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Grammar
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CONTENTS
Foreword for language teachers
vii
vltl x I
'|
v
to
22
Forming plurals
Weak nouns Proper nouns
24 25
Articles
Adjectives
'
4o 40
42
Adjectives used as nouns Some other points about adjectives Comparatives of adjectives Superlatives of adjectives Adverbs
How adverbs are used How adverbs are formed Adverbs ofplace Comparatives and superlatives of adverbs Word orderwith adverbs Emphasizers
5o
5'l
53
55 57
57 57
5o
62
55
57
Pronouns
Personal pronouns: subject Personal pronouns: direct object Personal pronouns: indi rect object Personal pronouns: after prepositions
Possessive pronouns
69 7o
74 76 78
8o
82
8q 86 89 9r
91
93
'l02
lo5 lo9
I3
rt8
123 '125
conditional
The pluperfecttense
The subjunctive
14
129
The infinitive
134
136 139
to be used with both young and adult learners, as a group reference book to complernent your course book during classes, or as a recommended text for self-study and homework/coursework"
Modalverbs lmpersonalverbs
There is,rfhere are Use of"es" as an anticipatory object
Verbs followed by prepositions Verbs followed by the dative case
142
143
The text specifically targets learners from ab initio to intermed iate or GCSE level, and therefore its structural content and vocabularV have been matched to the relevant specifications up to and including HigherCCSE. The approach aims to develop knowledge and understanding of grammar and your learners'abilityto apply it by:
r45 't48
'150 153
153
The passive
r
o
Conjunctions
Co-ordinating conjunctions Co-ordinating conjunctions with two parts Subordi nating conjunctions Word order Negatives
r68
r68
170
172
defining parts of speech at the start of each major section with examples in English to clarify concepts min imizing the use of grammar terminology and provid ing clear explanations of terms both within the text and in theGlossary illustrating all points with examples (and theirtranslations) based on toD ics and contexts wh ich are relevant to bec inner and intermed iate
course content
't75
't79 'r82
The text helps you develop positive attitudes to grammar learning in your classes by:
r8z
't85
. . .
r88
't92 192
r94
198
Alphabet
Main Index VerbTables Verb Index
Note on trademarks
r99
l-98
99-103
Entered words wh ich we have reason to believe constitute tradonr,rr kr lravr, lrr'r,rr (lr'\r(lf tdt ed neitherthe presence northe absence ofsuclr rlcrir;rr.rttorI',lkri:lrl trl rr,r;,rrded as affecti ng the legal status ofany trademark.
as such. However,
rtp
Use Sie
Whether you are starting to learn cerman for the very first time, brushing up on topicsyou have studied in class, or revising foryourCCSE exams, the EasV Leorning Cerman Crammaris here to help. This easy-to-use guide takes you through all the basics you will need to speak and understand modern, everyday German.
Newcomers can sometimes struggle with the technical terms they come across when theV start to explore the g rammar of a new language. The Edsy Learning Cermon Crammar explains how to get to g rips with all the parts of speech you will need to know, using simple language and cutting out jargon.
The text is divided into sections, each dealing with a particulararea of grammar. Each section can be studied individuallv, as numerous cross-references in the text
vou.
Key points sum up all the important facts about a particular area of grammar, to save you time when you are revising and help you focus on the main grammatical oo i nts.
Key points witnmasculine sinqular nouns in the nominative
point you to relevant points i n other sections ofthe book for further information.
Every major section begins with an explanation of the area of grammar covered on the following pages. For quick reference, these definitions are also collected together on pages x-xiv in a glossary of essential grammar terms.
use
ein.
use
eine.
What is a verb? A verb is a'doing'word which describes what someone or something does, what someone or something is, or what hapPens to them, for example, be,
sing,live.
lf you think you would like to continue with your Cerman studies to a h igher level, check out the Grammar Extra sections. These are i ntended for advanced students who are interested in knowino a little more about the structures thev will come across bevond CCSE.
Grammar Extra!
point in the text
is
Each grammar
Some 6erman adjectives are used as fem i n i ne nouns. They have fem inine adjective end ings wh ich change according to the article which comes before them.
complete with English translations, helping you understand the rules. Underlining
has been used in examples
eine Deutsche
die Abgeordnete
a Cerman
woman
the female M P
being explained.
{S
rsr more informotion on Adjectives which can be used as nouns and for Feminine ddjective endings, see pages 5o and 42.
lf you are talking about a part oFyour body, you usually use a word like
my
or
his
Hinde schon
gewaschen.
hands.
Finally, the supplement at the end of the book contains Verb Tables, where important Cerman verbs are conjugated in full. Examples show you how to use these verbs in your own work. lf you are unsure of how a verb conjugates in Cerman, you can look up theVerb Index on pages 99-t03 to flnd eitherthe conjugation ofthe verb itself, or a cross-reference to a model verb, which will show you the patterns
97
In Cerman, as with any foreign language, there are certain pitfalls which have to be avoided. Tips and Information notes throughout the text are useful reminders
andfind it
CO-ORDINATINC CONJ UNCTION a word such as and, but or however that links two words, phrases or clauses.
without
to
Comparewith infinitive.
cONSONANT a letter of the alphabet which is not a vowel, forexample, b, I m, s, v etc. Compare with vowel. CONSTRUCTION an arrangement of words together i n a phrase or sentence.
DATIVE CASE the form ofnouns, adjectives,
FEM lNlN E one of three classifications for the gender ofCerman nouns which determines the form of articles, pronouns and adjectives used with the noun and to refer to it. The other two classifications are masculine and neuter.
adjectives, pronouns and articles used in Cerman to show the direct object ofa verb and after certain prepositions. compare with direct object.
ACTIVE in an active sentence, the subject
pronouns and articles used in German to show the i nd i rect object ofa verb and
or adjective neuter.
feminine, masculine or
with
-er on
ofthe verb
is
frontof itthat
i
after certa
n verbs a
nd prepos itions.
adjectlves, pronouns and articles used in Cerman to show that something belongs to someone and after certain prepositions.
IMPERATIVE
Compare
form used to talk about th ings that wou ld happen or would be true under certain conditions, for example, I would help you if I could.lt is also used to say what you would like or need,
CONDITIONAL
a verb
words this. thdt,theseandthose used with a noun to poi nt out a particular person or
th i ng, for exam ple, this womon, thot dog.
for example, Could you give me the bill? coNJUGATE (to) to give a verb different endings according to whether you are referri ng to l, you, they and so on, and according to whetheryou are referring to past, present or future, for example, I hove,
she had, thev
according to whetheryou are referring to masculine, feminine, neuter, singular or plural people and things.
AGREEMENT see agree
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN one of the words this, th at, these and those used instead ofa noun to point out people or th i ngs, for exam ple,Thot looks fun.
DIRECT OBJECT a noun referring to the
to talk about the past, especia ly i n descriptions, and to sav what was happen ing, for example, lt wos sunnv
attheweekend orwhat used to happen,
with perfect.
IMPERSONALVERB one which does not refer to a real person or th ing and where the subject is represented by rt, for example, lt's going to roin; lt's10 o'clock. tNDEFtNtTEAD.IEcTtvE one of a small
(to).
with
APoSTRoPHE s an ending ('s) added to a noun to show who or what someone or something belongs to, for example,
Danielle's dog, the doctols husband, the book's cover. ARTICLE a word likethe, a and an,
is used in
indirect object.
DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUN a word such
as me, him, us and them
will have.
which
which is used
have the same end i ngs as each other or change according to the same pattern.
which
CONJUNCTION a word such as Ind, because or but that links two words or phrases of a similartype ortwo parts of a sentence, for example, Diane and I hove been friends
for years.; I left b,gcqtlsgl was bored. Compare
instead ofa noun to stand i n for the person or thing most directly affected by the action described by the verb. Compare
for
esti ons.
example, geh + geht, and to adjectives and nouns depending on whetherthey referto masculine, feminine, neuter, singular or plural things.
INDIRECT OBTECT a noun or pronoun typically used in English with verbs that
take two objects. For example , in I gave the carrot to the rabbit. the robbit is the
i
changes its vowel to form the imperfect tense and the past participle, like strong verbs. lts past participle is formed by adding -tto the verb stem, like weak verbs. Compare with strong verb and weak verb. MoDALVERBS are used to modifv or change otherverbs to show such things as ability,
per m i ssi o n
ORDINAL NUMBER a number used to indicate where something comes in an order or sequence, for example ,first, frfth,
sixteenth.
PART OF SPEECH one ofthe categories to which allwords are assigned and which describe their forms and how thev are used i n sentences, for example, noun, verb,
a
POSSESSIVE PRONOUN one of the words mine, yours, hers, his, ours or theirs, used
i
nd i rect
object. With some Cerman verbs, what is the direct object in English is treated as an indirect object in, for example, ch hef fe ihr l'm helping her. Compare
f
word such
as ot, for,
with, into otfrom, which is usually followed by a noun, pronoun or, in English, a word
ot
nece
ssity.
Fo r exa m p I e,
ending in -ing. Prepositions show how people and things relate to the rest ofthe
sentence, for example, Shes ot home; a tool
verb has two objects (a direct one and an indirect one), the indirect object pronoun is used instead ofa noun to show the person orthe thing the action is intended
PASSIVE a form ofthe verb that is used when the subject ofthe verb is the person or th in9 that is affected by the action, for
fu
to
say
that
example, weweretold.
PAST PARTICIPLE a verb
what
form, for example,
nie i n
for
to
report what someone has said when you aren't using their actual words, for example, He soid that he was going out.
the gender of German nouns wh ich determ ines the form of article, pronou ns and adjectives used with the noun and to refer to it. The other two classifi catio ns
are masculine and
pluperfect tenses and passives. Some past participles are also used as adjectives, for example, a broken watch.
PERFECT one
in -ing which is used in English to form verb tenses, and which mav be used as an adjective or a noun, for example,
What ore you doina?', the settina sun Swimmina is easy!
feminine.
NOMINATIVE CASE the basic form of nouns, pronouns, adjectives and articles
used in German and the one vou find in the dictionary. lt is used forthe subject of the sentence. Compare
to talk about the past, especially about actions that took olace and were completed in the past. Compare with
imperfect.
PERSONAL PRONOUN one
ofthe group
I NTERROGATIVE ADJ ECTIVE a question word used with a noun to ask who?, whot?
PRONOUN a word which Vou use instead ofa noun, when vou do not need orwant to name someone orsomething directly, for example, it, you, none.
PROPER NOUN the name of a person, place, organization orthing. Propernouns are always written with a capital letter, for example, Kwin, Clasgow, Europe,
London Eye.
with subject.
desk,
or which?for exam ple, Whot instruments do Vou plav?;Which shoes do You like?
I
are used to refer to yoursell the people you are talki ng to, or the people or thi ngs you are talking about.
words who, whose, whom, whot and which when they are used instead ofa noun to ask questions, for example, Whof s happening?;
who's coming?
which refers to a person or thi ng that is affected by the action described by theverb. Compare with direct object, indirect object and
subject.
OBJECT PRONOUN one
ofthe verb tenses used to describe something that had happened or had been true at a point in the past, for
PLUPERFECT one
MASCULINE one of three classifications forthe gender of German nouns which determi nes the form of articles, pronouns and adjectives used with the noun and to refer to it. The other two classifications are feminine and neuter.
ofthe set of
which is used to referto more than one person orthing. Compare with singular.
PLURAL the form of a word
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE one of the
mV, Vour, his, her, its, our
QUESTION WORD a word such as why, where, who, which or howwh ich is used to
ask a question. REFLEXIVE PRONOUN a word ending
pronou ns i nclud i ng
words
in -selfor -selves, such as myselflor themselves,which refers back to the subject, for example,He hurt himself;
Take core of vourself.
which are used instead ofthe noun as the object oFa verb or preposition. Compare with subject pronoun.
a noun to show
belonos to another.
and object are the same, and where the action 'reflects back'on the subject.
A reflexive verb is used
with
a reflexive
feeling, or to show doubt about whether something will happen orwhether something is true. lt is only used occasionally in modern English, for
example, If I were you, I wouldn't bother.:
So be
NOUNS
What is a noun? noun is a'naming'word for
it.
hinself.
RELATIVE CLAUSE Dart
living being, th ing or idea, for example, womon, according to their qender, case and
ofthe sentence in
WOTd SUCh AS
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE a clause which begins with a subordinating conjunction such as because or while and which must
be used with a main clause. In Cerman, the verb always goes to the end ofthe
thdt,
it
is used
to lin k two
subordinate clause.
SUBORDINATI NG CONJUNCTION a word
usually has
capital letter at the beginning and a full stop, question mark or exclamation mark at the end.
a sentence has a
that I inks the subordinate clause and the main clause in a sentence. ComDare with subordinate clause.
such as when, because or while SUPERLATIVE an adjective or adverb
-est on the end of
their qender. In English, we call all things - for example, table, car, book, opple 'it', but in German, even words for things have a gender. lt is important to know that the gender ofCerman nouns rarely relates to the sex ofthe person or thing it refers to. For example, in German, the word for "man" is masculine, but the
word for
"g
with
der Mann
das MHdchen die Person
irl
Comparewith plural.
STEM the main part of a verb to which endings are added. STRONG VERB a German verb whose stem
of
itthat
I
things
person
st interesti ng.
u n
SYLLABLE consonant+vowel
its that
changes its vowel to form the imperfect tense and the past participle. lts past participle is not formed by add ing -t to the verb stem.Also known as irreqularverbs. Compare with weak verb.
SUBJECT
for
it is masculine,
with it.
such as:
the noun or pronoun used to refer to the person which.does the action
described by the verb, for example, Mv cdt doesn't drink milk. Compare with object.
word such as l, he, sheand theywhich carries out the action described by the verb. Pronouns stand in for nouns when it is clearwho is being talked about, for example, n/y brother isn't here otthe moment.He'll be backin an hour. Compare with object pronoun.
SUBJECT PRONOUN a
a'doing'word which describes what someone or something does, what someone or something is, or what happens to them, for example, be, sing, live.
e, i, o
see
pages
4c., 25
and 69.
or u.
> You can find information about gender by looking the word up in a dictionary
in the Edsy Leorning Cerman Dtctionory,for example, you willfind the definite article (the wordforthe) in front of the word. When you come across a new noun, always learn the word forthe that goes with itto help you remember its gender.
WEAK VERB a Cerman verb whose stem does not change its vowel to form the imperfect tense and the past participle.
Its past participle isformed byadding
of
-t to the verb stem. Also known as regular verbs" compare with strong verbs.
o der before a noun tells Vou it is masculine . die before a noun tells you it is feminine o das before a noun tells vou it is neuter
articte,
see
plge
25.
NoUNs
We referto something as singularwhen we are talking about just one, and as pluralwhen we are talking about more than one.The singular is the form of the noun you will usually fi nd when you look a noun up in the dictionary. As in English, nouns in Cerman change theirform in the plural.
Nour.ts
Gender
In German a noun can be masculine, feminine or neuter. Gender is quite unpredictable - the best thing is simply to learn each noun with its definite article, that is the word for the (der, die or das) wh ich goes with it:
Adjectives, articles and pronouns are also affected bywhethera noun is singular or plural.
carpet
time
picture
Ttp
Remember that you have to use the right word for the, o and so on accord i ng to the gender and case ofthe German noun.
Howevet there are some clues which can help you work out or remember the gender ofa noun, as explained below.
tr
L
Masculine nouns
Nouns referring to male people and animals are masculine. der Mann der Ldwe man (male) lion
>
derAugust
der Freitag
August
Friday
derWind
der Norden
wind north
Most nouns referring to things that perform an action are also masculine.
derWecker
der Computer
alarm clock
computer
Grammar Extra!
cerman nouns taken from other languages and ending
derTrabaIIE der Ballast der Kapitalismus derTresor
satel I ite
cap ital ism in
safe
Meaning
carper
vinegar spflng
-ling
Noutts
Key points
Nourus
)
D
Numbers used in counting, for example one, three, fifty are feminine.
Er hat eine Drei
y' y'
Nouns referring to male people and animals are masculine. Seasons, months, days oftheweek, weatherand points ofthe compass are masculine.
gekriegt.
He got a three
In German, there are sometimes verv different words for male and female,
justas in English.
der Mann die Frau der Vater die Mutter der Bulle die Kuh man
A
>
Feminine nouns
Most nouns ending in -e are feminine. die Falte die Briicke
crease,
woman
wrinkle
father mother
bull
bridge
E
>
cow
Note that male people or animals ending in -e are masculine, and, nouns lreginning with Ge- and ending in -e are normally neuter.
Many masculine Cerman nouns can be made feminine by add ing -in in the
singularand -innen in the plural. der Lehrer die Lehrerln Lehrer und Lehrerilnen
(male) teacher (female) teacher (male and female) teachers (male) reader (female) reader our reaoers
the lion
crop
Meaning beauty
der Leser
-heit -keit
-schaft
-un9
-el
die Leserin
unsere Leser und Leser!nng4
sight
trade union newspaper
lrakerV
Grammar Ertra!
Some German adjectives are used as femin ine nouns. They have feminine adjective endings wh ich change according to the article which comes before them.
Grammar E><tra!
cerman nouns taken from other languages and end ing in -anz, -enz, -ie, -ik, -ion, feminine, with some exceptions.
eine Deutsche
a Cerman
woman
-tit,
-ur are
die Abgeordnete
r)
thefemale MP
BUT:
derKranz
wreath
For more information on Adjediveswhich can be used as nouns ond for Feminine adjeaive endings, see pqges 50 ana 42.
knee
Key
Pacific
spy
points
Elektrizitit dieTemperatul
die
electricity
temperature
BUT
dasAbitur
Vostnouns ending in -e are feminine. vtanyfeminine nouns end in:-heit, -keit, -schaft, -ung, -ei.
Masculine Cerman words referring to people can be made feminine
A levels
For
Nouns
Nourus
tr
)
Neuternouns
Most nouns beginning with Ge- are neuter.
das Geschirr das Geschtipf das Getreide crockery, dishes creatu re crop
Meaning
evenr
-tum
property
Nouns ending in -lein or-chen are also neuter. These are called the d iminutive form and refer to small persons or objects.
Endings to form the
Grammar Ertra!
Cerman nouns taken from other languages and ending in -at, -ett, -fon, -ma, -ment, -um are neuter. das Reserve!
das
Example
das Kindlein das Hiuschen
Meaning ittle
ch i ld
diminutive -lein
-chen
I
reservation
little house
Tablett
Iray
pnone subject, topic
dasTelefo4 dasThema
das Medikament das
Note that if these words have one of the vowels a, o or u, an umlaut should final -e should also be dropped before these
oru9
Ultimatunl
ultimatum
studies
BUT: der
Reichtun0
wealth
das Studium
(small) stream
kitten
ey points
> )
ein Drittel
davon
third of it
y'-
Nouns which refer to young humans and animals are neuter. das Baby das Kind balry
child
calf
lamb
be any gender.
thediminutiveform of nouns
is neuter.
ruote
cattle
-o pene
swimming
playing cycling
das
daS
Spielen Radfahren
n Cerman, these
words nearly always take thei r gender from the LAST nou n
of the compound
word.
