Chng 9.

THIT B Tuc bin KH

9.1. chu trnh nhit ca thit b tuc bin kh 9.1.1. Khi nim v thit b tuc bin kh Thit b tuc bin kh l ng c nhit trong ho nng ca nhin liu c bin i thnh nhit nng ri thnh c nng. Qu trnh chuyn i nng lng trong ng c ny c th thc hin bng nhng chu trnh nhit ng khc nhau. Ngy nay thit b tuc bin kh c s dng rng ri trong vn ti (ngnh hng khng, ng st v ng thu); ngnh nng lng; ngnh vn chuyn du v kh t; ngnh cng nghip ho hc v luyn kim; trong cc lnh vc mi nh nng lng ht nhn; k thut tn la; thin vn v v tr hc. Thit b tuc bin c nhng u, nhc im sau: u im: - B cc gn, - Tnh c ng vn hnh cao, nh kh nng m my nhanh, thay i ti ln, - Vn hnh khng cn c nc hay yu cu cn nc rt t - Thi gian xy dng nhanh Nhc im: - Cng sut gii hn nh hn so vi thit b hi nc - Gi thnh nhin liu cao - Gi thnh vt liu chi ph sn xut cao hn - Kh sa cha 9.1.2. Phn loi cc thit b tuc bin kh C nhiu cch phn loi tuc bin, c th phn chia theo lnh vc s dng, theo chi ph cho s thay i ph ti, theo loi nhin liu t . . . 1. Thit b tuc bin dng cho my bay: trong theo cch truyn cng sut li phn chia thnh loi dng nng lng dng kh v loi tuc bin quay cnh qut. 2. Thit b tuc bin cng nghip: c phn thnh tuc bin c s vng quay khng i (tuc bin sn xut in nng mang ph ti gc, trong trm cp nhit sy, si, lm vic trong cc qu trnh cng ngh nht nh...) v tuc bin c s vng quay thay i (dng trong tu ho, tu thu, my nn bm, qut...) 3. Theo loi nhin liu c s dng c th chia thnh tuc bin kh dng nhin liu kh, nhin kiu lng nh, nhin liu lng nng v tuc bin dng nhin liu rn. 9.1.3. Nhng chu trnh nhit thit b Tuc bin kh thng dng 9.1.3.1. Chu trnh h khng dng b trao i nhit

103

 chu trnh ny, qu trnh chy nhin liu l qu trnh chy ng p, my nn K ht khng kh t ngoi vo v nn n p sut yu cu ri a vo bung t B. Ti y nhin liu c bm nhin liu bm vo bung t qua vi phun. Sau nhin liu hn hp cng vi khng kh v bc chy, sn phm chy c a vo Tuc bin kh dn n sinh cng. i 3 qv 2 B 4 4 T k
M

4 3 2
MP

5 6 7

qr 5

1 s

Hnh 9.1- S khi v chu trnh nhit khng c b trao i nhit K- My nn, B- Bung t, T-Tuc bin kh, M-ng c in, qv- nhit dn vo chu trnh, qr- nhit dn ra, MP- My pht in, 1-2-3-4-5-1: chu trnh nhit biu din trn th i-s.

m bo t chy nhin liu hon ton v qu trnh chy xy ra mnh nht th nhit trong bung t phi c gi mc 1800-20000K, v vy chu trnh ny ch c 20-40% lng khng kh cn thit c my nn nn n p sut cao a vo bung t tham gia vo qu trnh chy ch ng ca nhin liu tropng bung t BD, lng khng kh ny gi l khng kh s cp. Cn phn khng kh cn li (60-80%) c a b sung thm vo sau vng chy ch ng gi l khng kh th cp hay khng kh lm mt. B phn khng kh ny sau khi pha trn vi sn phm chy s lm gim nhit ca hn hp cht kh trc Tuc bin ti gi tr cn thit. Khi nhit cho php ca hn hp kh vo Tuc bin nm trong khong t 900 n 14000K, tu thuc vo iu kin ca tin cy, tui th ca cc dy cnh v loi nhin liu s dng. Cng sut sinh ra ca Tuc bin mt phn dng truyn ng cho my nn, phn cn li cp cho h tiu dng nh chuyn thnh nng lng in trong my pht in. Khi khi ng thit b tuc bin kh cn dng ng c in khi ng, vic t chy nhin liu c thc hin nh b nh la bng in t trong bung t v ch thc hin khi khi ng thit b. u im ca chu trnh ny l n gin, tnh c ng trong vn hnh cao, tin cy tt. Nhc im l hiu sut tng i thp, cng sut nh 25 MW - 50 MW 9.1.3.2. Chu trnh h c trao i nhit Mt phng php ni bt nng cao hiu sut l dng b trao i nhit, trong mt phn nhit ca kh thi c truyn cho khng kh nn trc khi vo bung t. S 104

