lead Acid  388 (415 Vac)

350 Vac
Ni-Cd 
Battery boost charge - Characteristics to DIN 41772I-
cycle  U, boost to floating charge
switching, with current
measuring criterion plus
control of charging time.
Maximum boost mi
charge duration  n 0-999

Boost-float threshold A
current  0-99

Ripple voltage %
superimposed  ≤1

Note:

39
 = (According to rated voltage)
 = Factory set for rated 400V, different cells number and
voltage per cell may be set by software and / or trimmers
on Rectifier control board.
 = Set by software
 = Battery disconnected, RMS percentage value referred to
DC voltage.

UPS Electrical
Characteristics (Inverter
Output)
INVERTER OUTPUT
Rated Power kV 30
A
Rated mains Vac
voltage  320 - 400 - 415
Three phase with neutral
Frequency  Hz
50 to 60

Rated Power at KV 30
cosφ = 0.8 A

Rated Power at KW 24
cosφ = 1
Maximum non -
linear load 100% Pn
allowed 
Maximum rate of Hz
change of /se 0.1
frequency  c

40
Note:

 = Factory set 400V – 380V or 415V voltages with software

setting
 = Factory set at 50Hz ; 60Hz with software setting.
 = EN50091-3 (1.4.58) crest factor 3.
 = EN50091-3 (4.3.4).
 = EN50091-3 (4.3.7) also for 0-100% load transient,
restore time 20ms to ±1%.
 = Factory set at 0.1Hz/ sec; upto 2 Hz/sec with software
setting.

UPS Electrical
Characteristics (Bypass Input
Mains)
BYPASS INPUT MAINS
Rated Power kV 30
A
Rated mains Va
voltage  c 320 - 400 - 415

Supply Three phase with neutral

Rated Current: A 130

230 Vac
Bypass voltage % ± 10
tolerance 

41
Delay time to sec 10
recognize bypass
voltage returned
to window
Inverter output % ± 10
voltage window

Frequency  Hz 50 or 60

Input frequency %
tolerance  ±2

Maximum Hz
frequency slew /se 0.1
rate c

Current rating of
neutral cable 1.5 x In

Protection, To avoid series fuses, the bypass

bypass line line should be protected using an
external device should be sized to
discriminate with the load
protection.
Overload % 150% for 60 sec
125% for 10 min
110% for 1 hr

Note:
 = Factory set 400V – 380V or 415V set changing taps on
auxiliary supply transformer and with software setting
 = Other values 0-15% with software setting.
 = Factory set at 50Hz ; 60Hz with software setting.
 = Other values 1-9% with software setting.

42
Difficulties faced

with generator use

The voltage and frequency of the power produced by a
generator depends on the engine speed. The speed is
controlled by a system called a governor. Some governors
are mechanical, some are electronic. The job of the governor
is to keep the voltage and frequency constant, while the load
on the generator changes. This may pose a problem where,
for example, the startup surge of an elevator can cause short
"blips" in the frequency of the generator or the output
voltage, thus effecting all other devices powered by the
generator. Many transmission sites will have backup diesel
generators - in the case of AM, the load presented by the
transmitters changes in line with the signal level. This leads
to the scenario where the generator is constantly trying to
correct the output voltage and frequency as the load
changes.

43
It is possible for a UPS unit to be incompatible with a
generator or a poor mains supply; in the event that its
designers had written the microprocessor code to require
exactly a 50.0Hz (or 60.0Hz) supply frequency in order to
operate; with this condition not met the UPS could remain on
battery power, being unable to reconnect the unsuitable
supply voltage.

This problem of input frequency requirements should not be

an issue through the use of a Double Conversion / online
UPS. A UPS of this topology should be able to adapt to any
input frequency, using its own internal clock source to
generate the required 50 or 60Hz supply frequency.

A problem in the combination of a "double conversion" UPS

and a generator is the voltage distortion created by the UPS.
The input of a double conversion UPS is essentially a big
rectifier. The current drawn by the UPS is non-sinusoidal. This
causes the voltage from the generator also to become non-
sinusoidal. The voltage distortion then can cause problems in
all electrical equipment connected to the generator,
including the UPS itself! This level of "noise" is measured as
a percentage of "Total Harmonic Distortion of the current"
(THD(i)). Classic UPS rectifiers have a THD(i) level of around
25-30%. To prevent voltage distortion, this requires
generators more than twice as big as the UPS.