+
plge :64.
die Uhr)
der Spieler)
wristwatch
tomato salad
footballer
For
Nourus
Nouls
Grammar Ertra! The Cases
Some Cerman nouns have more than one oender.Afew nouns have two oenders and sometimes one ofthem can only be used in certain regions
InCerman,therearefourgrammatical cases-nominative,accusative,qenitive
and dative. The case you should use depends on the grammatical function ofthe noun in the sentence.
derllag
derldas
Marzipan
Kaugummi
marzipan
biscu
(der Marzipan is used mostly in Austria) (dds Keks is used mostlv in Austria)
derldas Keks
it
chewing gum
tr
D
Other nouns have two genders and the meaning ofthe word changes dependi ng on which gdnder it has. der Band
das Band der See die See volume, book
find in the
dictionary.
Case
Masculine
Feminine
die Dose
Neuter
das Lied
Nominative
derWagen
ein Wagen
eine Dose
see poge 25.
ein Lied
der Leiter
die Leiter
leader, manager
ladder
+
.
For more
informotion on Aftictes,
In German, abbreviations have the same genderas the word they come from.
the subject of the sentence, that is the person, animal or thing'doing' the
the Federal Republic of Cermany (from die Bundesrepublik Deutschland ) theCerman Railways (from die Deutsche Bahn)
action
Das
Midchen singt.
The girl is singing. The cat is sleeping. to be) and werden (meaning to be, to become) He is a good teacher. It's going to be
a
Germanw channel
(from das Zweite Deutsche Fernsehen)
jumper.
Key points
y' y' t
e
D
Theaccusativecase
The
Compound nouns are nouns made up of two or more words and usually take their gender from the last part of the compound word. SomeCerman nouns have morethan oneqenderand thiscan affect
articleforfeminine and neuter nouns in the accusative case has the same form as in the nominative. Der for masculine nouns chanoes to den and ein to einen.
Case
their meaning.
abbreviations have the same gender as the words they come
Masculine
der Wagen ein Wagen den Wagen
Neuter
das Lied
:r:r#r"
Nominative
Accusative
ein Lied
das Lied
einen Wagen
ein Lied
Q )
Forfurther explanation ofgrammatical terms, please
see pages x-xiv.
page 25.
o to show the d
bv the
to
Noutrts
He gave me a lrook.
NouHs tr
-What
did
he give me?
abook(=diys61e6itt
ch sehe den Hund . -What do I see? * den Hund (=direct object) Er hat ein Lied gesungen.* Wh at did he sing? + ein Lied (=/iysct object)
-Wh\t cln
atowel (=liys61s6i..11
you very m u ch
which are alwavs used with the accusative. ist fiir seine Freundin. It's for his g irlfriend. Es ist schwierig ohne einen Wagen. lt's difficult without a car. durch das Rauchen wurde ich Smoking made me ill. krank.
d The genitive case ) Der for mascul ine nouns and das for neuter nouns change to des. Ein changes
to eines. The end ings of mascu line and neuter singular nouns also change in the genitive case.
D
66
see page
der Wagen car des Wagens das Rauchen smoking des Rauchens
der Esel donkey des Eselg der Computer computer + des Computerg lch mag die Farbe des Wageng. Die GriiBe des Computerg
I li ke
auf hinter
in
neben
important.
-es is added to most masculine and neuter nouns of one syllable ending in a
nextto, beside
over, across, above
consonant.
der Freund friend - des Freundes der Mann man * des Mannes der Sitz seat des Sitzes der Arzt doctor + des Arztg5 derTisch table des Tisches
0ber
unter
vor
zwischen Stell dein Rad neben mein Auto. Sie legten ein Brett liber das Loch.
under, among
in front o[, before between Put your bike next to my car. They put a board over the hole.
'
des Schlosses
[J
hilft The doctor's sister helps him manchmal in der Sprechstunde. in the surgery sometimes. Das Museum befindet sich The museum is nearthe castle. in der Nihe des Schlosses.
Die Schwester desArztes
He was in
town.
For more information on Prepositions followed by the accusotive or the dotive case,
see poge 158.
Die changes to der and eine to einer in the genitive. The endings of fem inine sinqular nouns in the genitive case are the same as in the nominative.
der Arztin
Feminine
die Dose
Masculine
der Wagen ein Wagen den Wagen
Neuter
das Lied
Donnerstag.
She does
that everyThursday.
Nominative
Accusative
eine Dose die Dose eine Dose der Dose einer Dose
see
ein Lied
das Lied
entfernt.
einen Wagen
ein Lied
des Lied5 eines Lieds
cenitive
des Wageng
eines Wagens
For
For more
information on Articles,
poge 25.
12
Nout'ts
NouHs r3
Grammar Ertra!
-e may also be added to the dative singular ofmasculi ne and neuter nouns to make the phrase
Auto der Frau war rot. The woman's carwas red. DerHundmeiner Mutteristganz Mymother'sdogisreallysmall.
Das
easrerto Dronounce
zu welchem zwecke?
klein.
to what purpose?
sie
to show the ind i rect object of a verb - an ind irect object answers the question who to/for? ot to/for whatT
(=
o
E_l
in some expressions of
time
one oay
+ the man
eines Tages
Er gab
o aftercertainverbs
The dative case
Der changes todem and ein toeinem in the dative. Singular nouns in the dative have the same form as in the nominative. dem Auto
He helps his
motherwith the
po ge
housework.
dem Midchen
u8.
Die changes to der and eine to einer in the dative. Singular nou ns in the dative have the same form as in the nominative.
Case
walk.
with
friend.
Masculine
der Wagen ein Wagen
Feminine
die Dose
Neuter
das Lied
Nominative
Accusative Genitive
t-) .
FormoreinformationonPrepositionsfollowedbythedotivecose,seepoge$3.
eine Dose
die Dose
ein Lied
das Lied
eine Dose der Dose einer Dose der Dose einer Dose
ein Lied
des Lieds
auf hinter
in
neben
eines Wagens
eines Lieds
Dative
dem Wagen
einem Wagen
Q For more information on Aftictes, see p\ge 25. ) -e is added to some nouns in certain set Dhrases.
Wirgehen nach Hause. Er hat sich zu Tode gearbeitet.
We're going home.
He
under, among
in
front ol before
between
l'm sitting next to the window.
The cat lay under the table.
14
Nouns
ruote tnat when there is some movement involved afterthese prepositions, the aqcusative cis,g is used.
Er
Nourus r5
Key
[f
points
y' ( ( y'
In German, there
He
She's
tnenominative
l58.
case is used to showthe subjectofa sentence and after the verbs, sein and werden. The accusative case is used to show the direct object
In certatn expressrons
ofa sentence
I'm cold.
y' y'
negenitive
sentence,
gewaschen.
washed my hair.
aus.
Takeyourjacketoff.
see
*
D
For more
page 37.
Changesto the defi niteand indefi nitearticlesder, die ordasand ein, eine or ein for each case are summarized in the table below to help make it easier for you to rememberthem.
Masculine
Case
Feminine Singular die eine die eine der einer der einer
Neuter Singular
das
Nominative
Accusative Genitive
ein
das
den
einen
des
ein
des
eines
Dative
dem einem
plge
25.
16
Noutts
Die Blumen waren nicht Die Lehrerinnen sind ziemlich
Nourus r7
Forming plurals
n English we usually make nouns plural by adding an -s to the end (gorden gordens',house* houses), although we do have some nouns which are irregular and do not follow th is pattern (mouse mice: child children).
|
teuer. jung.
quite
youn9.
Das Leben der Frauen in vielen
> In German, there are several differentways of making nouns plural. ) The definite article changes in the plural, as shown in the table below:
Masculine
Case
hin?
singular
der
den des
Neuter singular
das das des
tr
D
Nouns
Nominative
Accusative Genitive Dative
Many nouns have no plural endi ng - these are mostly masculine or neuter nouns ending in -en, -eror-el.
Case
Singular
der Kuchen (cake) der Lehrer (teacher) der Onkel (uncle) den Kuchen den Lehrer den Onkel
des Kuchens des Lehrers des Onkels
Plural
die Kuchen die Lehrer die Onkel die Kuchen die Lehrer die Onkel der Kuchen der Lehrer der Onkel den Kuchen den Lehrern den Onkeln
dem
dem
Nominative
Accusative
Nouns in the dative plural ALWAYS end in -n, except those nouns wh ich come
from other languages. Most of their pluralforms end in -s. For example:
Genitive
Dative
dem Kuchen
dem Lehrer
t1-l Feminine plural nouns ending in -n. -en. -nen > Most Cerman feminine nouns form their plural by adding
singu lar form.
Case
dem onkel
Die Kuchen sehen lecker aus. Die onkel kommen morgen an.
Das war die Schuld der Lehrer.
Es
Singular die Blume (flower) die Frau (woman) die Lehrerin (teacher)
Plural
die Blumen die Frauen
Nominative
den Kuchen.
That was the teachers'fault. There's a slight problem with the cakes.
die Lehrerinnen
die Blumen
Some of these nouns also have an umlaut added to the first vowel a. o or u in the
Accusative
plural.
Case
die Frauen
die Lehrerinnen
Plural
die Apfel die Garten die Apfel die Girten der Apfel der Girten den Apfeln den certen
Genitive
Nominative
Accusative Cenitive Dative
Dative
18
Nouns
Nourus r9
nicht reif
The apples aren't ripe enougn. The gardens were beautiful. Look at the size Die Geschenke sind aufdem Tisch. The presents are on the table.
I
ofthe applest
Sonne.
oftables.
She's going for a
tr
)
children.
Some masculine and neuter nouns add an umlaut above the fi rst vowel a, o or u and an -er ending in the plural.
Case
singular
das Dach (roof)
Plural
die Dlcher die Minner die Decher die Minner
Singular
der Stuhl (chair) die Angst (fear) den Stuhl die Angst
des Stuhl(e)s
Plural
die Sriihte die Angstg die stilhle die Angstg der St!!hle der Angste den stuhlen den Angsteq
Nominative
Accusative Genitive Dative
Nominative
Accusative
cenitive
Dative
dem Dach
dem Mann
The roofs are being repaired. The men had been completely
Die stlihle sind neu. Die Regierung muss die Angste der Bev6,lkerung ernst nehmen. Die Farbe der Stiihle.
The chairs are new. The government has to take the population's fears seriously. The colour of the chairs. The carpenter is making new legs forthe chairs.
Man hatte die Minnerviillig ver9essen. Was ist die Rolle der Minner in unserer Gesellschaft? Die Frauen sollten den Mlnnern nicht immer recht geben.
forgotten.
What
is
E_l
E_l
D
singular
das Ceschenk (present)
Plural
die Geschenkg die Tische die Kinder die Geschenke die Tische
Nominative
There is another g roup of German nou ns wh ich don't follow any of the rules for forming plurals - you just have to remember theml Here are some of the most common ones. As you will see, many of them are words from other languages, and it is common for such words to form their plural by adding -s:
Singular Meaning hotel
restau rant
Plural
die Autos
dasAuto
das Hotel das Restaurant das Baby
das Thema
die Kinder
der Geschenkg
cenitive
des Kindes
dieThemen
die Dramen die Risiken die Park5
Dative
den Kindern
see pages x-xiv.
der Park
der
chef
chiel head
die Firma
firm
20
Nouls
Die Hotelg in der Stadt sind ziemlich teuer. Die Risike4 sind sehr hoch. Die Kinder finden die Baby5 ganz The hotels in town are ouite exoensive.
The risks are very high.
Nourus zt
y'
y' y' y' y' y' y'
niedlich. Was heltst du von den Preisen der Autol? Das ist die Stadt mit den vielen
Parks.
think the balries are really cute. What do you think of the prices of
The children
":?:rTil:l
-en or
the cars?
That's the town with all the parks.
uanVnouns have no plural ending -theseare mostly masculineor neuter singular nouns end ing in -en, -er or-el. Some of these nouns also have an umlaut added to the vowel in the plural.
Some masculine nounsadd an umlautabovethefirstvowel a, o oru and an -e ending to form the plural. A few femi n ine nouns with a in the stem also follow this pattern.
El
>
Pluralversussingular
eine Brille eine Schere eine Hose
glasses, spectacles
Masculineand neuternouns often add-e or-er in the plural, and can sometimes add an umlaut above the first vowel a, o or u.
There are some unusual plural nouns in German which don't follow any Pattern.
Some nouns are always plural in English, but singular in German.
scissors
trousers
Nouns of measurement and quantity usually remai n si ngular even if preceded by a plural numlrer.
These nouns are only used in the plural in German to mean more than one pair.
zwei
Hosen
y' ne substance
noun ofquantity.
tr
)
lweigh eightstone.
The substance which they measure follows in the same case as the noun quantity, and NOT in the genitive case as in English. Sie hat drei Tassen Kaffee
She drank three cups He
of
ofcoffee.
22
Noutrts
Noutrs
z3
Weak nouns
some other common masculine nouns: der Bauer der Chirurg der Franzose der Kollege der Mensch der Ochse der Spatz
)
>
As we have seen, German nouns may change, accordi ng to thei r qender, case and number.This is called declension.
farmer
su
rgeon
Frenchman colleague
-en
Some masculine nouns have a weak declension - this means that they end in ot if the word ends in a vowel, in -n, in every case EXCEPT in the nom inative
singular case.
human being
OX
sparrow
The young French guy wanted
Singular der.lunge
den Jungen
des Jungen
Plural
die Jungen
Nominative
Accusative Genitive Dative
dieJungen derJungen
den Jungen
Der junge Franzose wollte schottland besuchen. lch habe den Franzosen seit einer Woche nicht mehr gesehen.
dem Jungen
>
Grammar Extra!
The noun der Name follows the same pattern as derJunge, except in the genitive singular,
der Psycholooe
Der Psychologe half ihm in seiner Krise.
the psychologist
The psychologist helped him through his crisis.
where it adds -ns instead ofj ust -n. Der Buchstabe (meaning letter(ofthe alphabet)),der Funke (meaning spdrk) and der Gedanke (meaning thought) also follow this patternCase
Singular
der Name den Namen
des Namens
Plural
die Namen die Namen der Namen den Namen That depends on how important the name is.
Nominative
Accusative Genitive Dative
Das
dem Namen
Wijrter.
long.
worth
lot
wert.
of money.
derAstronau!
der Komponisl
derArchitek!
Um Astronau! zu werden, muss
to
24
Nouns
AnrrclEs
25
Proper nouns
What is a proper noun?
the name of a person, place, organization orthing. Proper nouns are always written with a capital letter, for exam ple, Kevin, Glasgow, Europe,
A
is
Articles
What is an article? ln English, an article
a noun. is one of the
proper noun
London EVe.
In German, names of people and places only change in the qenitive sinoular when they add -s, unles3 they are preceded by the definite article or a demonstrative adjective (in English, this, that,these andthose).
E
>
Annas Buch
Klaras Mantel die Werke Goethes
BUT
Anna's book
Klara's coat Goethe's works
o thedefinitearticle:
or person.
theinEnglish"Thisisusedtoidentifyaparticularthing
o the indefi nlte article: a or on in English, some or any (or no word at all) in the
y.
plural.This is used to referto something unspecific, orsomething thatyou
do not really know about.
ls
I
For more information on Articles ond Demonstrative adjectives, see pages z5 ond
Grammar Extra!
Where proper names end in -s, -sch, -ss, -8, -x, -2, or -tz, adding an extra -s for the genitive makes them very difTlcult to pronounce.This is best avoided by using von + the dative case das Buch von Hans die Werke von Marx die Freundin von Klaus
Hans's book
lZ
>
}
D
>
to MrSchmidt
Dear Sirs
Surnames usually form their plurals by adding -s, unless they end in -s, -sch, -ss, -8,-x, -2, or-tz, in which case they add -ens. They are often preceded by the
In Cerman, however, the definite article has manyforms.AllCerman nouns are either masculine, femin ine or neuter and, just as in English, they can be either singularorplural.Theword you chooseforthedepends on whetherthe noun it is used with is masculine, feminine or neuter, singular or pluralAND it also depends on the case of the noun. This may sound complicated, but it is not too difTicult.
definite article.
Die SchmidtS haben uns zum Abendessen eingeladen. Die Schultzens waren nicht zu Hause.
The Schmidts have invited us
Die Frau ging spazieren. Der Mann ist geschieden. sie f5hrt mit dem Auto in die
to
Stadt.
She travels
I
dinner.
The Schultzes weren't at home.
nicht.
lch muss die Kinder abholen. Das will ich mit den Beh6rden besprechen.
I
I
see
plge
25.
authorities.
1.
see
plge
26
ARTICLES
Anrrclrs
Der Mann ging ins Haus. Die Frau gehtjeden Abend schwimmen. Sie wollen das Midchen adoptieren. Die zwei Frauen nebenan wollen ihr Haus renovieren. Der Mann mit der reichen Frau. Die Midchen gehen morgen ins The man went into the house.
27
>Thedefinitearticlechangesformasculine,feminineandneutersingularnouns.
Definite Article + Noun Masculine Feminine der Mann die Frau
das Medchen
Meaning
tne man the woman
Thewoman goes swimming every night. They want to adopt the girl.
The
Neuter
thegirl
two women next door want to renovate their house. with the rich wife.
The man
forall qenders.
Meaning the men
the women the girls
Kino.
DefiniteArticle
+
tomorrow.
I
Plural Noun
Mennern arbeiten.
the men.
die
Minner
die Frauen
diq Midchen
Key points
rtp
It is a good idea to learn the article or the gender with the noun when you come across a word for the first time, so that Vou know whether it is masculine, fem inine or neuter. A good dictionary will also give you
forall genders.
this information.
The definite article also changes according to the case sentence - nom inative, accusative, genitive or dative.
For more informotion on Coses,
see
) )
* )
article i n Cerman (der, die or das) is used in more or less the same way as we use the in English, but it is also used in Cerman in a few places where you might not expect it.
n ite article is used with words I i ke prices, Iife and time that descri be ities, ideas or experiences (called abstract nouns) rather than someth i ng thatVou can touch with your hand. Usually, the is missed out in English with this type of word. q
page g.
The defi
ual
article in each
case are as
follows:
All Genders Plural die die der
den
Masculine
Case
Neuter
Singular
das das des
singular
der
den
des
Nominative
Accusative Genitive Dative
dem
dem
[J
>
braucht Mut.
case
belongs to someone.
For
28
ARTICLES
Anrrcus z9
El
ruote that you do not usually use the definite article with the genitive case if the noun is a proper name or is being used as a proper name. A proper name is the name of a person, place, organization orthing.
)
D
wohntjetzt in der
Geisener
now
StraBe.
The definite article is used seit. nach and vor.
JansAuto
Jan's car
with months
of the
MuttisAuto
Mummy's car
e o
gegeben.
He gave it
to Frau Kekilli.
Q
D
For more
lf you're
article.
Die kosten fiinf Euro das Pfund. lch habe sechs Euro das Stlick bezahlt.
They cost five eu ros a pou nd.
I
gestorben.
in certain
)
feminine
article
is used
In German, you have to use the definite article in front of masculine and cou ntries and d istricts, but Vou don't need it for neuter ones.