 ca chu trnh Hnh 15-2- S chu trnh h vi Tuc bin dng b trao i nhit.

7 BT 3 2 B 4

MP 1

Hnh 9.2. S chu trnh h c b trao i nhit

K- My nn, B- Bung t, T-Tuc bin kh, M-ng c in, qv- nhit dn vo chu trnh, qr- nhit dn ra, MPG- My pht in, u im ca chu trnh ny l n gin, r tin trong vic cp nc lm mt v c hiu sut cao v bin thin hiu sut vi dc nh nhng ch non ti. Nhc im l cng sut ring nh, trng lng ln v tn nhiu din tch. 9.1.3.3.Chu trnh kn
2

Kh thai

khng kh

Hnh 9.3. S nguyn l GT-750100.2 cng sut 100MW 1.My nn cao p, 2. Bung t, 3. Tuc bin cao p, 4. Tuc bin h p, 5. My nn h p, 6. My pht, 7. B lm mt KK

Chu trnh l chu trnh phi hp hi v kh vi qu trnh t chy b sung. nng cao hiu sut v cng sut ring ngi ta kt hp chu trnh kh c nhit lm vic cao vi chu trnh hi c nhit lm vic trung bnh. Sn phm chy sau khi ra khi tuc bin kh, tip cho qua ng dn vo l hi, nc trong l hi nhn nhit v bc hi thnh hi qu nhit v quay tuc bin hi. u im ca phng php ny l tn dng c nhit lng v nng cao hiu sut ca ton nh my, yu cu din tch lm mt t hn h thng tuc bin hi, nhng khi vn hnh phc tp hn. 105

MP

VP

Hnh 9.4. Chu trnh hn hp kh v hi c t b sung; M-ngc khi ng; K-My nn khng kh; T1v T2- Tuc bin kh; T3- Tuc bin hi; VP- Vi phun nhin liu 9.2. Cc phn t chnh ca thit b tuc bin kh. Nhng phn t chnh ca thit b tuc bin kh l my nn, bung t, tuc bin kh v b trao i nhit. Cu to cht lng v cch sp xp ca chng trong mt chu trnh lm vic s nh hng trc tip ti hot ng ca ton thit b tuc bin kh.

Hnh 9.4. S thit b tuc bin kh TH-bm nhin liu; PM-ng c khi ng; BK-bung t GT-My nn khng kh; BK-tuc bin kh; GET-my pht in; 106

