Frame of Reference, Distance/Displacement, Time, Speed/Velocity, Acceleration, Forces

Goal 2: EOC Review

Motion
Motion is the change in position of an object over time. All motion is relative to frames of reference (how you perceive it), such as your home or a street intersection.
From a reference point, motion can be described by its speed, direction, and elapsed time.

Motion
Distance is a measure of how much an object has moved in meters (m), and does not involve direction. Displacement is a measure of how distance and direction change. EX: A truck traveled 30 miles east, and then turned back 20 miles west. Its displacement is 10 miles east.

Motion
Speed is a measure of distance divided by time (in meters/second) and does not involve direction. Velocity refers to both the speed of an object and the direction of its motion. (v=d/t) v = velocity (m/s) d = distance (m) t = time (s)

Motion
Average velocity is the total displacement divided by the elapsed time. If a car travels at varying velocities, an average velocity can be calculated.

Motion
Acceleration is the change of an objects velocity over time. Speeding up is positive acceleration and slowing down is negative acceleration.

Motion
a = (vf vi) / t

a = acceleration (m/s/s or m/s2) vi = initial velocity (m/s) vf = final velocity t = time (s)

Motion
Graphs picture motion by plotting time on the xaxis. Either distance or velocity is plotted on the yaxis. A distance-time graph pictures constant velocity as a straight line with a positive (up) or negative (down) slope or angle.

Motion

Motion
A distance-time graph has a curved slope for positive acceleration (up) and negative acceleration (down)

Practice Problems
Focus!

Forces
A force is a push or pull on an object. Forces are the ability to do work and put objects in motion. Friction is the opposition to motion (also a force). Gravity is a force that pulls objects downwards.

Forces
When two unequal forces act on an object, you get an unbalanced force. When two equal forces act on an object in opposite directions, you have a balanced force, and a net force of zero.

Forces
Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma)

The net force acting on an object and its acceleration are directly related. As the net force increases, the objects rate of acceleration increases.

Forces
An objects mass and its acceleration are inversely related. As objects increase in mass, it takes more force to accelerate them. Mass is the amount of matter in an object measure in kilograms.

Forces
Newtons (N) are used as the standard unit when describing forces. The force of gravity pulling down on an objects mass is called weight (Fw). The formula Fw =ma is used to calculate an objects weight. The units of weight are newtons (N).

Forces
Earths force of gravity accelerates objects downwards with an approximate value of 9.8 m/s2. Substituting that constant value for acceleration (a), we can calculate the weight of an object by knowing its mass. Weight changes as the force of gravity changes.

Brain Exercise!
Aka: practice problems

Newtons Laws of Motion

Forces are defined as pushes and pulls that one object exerts on another object. All objects have a natural tendency to resist changes in motion. This tendency, called inertia, causes object to tend to remain constant in terms of speed and direction.

Newtons Laws of Motion

Newtons First Law of Motion, also referred to as the law of inertia, states that the velocity of an object will remain constant unless a net force acts on it. (If it is moving, it will keep moving, if it is at rest, it will stay at rest until a force applies itself).

Newtons Laws of Motion

An objects inertia depends on its mass. The greater the mass of an object, the greater the inertia it has. A greater inertia means that something is harder to slow down, speed up, or change direction if it is moving.

Newtons Laws of Motion

Newtons Second Law of Motion states that when a net force acts on an object, the object will accelerate in the direction of the net force.

Newtons Laws of Motion

The net force acting on an object and the objects acceleration are directly related: the larger the net force, the greater the acceleration. An objects mass and its acceleration are inversely related: the larger the mass of the object, the smaller the rate of acceleration.

Newtons Laws of Motion

Newtons Third Law of Motion states that when one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts a force on the first that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. Newtons Third Law explains why rockets are pushed upward into space. When the fuel is burned, the gases exert a downward force, thereby exerting an equal and opposite upward force on the rocket.

Finish It Up..
..with some more practice problems!