Switzerland
is
also beautiful.
n/bus,/car
cerman, the defi nite article can be used instead ofa demonstrative
Du
ad
iective
that book!
today's Cermany
page
31.
with
names of seasons.
>
DerWinterkommtbald. l
You often use the defin ite article ab acht Uhr
Soonitwill bewinter.
with meals.
Dinner is served from eight
o'clock in the hotel.
use
Nachrichten h6ren
[f
ruote
that there are certain expressions with meals when you don't
the
definite article.
Um acht Uhr ist Fr[ihst0ck. Breakfast is at eight o'clock.
For
30
ARTTCLES
Anrrclrs
3t
tr
>
tr Words declined like the definite article ) These words follow the same Datterns as the definite article:
Nominative Pluralonly singular
Plural alle
beides
o o a )
The
Accusative alle
beides beide diesen, diese, dieses diese
Genitive
fiir
aller
beides
vordem +vorm
beide
dieser, diese, dieses diese
beider dieses/diesen,
dieser,
liegtvorm Haus.
singular
um das
Es
ums
It's a
lre used in
question of money.
Plural
diesem diesen
writing:
the
singular
-am
We go on holiday on rst of May. Plural
einigem,
einigeL einigem einigen
o indemrim
Das Buch
liegt im Haus.
einiger jedes/jeden,
jeder,
jedem,
jeder,
jedes/jeden jeder
jedem jeden
Jenem,
a a Q
Fo
zu dem
-zum
to go to the station. to school every day.
see p o ge
5ingular
jenen,
jene, jenes
Jene
jenelenen,
jener,
der-zur
gehtjeden Tag zur Schule.
She goes
jene,
jenes Plural Singular
Jene
jenelenen
jener
ma nch es/m
a
jener, jenem
Jenen
nc hen,
m o re i nfo r m ati o n o
mancher, manche, manches manche solchen solche, solches solche welcher, welche, welches welche
Key points
y'
Plural Singular
is used in Cerman
witfr:
hen,
. abstract nouns . the genitivecaseto show possession . propernames, incertain exceptional cases o masculine and feminine countries and districts o names ofseasons and with months ofthe yeat except after the
prepositions seit, nach and vor
Plural
5ingular
welches/welchen,
welcher,
welches/welchen welcher
y' y'
o .
names of roads
Plural
ra"O
a.rman can lre used in certain set expressions. "rr,a,a,n wnen combined with certain prepositions, the definitearticle can lre shortened.
"nO
Or*,
trtote that dieser orjener are used to translate the English demonstrative adjectives this, thot, th ese and th ose
alf e,
their children.
32
ARTTCLES
Anlcus
both
l've read both books.
33
pronouns - a pronoun is a word you use instead ofa noun, when you do not need or want to name someone or something d irectly, for example,
tt, v?u, none.
Dieserjunge Mann ist begabt. Dieses alte Haus ist wirklich schiin.
einiger, einige, einiges Einioe von uns gingen spazieren. Wir haben einiges gesehen.
jeder, jede, jedes
Jeder Schiiler bekommt ein Zeugnis. Sie kommt iedes Mal zu spit.
some,afew,alittle
Some of us went fora walk. We saw quite a lot of
Willst du diesen? Man kann ja nicht alles wissen. Es gibt manche, die keinen Alkohol miigen.
Do you
You can't know everything. There are some people who don't
likealcohol.
things.
time.
einiger and i rgendwelcher end in-s.
i
Grammar Extm!
n -en i n the gen
that, that one, those That boy had lost his wallet.
many a, Some
Some men like staying at home
ne or
neuter nou
ns end i ng
verloren.
mancher, manche, manches Mancher Mann bleibt gern mit den Kindern zu Hause. Manches Auto fihrt schneller als
jeder, welcher, mancher and solcher can also do this or can have the usual -es ending
Das Kind solcher Eltern
wird
than
Probleme haben.
zzokm/h.
solcher, solche, solches Ein solches Mountainbike
2zokm/h.
Trotzjeden Versuchs
dieVerhandlungen.
scheiterten
failed.
hitte ich
auch gern. welcher, welche, welches Welche Frau hat die Stelle bekommen?
such, such a l'd really like to have a mountain bike like that too.
solcher, beide and simtliche can be used after another article or Possessive adjective (in English, one of the words my, your, his, her, its, our or their).
Ein solches Rad habe ich
friiher
used
Orammar Extra!
samtliche and irgendwelcher also follow the same pattern
as the
definite article:
. semtliche
sie besitztTolkiens simtliche
Werke.
da?
ls there ls there
Although beide generally has pluralforms only, there is one singular form, beides. While beide is more common and can referto both people and things, beides refers only to things. Beide is used for two examples of the same thing or person, while beides is used fortwo different examples.
gab zwei Bleistifte und er hat beide genommen.
Es
There were
took both.
There was one pencil and one
BUT
o articles
Dieser Mann kommt aus Si.idamerika. This man comesfrom SouthAmerica. She goes to the office every day. sie geht ieden Tag ins
gab einen Bleistift und ein Bild und er hat beides genommen.
Es
Biiro.
@ Notethat beides
is
34
ARncLEs
Amcles
it
Key
35
dies often replaces the nom inative and accusative dieses and diese when is used as a Dronoun. Have you already read this? Hast du dies schon These are my new things. Dies sind meine neuen
points
I
gelesen? Sachen.
S ror more informotion on Pronouns, see pnge 69. ) alle also has a fixed form - all - wh ich is used together with other articles or
possessive pronouns.
icn-#;".;;"
ke the defi
All sein Mut war verschwunden. Was machst du mit all diesem
Geld?
All his courage had disappeared. What are you doing with all
Oeiaegenerally has plural forms only, but there is one singularform, beides.
as a pronoun dles often replaces the nominative and accusative dieses and diese.
a
this monev?
I * )
ganzcan be used to replace both alle and all and is declined like an adjective. 5he disappeared with allthe sie ist mit dem ganzen Geld
r/
6
verschwunden.
time phrases
hat den ganzen Tag
monev.
see
page 40.
I
I
>
in
Es
geschneit-
that starts with lt snowed the whole day long Therewasn'ta betterwine in the whole country
The entire company was
vowel.
so
me, onY
or nothi
at all.
word you choose for a depends on whether the noun it is used feminine or neuter, singular or pluralAN D it also depends on the case ofthe noun.
n German the
with
is masculine,
with nouns referri ng to a col lection of people or an i mals (collective nou ns)
Die ganze Gesellschaft war auf der Versammlung vertreten. represented at the meeting.
There's a car.
Grammar Extn!
derjenige/diejenige/dasjenige
(der)
+
(the one, those) is decl i ned i n the same way as the defi
ite article
teurer geworden.
The indefinite
Y7g.k.6;..,,t..
Masculine derjenige Mann denienigen Mann desienigen Mann(e)s demjenigen Mann Feminine dieienige Frau diejenige Frau Neuter dasienige Kind dasienige Kind desienigen Kind(e)s demienigen Kind
article
is
formed as follows:
Feminine etne
etne
Case
Case
Masculine
etn
Neuter
ein
etn etnes
Nominative
Accusative
Nominative
Accusative
Genitive Dative
etnen
ernes
cenitive
Dative
etner etner
dersef beld ieselbe/dasselbe (the some, the same one) is declined in the same way as derjenige. However, after prepositions, the shortened forms ofthe defi n ite article are used for the
ernem
etnem
appropriate parts of derselbe zur selben (=zu derselben) zeit im selben (=in demselben) Zimmer
>
fis
alten Dame.
36
Acncles
Er
Amcles
hatte keine Geschwister.
He had no brothers or sisters.
I
37
ln certain situations,you do notusethe indefinitearticle: when talking about the job someone does
Sie ist
Arztin.
She's a
doctor.
Muslim. This negative form of the indefinite article is even used when the
positiveform of the phrase has no article.
Er
[J
comes before the trtote that the indefinite article ts used when an adjective noun. She's a very talented journalist. Sie ist eine sehr begabte
Er
He was He
Journalistin.
in certain fixed exPressions
Grammar Extra!
I
fact...
he negative form of the indefinite article is also used in many informal expressions
after als (meaning as o) Als Lehrerin verdiene ich nicht gut' Als GroBmutter darf ich meine Enkel verw6,hnen.
don't earn very much as a teacher. As a grandmother, l'm allowed to spoil my grandchildren.
I lf you
Es
als
Es
...
hat mich keine zehn Euro
vergangen, gekostet.
that...
lt cost me
less
want to emphasize the ein in the sentence, nicht ein can Nicht ein Kind hat es singen kiinnen.
be used instead
ofkein.
tr
}|nEnglishweusewordsIikenotandnevertoindicatethatsomethingis
not happeni ng or
I
it
i)
see
page
vg
these words are used i n i s not true' The sentences that sentences. neoative are called
Key points
y'
me indefinite article
is used in German:
>lnCerman,youuseaseparatenegativeformoftheindefiniteartic|e,whichis nol like ein in the singular, and also has pluralforms. lt means
formed exactlv not o/not one/not anv.
Masculine
Case
. totranslatethe English a and onyinthesingular . to translate the English someor anyinthe plural o in negative sentences in its separate negative form, kein,
to translate not or never
Neuter
Singular kein kein
keines
y'
Singular
kein keinen keines keinem
Nominative
Accusative Genitive Dative
keiner
keinen
in certain
setexpressionsorafterals meaning as o
keinem
38
ARTCLES
Anncus
my
y
39
MV
islits
ihr
unser euer
herlits our
your (plurol familior) thei r your (polite singular ond plural)
mitkommen. Wo steht dein altes Auto? Er spielt FuBball mit seinerTante. Was ist mit ihrem Computer los? lhre Kinder sind wirklich verw6,hnt.
Wie geht es lhrer Schwester? lch will meine Kinder regelmiRig sehen.
Dative metnem, meiner, meinem mernen deinem, deiner, deinem deinen seinem, seiner,
sernem sernen
with
his aunt.
What How
I
is
ihr lhr
your sister?
see my
want to
children regularly.
following way.
Genitive
metneS,
Nominative
Singular mein, meine, mein merne dein, deine, dein deine
setnr
Accusative meinen,
metne,
Grammar bctra!
Possessive adjectives are often followed by other adjectives i n Cerman sentences. These adjectives then have the same endings as the indefinite article. Er liebt sein altes
Plural Singular
Auto.
He loves
is old car
ComDuterverkauft.
Where
is
Plural Singular
Schauspieler.
other.
seine,
sein
alte Frau.
Plural
setne
ih r,
seiner ihres,
ih rer, ih res ih
gekauft.
Touristen
singular
ihre,
ihren, ihre,
ihrem.
ihrer, ihrem ihren unserem, unserer, unserem unseren eu(e)rem, eu(e)rer, eu(e)rem eu(e)ren
herumfiihren.
ihr
Plural
ihr
ihre unseren, unserel unser
unsere
ihre
unser,
rer
Singulal
unseres,
unserer,
unseres
y'
unserer
eu(e)res,
possess ive adj ectives, y, you r, hi s, her, its, ou r or are decli ned I ike the indefinite articles ein and kein.
".. "r,|;:uJ;fi
th ei r,
eu(e)ren,
eu(e)re, eu(e)res
Singular
ihrem,
i
ihr
Plural Singular ihre lhr, lhre,
ihr
ihre lhren, lhre,
ihrer, ihres
i
rer,
ihrem
ihren
hrer
h
lhres,
I
lhrem,
I
rer,
rer,
lhr
Plural lhre
lhr
lhre
lhres
I
lhrem lhren
hrer
Aojesnves 4r
ECTIVES
What is an adjective? An adjective is a'describing'word that tells you more alrout
such as
blue, big.
As in English, Cerman adjectives come BEFORE the noun they describe, but AFTER the verb in the sentence. The only time the adjective does not agree with
thin9,
a black
cat
y'
Using adjectives
ost Cerman adjectives change their form accord i ng to the case of the nou n they are descritring and whether the noun is mascu line, feminine or neuter, singularor plural.
M
Adjectives are words like clever, expensive and silly that tell you more about a nou n can also tellyou more about a pronoun, such 1a ilving being, thing or idea). They called 'describing words'.They can be used sometimes are as he orthey. Adjectives right next to a noun they are describi n9, or can be separated from the noun by a verb like be,look, feel and so on.
a
y'
In German, as in English, adjectives come before the noun they describe, lrut AFTER the verb in the sentence.
an exDensive coat
a
He's
Q
a
>
In German, however, adjectives usuallyagreewith whattheyare describing' This means that their end ings change depending on whether the person or thing you are referring to is masculine, feminine or neutel and singular or plural' it also depends on the case ofthe person or thing you are describing and whether
it is preceded
by
The new book has arrived. ist da. I wanted to give it to the old woman. geben. lch wollte es der alten Frau Sie erzihlte mir eine langweilige She told me a boring story'
Das neue Buch
Cerman traditions
42
ADrEcflvEs
Aolecrves 43
>
These are the plu ral end i ngs of adjectives i n the weak declension Plural All Genders
die alten
"
tr
l
)>
Nominative
Accusative Genitive Dative
Minner/Frauen/Hiuser
die altgq Men nerlFrauen/Hiuser der alten
with the noun or pronoun it describes, you simply add one ofthree sets ofdifferent endings:
Minner/Frauen/HAuser
den alten
tr
TheWeak Declension
end ings used after the defi n ite articles der, die and das and other words declined likethem are shown below.
MHnnern,/Frauen,/Heusern
)> The
Masculine
Case
Feminine Singular
-e -e -en -en
d
Neuter
Singular
-e -e -en -en
) [|
The end i ngs used after ein, kein, irgendein and the possessive adjectives are
Singular
-e -en -en -en
shown below.
trtote that th is declension forms underlined below. Masculine
Case
d
Nominative
Accusative Genitive Dative
Feminine Singular
-e
Neuter
Singular
-es -es -en -en
see page 37.
Singular -er
-en
ifferent end ings are added to the with the definite article. it is used when old, meaning alt, adjective
Masculine
Case
Nominative
Accusative Genitive Dative
t
-e -en -en
Feminine Singular
die alte Frau die alte Frau der alten Frau der alten Frau
Neuter Singular
das
-en
-en
Singular
der alte Mann den alten Mann
des
-en
Nominative
Accusative Genitive
alten Mann(e)s
Dative
The following table shows you how these different endings are added to the adjective lang, meaning long. Masculine Feminine
Nominatrve:
Der altg Mann wohnt nebenan' Accusative: lch habe die alre Frau in der
The old man lives next door.
I
Neuter
Singular ein langes Spiel ein langes Spiel
eines langen Spiel(e)s einem langen Spiel
Case
Singular
ein langerWeg einen langen Weg eines langen
Weg(e)s
Singular
eine lange Reise eine lange Reise einer langen
Reise
Bibliothek gesehen.
Cenitive: Die Besitzerin des alten Hauses ist ganz reich.
Dative:
Er
library.
The owner of the old house
is very
cenitive
Dative
rich.
Einkaufen.
For
shopping.
see pages
x'xiv.
44
ADJECTIVES
Aolrcrves 45
Nominative:
Nominative:
Eine lange Reise muss
geplantwerden'
trip
einer Party.
It takes me a long time to get nome" The many disadvantages of a long
JOUrney...
Accusative:
Wo Das
langen man
Cenitive:
Dative:
with
long
Zu
sich
langweilen.
game.
Oliven.
L
gutgm
with good
These are the plural endings ofadjectiveswhen they have a mixed declension. Plural All cenders ihre langen Wege/Reisen,/SPiele ihre langen Wege/Reisen,/SPiele ihrer langen Wege,/Reisen/spiele ihren langen Wegen/Reisen,/5Pielen
These are the plural end i ngs of adjectives when they have a strong declension. ruote Plural
[)
is
normally Kisesorten.
All Genders
Nominative
Accusative Genitive Dative
Nominative
Accusative Genitive Dative
fl
F
Masculine
Case
Singular -er
-en -en
singular
-e -e
Neuter singular
-es -es -en
trt ote that these end i ngs al low the adjective to do the work of the m issi ng article by showing the case of the noun and whether it is singular or plurar, masculine, feminine or neuter.
Nominative
Accusative
The article is omitted more often in Cerman than in English, especiallywhere y ou have prepositi on * adjective + noun com b i nations.
cenitive
Dative The
-er
-er
-er
-en
-em
-em
following table shows you how these d ifferent adjective gut, meaning good.
Masculine
Case
to the
Nach kurzer Fahrt kamen wir in Glasgow an. Mit gleichem Gehalt wie du wiirde
ichmireinenUrlaubleistenkijnnen. samesalaryasyou.
Feminine
singular
gute Marmelade gute Marmelade
Nominative
Accusative Genitive
gutel Marmelade
guter Marmelade
see pages
Dative
guten Kase
guten Bier
x'xlv'
46
D
ADrEcnvEs
Aolecrves 47
D With wenig
and numbers from zwei onwards, adjectives behave as follows:
These strong declension end i ngs are also used after any of the fol lowi ng words when the noun thev refer to is not preceded by an article. Word ein bisschen
ein wenig
Meaning
a little, a bit a
There was
of
time.
Two small boys came along the
little
a few, a couple
StraRe entlang.
street.
Weak. when the definite article comes Das wenige frische Obst, das es damals gab, warteuer, Die zwei kleinen Jungen, die die
first:
The little fresh fruit that was available then, was exDensive.
The
mehr lauter
solch
was
StraBe entlangkamen.
two small boys who came alono the street. two small sons are cheeky
o
of
...1
fiir
viel
My
sometimes.
welch...!
manch
what
what a ...! These strong declension endings also need to be used after possessives where no otherword shows the case of the followinq noun and whether it's masculine.
many a
wenig
zwei, drei
tc
Morgen hHtte ich ein wenig freie Zeit fiir dich. sie hat mir ein paar guteTipps gegeben.
tomorrow
she gave me a few good tips.
He eats less fresh
toll aus,
I rear.
rrp
When these various end ings are added to adjectives, you have to watch out for some spel I i ng changes. When endings are added to the adjective hoch, meaning hrgh, the simple form changes to hoh.
Das Gebiude
wantto beengineers.
I
time.
What wonderfu I weatherl
ist hoch.
dark room.
Adjectives ending in -er often lose the -e when endings are added.
Das Auto Forfurther explanation ofgrammatical terms,
Please see Pages x-xiv'
48
Aorrcnves
Key points
Aolecrves 49
easv
for
You really make things too easyfor
y' y' v
vourself.
to
;;;;il;;,?;r
Universitit.
possessive adjectives.
embarrassing for
peinlich.
tr
l
Participles as adiectives
in -ing' which may be used In English, the present particlple is a verb form ending
unbekannt unknown to
Das
unbekannt.
Key
asanadjectiveoranoun.Incerman,yousimp|yadd-dtotheinfinitiveofthe
Verbtoformthepresentparticip|e,Whichmaythenbeusedasanadjectivewith
all the usual endinqs'
points
y' y'
In Cerman, both present and past participles can also be used as adjectives.
winmany
@ trtote that the present participles of sein and haben cannot ) The past participle ofa verb can also be used as an adjective'
Meine Mutter hat meine verlorenen Sachen gefunden'
MV
ke
this'
n3'
tr
Adjectivespreceded bvthedativecase
you use the dative case' for example:
He's very like his
similarto
father.
familiarto
She seems
familiar to me'
gratefulto
l'm very gratefulto You. strange, alien to That's alien to me.
ist mirfremd.
all the same to,/like
o gleich
Es
to me.