9.2.1. My nn. Trong thit b tuc bin kh, my nn c dng nn mi cht lm vic (thng l khng kh) v nhin liu kh. nn mi cht lm vic ngi ta dng nhng my nn loi ly tm hoc dc trc. nn cc nhin liu kh c nhit tr 30.106 (Jm-3) phi chn loi my nn c th tch tn tht khong 3% th tch ca mi cht lm vic. Nh vy loi my nn thch hp ch c th l loi pistng hay loi my nn ly tm c s vng quay rt ln. Nhng yu cu k thut i vi my nn dng nn mi cht lm vic l: 1. Hiu sut cao (k). 2. nn tng cp cao. 3. C th s dng tc vng ln. 4. Vn hnh n nh trong ton khong lm vic ca thit b tuc bin kh 5. D iu khin v mt kh ng hc v c hc. My nn khng kh c nhng phn t chnh sau: 1. ng ht m bo hng dng khng kh t mt hng nht nh vo hng dc trc. 2. Rto dng chuyn c nng t trc vo dng khng kh. 3. Stator chuyn i ng nng ca dng khng kh thnh th nng p sut. 4. ng thot s hng dng khng kh ra khi my nn v vo bung t. 5. Cc ph kin ca my nn (nh khung trc, , b phn iu chnh chng xoy dng, phn phi khng kh, du...) 9.2.1.1. My nn ly tm My nn ly tm s dng tc nhn ca lc ly tm nn, khi ng nng ca dng ny tng ln nh chuyn ng qua rto. p sut tnh gim t P0 xung P1 ti li vo rto s lm tng tc dng u ht. Trong dy cnh ca rto, khng kh c nn n p sut P12 v nn tip theo trong ng lc ti P2. u im ca loi ny l cu trc n gin v tng i nh do nn mi tng cao v c th lm vic vi s vng quay cao. Nhc im l din tch pha trc ln; cng sut gii hn ca my nn nh; rto c sn sut t thi thp hay hp kim c gi thnh cao. 9.2.1.2. My nn dc trc Nguyn l nn khng kh trong my nn dc trc c xy dng da trn s chuyn i ng nng thnh p sut hoc trong cc dy cnh tnh (stator) hoc trong cc dy cnh ng (rotor) hay trong c hai dy cnh ca tng, trong dy cnh ng nng lng ton phn tng ln nh c cng c dn vo t rto. nn ca mi tng cnh nh hn so vi nn ca my nn ly tm, nh vy thit b tuc bin kh cn dng my nn nhiu tng. Rto ca my nn dc trc c th l loi tang trng ging dng tang trng tuc bin hi loi phn lc hay loi trc c lp a tuc bin dng trong my bay cng nghip. 107

u im ca my nn dc trc l cng sut gii hn ln, c th t n hiu sut cao hn ti 0,9. My nn dc trc c din tch mt trc nh nn lc cn pha trc v theo hng ra ca dng nh, v vy thng c dng trong thit b tuc bin my bay. Nhc im ca my nn dc trc l gi thnh cao v so vi loi ly tm th loi ny c trng lng ln hn. Tng ca my nn theo nguyn l kh ng hc c th xt nh tng cnh ngc vi tng cnh ca tuc bin, nh dng khng kh nhn c c nng ca rto tuc bin, lm ng nng ca n tng ln v sau chuyn ng dn thnh th nng p sut ca dng khng kh. Dng khng kh nn sau khi ra khi tng cui, i vo thit b cnh hng, dng kh c hng dc trc trc khi vo ng loe. Trong ng loe khng kh cn tip tc c nn mt phn nh chuyn ng nng ca dng thnh p sut, sau khng kh ra ng ra 8 v i vo ng dn kh ti bung t. 9.2.2. Bung t Trong bung t, nng lng lin kt ho hc trong nhin liu uc gii phng vo khng kh c trn u i vo tuc bin kh nh dng kh truyn ng (sinh cng). S chc nng ca bung t c v trn hnh. Dng khng kh s cp i vo khng gian bung t qua b to xoy ca ng phun, trong nng lng p sut c bin thnh ng nng. Dng khng kh s cp trong bung t c thnh phn tc vng quay ny to nn trong bung mt dng chy phc tp vi s gim p sut nhng ng knh pha trong. Nh vi phun, nhin liu lng c phun mn thnh nhng git rt nh v c tc tng i ln so vi khng kh. Nh hiu s nhit ln m nhin liu bc hi mnh v sau khi hn hp ny t c nhit bc chy th hn hp bng chy. Do s chnh lp p sut gia cc vng, s c mt phn sn phm chy quay tr li nhng ch p sut thp v sy nng hn hp cha cah, lm cho nhit ca mi cht lm vic tng ln. Khi phn ng xy ra nhit cng cao th qu trnh chy s tr nn n nh hn. tng nhanh qu trnh chy th cn thit phi to ra cc dng ri bng cch a thm mt b phn khng kh vo pha trc bung t. Qu trnh chy c hiu sut cao nht vi h s khng kh trong khong t 1=1,3 n 2,2. * Qu trnh lm vic ca bung t Qu trnh lm vic ca bung t c xc nh bi cu trc ca bung t v bi nhng tnh trng vn hnh. Qu trnh lm vic ca bung t bao gm qu trnh chy t chy nhin liu; qu trnh hn hp sn phm chy vi khng kh; cc iu kin lm mt ng la; cc iu kin khi ph ti thay i v khi m my. A. Qu trnh chy t chy nhin liu Qu trnh chy t chy nhin liu c xc nh bi qu trnh phun nh nhin liu, trng thi khng kh vo bung t, trng thi sn phm chy, t l dng nhit kh t nhin liu v dng hnh hc ca bung t. i vi chu trnh n gin khng c b trao i nhit, nn ca my nn thng nm trong khong t 4 n 8 v nhit khng kh vo bung t thng t 2000C n 3200C. 108