There are several solutions to reduce the THD(i) in a double

conversion UPS: Classic solutions such as passive filters
reduce THD(i) to 5-10% at full load. They are reliable, but big
and only work at full load, and present their own problems
when used in tandem with generators. An alternative

44
solution is an active filter. Through the use of such a device,
THD(i) can drop to 5% over the full power range. The newest
technology in double conversion UPS units is a rectifier that
doesn't use classic rectifier components (Thyristors and
Diodes) but high frequency components (IGBTs). A double
conversion UPS with an IGBT rectifier can have a THD(i) as
small as 2%. This completely eliminates the need to oversize
the generator (and transformers), without additional filters,
investment cost, losses, or space.

45
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

46
APPLICATIONS AND

BUSINESS NEED

47
 On-Line Double Conversion technology with IGBT based
PWM Inverter
– A Full-Proof Solution to protect customers valuable
& sophisticated load
– Critical loads are not exposed to vulnerable mains
power aberrations (e.g mains power surges, sags,
frequency errors etc) .
 Wide Input Voltage Tolerance (+10% to –15%)
– Virtually address all power profiles and protect the
load
– Saves battery usage and thereby increasing actual
autonomy time
 Wide input frequency (+/- 5%)
– Ensure availability of load under poor supply
conditions, thus ensuring continuous running of
business.
– Even beyond the stipulated range of frequency the
loads remain protected with constant frequency.
 Electronic cards are located away from Heat generating
component.
– Ensures Highest degree of reliability and thus
protects customer’s business
 Microprocessor controlled design
– Lowest component count which leads to greater
degree of reliability
 Intelligent Battery Management
– Ensures Proactive measures to check battery
health thus avoiding surprises which may lead to
disaster.
– UPS automatically test battery healthiness on
programmed schedule
– No risk involved that will lead to failure of business
– Temperature compensated battery charging
– VRLA battery life is prolonged even under high
ambient temperature.
– Saves initial investment
– Ensures reliability of the solution under adverse
environment conditions.

48
 Common Battery Sharing Kit (Optional) with 1+1
configuration
– Achieve true parallel redundancy which leads to
high availability of power to critical load
• Ensure Criss-Cross operation
• One Rectifier of a module can feed the load
via the inverter of another module!
– Ensure much better battery charging and thus
keeping battery fully charged even under failure of
input feeder to one UPS module.
• In case of failure of input power of one UPS
the charging current of other rectifier gets
automatically adjusted to ensure proper
charging

 Multiple configuration of UPS helps Right Solution For

Right Applications with Hyper Degree of Criticality Index
– Single Module
– 1+1 Parallel redundant configuration
– Hot-stand by Configuration
– Eco-Mode Operation
– Dual Bus Redundancy for Highest Degree of
Availability of power and HIGH NINE uptime
Solution

 Load handling Capability

– High Crest Factor Load ( 3:1)
– 100% Non-Linear Loads
– 100% unbalanced Load

49
 UPS Configurations:
1. SM, 1+1

BYPASS
BYPAS
SUPPLY
S
STATIC

INPUT INVERT
RECTIFI INVERT ER
SUPPLY
ER ER STATIC
415V AC
3PH, 4WIRES SWITC
UPS -

BATTER
Y
OUTPUT
TO LOAD

2.LBS
(A)

50
(B)
B T
S MAIN DB MAIN DB
Changeover Changeover
E
S
Mains Transformers DG Sets
Load Bus
Synchronised

UPS 1 UPS 2 UPS 3 UPS 4 UPS 5 UPS 1 UPS 2 UPS 3 UPS 4 UPS 5

PD PD
Set of PDU Set of PDU

Sync. Output
Static Switches

Racks

51
UPS EFFECTIVENESS

Power Quality Problem OFF LINE- ON LINE

LINE INTER. Double
Conversion
1. Main Outages 90% 95% 100%
2. Over Voltage / Surges 50% 60% 100%
3. Under Voltages / Sags 50% 90% 100%
4. Spikes 80% 95% 100%
5. Noise / RFI 90% 95% 100%

52
6. Wave form Distortion 0% 0% 100%
7. Frequency Variation 0% 0% 100%
8. Overall55% 85% 100%
effectiveness

53