For
50
ADrEcrvEs
Aorecrrves 5I
)
D
All adjectives in Cerman, and participles used as adjectives, can also be used as nouns. These are often called adiectival nouns. Adjectives and participles used as nouns have:
D Thesearenotspeltwithacapital letterinCermanexceptinpublicorofficial
Die deutsche Sprache ist schiin.
Das franziisische Volk
The Cerman language is beautiful. The people of France were horrified. The Cerman railwavs are successful
war
entsetzt.
BUT:
angekommen.
Die Deutsche Bahn hat Erfolg. depending on which article, if any, comes
She is the new employee. The good
>
However,whentheseadjectivesareusedasnounstorefertoalanguage,acapital
letter is used.
Sie sprechen kein Englisch. They don't speak Engl ish.
Angestellte.
thing about it
is
that
> lnCerman,forexpressionslikeheisEnglish/heisGermonetcanounoradjectival
noun is used instead ofan adiective.
Er ist Deutscher. sie ist Deutsche.
KeY
y' y'
Points
2
ndjectives in cerman, and participles used as adjectives, can also be used as nouns.These are often called adjectival nouns.
nd iectival nouns beqin
Adjectives taken from place names -erto names oftowns.They neverchange byadding
from Cologne, Frankfurt, Berlin etc Cologne cathedral is really imoressive.
l'd li ke a frankfurter sausaoe.
with
"*orr"t
"Oj..tiu"t.
Kiilner, Frankfurter, Berliner etc Der K6lner Dom ist wirklich beeindruckend. lch m6,chte ein Frankfurter
W[irstchen.
Adj ectives
from die Schweiz, mean i ng Switzerland, and some other reg ions can
I
>
Adjectives like these can be used as nouns denoting the inhabitants of a town, in which case they take the same endings as normal nouns.
Die Sprache des K6,lners heiBt
t<iilsch.
Frankfurtern begriisst.
the decision.
[)
trtote that the feminine form of such nouns is formed by add ing -in in the singularand -innen in the plural.
52
AprEcflvEs
Key
Aolecrrves
points
53
cermanexceptinpub|icorofficia|names,BUTwhentheyareusedas
nouns to refer to a language, they do have a capital letter' ndjectives taken from place names are formed Lly add i ng -er to the na ofthe town and never change by add i ng end i ngs to show case' place' Theycan also be used as nounsdenoting the inhabitantsofa
comparative adjective in English is one with -eradded to itor more or less in front of it, that is used to compare people or things, for exampl e, slower, morebeautiful.
ln Cerman, to say that somethingis eosier, more expensive and so on, Vou add -er to the simDle form of most adiectives.
[J
ruote that adjectives whose simple form ends i n -en or -er may -e to form the comparative, as in teurer.
>
To introduce the person or th ing you are making the com parison (meaning than).
with,
use als
erste.
>
ist kleiner als seine Schwester. Diese Frage ist einfacher als die
Er
firstone.
To say that something or someone is os ... os something or someone else, you use so ... wie or genauso ... wie, ifyou want to mal<e it more emphatic. To sav
nicht so ... wie. gut wie ihr Bruder. Er war qenauso gli,icklich wie ich. Sie ist nicht so alt wie du.
Here are some examples of commonly used adjectives which have a vowel change in the comparative form: Adjective Meaning
old
Comparative
alt
stark
schwach scharf lang
KUrZ
elter
starker
schwAcher
strong
weal( sharp
rong
schirfer
lSnger
short warm
cold hard
big
bigger
For
Adjectives whose simple form ends in -el lose the -e before adding the comparative ending -er.
54
ADJEcflvEs
Ao;rcrves
vain
55
vainer
5u
perlatives of adjectives
dunkler
What is a superlative adjective? A superlative adjective in English is one with -est on the end of it or most or least in front of it, that is used to compare people or th ings, for example, thinnesr,
most beautiful.
>
when used before the noun, comparative forms of adjectives take the same
weak, strong or mixed endings as their simple forms.
Die ji..ingerg Schwester ist grtiBer The younger sister is bigger
jetzt
*
>
ln Cerman, to saythatsomething orsomeone isecsiest,Voungest, mostexpensive and so on, you add -st to the simple form of the adjective. As with comparative forms, the vowel in the simple form can change. Superlative forms are generally used with the definite article and take the same weak endings as theirsimple forms, Deine Hausaufgaben waren die einfachsten.
Sie ist Your homework was easiest.
\MPMFWMWWTWMMWilWMW'WWMilfrfuMWMWMilMWMMAMMMNWMNWWWfuIMfuMAMWWMWIMMMMMWilWfuNMWW
Grammar b<tra!
with a few adjectives, comparative forms may also be used to translate the idea of -ish or
rather ...
Comparative
Meaning
elderly
elter diinner
dicker griif3er ji.jnger
Adjectives ending in -t, -tz, -2, -sch, -ss or -R form the superlative by adding -est instead of-st.
de r/d
i
thinnish fattish
largish
e/das
sc h I ec
hteste
Das
kleiner kiirzer
neuer
Eine
Er
Verletzung.
entlang.
war von ji.ingerem Aussehen.
MM4WWIbMWNMMNWqUMMMIWNWMqMWMqilWIW@WlWMN@itMMWilx!x,@!M'MfuMWMWWlM4b@fuEMM4MMI
the street.
He was ofyoungish aPPearance.
Nachtisch.
der
Key points
most adjectives.
To compare people or
things in German, you use so ." wie, genauso "' it more emphatic, or nicht so ." wie' make wie, if you wantto rhan in comparatives corresponds to als. thereis a change in the vowel in many of the simple forms of German adjectives when form ing their comparatives. ndjectives whose simple form ends in'el, such as dunkel, lose the'e before adding the comparative ending'er.
Please see pages x-xiv'
recipe.
>
Adjectives end i ng i n -eu and -au also add -est to form the superlative.
der/die/das neueste
lch brauche die neueste Ausgabe
des
Wiirterbuchs.
the newest, the latest I need the latest edition ofthe dictionary. the cleverest
She is the cleverest cta55.
student in the
in der Klasse.
56
ADJEcrlvEs
in Cerman by any The English superlative most, meaning very, can be expressed of the following words. SuPerlative euBerst sehr besonders
au [3erordentlich
ADVERBS
What
is an adverb?
Meaning extremely
very especially exceptionallV extremely (not used with words of one syllable)
An adverb is a word usually used with verlrs, adjectives or other adverbs that g ives more information about when, how, where, or in what circumstances something happens: quickly, happily, noware all adverbs.
terribly (used only in conversation) reallV/most (used onlV in conversation) She is a most gifted Person' The food was reallY dreadful' The wine was terriblY exPensive.
How adverbs are used D In general, adverbs are used together with:
Sie ist ein euRerst begabter Mensch. Das Essen war besonders schlecht. Der Wein war furchtbar teuer' Das sieht richtig komisch aus.
o verbs (act quickly. speok strangel\, smile cheerfullv) o adjectives (rlthgIill, o lotbetter, deeplv sorry) . other adve rbs (fegMfast, too quickly, very well)
>
Adverbs can also relate to the whole sentence; they often tell you what the speaker is thinking orfeel ing.
Just
English has some irregular comparative and superlative forms 'most bod'-cerman also betterinstead of'more good"and worstinstead of forms' irregular few a has
rw
is
Fortunately, Jan had already left. Actually, I don't think l'll come.
Adjective gut
hoch viel nah
Meaning
gooo
comparative Meaning
besser
superlative
der beste
Meaning
the best rhe highest
better higher
more nearer
hiiher mehr
nAher
der hiichste
der meiste der nachste
I have a
the most
the nearest
> Many English adverbs end in Jy, which is added to the end of the adjective(quick , quickly; sod - sadly: frequent - frequently). > In contrast, mostCerman adverbs used to commenton verbs are simply
adjectives used as adverbs. And the good news is that unlike adjectives, they do not change by add ing different endings.
better idea.
stylishly dressed.
Points by add i n g -st to the si m ple form formed are superlatives Most German ofthe adjective. Adjectives ending in -t' -tz, -2, -sch, -ss, -R' -eu or-au' form the superlative lry adding -est instead of-st' superlative Gut,hoch, viel and nah have irregular comparative and
>
viel/mehr/ forms: gut /besser/der beste, hoch,/hiiher/der hijchste' nHchste. nah/niher/der der meiste,
see Pages x-xlv'
For
58
ApvERBs Noun
das Beispiel die Beziehung der die
Aovsnss 59
Meaning
exampre
Meaning
for example
relation, connection
step
Adverbs often express the idea of'to what extent', for example, words in English likeextremelyandespecially.fhese are sometimes called adverbs of degree. Some common adverbs of this type in German are:
Adverb ofdegree
eu fEerst
Meaning extremely
especially considerablV
schritt zeit
schrittweise
zeitweise zwan9swerse
time
compulsion
besonders
der Zwang
compulsorily
betrachtlich fast
kaum
almost
hardly, scarcely fairlV
Orammar Extra!
Some Cerman adverbs are also formed by adding -erweise to an uninflected adjective. These adverbs are mainlV used by the person speaking to express an oPinion'
ziemlich
Es
Meaning astonlshing
happy,
Adverb erstaunlicherweise
Meaning astonishingly
enough
Erwarziemlich sauer.
quite angry.
fortunate
glticklicherweise
komischerweise
fortunately
strangely enough
strange, funny
>> There is
another important group of adverbs which are NoTformed from adjectives or nouns, for example, words like unten, oben and leider. The best book was at the bottom Das beste Buch lag unten auf dem Stapel. Die Schlafzimmer sind oben' lch kann leider nicht kommen.
ofthe Dile.
The bedrooms are uPstairs.
Adverbs
finally
today
arways
heute tmmer
morgen mor9ens
tomorrow
in the mornings
sofort
Sie kann erst morgen Ja, ich mache das
at once
kommen'
till tomorrow.
sofort.
6o )
Aovrnss
Aovenss 6r
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of olace are words such aswhere?,there, up, nowhere. German place behave very differently from their English counterparts in the following ways: adverbs of
'
:;
KYPoints
Many Cerman adverbs are simplyadjectives used as adverbs, butthey are not decl ined, unlike adjectives.
ln German,someadverbsareformed tryadding -weise or-sweise to a
where there is no movement involved and the adverb is simply referring to a location, Vou use the form ofthe adverb you find in the dictionary'
Wo ist sie?
Sie sind
noun. Compound adverbsformed byadding hin orherare often used to show movement away from or towards the person speaki n g (or writi ng).
nicht da.
show some movementAWAY from the person speaki ng, you use the adverb hin oliver and And rea are having a oliver und Andrea geben heute party today. Shallwe go? hin? wir Party. Gehen
eine
In Cerman, hin is often added to another adverb to create what are called compound adverbs, which show there is some movement involved. ln English, we would j ust use adverbs in this case'
Meaning
(to) there there here (to) somewhere or other everywnere where (to)?
dorthin
hierhin irgendwohin iiberallhin
wohin?
To show some movementTOWARDS the person speaking, you use the adverb her. As with hin, this is often added to another adverb.
compound adverb
daher hierher
Meaning
from there nere
irgendwoher iiberallher
woher?
Woher kommst du? Woher hast du das? Das habe ich irgendwoher gekriegt.
Where do you come from? Where did you getthatfrom? I got that from somewhere or
other.
For
6z
Aovenes
Aovenas
6l
A
A
Superlative adverbs
tr
Comparative adverbs
superlative adverb is one which, in English, has -est on the end of it or most or ofit, for example, soonest, fostest, most/leastfrequently.
D D
just as they can in English' Adverbs can be used to make comparisons in cerman, way as that of adjectlves' same the in exactly is formed adverbs of The comDarative for thon' that is by adding -er to the basicform' Als is used She runs faster than her brother. Sie lSuft schneller als ihr Bruder. I see him less often than before. friiher' als lch sehe ihn seltener
you To make os ... os or not os.'. as comparisons with adverbs' phrases as with adjectives.
use
gemacht.
tne same
o so... wie o )
nicht so ... wie wie du.
a5
"'
as
Bruder.
war bei den The strawberry ice cream was the Kindern am beliebte$en. most popular one with the kids. Am heiBesten war es im Siidspanien. ltwas hottest in southern Spain.
Das Erdbeereis
not as ... as
She can't swim as well as You
t) [J
plge
SS.
tnat some superlative adverbs are used to show the extent of a qual ity
a
ratherthan
Adverb bestens hiichstens meistens spatestens wenigstens
immer and The idea of more ond more... is expressed in German lry using the comParative form'
DieMSnnersprachenimmerThemenwereta|kinglouderand
lauter.
louder'
>
desto "' orje "' umso the more ...tne more'.. is expressed in Cerman byje "' The sooner the better' lg eher, desto besser. The faster she drives, the more mehr umso schneller sie fihrt, le Angst habe ich! frightened lam!
see poge 53 For more informotion on Comparotive odiedives'
"'
at least
see pages
x'xiv'
64
Aovenes
Aovenss 65
tr
>
Meaning
Dest
See
soonesr
to come.
mehr
most
>
She
This is also true of adverbs in German, but as a general rule they are placed close to the word to which thev refer.
Adverbs of time often come first in the sentence, but this is not fixed.
Points Comparatives of adverbs are formed in the same way as comparatives of adjectives, add ing -er to the basic form.
To compare people
KeY
Morgen gehen wir ins Theater OR: Wir gehen moroen ins Theater.
theatre
tomorrow.
orthings, you
use so ...
dort FuBball
gespielt
Adverbs of man ner are adverbs wh ich com ment on verbs. These are I i kely to come after the verb to which they refer, but in tenses which are made up of haben or sein + the past participle of the main verb, they come immediately before the past participle 5ie spielen qut.
Sie haben heute
qut gespielt.
For more
plge n4.
>
Where there is more than one adverb in a sentence. it's useful to rememberthe following rule:
right yesterday.
dorthin
adverb ofplace
For
see Pages
x'xiv.
Aovenas 67
I
Emphasizers
What is an emphasizer?
An emphasizer is a type of word commonly used in both Cerman and English, especially in the spoken language, to emphasize or change the meaning of a
billiq
gekauft.
es
=
pronoun object
= adverb of time
sentence.
gestern
The
o
notfixed, butthet,
y' y'
is
Where there is more than one adverb in a sentence, it is useful to rememtrer the rule: time, manner, place. is a pronoun object in a sentence, it comes before all
yJffi:l.re
r)
$8.
positive reply to a negative statement or question: Didn't you like it? - Oh yes, I didl
a
question out of
statement;
You'll manage it, won't you?
see page
Das schaffst du
doch?
.)
For more
information on lmperotives,
rcs.
With imperatives:
Komm mal her!
Come here!
Just a
minutel
58
Aovenes
ln informal language:
Mal sehen. Hiiren Sie mal ... Er soll es nur mal versuchen!
Ja can also be used in one of To
We'll see.
Look here Just let him
PRONOUNS
now... try it! What is a pronoun?
A
two ways.
He looks like his mother That may well be.
pronoun is a word you use instead of a noun, when you do not need or want to name someone or something directly, for example, it, you, none.
strengthen a statement:
Er sieht
Das kann
ln informal language:
la und?
Das Das
So
what?,/What then?
That's ridiculous.
That's
Personal pronouns such as t, you, he, her andthey, which are used to refer to yourself, the person you are talking to, or other people and things. They can be either subject pronouns (1, you, he and so on) or obiect pronouns (him, her,them and so on). Possessive Dronouns like mineand yours,which
just it.
o o
showwho someone or
with it!
ndefi n ite pronou ns like someone or nothing, wh ich refer to people or thi ngs in a general way without saying exactly who orwhat they are.
I
It
is
o
getthe message.
nk
o o t)
Key
points
y'
little adverbs used in both English and German to emphasize or soften the meaning of a sentence in some way.
For more
o >
The pronouns wer? (mean ing who?) and was? (meaning what?) and differentforms. which are used to ask ouestions.
their
70
PRONOUNS
Pnoruourus
Use the formal or polite Sie if talking to one person vou do not know so well, such as you r teacher, you r boss or a stranger.
gesagt?
T'P
lf you are i n doubt as to which form of you to use, it is safest to use sie and you will not offend anybody. However, once a colleague or acquaintance has suggested you call each otherdu, starting to use Sie again may be
tr
>
considered insulting.
Meaning
D UsethefamiliarihriftalkingtomorethanoneDersonyouknowwellorrelatives.
Also, was wollt ihr heute Abend
essen?
So,
eat tonight?
you (faniliar)
er
sre es
he,/it
Use Sie if
talking to more than one person vou do not know so well. Whereareyou going to?
she/it
it/he/she
one
WE
man
wtr ihr
ste
Sie
you (plural)
lney
you (polite)
I'm going
to ltaly nextweek.
rtp
Allof the subject pronouns only have a capital letterwhen they begin
a
Italien.
Wir wohnen in Frankfurt.
We live in Frankfurt.
sentence, except for the polite form of you, Sie, which always has a capital
letter.
tr
D
I
du, ihrorsie?
n Eng ish we have on ly one way of saying you. I n Cerman, there are three words: du, ihr and Sie. The word you use depends on:
I
o whetheryouaretalking toone person ormoretnan one person o whetheryou are talking to afriend orfamily member, orsomeone else L Use the familiar
du if talking to one person vou know well, such as a friend, someone younger than you or a relative Are you coming to the cinema? Kommst du mit ins Kino?
Please see Pages x-xiv.
lch gebe dir das Buch zuriick, wenn ich es zu Ende gelesen habe. Du kannst mich morgen besuchen, wenn du Zeit hast. Wir wiren lhnen sehr dankbar, wenn Sie uns telefonisch
You can come and visit me tomorrow, ifvou have time. We'd be very grateful if you could ohone and let us know.
benachrichtigen wiirden.
72
PnoruouHs
Pnoruourus 73
tr
)
|
Er/sie/es
n
En g
I
ish we general ly refer to th i n gs (such as toble, book, car) only as if . I n German' er (meaning he), sie (meaning she) and es (meaning it) are used to talk about a thing, as well as about a person or an animal. You use er for masculine nouns, sie
rq
Man is often used to avoid a Dassive construction in Cerman. Man hat das schon oft im
Fernsehen gezeigt.
It's already been shown a lot onTV.
see
es
+ + + +
Er
ist groB
is large
lt
* *
For more
poge
$o.
Theform oftheverb you use with man is the same as the er/sie/esform.
For more
stand auf
informotion on Verbs,
see
pages gi,4s2.
[f ruote tnat Engl ish speakers often make the m istake of cal li ng al I objects es. ) The sutrject pronoun sie (meaning they) is used in the plural to talk about things,
as well as people or animals. Use sie for masculine, feminine and neuter nouns.
points
y' y'
The German subject pronouns are: ich, du, er, sie, es, Sie and man in the singulat and wir, ihr, sie and Sie in the plural.