i vi chu trnh n gin c b trao i nhit nn thng trong vng 5, nhit khng kh t 3000 n 4000C. i vi nhng chu trnh c nn nhiu cp v qa trnh t nhiu ln thng c nn l 12 ti 20. Bung t cao p lm vic vi nhit khng kh vo khong 2000C khi khng c b trao i nhit v vi nhit 3000C n 3500C khi dng b trao i nhit. Bung t h p lm vic vi p sut khong 5 bar v nhit vo bung t ti 6000C. i vi nhng bung t ph ca nhng chu trnh hi, khi lm vic p sut trong vng 11 bar vi nhit ca sn phm chy t 4000C ti 5000C. Nhit ra ca cc sn phm chy t cc bung t ca thit b tuc bin cng nghip t ti 8500C my bay ti 11000C. Nhng tnh cht vt l ca cc loi nhin liu c nh hng mnh ti qa trnh chy. nh hng ny c th hin r khi phun nh nhin liu, khi to hn hp. B. Nhng iu kin lm vic ca hn hp cc sn phm chy v khng kh iu kin hn hp c xc nh bi trng thi cc sn phm chy s cp, t gii t nhit gn 20000C v bi trng thi khng kh th cp vi nhit thp hn nhiu (khong t 2000 n 6000C) v bi trng thi nhit ca cc sn phm chy v ca khng kh ti im u tin ca hn hp, bi trng tc ti im ra khi khng gian t ca bung t v bi dng hnh hc ca khng gian hn hp. Khng kh hn hp (th cp) vo khng gian hn hp vi p sut d va phi qua cc l c b tr ph hp c th t c trng nhit u nht ca sn phm chy ti ca ra khi bung t. Qu trnh hn hp xy ra trong nhiu hng l, m ti khng kh hn hp chy qua vi ng nng cao v c hng vung gc vi dng chnh ca sn phm ny. Qu trnh hn hp ca hai dng c thc hin nh dng ri xut hin ti b mt cc dng khng kh lm mt. t c trng nhit ng u nht vi tn tht p sut thp nht, ngi ta dng cc b phn lm lch dng nhm c th rt ngn chiu di ca khng gian t. khng u ca trng nhit ti ca ra bung t thng c th l (5 n 20)% gi tr nhit tuyt i trung bnh ca sn phm chy. C. Cc iu kin lm mt ng la iu kin lm mt ng la c xc nh bi dng nhit qua phn ng la, bi trng thi khng kh ng vai tr l cht lm mt v bi trng thi sn phm chy l cht truyn nhit v bi dng hnh hc bung t. Trong khng gian t ca bung t, nhit cao do c dng nhit bc x vi cng rt ln, cn trong phn hn hp do nhit thp hn nn dng nhit nh hn nhiu. Mt ngoi ca ng la c cc cnh tn nhit v c lm mt nh i lu ca khng kh, mt trong ca ng la c mt dng khng kh hay sn phm chy cc bung p sut hoc t bung t ph i vo lm mt. Nh lm mt nh vy nn pha trong b phn ng la dng nhit s gim ng k, ng thi khng kh i vo s c gia nhit mnh bi dng sn phm chy. Nhit ng la ph thuc nhiu vo cc phng php dn khng kh lnh. nhng bung t ngc dng, khng kh c dn theo cc cnh tn nhit ca ng la vi tc ln. ngn nga s to thnh x hoc nhng cht cu trong bung t, phi m bo nhit thnh ng la trong cc cc ch ti ln nm trong khong 5000 n 6000C. Nhit cho php ca cc ng la lm vic vi ng sut thp nhng thit b tuc bin kh trong cng nghip khong t 10000 n 11000C. 109

9.2.3. Tuc bin kh Nng lng nhit ca sn phm chy c bin i thnh c nng trong tuc bin kh. Mt phn ln hn ca cng sut tuc bin c dng truyn ng my nn khng kh, mt phn nh hn cn li ca cng sut l cng sut hu ch cung cp cho cc my mc hot ng (nh my pht in, bm, qut thi kh). Cng sut tuc bin gp khong 2,5 n 3,5 ln cng sut hu ch. 9.2.3.1. Nhng yu cu k thut i vi tuc bin Cng sut cng nh cc c tnh ca tuc bin c nh hng quyt nh n cc c tnh ca ton t my. ton b t my tuc bin kh lm vic t hiu sut cao th cn thit phi p ng dc mt s yu cu k thut quan trng sau y i vi tuc bin l: 1. Hiu sut ca chuyn i nng lng trong tuc bin phi cao. 2. Cnh qut ca tuc bin lm vic vi nhit ging ln tc vng cao. 3. Phi m bo cc yu cu v kh ng hc v c hc khi gia cng cc chi tit bng hp kim chu nhit kh gia cng. Khi so snh tuc bin kh v tuc bin hi, c th rt ra mt s im khc nhau gia chng nh sau: 1. T l gin n gia p sut vo v ra ca chu trnh tuc bin ngng hi thng trong khong 2000 n 6000, cn tuc bin kh l 4 n 16. 2.T s ca nhit tuyt i vo v ra tuc bin hi l 2 n 4, cn tuc bin kh khong 1,4. 3. T s th tch vo v ra chu trnh tuc bin hi khong 1000, cn tuc bin kh t 3 n 9. 4. Nhit ging ng entropi ca tuc bin hi c th ti 1600KJ/kg, tuc bin kh 300 n 620 KJ/kg. 5. Nhit th th tch dng tuc bin hi l 0,035 m3/KJ, tuc bin kh l 0,011 ti 0,022 m3/KJ. 9.2.3.2. Nhng phn t chnh v phn loi tuc bin kh Tuc bin kh c nhng phn chnh sau y: 1. C ng vo dn cc sn phm chy t bung t vo dy cch tuc bin. 2. Dy cnh tnh (ng yn) chuyn nhit nng thnh ng nng. 3. Rto (b phn quay) nhn cng sut (c cng) t ng nng ca dng sn phm chy. 4. C ng ra dng chuyn i mt phn ng nng thnh th nng p sut v dn sn phm chy vo ng thot. 5. Cc chi tit lm mt phn v tuc bin. 6. Cc ph kin ca tuc bin (tng t nh my nn). Theo cch b tr kt cu c th chia tuc bin thnh: a) Theo hnh dng ca rto tuc bin kh c th chia thnh loi rto c a v loi rto tang trng. 110

b) Theo hng dng chia thnh tuc bin kh dc trc v tuc bin kh hng trc (thng l loi my nh hay qut kh). c) Theo cch lm mt chia thnh loi tuc bin kh c lm mt (i vi cc sn phm chy nhit cao) v loi khng lm mt (i vi sn phm chy nhit d thp).. A. C ng vo Hnh dng ca n c xc nh bi phng n thit k tuc bin. C th b tr dng sn phm chy theo hng dc trc t bung t vo cc cnh tnh ca tng tuc bin u tin (tuc bin my bay hay tuc bin chy ti ngn) hay dn cc sn phm chy t hng vung gc vi trc quay sang hng dc trc. V mt kh ng phi, cn m bo cho dng kh trong cc rnh c tn tht thu lc cc tiu, c ng u cao v trng nhit v tc v c s bin i gc ca dng vo cnh tnh u tin ph hp. V bn, cn m bo to hnh dng thch hp sao cho ngoi lc v lc p sut trong cc trng thi chuyn tip, hoc khi ph ti bin i v khi m my khng lm bin dng hoc ph v hnh dng ca chi tit my.