Sebastian?'-
'Hast du die Karten gekauft?'- 'Did you buy the tickets?''Nein, sie waren ausverkauft.' 'No, they were sold out.'
rosay youin Cerman, use du ifyou aretalking to one person you know well or to someone younger than you; use lhr if you are talking to more than one person you know well and use Sle ifyou are talking to one or more people you do not knowwell.
or feminine or neuter plural) are used people or animals.
y' y'
er/sie/es (masculine,/feminine/neuter singular) and sie (masculine to refer to things, as well as to Uancan mean you,
they
auf
looking afterthem.'
or people in general. lt
is
of a passive construction.
ll_l
F
Man
This is often used in German in the same way as we use you in English to mean
people in general.
Man can also mean they used in Man sagt, dass das Wetter schlecht ist.
immer
74
PnoruouHs
Pnoruourus 75
I i ke wol len (mean i ng to wlnt) or kiinnen (mean i ng t0 be able to, can) is followed by another verb in the infinitive (the'to'form of the verb), the direct object pronoun comes directly AFTER the modal verb.
sehen.
see
page :r;6.
Key points
Direct object pronouns stand in for nouns when it is clearwho orwhat is being talked alrout, and save having to repeat the noun.
l've lost my glasses. Have you seen them?
The German direct object pronouns are: mich, dich, ihn, sie, es,Sie and einen in the singular, and uns, euch, sie and Sie in the plural.
the
i
d i rect object pronou n usually comes d irectly after the verb, but tenses I i ke the perfect comes after the part ofthe verb that comes from haben or sein and before the past participle.
Wnen a modalverllsuch aswollen isfollowed bythe infinitiveof anotherverb, the direct object pronoun comes directly after the modal
verb.
'
ihn
ste
es
you (plural)
them
you (polite)
|?-] word orderwith direct obiect pronouns > In tenses consisting of one verb part only, for example the present and the simple
past, the
d
Sie bringen
past | n tenses such as the Derfect that are formed with haben or sein and the participle, the direct object Pronoun comes AFTER the part ofthe verb that comes from haben orsein and BEFOREthe past participle.
Er
gesehen.
He saw me
For
16
Pnoruourus
Pnoruourus 77
me in He gIve me 0 bo1k;
Sie hat es
She's
She gave it
tr
>
D ltisimportanttounderstandthedifferencebetweendirectandindirectobject
When you have both a d irect object pronoun AN D an ind irect object pronoun i n the same sentence, the d i rect object pronoun or personal pronoun i n the accusative alwavs comes first. A good way of rememlrering this is to think of the following:
PAD =
o an
to'l or who for? and to whot? i nd i rect obiect answers the question who or for whot? me(=indirect ob'ect pronoun) He gave me a book. - wh o did he givethe bookto? + can you get me a towel? Wh o can you get a towe| for? me (=indirect object
it.
l'llteach Vou.
pronoun)
object if someth i ng answers the question what? or who?, then it is the direct
and NOTthe indirect object
He gave me a bool<
y' y'
me?
altook(=direct obiect)
KeY Points pronounsare: Thecerman indirectobject mir,dir, ihm, ihr, ihm, in the singu|ar, and uns, euch, ihnen and Ihnen in
l[;l;:|"'"em
canyougetmeatowe|?.Whotconyougetrne?+atowe|(=directobject)
)Herearethecermanindirectobjectpronounsinthedativecase:
Indirect Object Pronoun (Dative Case) Meaning
rhei nd i rect object pronoun comes after the verb, except with tenses like the perfect and when used with modal verbs such as wollen.
object pronoun always comes afterthe direct object
" ;i".;::fct
mlr
tofor
me
dir
ihm
to/forVou (fonilior)
to/fothim/it
to/for her/iL
ihr
ihm
einem uns euch ihnen lhnen Er
to/fot ir/him/her
tofor tofor
one
us
Geschichte
erzihlt.
see pages x-xiv'
78
Pnonoul,ts
Pnoruouns 79
Grammar
Ertn!
When a personal pronoun is used after a preposition and refers to a person, the personal pronoun is in the case required by the preposition. For example, the preposition mit is always followed by the dative case.
After certain prepositions used to express movement, that is aus (meaning out or from), auf (meaning on) and in (mean ing in or into), combined forms with hin and her are used to give more emohasis to the action beino carried out.
Preposition
au5
hin or her
Preposition
When a thing rather than a person is referred to, da- is added at the beqinning
hinaus,/heraus
ofthe preposition:
Manuela hatte ein Messer geholt und wollte damit den
Kuchen schneiden. Manuela had brought a knife and was about to cut the cake
auf
tn
Er
hinauf/herauf
hinein,/herein
He
with it.
qu ietly.
ruotethat before a preposition beginning with avowel, theform dar-+ preposition is used.
Lege es
kam herein.
inside.
she opened the bag and put in her
bitte darauf.
trousers.
The
Preposition an
da or dar
KeY
points
y' y'
auf
aus bei durch
fii r tn
darauf
daraus dabei dadurch Qafiir darin
When a personal pronoun referring to a person is used after a preposition, the personal pronoun is in the case required by the
preposition.
when a personal pronoun referring toa thing is used aftera preposition, the construction da(r)- + preposition is used.
mit
nach neben
damit
danach daneben
iiber unter
zwischen
dariiber darunter
dazwischen
that a prepositions.
Note
these com bi ned forms are also used after verbs followed by
+
sich erinnern an
accusative case
8o
Pnoruourus
Pnoruours 8r
that ner, a meaning hers/its/theirs,lhrer,
N
li a r), sei ner, m ea n i n g hi s /its, ihrer, meaningVours (polite), unserer, meaning ours and euerer, meaning yours (plural familior) have the same endings as meiner.
Possessive pronouns
What is a possessive pronoun?
ln English you can say This is my cor orThis cor is mine.In the first sentence my is a possessive adjective. In the second, mine is a possessive pronoun. A possessive pronoun i s one of the w ords mine, yours, hers, his, ours or theirs,
ote
dei
mea
nin
g yours (fo mi
which are used instead ofa noun to showthatone thing or person belongs to
another, for example, AskCarol if this pen is hers.
Cerman possessive pronouns are the same words as the possessive adjectives mein, dein, sein, ihr, unser, euer, ihr, lhr, with the same endings, EXCEPT in the masculine nominative singular, the neuter nom inative singular and the neuter accusative singulal as shown below
Possessive Possessive
Masculine
Case
Neuter Singular
u
All Genders Plural uns(e)re uns(e)re uns(e)rel uns(e)ren All Genders Plural eu(e)re eu(e)re
Singular
uns(e)rg1
Nominative
Accusative Genitive Dative
ns(e)rgg
uns(e)ren
uns(e)reE uns(e)1911
uns(e)re!
uns(e)rgg uns(e)re,m
Masculine
Meaning
That is mV
Pronoun DieserWagen
Meaning
That car is
uns(e)rel
uns(e)rel Feminine Singular eu(e)re eu(e)re
ist meiner
That is my book
She has
mine Masculine
Neuter
Singular
eu(e)rgg eu(e)rqg
Dieses Buch
That book is
Case
Buch
Sle hat mein
ist meins
Sie hat meins
mine
She has
Nominative
Accusative
Singular eu(e)rel
eu(e)ren eu(e)res eu(e)rem
Buch
taKen my
Dool(
genommen
taken mine
cenitive
Dative
Singular
genommen
eu(e)rel eu(e)rel
eu(e)re!
eu(e)rgm
eu(e)rel
eu(e)ren
>
unsrer?
Neuter
Singular mein(e)s mein(e)s
merngE mernglD
Note the
Er
sinoular
merner
Nominative
Accusative Genitive
isafriend of mine.
ofvours at home.
merngl
metnes
Dative
merneE
lch habe eine CD von dir bei mir zu Hause. Key points
I have a CD
Note that the nominative and accusative neuter forms only of all the possessive pronouns are often pronounced without the last -e, for example meins instead
of meines.
y'
DerWagen da driiben ist meiner. Er ist kleiner als deiner. Das ist besser als meins!
It is smallerthan yours.
y' y'
Cermanpossessive pronouns have the same form and endings asthe possessive adjectives mein, dein, sein, ihr, unser, euer, ihr, lhr, except in the masculine nominative singular, the neuter nominative singular and the neuter accusative singular.
That's betterthan mine! Das Haus nebenan ist sch6,ner als seins. The house next door is nicerthan his. My jacket was more expensive MeineJacke warteurer als ihre.
than hers.
For
82
Pnoruourus 83 don't know anybody here. Nobody knows about him. That does not apply to anybody
nere.
He wanted a piece of chocolate, but I didn't have any.
Indefinite pronouns
What is an indefinite Pronoun? An indefinite Pronoun is one of a smallgroup of pronouns suchaseverything, nobodyandsomethingwhich are used to referto people orthings in a general
way without saying exactly who or what they are' ln German, the indefinite pronounsjemand (meaning someone, somebody)and niemand (mean i ng no-one, nobody)are often used i n speech without any end i ngs. In written cerman, the endings are added.
Case
zu.
Erwollte ein Stiick Schokolade, aber ich hatte keine. ,,Hast du Geld?" -,,Nein, gar
kein5."
The indefinite pronoun einer (meaning one) only has a singular form and can also lre used to referto people orthings.
Masculine
Case
Nominative
Accusative
Feminine
Singular
etner etnen
ernes
Singular
etne etne etner etner
Neuter Singular
ein(e)s ein(e)s
etnes
cenitive
Dative
d(g!q,/ni emand(e)s
Nominative
Accusative
jemandgm,/niemandem
I
cenitive
Dative
lch habe esjemandem gegeben' Jemand hat es genommen. Sie hat niemanden gesehen. lch bin unterwegs niemandem begegnet.
gave it to someone.
etnem
etnem
She's meeting one of her old friends from universitv.
rtp
lfvou wantto express the sen seof somebody or other, use irgendjemand
lch brauche nur einen (e.9. einen Wagen, einen Pullover etc) OR: lch brauche nur eine (e.9. eine Blume, eine Tasche etc) OR; lch brauche nureins (e.9. ein Buch, ein Notizbuch etc) | only need one.
which
is declined
likejemand.
Key points
y'
The indefinite pronoun keiner has the same endings as the article kein, keine, kein except in the nominative masculine and nominative and accusative neuter forms, and can be used to referto peopleorthings.when referring to peoPle it
y' y'
lemand and niemand can be used without endings in spoken Cerman but have endings added in written Cerman.
Keiner has the same endings as the article kein, keine, kein except in the nom inative masculine and nom inative and accusative neuter forms, and refers to people or things.
meansnobody,not...anybodyornoneandwhenreferringtothings,itmeansnot...
lnv ot none.
Masculine
Case
Neuter singular
keins keins keines keinem
see pages x-xiv'
Nominative
Accusative Genitive
Dative
8+
Pnoruourus
PnoruouHs 85
Reflexive pronouns
What is a reflexive pronoun?
A reff exive
>
Unlike English, reflexive pronouns are also used after prepositions when the pronoun "reflects back" to the subject ofthe sentence.
Er
olrject pronoun such as myself ,yourself ,himself ,herself and of German reflexive verbs like sich waschen (meaning fo thatforms ourselves Dart wosh) orsich setzen (meanin gto sit down).Areflexive verb is a verb whose subject and object are the same and whose action is "reflected back" to its subject.
sich.
sich?
pronoun
is an
He didn't have enough money on him. Didn't you have enough money
on vou?
Cerman reflexive Dronouns have two forms: accusative (for the direct object pronoun) and dative (for the indirect object pronoun), as follows:
Accusative Form mich dich sich uns euch sich sich Er hat sich Dative Form Meaning myself
yourself (familiar)
h i m se
Another use of reflexive pronouns in Cerman is with transitive verbs where the action is performed for the benefit ofthe subject, as i n the Engl ish phrase: I bought myselfa new hat" The pronoun is not always translated in English. lch hole mir einen Kaffee.
Sie hat sich eine neueJacke l'm going to get (myself) a coffee
gekauft.
She
bought(herself;a newjacket"
mtr dir
sich uns euch sich sich
L
lf
Reflexive pronouns are usually used in Cerman where eoch other and one another
begegnet.
ou rselves
ruotethateinander, (meaning one another, eoch other),which does notchange in form, mav be used instead of a reflexive pronoun in such cases.
Wir kennen uns schon OR Wir kennen einander schon.
We already know each other
rasiert.
>
After prepositions, einander is always used instead of a reflexive pronoun. The preposition and einander are then joined to form one word.
Sie redeten
trtote
that unlike personal pronouns and possessives, the polite forms have no
Please take a seat
miteinander.
caDital letter.
Zeit.
In English, pronouns used foremphasis arethe same as normal reflexlve pronouns, for example, I did it myself" In Cerman selbst or, in informalspoken language, selber are used instead ofreflexive pronouns for emphasis.They never change theirform and are always stressed, regardless oftheir position in the sentence:
The reflexive pronou n usually follows the fi rst verb in the sentence, with certa in exceDtions: 5he'll be pleased aboutthat. Sie wird sich dariiber freuen.
aber...
lfthe subject
and verb are swapped round in the sentence' and the subject is a personal pronoun, then the reflexive pronoun must comeAFTER the
Key points
personal pronoun.
Cerman reflexive pronouns have two forms: accusative for the d irect object pronoun and dative for the indirect object pronoun. Reflexive pronouns are also used after prepositions when the pronoun "reflects back" to the subject ofthe sentence. Reflexive pronouns are usually used in Cerman where each other or anotherwould be used in English, buteinander can be used as an alternative and is always used after prepositions.
one
She'll be pleased
aboutthat.
lf the sentence is made of up two parts or clauses, then the reflexive pronoun comesAFTERthe subject in the second clause. I wonder if she'll be pleased lch frage mich, ob sie sich
about that.
see page
+ +
For
V5.
of
85
PnonouHs
PnoHour,rs 87
Relative pronouns
What is a relative Pronoun? In English a relative pronoun
words who, which and thdt (and the more formal whom). These pronouns are used to introduce information that mln makes it c|earwhich person or thing i5 being talked about, for examp|e,The quite valuoble. you was broke that vase just boyfriend;The is Ann's in come who hls or Relative pronouns can also introduce further information about someone
is one of the
Ttp
n English we often miss out the object pronoun swho,which andthot.. For example, we can say boththe friends thot I see most, ot the friends I see most, andthe house which we want to buy, or the house we want. to buv. ln Cerman you can N EVER miss out the relative pronoun in this way.
f iuti,t:,
Die Frau, mit der ich gestern gesprochen habe, kennt deine
something,forexample, Peter,whoisobritliontpointer,wIntstostudYort;)Ine's
house, which was built in :,89o, needs a lot of repoirs'
Mutter.
The woman
mother.
have ln cerman the most common relative pronouns der, den, dessen, dem etc genitive the same forms as the definite article, except in the dative pluraland sing ular and plural. They are declined as follows: Masculine
Case
Note that the genitive forms are used in relative clauses in much the same way E as n ish, but to translate of whom, of whom the followi ng
i
Engl
one
some
use
constructions.
Das Kind, dessen Fahrrad gestohlen worden war, fing The child whose bicvcle had been stolen started to crv The children, some of could alreadv read, ... My friends, one of
Feminine
Neuter
Singular
das das dessen
Singular der
den dessen
singular
die die deren der
an zu weinen. Die Kinder, von denen einige schon lesen konnten, ... Meine Freunde, von denen
Nominative
Accusative Genitive Dative
whom
...
whom
dem
dem
einer...
Relative pronouns must agree in gender and number with the noun to which they refer, butthe case they have depends on theirfunction in the relative clause' The relative clause is simply the part of the sentence in which the relative pronoun appears. Relative clauses are ALWAYS seParated by commas from the rest ofthe sentence.
Orammar bctra!
When a relative clause is introduced by a preposition, the relative pronoun can be replaced by wo- or wor- ifthe noun or pronoun it stands for refers to an object or someth i ng abstract. The fu
||
form of the pronoun plus preposition is much more common. Das Buch, woraus ich vorgelesen habe, gehiirt dir.
OR:
following example, the relative pronoun den is in the accusative because it is the direct object in the relative clause' The man that I saw Yesterday Der Mann, den ich gestern gesehen habe, kommt aus ZUrich' comes from Z0rich'
In the
genitive because ln this second example, the relative pronoun dessen is in the someone' to it is used to show that something belongs
Das Midchen, dessen Fahrrad
The qirl whose bike was stolen'
In German werand was are normally used as interrogative pronouns (meaning whol and what?) to ask questions. They can also be the subject ofa sentence or a relative pronoun. For example, he who, 0 woman who, anyone who, those who etc.
Anyone who believes that is mad. The th i ngs you boug ht yesterday really suityou.
For
88 E|
PnoruouHs
Pnoruourus 8g
I
nterrogative pronouns
What is an interrogative pronoun?
Th i s i s one of
everything which
that which
a
the words who, whose, whom, what and which when they are used instead of a nou n to ask q uestions, for example, Whotb happening?; Who's coming?
Wer? and
was!
gestimmt.
Das, was du
jetzt machst,
Persons wer?
\rven?
Things
was? was?
ist unpraktisch. Mit allem, was du gesagt hast, sind wir einverstanden.
Nominative
Accusative Genitive Dative
wessen? wem?
'
n'rn"mostcommon
den,dessen,dem etc have rerative the same forms as the definite article, except in the dative plural and genitive singular and plural.
Relative pronounsmustagree in genderand numberwith the noun to
r:::::l':.
Wer hat es
gemacht?
Who did it? Who did vou come withT Where is the pen you wrote
y'
it
in the relative
with?
indirect questions.
a/ ;;;;""
,,
y'
ilt,ff:..tauses
sentence,
fahren
sollte.
hat. sie
She
Wer andwas are normally used as interrogative pronouns butcan also be the subject ofa sentence or a relative Pronoun.
I4
>
When used with prepositions,was usually becomeswo- and is combined with the preposition to form one word.Where the preposition begins with a vowel,
wor-
is used
instead.
How was it destroyedT
Wodurch ist es zerst6rt worden? Worauf sollen wir sitzen? Es gibt keine stiihle.
90
Pnououtus
tr
>
Wasftirein?.welcher?
These are used to mean whot kind of '. ' Tand which one?and aredeclined
VERBS
likethe What is a verb?
A
definite article.
,,Er
"What kind (of one) did he buY?" Which one did You want?
verb is a'doing'word which describes what someone or something does, what someone or someth ing is, or what happens to them, for example, be, sing, live.
4 For more i nformati on n Words declined like the definite article, see pa ge 31' ) TheV can refer to people or thi ngs and requ re the aPPropriate end ngs'
i
Weak, strong and mixed verbs > Verbs are usually used with a noun, with a pronoun such as l, you or she, orwith
somebody's name. They can relate to the present, the past and the future; this is called theirtense.
t
Filr welchen (e.g. welchen Job, welchen Whisky etc) hat sie sich entschieden? OR: Fiirwelches (e.g. welches Haus, welches Buch etc) hat sie sich entschieden? OR: Flir welche (e.g. welche Person, welche Jacke etc) hat sie sich entschieden? Which one did she choose?
lnd
Pronouns,
see
>
Verbsareeither:
o weak; thei r forms follow a set pattern. These verbs may also be called reg u lar. o strong and irregular; theirforms change according to different patterns.