Hnh 9.5. Tuc bin kh; 1-b phn an ton; 2-bm du ca h thng iu khin; 3-bm du ca h thng bi trn; 4- ; 5-chn trc; 6-rto; 7-thn; 8-ng ra; 9-chn sau; 10-ni trc tng cng cng ca c ng dn vo ngi ta dng lp cch nhit bn trong, do c nhit tr ln nn nhit ca tng ngoi thp ng thi lm gim khng u ca nhit trong thn tuc bin. i khi ngi ta thit k khe rng thi gi vo gia lm tch dng sn phm chy vi thn thay cho lp cch nhit. hn ch cc vt nt bn trong thn th yu cu ti c ng dn phi c phn b nhit u v trng nhit i xng qua trc vi cc lc cn bng. 111

B. Stator B phn ny gm thn v nhng bnh tnh. Thn tuc bin kh phn ln c bo v chng tc dng trc tip ca sn phm chy nh lp vt liu ngn cch gia b phn t cc bnh tnh, thn trung gian v cc vng chn pha trn dy cnh ng. Mc ch dng thn trung gian l nhm to c s phn b nhit ng u quanh chu vi gim tc dng ca ng sut nhit cc ch chuyn tip khi vn hnh. Thn trung gian cng c tc dng phn chia stato thnh cc phn chc nng nh chu la, gii hn dng sn phm chy v phn p sut vi nhit thp hn dng chuyn i nhng ngoi lc v ni lc p sut nhm to ra kh nng thch hp cho qu trnh bin i dng nhit trong tuc bin v cng thun li khi m my. i vi thit k my bay thay th lp ngn bn trong nng hn ca thn ngi ta dng cnh thi khng kh p sut thp qua khng gian gia hai lp lt bn trong v thn. bnh tnh, do nhit thay i nhiu nn c ch to m bo cho php cc cnh tnh hoc cc cm cnh tnh c th dn n c. Ngoi ra t c hiu sut cao, trn vnh cc cnh ng c lp vng chn hng knh. C. Rto ca tuc bin kh Cu trc ca roto khc nhau ty thuc vo nhit ca sn phm chy vo tuc bin. Khi sn phm chy c nhit cao hn, dng rto c a thch hp hn, v loi ny lm mt d hn. Rto dng tang trng c u im hn v mt cng ngh nhng tt nhin ch ph hp i vi nhit sn phm chy thp. Rto c a c lm nh bulng lp ghp gn a vo cc bch hay nh bulng sit tm hay bng vi bulng t theo chu vi. cc bnh ng c th bin dng theo hng knh mt cch c lp thng ni trc vi a nh rng kha dc trc. Rto ca tuc bin nhiu tng thng c t trong hai , cn i vi loi c mt n hai tng th c th lp a ln trc c mt u t do. cc tuc bin lm vic vi tc vng cao, cnh c gn trn a nh chn cnh dng cy thng. Cnh qut ng lun l loi xon c hiu chnh thch hp vi tit din nh dn t gc n nh va lm gim trng lng cnh va t nguy him khi u cnh chm phi thn khng gy tch t nhit cc b ln, to hiu qu vn hnh tt. D. C ng ra Cch b tr ca tng loi thit b tuc bin s quyt nh Hnh dng c ng ra. C ng ra thng hng sn phm chy t hng dc trc thnh hng vung gc vi trc quay. Trong c ng ra l ng loe vnh khn dc trc hay hnh cn chuyn i phn ng nng ca sn phm chy thnh p sut li ra t tuc bin. E. Lm mt tuc bin kh Mt nh hng ng k n hiu sut v cng sut ring ca tuc bin kh l nhit sn phm chy trc tuc bin. Mc nh hng ca n hin nhin b gii hn do sc bn ca vt liu gim khi nhit tng. vt liu c th chu c sn phm chy c nhit cao th cn lm mt cc b phn bn ngoi ca tuc bin kh bng cch thi khng kh nn hay hi hoc nc qua. Nhng yu cu lm mt l: 1. Gi nhit kim loi cc phn ngoi gi tr cho php. 112

2. Do nh hng ca lng khng kh c trch ra lm mt nn yu cu lm mt khng vt qui nh. 3. gii hn sc cng do bin dng nhit gy nn, cn phi lm ng u trng nhit ca kim loi nhng ch khng th dn n c. 4. H thng lm mt cn lm n gin, bn vng v hnh dng tt c trng thi vn hnh v phi gi c tin cy vn hnh. 5. Cn phi m bo c qu trnh cng ngh cho php. Lm mt cn tp trung vo nhng b phn chnh nh cnh qut ng, rto, cc cnh tnh v thn tuc bin.

113