OR
KeY
Points
be used
o
fordirectand
mixed; thei r forms fol low a m ixtu re of the patterns for wea k and stron g verbs.
> Regular English verbs have a base form (the form of the verb without any endings
added to it, for example, walk).This is the form you look up in a dictionary.The base form can have to in front of it, for example, to wolk.This is called the infin itive.
indirect questions and only have a singular form. When used with prepositions, was becomes wo-' orwor-when the preposition begins with a vowel. wasfiirein?and welcher? are used to mean what kind of . "? andwhich
one?
>
cerman verbs also have an infinitive, which is the form shown in a dictionary; most weak, strong and mixed verbs end in -en. For example, holen (meaning to fletch) is weak, helfen (mean i ngto help) is strong and denken (mean ing to think) is mixed. All Cerman verbs belong to one of these groups. We will look at each of these three groups in turn on the next few pages
verbs have other forms apart from the base form and i nfi n itive: a form g i n -s (wolks), a form end i ng in -ing (walking), and a form end i n g i n -ed (wolked).
Eng I ish
i
>
>
end
Cerman verbs have many more forms than this, which are made up of endi ngs added to a stem. The stem of a verb can usuallV be worked out from the infinitive and can change, depending on the tense ofthe verb and who or what you are
ralking about.
>
German verb endings also change, depending on who orwhatyou are talking about: ich (l), du (you (informal)), erlsie/es(he/she/it),Sie (you (format)) in the s ingular, or wir (we), ihr (you (informal)), Sie (you (formal)) and sie (they) in the plural. German verbs also have different forms depending on whether you are referring to the present, future or past.
For
i,
92
VERBS
Venes
93
what is true at the moment. what happens regularlyand what is happening now, forexample,t'm a student, I trovel t0 college by troin, I'm studvinI longuages.
l!
>
Usingtheoresenttense
| n English there are two forms of the present tense. One is used to talk abour things happeni ng now and the other is used for things that happen all the time. ln Cerman, you use the same form for both of these.
reqnet,
It5 raining.
Th ey
teplayrng footba
ll
.
>
thingsthathappen all thetime, orthingsthatyou doasa habit Hier regnet es viel. It rains a lot here.
Samstags spielen sie FuBball.
They plav football on Saturdavs.
thatsomething
is
happening now:
presenttense+an adverb
Er kocht gerade das
Abendessen.
H e's
cooki nq
nner.
o beim + an infinitive being used as a noun lch bin beim B0geln. lam ironing o eben,/gerade dabei sein zu (mean ing to be in the process of) + an infinitive Sie ist oerade dabei, eine E-Mail zu She is justwriring an email.
schreiben.
>
ln English you can also use the present tense to talk about something that is going to happen in the near future. You can do the same in Cerman.
Uhr.
I'm goinq to play tennis tomorrow. We're qettino the ten o'clock train.
94
vERBs
Vrngs
95
>
rrp
Although English sometimes uses parts of the verb to be to form the or.r.ni t.nt. of other verbs (fo r exam ple, I am listenin g, shds tllking)' Cerman N EVER uses the verb sein in this way'
past when using seit orseitdem to describe an action which began in the Cerman' in is used presenttense present, the and is continuing in the where in English a verb form with have or has is used' lch wohne seit drei Jahren hier. I have been livinq here for three Seit er krank ist, hat er uns
Now you know how to fi nd the stem of a verb, you can add the correct ending. Which one you choose will depend on whether you are referring to ich, du, er, sie, es, wir, ihr, Sie or sie.
For more informotion
()
D
on Pronouns,
see
page 69.
Here are the present tense end ings for weak verbs end i ng i n -en: Pronoun ich du er
sie
es
Ending
-e
Meanings
nicht ist,
besucht.
trtote
vears. He hasn't visited us since he's been ill' Since she's been qoing to grammar school, she's hardlY had anYtime.
-st
-t
spiel! spiel!
that if the action is fi nished, the perfect tense is used in cerman [J I have only seen him once since Seit seinem Unfall habe ich ihn nur ein einziges Mal qesehen. his accident
wtr ihr
sie
wir spielen
ihr spiel!
sie spielen
Sie spielen
-t
-en
Sie
is
>'
out what To know which form of the verb to use in German, you need to work verbs ofmost stem ending.The correct the add then is and the stem ofthe verb
intheoresenttenseisformedbychoppingthe-enofftheinfinitive.
lnfinitive
spielen (to play) machen (to
mdke)
Note that you add -n, not -en to the stem ofweak verbs ending in -ern and -eln to get the wir, sie and Sie forms of the present tense. Pronoun Ending -n -n
Add to Stem, e.g. wander-
Stem (without-en)
spielmachhoF
a
Meanings
we hillwalk we are hillwalking they hillwalk they are hillwalking
you (polite)
wtr
sie
wir wandern
sie
wandern
sie
Stem
sie wandern
hillwalk
(without-n)
Sie
wandersegel-
You like
In the summerwe go
Wochenende.
further explanation ofgrammatical terms, please
see Pages x-xiv'
most weekends.
For
96
VERBS
Venes 97
Pronoun du er sie
es
>|fthestemofaWeakVerbendsin-dor.t,anextra-eisadded|reforetheusuat pronunciation
endings in the du, er, easier.
Ending -est
Add to Stem,
Meanings
you learn you are learning
si"
"nO
"t
and
-t
lernt
ihr
ihr lern!
Sie
Vou (plurdl) talk you are talking
quickly
Key points
y' ( y' -
time!
Weakverbs are regularand mostofthem form their presenttense stem by losing the-en from the infinitive.
-e, -st,
mepresent tense endingsforweakverbs ending in-en are: -t, -en, -t, -en, -en. lfthestem ofaweakverlr ends in-d,-t,-m or-n, an extra-e isadded before the endings to make pronunciation easier.
D The presenttense of moststrong verbs isformed with the same endings that
are used for weak verbs. Pronoun
ich du
Siearbeite!iibersWochenende' She'sworkingovertheweekend'
lhr arbeitel ganz sch6n viel'
You
Ending
-e
work a lot.
Meanings
I I
>
isadded to make
sing am singing
-st
Ending -est
Meanings
you breathe you are breathing
er
sie
e5
-t
he/she/it
is
singing
wtr ihr
ste
5re
singl wirsingen
es
-et
-t
-en
ihr sing!
sre
ihr
-et
srnggl
5ie singen
Theysing in a band.
98
VERBS
Venss 99
>
However, the vowels in stems of most strong verbs changeforthedu and ey'sie,/es forms. The vowels listed below change as shown in nearly all cases: ie (see sehen) long
Pronoun ich
du
Ending
-e
Meanings
I I
drive am driving
-st
er
Add to Stem, e.g. sehich sehe du siehst
er sieh! sie siehl
-t
erhr!
sie
Pronoun ich du
Meanings
I I
sie
es
fah4
eshrt
-en
see
wtr ihr
sie
Sie
wirfahren
ihr fahrt
sie Sie
-st
-t
-en
er
sie
es
-t
-en
fahrgn fahren
wtr ihr
sie
driving
-t
-en
ihr seht
sie sehen Sie sehen
'
She's
sie
they see they are seeing you (polite) see you are seeing
au- iu
Pronoun ich du er
sie
es
Ending
-e
Add to Stem,
Meanings
e.g,laufich laufe
du lHufst er leuft sie lAuft
es
Siehst du fern?
Irun
I
o shorte +
Pronoun ich du
i Ending
-e Add to'Stem, e.g. helfich helfe du
am running
Meanings
help lam helDino you help you are helping
I
-st
-t
-st
hilfst
liuft
wtr ihr
sie
Sie
-en
wir laufen
ihr lauft
sie laufen
Sie laufen
er
sie
es
-t
-en
helshe/it helps
he,/she/it is helping
we help we are helpinq you (plurol) help you are helping they help they are helping you (polite) help you are helping
hllft
-t
-en
wtr ihr
sie sie
wir helfen
ihr helft
sie helfen
Sie helfen
tney run
they are running
you (polite) run you are running
-t
-en
Er
liuft
Rekordzeit.
time.
He's helping
IOO
VERBS
Venes tot
o+
Pronoun ich du Ending
-e Add to Stem, e.g. stoBich stoBe du
er sie
es
>
Meanings
I
I
Mixed
Verb
Mixed
Verb senden
Meaning to send
to turn
push am pushing
-st
stiiBt stiiB!
stiiRt
wenden
wtssen
think
to know
er
sie
es
-t
st0tl!
The present tense of m ixed verbs has the same end ings as weak verbs and has no vowel or consonant changes in the stem : ich bringe, du bringst, er/sie/ es
wtr
-en
wir stof3en
ihr stoBq
sie stoRen
ihr
sie sie
-t
-en
[J t)
sie stotsen
ruote that the present tense of the most i m portant stron g, weal< and m ixed verbs is shown in theVerbTables. For VerbTables, see supplement.
Note that strong AN D weak verbs whose stem ends in -s, -2, -ss or -R (such as
y'
Key points
There are nine mixed verbs in German.
stoBen) add -t rather than -st to get the du form i n the present tense. However, ifthe stem ends in -sch. the normal -st is added.
Verb wachsen waschen Stem wachswaschDu Form
y y_.t:it mixed verbs,has the.same endings as weak verbs l!: 1enllof and has no vowel or consonant changes in the stem. -
wachst
waschst
Key
points
strongverbs have the same end ings in the present tense as weak orvowels ofthe stem ofstrong verbs change(s) in the present for the du and erlsie,/es forms.
y rn.""*.,
tr
)
I02
VERBs
Vrnss ro3
Reflexive Forms
ich setze mich du setzt dich ey'sie,/es setzt sich
Reflexive verbs
What is a reflexive verb?
A reflexive verb is one where the subject and object are the same, and where the action'reflects back'on the subject. Reflexive verbs are used with a reflexive pronoun such as myselfi, yourself andherself in English, forexample, I washed myself',
He shoved himself .
Meaning
I
'
|
|
common than in English, and many are used in everyday German. Reflexive verbs consist of two parts: the reflexive pronou n sich (mean ing himself, herself , itself, themselves ar onesef ) and the
dir
he/she,/it
al
lows
mself/herselTitself
trl
>
D
yourself) every day R"R"*iu. uerbs are often used to down, getting (getting sitting dressed, some sort of involve a change that or excited, being in a hurry).
The reflexive pronoun is either the d irect object in the sentence, wh ich means it is in the accusative case, or the indirect object in the sentence, which means it is in the dative case. OnlV the reflexive pronouns used with the ich and du forms ofthe verb have separate accusative and dative forms:
Accusative Form mich dich sich uns euch sich sich Dative Form Meaning
myself yourself (fomiliar)
him
lch erlaube mirjetzt ein Bier. Er erlaubt sich ein Stlick Kuchen.
>
Some of the most common German reflexive verbs are listed here:
Reflexive Verb in Accusative sich anziehen sich aufregen sich beeilen sich bescheftigen sich bewerben um sich erinnern an sich freuen auf sich interessieren sich irren sich melden sich rasieren sich setzen orhinsetzen sich trauen sich umsehen
Meaning
to get dressed
mrr dir
sich uns
mit
ou rselves
Vourselves (plurdl)
themselves
you rself/you rselves (polite)
flir
to be interested in to
lre
wrong
l l
The present tense forms of a reflexive verb work i n j ust the same way as an ordinaryverb, exceptthatthe reflexive pronoun is used aswell. Below you willflnd the present tense of the common reflexive verbs sich setzen (meaning to sit down) which has its reflexive pronoun in the accusative and sich erf auben (meaning to ollow oneself) which has its reflexive pronoun in the dative.
further explanation ofgrammatical terms, please
see pages x-xiv.
to look around
For
lch ziehe mich schnell an und dann gehen wir. Wir mlissen uns beeilen.
1()4
VERBS
Venas ro5
with Reflexive Pronoun
Meaning
to give up (something)
Reflexive Verb
The imperative
What is the imperative? An imperative is a form of the verlr used when giving orders and Instructions,
for example,Shutthe door!;
Sit.
in Dative
sich abgewiihnen sich ansehen sich einbilden sich erlauben sich leisten sich nehern sich vornehmen sich vorstellen sich wiinschen
to have a look at to imagine (wronglY) to allow oneself to treat oneself to get close to to plan to do to imagine to want
I
l1-] Using the imperative > In Cerman, there are three main forms of the imperative that are used to give
instructions or orders to someone.These correspond to the three different ways ihr and Sie. However, it is only in the Sie form of the imperative that the pronoun usually appears - in the du and ihr forms, the pronoun is
of saying you: du,
generally dropped, leaving only the vertr. Hdr zu! Listenl Listen!
abgewiihnen.
Sie kann sich ein
neuesAuto nicht
leisten.
Was
[J
object refl exive pronoun changes to an pronou n if another d i rect object is present.
ruote
that
nd
irect object
l4
D
of
(+
Verb Example e)
lmperative
du (singular) ihr (plural)
Sie (polite singular
verb stem
hol(e)!
die Hinde
direct object
verb stem +t
verD Stem
+
+
holt!
holen sie!
en
and plural)
be made reflexive by
Sie
m
84
volunteered.
see poge
Note that the -e ofthe du form is often dropped, but NoTwhere the verb stem ortm-. In such cases, the -e is kept to make the imperative easier to pronounce.
Htir zul
Hol esl
y'
JHlltJpronoun
and a verlr.
" lfff /
y'
f.Tobject
object Pronouns in the dative are mir, dir, sich, uns, euch, the reflexive pronoun usually comes after the verb.
see pages x-xiv.
again!
Iffi::l;:ct
r06
Venes ro7
Grammar Ertra!
Weak verbs ending i n -eln or -ern also retai n this -e, but the
lmperative Forms
setz dich!
often
lmperative
wand(e)re! hand(e)le!
wandern
handeln
t)
D
on Reflexive pronouns,
see
page 84.
In verbs
which have separable prefixes, the prefix comes atthe end ofthe
Meaning to close to stop
imperative.
Any vowel change i n the present tense of a strong verb also occurs i n the du form
of its imperative and the -e mentioned above is generally not added. However, if this vowel change in the present tense involves add ing an umlaut, this umlaut is
Verb
with Separable
lmperative Example
Mach die Tiir zu!
Htir aber endlich auf!
Meaning
Close the doorl Do stop
Prefix zumachen
aufhtiren
2no
it!
Person
Meaning
Person
Meaning
Singular
Q
'
lmperative
nimm! hirf! lauf(e)!
stot3(e)!
takel
help! run! push!
hilfst
liufst
>
du st6Bt
tr
)
Lass ihn in
Ruhe!
Leave
ist.
Theverbsein (meaning tobe)isastrong, irregularverb. lts imperativeformsare also irregular and the du, Sie and less com mon wir forms are not the same as the
Dresent tense Forms of the verb. Sei
ruhigl
be be be
quietl quietl
quiet!
rtp
The words auch,
nur, mal and doch are frequently used with imperatives to change their meanings in different ways, but are often not translated since they have no direct equivalent in English.
Geh doch! Sag mal, wo Co on!/Cet going!
* >
For
|
ore informotion
warst du?
wash oneself) or sich setzen (mean ing to sit down), the reflexive Pronou n comes
to do it properly.
r()8
VERBS
Vrnas ro9
Gnmmar Extra!
There are some alternatives to using the imperative in 6erman:
.Infinitives(thetoformofaverb)areoftenusedinsteadoftheimperativeinwritten
i
word such as up ordown which is used with verbs to d ifferent mean ing.
schneiden.
them.
quiet!/Silence!
Vorsicht!
Some ofthese have become set expressions
careful!/Look outl
>
n Cerman
and joined
Listen
there is a similar system, but the words are put before the infi nitive to it:
Achtungl
Rauchen verboten!
!/Attention!
No smoking.
zu (meaning to)+geben (meaning ta give)=2tJgsben (meaning to ldmit) an (meaning on, to, by) + 2ishen (meaning to pull) = anziehen (meaning to put on or to attroct)
Prefi xes can be found i n strong, weak and m ixed verbs. Some prefi xes are always joined to the verb and never separated from it- these are called inseparable prefixes. However, the majority are separated from the verb in certain tenses and forms, and come at the end ofthe sentence. They are called separable preflxes.
E
D
Inseparable prefixes
highlighted in the table of
common inseoarable verbs below:
|nseparable
Verb
Meaning
Inseparable Verb
t eaning
nseparable
Meaning
Inseparable Verb
\reaning
/erb
:o
l3schreiben llDpfangen
to describe to recetve
intteuschen
to belong t0 mistrust
lgdieren
lellegen
:o tose
llhalten
lo preserve
to dismantle
[|
N EVER
on the
inseparable prefix:
E
>
Forfurther explanation ofgrammatical terms, please
see pages x-xiv.
Separable prefixes
There are many separable prefixes in German and some of them are highlighted in the table lrelow which shows a selection of the most common separalrle verbs:
rTO
VERBS
VERBS IIT
Meaning to leave to arrive to get up to go out to get on
to establish/see
Separable
Separable Verb
Meaning
mitmachen
nachgeben vorziehen
tojoin in
to give way/in to prefer to run away
to watch
]4 Verbcombinations ) Below you wi ll see some other types of word wh ich can be com bi ned with verbs.
These combinations are mostlv seDarable verbs:
written
as
weglaufen
zuschauen
Noun
Ski
verb combinations
einsteigen
fahren
to ski
I
feststellen freihalten
herkommen hinlegen
zurechtkommen zuriickkehren
zusammenpassen
likeskiing
to keep free
to come (here)
to ice-skate
Schlittschuh
to put down
verb combinations
Der Zug
fihrt
in zehn Minuten
ab.
The
I
minutes.
lch stehe jeden Morgen frijh auf.
Sie
kennenlernen Meine Mutter m6chte dich kennenlernen, Er lernt sie nie richtig kennen. sitzen bleiben
Bleiben Sie bitte sitzen.
to remain seated
Please remain seated.
El
>
|
consisting of one verb part only, for example the present and the imperfect, the separable prefix is placed atthe end of the main clause'
Der Bus kam immer
spazieren gehen
Er
to go for
walk
walk every day.
He goes for a
spit an,
Q For more information on Separable prefixesin the perfecttense, see page n5. ) In sulrordinate clauses, the preflx is attached to the verb, which is then placed
at the end ofthe subordinate clause.
Other adjective + verb combinations bekannt machen Die Regierung willdas morgen bekannt machen.
Some adverb +verb
to announce
The government plans to announce
it tomorrow.
4 )
pogetn.
combinations kaputt machen Mach mir bloB mein Fahrrad nicht kaputt! with -seits
Verb combinations
Ininflnitivephrasesusingzu,thezuisinsertedbetweentheverbanditsprefix
to form one word. Um rechtzeitig aufzgstehen,
ich den Wecker
abseitsstehen
Sie
to stand apart
5he always stands apart from the
stellen.
muss
ln order to get up on
anderen.
Prefix combinations
others.
to setthe alarm.
84'
aufsein
Das Fenster
to ist auf.
be open or
to be up
is open.
The
window
nicht auf.
Sie ist noch Forfurther explanation ofgrammatical terms,
Please see pages
x'xiv'
nicht auf.
112
VERBS
Vrnes rr3
to be shut
The
window
shut
The perfect is one
Note that auf (meaning open) is anotherword for ge6ffnet and zu (meaning sh ut. or closed) i s another wo rd fo r geschlossen.
the perfect tense? ofthe verb tenses used to talk about the past, especially about a single, ratherthan a repeated action. What
is
schon
L1-] Usingtheperfecttense
)
D
The German perfect tense is the one generally used to translate an English form such as I havefinished.
I
The perfect tense is also sometimes used to translate an Enqlish form such as
t qove. I
ri+
When a specific time in the past is referred to, you use the perfect tense in German. In English you use the *ed form instead.
Krimi
Last
night lwatched
thrilleronW.
The perfect tense is used with seit or seitdem to describe a completed action in the past, whereas the present tense is used to describe an action which started in the past and is
accident.
see
t) i4
D
For more
information on this
use
of the Presenttense,
poge 94.
the present and im perfect tenses, the perfect tense has TWO parts to it:
.
o
Forfurther explanation ofgrammatical terms,
Please see Pages x-xiv.
the present tense of the irregular weak verb haben (mean i ng to have) or the irregular strong verb sein (meaning to be).They are also known as auxiliary
verDs.
apartofthemainverbcalledthepost.participle,likegiven,finishedanddonein
Enalish.
Venas rr5
isliketheform Ihavedone in English.
Meanings
I have
form the past participle of mixed verbs, you add ge- to the beginning of the verb stem and, like weak verbs, -t to the end. As with many strong verbs, the stem vowel may also change.
To
er
sie
es
-st -t
you have
Infinitive
bringen (to run)
denken (to think)
Take off-en
-t
helshe/it has
bringdenk-
gebracht gedacht
wtr ihr
sie
Sie
-en
-t
-en
D Theperfecttenseofseparableverbsisalsoformedintheaboveway,exceptthat
the separable prefix isjoined on to the front ofthe ge-: ich habe die Flasche aufggmacht, du hast die Flasche aufggmacht and so on.
sie haben
Sie haben
D With
t
inseparable verbs, the only d ifference is that past participles are formed without the ge-: ich habe Kaffee bestellt, du hast Kaffee bestellt and so on.
For more
Pronoun ich du
Ending
Meanings
lam
you are
.)
41
see
poge
rcg.
er
sie
es
helshe/i,t is
wtr ihr
ste
with haben
D
we are you (p,ura,) are they are you (polite) are
Most weak, strong and m ixed verbs form thei r perfect tense with haben, for example machen:
Pronoun ich du haben habe hast
Past Participle gemacht
ihr seid
sie sind Sie sind
Meaning
I
5ie
gemacht gemacht
f|l
L
To
er
sie g of
hat
the
es
wtr ihr
ste
-t
habt
haben haben
hoF mach-
geholt gemacht
5ie
ou
(si
n gul a
ruote that one exception to this rule is weak verbs ending in -ieren, which omit
tne ge.
studiert
gemacht.
Haben Sie gut geschlafen?
Er hat fleiRig
homework.
Did you sleep well? He has worked hard.
To form the past participle ofstrong verbs, you add ge- to the beginning ofthe verb stem and -en to the end. The vowel in the stem may also change.
gearbeitet.
lnfinitive
laufen (to run) singen (to sing)
Take off-en
laufsing-
gelaufen gesungen
see pages x-xiv.
rT6
VERBS r
Venas rr7
Lql haben orsein! ) MOST verbs form thei r perfect tense with haben.
lch habe das schon gemacht. Wo haben Sie fr0her gearbeitet?
l've already done
Here are the perfect tense forms of a very common strong verb, gehen, in full: Pronoun
setn Past Participle
Meanings
I
that.
ich du er
sie
es
bin
bist
> With refl exive verbs the refl exive pronoun comes
lch habe mich heute Morgen
Sie hat sich
ist
helshe/it went,
he,/she,/it has gone
geduscht.
see
had a
showerthis morning.
She
didn't remember.
wtr ihr
5te
* !
plgerc2.
There are
two main groups of verbs which form their perfect tense with sein instead ofhaben, and most ofthem are strong verbs:
verbswhich take no directobjectandare used mainlytotalkabout movement or a change ofsome kind, such as: gehen kommen to go to come to arrive to leave to get off to get on to die to be
5ie
ou
(si
n gul a
r/pl
m r)
Note that the perfect tense of the most important strong, weak and m ixed verlrs is shown in theVerbTables.
For VerbTables, see supplement.
ankommen
abfahren aussteigen
einsteigen
sterben sein werden bleiben begegnen
)/
y' y' y'
this the perfect tense. is formed with the present tense of haben orsein and a past participle.
to become
to remain
to meet
to succeed to get up to fall
I
mepast participle begins in ge- and ends in-tforweakverlrs, in ge- and -en for strong verbs often with a stem vowel change, and in ge- and -t for mixed verbs, with a stem vowel change.
Mostverbstakehaben in the perfecttense. Many strong verbs, especially those referri ng to movement or change, take sein.
What happened?
I18
VERBS
Vecas rr9
The imperfecttense
What is the imperfect tense? The imperfecttense is one ofthe verb tenses used to talk aboutthe past, especially in descriptions, and to say what used to happen, for example, lt wos sunny atthe
weekend; I used to walk to school
.
rw
Remem ber that you N EVER use the verb sein to translate was or werein forms like was roining orwere looking and so on. You change the Cerman verb ending instead.
L1l
L
|
To
form the i mperfect tense ofweak verbs, you use the same stem ofthe verb as for the present tense. Then you add the correct ending, depending on whetheryou are referring to ich, du, er, sie, es, wir, ihr, sie orSie.
Pronoun ich du er
sie
es
to describe actions in the past which the speaker feels have no link with the
present
Er kam zu spat, um
teilnehmen
He arrived
Ending
zu kdnnen.
part.
wegging.
Damals oab es ein groRes
Problem
with
mit Drogen.
to saywhat used to happen orwhatyou used to do regularly in the past Wir machten jeden Tag einen We used to qo for a walk every Spaziergang. day. Samstags spielte ich Tennis. I used to plavtennis on Saturdays.
trtote
wtr ihr
sie
-ten
wir spielten
ihr spieltet
sie
wewere playing
-tet
-ten
spielten
they played
that if you want to tal k about an event or action that took place and
Sie
theywere playing
5ie spielten you (polite) played
you were playing
was completed in the past, you normally use the perfecttense in German conversation. The imperfect tense is normally used in written Cerman. Was hast du heute qemacht?
*
D
She picked
every oay.
When using seit or seitdem to describe someth ing that had happened or had been true at a point in the past, the imperfect is used in cerman, where in English a verlr form with hod is used.
Sie war seit
dem
beschAftigt.
^orc
i
Lehrerin
working
as a
teachersince hermarriage.
see p
s,
oge 14.
lfthestem ends in-d.-t, -m or-n an extra-e isadded beforethe usual imperfect end ings to make pronunciation easier.
r2O
VERBS
Vengs tzr
Ending -ete
Add to Stem, e.g. arbeitich arbeitete du arbeitgles!
er arbeitete sie arbeitete
es arbeitete wir arbeiteten
Pronoun ich du er
sie
e5
Meanings
To
form the imperfect tense of strong verbs you add the following endings to the stem, which undergoes a vowel change.
Pronoun ich du Ending
Add to Stem,
Meanings
I
-etest
-ete
lwas shouting
-st
wtr
-eten
er
sie
es
ihr
ste
Sie
-etet
-eten -eten
ihr arbeitetet
sie Sie
wtr ihr
ste
Sie
-en
arbeiteten arbeiteten
-t
-en
ihr rieft
sie rlgfen
Sie rlefen
Wochenende.
viel.
worked a lot.
Sie rief mich
lfthe -m or-n has one ofthe consonants l, ror h in front of it, the -e is not added as shown in the du, er, sie and es, and ihr forms below.
Pronoun du er
sie
es
immerfreitags an.
5he always called me on Friday. They ran along the street. You used to sing a lot as a child.
Ending
Meanings
you learned you were learning
-test -te
As in othertenses, the verb sein is a very irregular strong verb since the imperfect forms seem to have no relation to the infinitive form of the verb: ich war, du wa'st,er/sie/es war, wirwaren, ihrwart, sie,/Sie waren.
lernte
ihr
-tet
Sie lernte alles ganz schnell.
ihr lerntet
E_]
The imperfect tense of m ixed verbs is formed by add ing the weak verb end ings to a stem whose vowel has been chanoed as for a strono verb.
Pronoun ich du er
5re
Ending
Meanings
I
tr
)
is
knew
you Knew
he/she/it knew
es
lmperfect
er sagte
wtr
ihr
sre Sie
-ten
Weak Strong
sagen
-tet
-ten
rufen
to shout
er
ruft
er
rief
they knew
you (polite) knew
kannten
He
For
Er
I22
VERBS
Venas rz3
>
Bringen (mean i ng to bring) anddenken (meani ng to think) have a vowel AN D consonantchange in their imperfectforms bringen (to bring) ich brashte du brashtest er/sie/es braqhte wir brgghten denken (to think)
ich dachte du dachtest
What is the future tense? future tense is a verb tense used to talk about someth ing that will happen
orwill
lre
true.
ihr brashtet
sie,/Sie braqhten
tr_] Usingthefuturetense > In English the future tense is often shown by will or its shortened
What willyou do? The weather will be warm and dry tomorrow.
He'll be here soon.
form 'll.
Note that the imperfect tense of the most important strong, weak and mixed E verbs shown in theVerlrTables.
is
>
r' imperfect tense generally for things that happened regularly for descriptions the past, especially written German. r' The imperfect weak verbs formed using the stem the verb -te, -te, -ten, -ten.
The
is
Key
points
that
in
ust as in English, you can use the present tense in German to refer to someth ing is going to happen in the future.
used
or
in
of
is
same
of
(.
-test,
-tet,
Wir fahren nAchstes Jahr nach Griechenland. lch nehme den letzten zug heute Abend.
The future tense lS used howeverto:
train tonight.
lfthe stem ofa weak verb ends in -d, -t, -m or-n an extra -e is added before the usual imperfect endings to make pronunciation easier. lfthe -m or-n has one ofthe consonants l, r or h in front of it, the -e
is not added.
is
won't
be able
to do that until
nexr year.
which undergoes
-t,
.
D
aboutthe future
l'm sure she'll help me when she returns.
-en.
The imperfect tense of mixed verbs is formed by adding the weak verb endings to a stem whose vowel has been changed as for a strong verb. The verbs bringen and denken also have a consonant change.
ln Englishweoften usegoing tofollowed byan infinitivetotalkaboutsomething that wi ll happen in the i mmed iate future. You CAN NOT use the German verb gehen (meaning to go) followed by an infinitive in the same way. Instead, you
use
re
tense.
You're going to regret
He's
wirst du
bereuen.
verDasst
that.
Zug.
A Forminothefuturetense
>
The future tense has TWO parts to it and is formed in the same way for allverbs,
be they weak,
strong or mixed:
.
For
the presenttense of the strong verb werden (meaning to become),which acts as an auxiliary verb like haben and sein in the perfect tense
124
vERBs Ending
-e
Vrnas rz5
PresentTense
ich werde du
er sie
Pronoun ich du
Meanings lbecome
you become
The conditional
What
is
-st
wirst
the conditional?
er
sie
es
wtr
-en
ihr
sre
-t
-en -en
helshe/it becomes
The conditional is a verb form used to talk about things that would happen or that wou ld be true u nder certain cond itions, for example, I would help you if I could.lt is also used to say what you would like or need, for example, Could you give me the bill?
sie
sie werden
lI
>
o the infinitive of the main verb, which normally goes at the end of the clause
or senrence.
Pronoun ich du PresentTense
shortened form'd.
lre sad if you left. you lf asked him, he'd help you.
lnfinitive of
Main Verb holen holen holen
Meanings
I
lwould
ofwerden
werde
willfetch
>
In German, the
conditional
is also used
wirst
wird
you willfetch
er
sie
es
lch wiirde dir schon helfen, ich habe aber keine Zeit.
Was
don't
Whatwould you do in my
position?
wlr
ihr
sie
Sie
werden
we will fetch you (p,urdl) will fetch they will fetch you (polit) will fetch
tun?
werdet
werden
lA
D
The cond
to it and
is
Morgen werde ich mein Fahrrad holen. l'llfetch my bike tomorrow. SiewirddirmeineAdressegeben. She'llgiveyoumyaddress.
be they weak,
strong or
ixed:
warten.
We'llwait outside.
. o
ruote that in reflexive verbs, the reflexive pronoun comes after the present tense ofwerden. l'll prepare nextweek lch werde mich nechste Woche
Pronoun ich du
ofwerden w[irde
lnfinitive of MainVerb
holen holen holen
Meanings
lwould fetch
you would fetch
vorbereiten.
wiirdest wiirde
'
n
y' y'
,oucan
,I::fflll'o,ark
er sie
es
just as in English. The future tense is formed from the present tensle ofwerden and the infinitive of the main verb. voucANNoT usegehen with an infi nitive to refertothingsthatwill
in the future,
wtr ihr
ste
wiirden
w[irdet
wiirden
sie
r26
VERBS
I would never do that. Das wUrde ich nie machen. Wlirdest du mir etwas Geld leihen? Would you lend me some money? Wiirden Sie jemals mit dem Rauchen Would you ever stoP smoking?
VERBS r27
aufhOren?
What is the pluperfect tense? pluperfect is a verb tense which describes something that had happened or had been true at a point in the past, for example, I'd forgotten to finish my
homework.
Note that you have to be careful not to mix uP the present tense ofwerden, used to form the future tense, and the subjunctive ofwerden, used to form
FUTURE USE
ich werde du
>
You can often recogn ize a pluperfect tense in English by a form like I had arrived,
you'd fallen.
wirst
wiirdest
er/sie/eswird
wirwerden
ihr werdet
Sie waren schon wegoefahren. Diese Blicher hatten sie schon gelesen.
sielsie werden
Key
points
@
orwiirde part
y' y'
t tote tnat when translat ing had done/had been doing i n conj unction with seit,/seitdem, you use the imperfect tense in cerman.
The conditional tense is formed from the subjunctive of werden and the infinitive of the main verb. The
itforyears.
conditionaltense
is
For more
A Forming the pluperfect tense > Li ke the perfect tense, the pluperfect tense in Cerman has two parts to it: . the m perfect tense of the verb haben (mean ng to hove) or sein (mean ing
i i
to be)
.
>
thepastparticiple.
plu perfect
lf a verb takes haben in the perfecttense, then itwilltake haben in the too. lf a verb takes sein i n the perfect, then it wi ll take sein i n the
plu perfect.
For more information on the tmperfect tense and the Perfect tense, see poges n8 and fi3.
tr
>
Verbstaking haben
Here are the pluperfect tense forms of holen (meaning to fetch) in
full.
r28
VERBS
Vrnas rz9
haben
Meanings
I had
The subjunctive
what
The is the subjunctive?
i s a verb form that is used i n certai n ci rcumstances to express some sort of feeling, or to show there is doulrt about whether something wil happen or whether something is true. lt is only used occasionally in modern Eng lish, for example, lf I were Vou, I wouldn't bother; So be it.
fetched
geholt geholt
subjunctive
wtr ihr
sie
Sie
hatten
hattet
hatten
L
>
qesprochen.
to him.
In German, subjunctive forms are used much more frequently than in English, to express uncertainty, speculation or doubt.
Es
sein.
lt could be true.
tr
}
H
Verbstakingsein
ere
a re
>
nin g
the
pl u
to trlvel) in
full.
Subjunctives are also commonly used in indirect speech, also known as reported speech. What a person asks or thi n ks can be reported d i rectlv:
Sie
Pronoun ich du
Meanings
I had
sagte: ,,Er kennt deine Schwester" She said, "He knows your sister"
travelled
OR indirectlv:
Sie sagte, er
kenne meine
Schwester.
She said he
knew my sister.
er
sie es
[)
ruote tnat the change from direct to ind irect speech is indicated by a change oftense In English, but is shown by a change to the subjunctive form in Cerman.
wtr ihr
sie
Sie
waren
we had travelled you (plurol) had travelled they had travelled you (polite) had travelled
wart
waren
The conjunction dass (meaning rhdt) beg ins the clause containing the indirect speech
Sie
ltalienisch
She
told
us
spreche.
r'
y y'
r
at a point in the past before something else happened.
i,::_f:lfd participle.
of haben
ltalienisch.
She
told
us she spoke
ltalian.
Verbswhich take haben in the perfecttensewill takehaben in the pluperfect tense and those which take sein in the perfect tense will take sein in the pluperfect tense.
lf you want to express a possible situation I n English, for example, I would be happy if you cIme,you use'if'followed by the appropriate tense of the verb. In cerman you use the conjunction wenn followed by a subjunctive form of
the verb.
@
For
ruote
a clause
Venas r3r
lZ
>
D
sein.
The three main forms of the sutrjunctive are the present subiunctive, the i m perfect subj u nctive and the pl uperfect su bi u nctive, The presentsubjunctive ofweak, strong and mixed verbs has the same endings: Pronoun ich du
Present Subjunctive: Weak and Strong Verb Endings -e
-est
-e
er/sie/es
wtr ihr
sie,/5ie
-en
-et
-en
rtp
The imperfect forms of bezahlen, and of all weak verbs, are exactly the same as the im perfect su bj u nctive forms, so it's better to use a conditional tense to avoid confusion.
fetch
you fetch
wenn ... nur (mean ing i[only), selbst wenn (mean ing even if or even though) and wie (meaning how) work in the same way as wenn.This means that the
normal word order is chanqed and the verb comes at the end of the clause.
fahre$
o
o
sagen.
wiirde
Ithink
you think
Unlike wenn and wie etc, the word order does not change after als (meaning when it is used in conditional clauses: it is immediately followed bv the verb.
as if or os though)
krank.
tq
D
rrp
It is quite common to hear the subj unctive used when someone is asking you something politely, for example, the person serving you
in a shop might ask:
The imperfect subjunctive is very common and is not always used to describe actions in the past. lt can, for example, express the future.
kdnnte!
etwas?
D
Willthere
be
The imperfect tense and the imperfect subjunctive of weak verbs are identical.
anything else?
I32
VERBS
Venas
lmperfect/lmperfect subjunctive holte holtest holte holten
Meaning
I
r33
Pronoun ich du
Wenn ich du
rennen.
fetched INSTEAD OF
you fetched
er/sie/es
he/she/it fetched
we fetched
wll
ihr
sielSie
holtet
holten
I see
page n5.
The imperfect subjunctive of strong verbs is formed by adding the following endings to the stem of the imperfect. lf there is an a, o or u in this stem, an umlaut is also added to it. Pronoun ich du
Grammar Extm!
The pluperfect subjunctive is formed from the imperfect subjunctive ofhaben or sein + the past participle. Th is su bj unctive form is frequently used to translate the Eng lish structu re 'lf I had done something, ...'
lmperfect Subjunctive:
Strong Verb Endings
-e
-(e)st
-e -en
er/sie/es
wtr ihr
sie,/Sie
-(e)t
-en
wote that you add the _e to the du and ihr parts of the verb if it makes Dron u nciati on easi er, for exam ple : du stieBest
ihr stieBet
Pronoun ich du
Meaning
I gave
you gave
er/sie/es
he/she/it gave
we gave
'
wtr ihr
sie/Sie
>> The im perfect subj
giben
sabG)!
gAben
u nctive forms of the m ixed verbs brennen, kennen, senden, ano wenden add weak verb imperfect endings to the stem of nennen, rennen the verb, which DoEs NoT change the vowel. The imperfect subj u nctive forms of the remaining mixed verbs bringen, denken and wissen are also the same as the imDerfect with one major difference: not only does the stem vowel change, but an umlaut is also added to the a or u. However, all of these forms are rare' with the conditional tense beinq used much morefrequently instead'
r34
vERBs
Vsngs r35
The infinitive
What is the infinitive?
The
)
>
Bitte nicht in diesen Zug einsteigen! Please don't board this trainl lt can also be used as a noun with a capital letter. lt rauchen = to smoke Sie hat das Rauchen
is
the'to'form of the verb, for example, to go, and is the form you look up in a dictionary. lt is the -en form of the verlr in German. infinitive
is
alwavs neuter.
aufgegeben.
She's given up
smoking.
afterotherverbs
lch versuchte zu kommen.
I
tried to come.
o afteradjectives
Es Es
treiben.
don'twantto
do my
homework.
) *
modalverbs, such as kiinnen (meaning to be able, con) She can swim verv well. 5ie kann gut schwimmen.
see
poge
46
Ttp
The English -ingform is often translated by the Cerman infinitive, as shown in some of the examples lrelow.
theverbs lassen (meaningto stop,to leave), bleiben (meaning to stoy) and gehen (meaning to go)
Sie lieRen uns
Er
warten.
ging einkaufen.
went shopping.
For
136
VERBS
Venss
r37
Modalverbs
What are modal verbs?
Modal verbs are used to modifv or change other verbs to show such things as ability, permission or necessity. Forexample, he con swim',mov I come?;we oughtto go.
.
L
war.
lt may well
be
o . [f
D
tr
>
Usins modalverbs
In German, the modalverbs are d[irfen, kdnnen, miigen, miissen, sollen and
aufstehen.
sechs
Certain common, informal uses Muss das sein? Den Film muss man gesehen
wollen.
L * !
haben.
Modal verbs are different from other verbs in their conjugation, which is shown
in theVerbTables.
For VerbTables,
see
supplement.
rvote tnatyou can use a negativeform of brauchen (meaning of miissen for don't have to or need not Das brauchst du
to
need)
instead
nicht zu sagen.
that.
diirfen:
Are you allowed
o o o
>
Darfst du mit ins Kino kommen? Meaning must not or moy not lch darf keine Schokolade essen. Expressingpoliteness Darf ich?
Meaning to be oble to or con
You ought to do
that straight
away.
Sie wusste
sollte.
May
something
Du sollstdeine Freundin
We can't make it.
o o . o L
anrufen.
You
areto/should phoneyour
has
girlfriend (she
left a message
Meaning would be obletoorcould Could you go there tomorrow? Kiinntest du morgen hinfahren? As a more common, informalalternative to diirfen, with the meaning to be
allowed to or can
o
D
haben?
ofwollen:
She
o
That may be so. That can't be true.
nicht sein.
o o
Meaning to like, when expressing likes and dislikes Do you I i ke chocolate? Magst du Schokolade? TheV don't li ke it. Sie miioen es nicht. Meaning would like to,when expressing wishes and polite requests
trinken?
o .
Meaning to bewillingto
He refuses to say
anything. Expressing something you previously intended todo I was just about to phone. lch wollte gerade anrufen.
138
VERBS
Venas r39
lmpersonalverbs
mtigen
kiinnm
ich kann
du kannst
What is an impersonal verb? An impersonal verb is one that does not relate to a real person or thing and where the subject is represented by it, for example, ltb going to roin: lt's ten o'clock.
ich mag
du magst
>
regnet.
sielsie kiinnen
solten
sielsie mtigen
D
mussen
wollm
ich du
ich soll
du sollst
will willst
Here are the most common impersonal verbs. ln some of these expressions it is possible to drop the es, in which case a personal pronoun such as mich or mir begins the clause. For example:
Es
erlsie,/eslman will
OR
wirwollen
ihrwollt
sielSie wollen
Q For more informotion on Personal pronouns, see poge lo. ) These expressions are marked with a * in the list below: . es freut mich,dass/zu I am glad that/to.
freut mich, dass du gekommen bist.
Es Es freut mich, Sie in unserer Stadt begriiBen zu dfirfen.
gut schwimmen.
to
Grammar Extra!
I
ourtown.
I I
n sentences
with modal verbs where the other verb expresses movement, it can
to show movement instead.
I
be dropped
es
ifthere
lch muss nach Hause. Die Kinder sollen ietzt ins Bett.
must go home.
o es geht nicht.
For more information on Adverbs, see page 57
o es geht um
Es
Key
points
es
Es
succeed (in)
es handelt sich um
Es
es
Es
it depends
ob ich arbeiten It depends whether I have to
x'xiv.
muss,
worl( or not.
r4o
VERBS
Veeas r4r
There's no point.
o es hat keinen Zweck. o es ist miregal (ob)o Es ist mir egal, ob du kommst oder nicht.
es
D Allweatherverbs
lnfinitive
are imoersonal
Expression
es es es
it's all the same I don't care if you come or not. it's possible (that) It's always possible she doesn't have her mobile with her. it's necessary
It
to me (if)
Meaning
there's thunderand lightning it's freezing t's pouring t's raining
frieren
qielSen
friert
gietst
ist miiglich(, dass) Es is doch miiglich, dass sie ihr Handy nicht dabei hat. ist ntitig Es wird nicht n6tig sein, mir
Bescheid zu sagen.
regnen schneien
setn
es
warm,/kalt
KNOW,
l'm warm OR l'm cold someone's ringing the bellOR the phone is ringing The bell just went OR the phone
just rang.
a es klopft o es kommt darauf an(, ob) Es kommt darauf an, ob ich arbeiten muss.
es someone's knocking (atthe door)
work.
it's (not) worth
I
lohnt sich (nicht) lch weiR nicht, ob es sich lohnt oder nicht.
it
a es macht nichts
a es macht nichts aus Macht es dir etwas aus, wenn wir morgen gehen?
es
Es
it doesn't matter
sorry(that)...
o wie geht
es (dir)?
a Mirwird schlecht"
feel sick
r42
VERBS
Venss r43
tr
o
Es
gibt
This is always used in the singularform and is followed by a singular or plural object in the accusative case.
Es
He knew on time.
>
involved.
Es
is
There is no betterwine.
It's definitely going
to rain.
es
lf we arrive late,
there'll be
When the dass clause or infi nitive phrase lreg ins the sentence, es is not used in the main clause. Instead, it can lre replaced by the pronoun das (meaning thdt).
Dass es Karla war, das haben
Arger.
trouble.
lt is often used informallY' Was gibts (=gibt es) zu essen? Was gibts? so was gibts doch nicht!
[}
is there to eat? What's wrong?, What's uP? That's impossiblel
ruote
tnat dass
is a
demonstrative
What
pronoun.
For more
t)
D
see
plge V2.
The
t2-l Es ist/es sind . Here, the es simply introduces the real subject ofthe sentence, so ifthe
o @
subject is plural, es sind is used.The subject is in the nominative case. There are hardly anY PeoPle there. Es sind kaum Leute da.
where the subject and verb swap places in the clause or sentence, the es ls
dropped.
Da sind kaum Leute. There are hardly anY PeoPle there.
es
ertragen, zu tun/dass...
to bear doing
I
widerspricht.
gibt
is
to find it easy to
She
o
o
temporary situation'
There was no-one there.
[iberreden.
persuading them.
es
niitig haben, zu
to need to
I don't have to talk to you about it.
Queen...
.
o
es
English verbs.
r/
Forfurther explanation ofgrammatical terms' please
see pages
t,l
esverstehen, zu ...
Sie
to know howto
versteht
es,
Autos zu
reparieren.
x'xlv'
144
D
vERBs
Venas r45
The
esjemandemanhdren/ansehen,
dass... Man h6rte es ihm an, dass er kein Deutscher war.
to
to long for
to wait for
a es bereuen, .
zu tun,/dass ...
wartenaqf
bitten um
to ask for
gekommen bin. esjemandem verbieten, zu ... lhre Mutter hat es ihr verboten, dort hinzugehen.
es
to forbid someone to
Her motherforbade her to go
rrp
As you can see
from the examples above, the preposition that is used in German is not always the same as the one that is used in English. Whenever you learn a new verb, try to learn which preposition is used after it too. completely d ifferent mean i ngs. bestehen bestehen aus bestehen auf
sich freuen auf sich freuen iiber
wagen zu ...
to
lre pleased
about
trtote that you occasionally need to use a preposition verb whose Engl ish equivalent does not have one.
with a German
diskutieren
liber
to discuss
Prepositions used with these verbs behave like normal prepositions and affect the case of the following noun in the normal way. For instance, with verbs followed lryfiirthe accusative case is always used.
sich interessieren fiir interessiert sich nicht flir den neuen Wagen.
Sie
A
to be interested in
She isn't interested in the new car.
verb plus preposition is not always followed by a noun or pronou n. lt can also followed by a clause containing anotherverb. This is often used to translate an-ingform in Englishand isdealtwlth in oneof twoways:
be
lfthe verbs in both parts ofthe sentence have the same subject, da- or daris added to the beginning of the preposition and the following verb lrecomes an infinitive used with zu.
lch freue mich sehr darauf, mal wieder mit ihr zu arbeiten.
I
see Pages
x'xiv'
with heragain.
146
VERBS
Vecas r47
lfthesubjectisnotthesameforbothverbs,adass(rneaningthat)clauseisused. I am looking forward to you lch freue mich sehrdAFuf, coming tomorrow. dass du morgen kommst.
11
D
The following list contains the most common verbs followed by a preposition plus the dative case:
tr
)
Verbsfollowed bv a preposition
The
pl us
o abhingenvon
Das hangt von der
preposition
to depend on That depends how much time we have left. to occupy oneself with They're busy with their new house at the moment. to consist of to sufferfrom She suffered from this illness for
a long
o sich beschdftigen
Sie
mit
. o
bestehen aus
Sie
forthe position of
Direktorin beworben.
rector.
gelitten.
time.
to ask for
to be thinking of
l'd
to smellof to taste of
It tastes of cinnamon.
tothinkabout, hold an opinion of What do you think about it? to remember to look forward to to be pleased about
l'm very glad you came.
ofcancer.
r
o o
competition.
to dream of to say goodbye to
I
triumen von
sich verabschieden von lch habe mich noch nichtvon
to get used to
to be interested in
She's very
interested in politics.
ihm verabschiedet.
to fightfor
to take care ol see to Can you see to my plants?
o sich verstehen
mit
reallywellwith
her.
klimmern?
o nachdenken
Er
i.iber
to think about
He had been a long time.
/ y'
:fll,X"rt"t-,t,r?tions
using.Oiffe"rent prepositions with a verb creates completely different meanings.
use prepositions where
nachgedacht.
to talk about
o
For
warten auf
to wait for
Please see Pages x-xiv.
their Enstish
Prepositions used with verlrs behave like normal prepositions and affect the case of the following noun.
r48
VERBS
VERBS 149
togive(asapresent)
l'm giving her a computerfor her birthday.
tr
>> Some verbs are generally used with a direct object and an indirect obiect' For example, in the English sentence,She g Tve me a book, the direct object of gaveis a book and would be in the accusative case in German, and rne (= to me) is the ind irect object and would lre in the dative case in Cerman' Sie gab mir ein Buch.
She gave me a book.
toshow
directobject=ein Buch
ind irect object
=
mir
A Verbs with their object in the dative ) Certain verbs in German, such as helfen (meaning to help) can ONLy be followed
by an object in the dative case. In many cases, their English equivalents have a direct object, and you need to learn the most common verbs which are different She
>
giving ln cerman, as in English, this type of verb is usually concerned with or telling someone something, or with doing something for someone else.
Sie erzahlte
in this way.
o begegnen
is
for the d i rect object to follow the indirect, EXCEPT where the direct object is a personal pronoun.
trtote
Stadt
He bumped
into
h is
friend in
rown.
Whose book is this?
Kaufst du es mir:?
He refused
to help her.
Q > Here are some of the most common examples of verbs which are used with
For more information on Direct and lndirect obiect pronouns,
74-n
'
o danken
lch danke dir!
tothank
Thank you!
o schaden o
Das Essen
todamage
Smoking is bad for your health.
o anbieten
Sie bot ihr die
to offer
Arbeitsstelle an'
herthejob.
schmecken to taste
hat ihnen gutgeschmeckt. Theyenjoyed the meal.
to trust
I
o bringen o beweisen
o fehlen
tobring
Willyou bring me one?
can you prove it to me?
. trauen
to
be absent or
missing
I
o geben
to give
Cive me that nowl
y' some cerman verbs are usr", J;]"ilLTa irecrAN D an ind rect object. y' Theindirect object isALWAYS in the dative case. y' The normal word order after such verbs is for the direct object to follow
d
i
,
Forfurther explanation ofgrammatical terms, please
see Pages x-xiv'
.a;::'"
r50
VERBS
Venas r5r
The passive
What is the passive?
The passive is the form ofthe verb that is used when the subject ofthe verb is the person or th ing that is affected by the action, for example, I wos given,we
were told.
>
see)
ich werde gesehen du wirst gesehen er/sie,/es wird gesehen wirwerden gesehen'
helshe,/it is seen
we are seen you (plural) are seen
it hId
been
mIde.
tr
>
Llv
ofthe verb is the person orthing the verb. The'object' of the verb is the
rtp
There is//there ore can be
translated by
verb in the passive tense in There is always a lot of drinking at his party.
German.
Es wird immer viel getrunken aufseiner Party.
) l
In English, as in German, you can turn an active sentence round to make a Dassive sentence.
| (subject)
>
ofthe passive by changing the tense ofthe verb werden, for example, the imperfect passive.
ich wurde
indicated bVtheverb.
I was hit in the face.
gesehen
see
was seen
*
down.
page ng.
The trees
will
be choPPed
tr
)
rtp
There is a very important difference between Cerman and English in sentences containing an indirect obiect. ln English we can quite easily turn a normal (active) sentence with an ind irect object into a passive sentence.
Active
Someone (subject) gave (active verb) me (indirect object) abook(direct object). Passive
| (subjecr)
bitten by a dog.
was
wind.
n4.
In German, an indirect object can NEVER become the subject of a passive verb. Instead, the indirect object must remain in the dative case, with either the direct object becoming the subject ofthe passive sentence OR use of an impersonal passive construction. Ein Buch (subject) wurde mir geschenkt.
152
vERBs
E_l
PREPOSITIONS
What is a preposition? preposition is a word such
Passives are not as common i n German as i n Eng I ish. There are three ma in ways
by using the pronoun man (meaning they or one)with a normal, active verb.
trtote
that man
is
as at, for, with, intoorfrom,which is usually followed by a noun, pronoun o1 in English, a word ending in -ing. prepositions show how people and things relate to the rest ofthe sentence, for example, A
She's
o o
Using prepositions
>
by using an active tense where the agent of the action is known. Susi schenkte ihr ein
INSTEAD OF
Auto.
Prepositions are used in front of nou ns and pronouns (such as me, him, the mon and so on), and show the relationship between the noun or pronoun and the rest of the sentence. Some prepositions can be used before verb forms ending in -ing in English.
I showed my ticket to the inspector. Comewith me.
lhr wurde von Susi ein Auto geschenkt. She was given
car by Susi.
*
D
I
and 69.
of werden
nepresent tense of the passive is formed by using the present tense with the past participle. subjectofa
it i ntroduces,
for example:
the inspector
me cleaning shoes
to the inspector
il:[:]"*""
youcan often avoid a passive construction lry using the pronoun man plus an infinitive oran active tensewhere the agent is
with me
forcleaning shoes
In Cerman, however, the noun following a preposition must be put into the accusative, genitive or dative case.
taking the dative case are: aus, auBer, bei, gegenliber, mit, nach, seit, von, zu
. aus
Er
outof,from
He is drinking out of the bottle.
She comes
Sie
from Essen.
r54
Pnepostlorus
outof;excePt
Pneeosmorus r55
o auBer
since; for (of time) He's stopped playing football since he became ill.
Der Fahrstuhl war auBer Der patient istjetzt auBer alle auBer mir kamen zu
mehr FuBball.
r bei
Bei uns in
otthehome/shop/worketcof;near
ruotethatafterseit, meaning for, we use the presenttense in Cerman, butthe oerfecttense in English.
lch wohne seit zweiJahren in
l've been living in
schottland ist das kein ProblemSie ist beim Bicker. Er ist noch beim Friseur. Erwohnt immer noch bei seinen Eltern.
uns?
Frankfurtfor
us
two years.
She's been
workinq for
for
eight years.
plge 94.
. von
n
+
Note that bei plus the definite article can be shortened to beim.
For more information on Shortened forms of prepositions,
see page
From Berlinwewentonto
$5'
o gegeniiber
Er
Argumenten
opposite; towards He lives opposite us. She has always been very
iiberzeugt worden.
Krakow I know nothing about him. She was convinced by our ar9umenrs.
For more
Note thatvon can be used as a common alternative to the qenitive case. Die Mutter von diesen Midchen The mother of these girls is an
[J
ruote tnat when used as a preposition, gegen[iber is placed AFTER a pronou n, but can be placed BEFORE oTAFTER a noun.
ist Kiinstlerin.
Sie ist eine Freundin von
artist.
She is a friend ofAlexander's.
o mit o nach
Nach zwei
with
He went for friends.
a
Alexander.
see
page n.
after;to
He returned
. zu
two hours later'
Er
to;for
He
stunden kam erwieder. she went to London. gereist. From thewav she talks lwould lhrer Sprache nach ist sie
sav she is
inner.
Siiddeutsche.
see
page
$5.
noun.
r56
Pnsposrrrous
Pneposrrrorus t57
o durch
Gnmmar Extra!
Some
through She looked through the hole. They met again, by chance.
that
is
wieder.
can't stand it any longer.
. entlang olong
Die Kinder kommen die StraRe
The children are coming along
(emandem) beistehen
Er
to stand by (somebody) He stood by his friend. to have an attitude towards He has a critical attitude towards them. to give somebody Will you give me to copy
she copies everything I do.
a a
entlang.
the street.
qeoen0berstehen
Er
trtote
lift
o fiir
Was Was Was
lift please?
lch habe es fiir dich getan. Das ist flir ihn sehr wichtig.
ldid itforyou.
That is very important to him. What kind (ofone) does he have? What kind ofcardoes she havel What kind of apples are they?
Sqmachen
Mach die TUr zu!
to snut
Shut the door!
fiir eins hat er? flir einen Wagen hat fiir Apfel sind das?
against; around
sie?
rcg.
gegen
for
otlock.
Heuschnupfen?
Key points
gegeniiber, aus, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zu, auBerare the most common prepositions used with the dative case. tachof tfiem has several
d
ohne . um
Es Es
without.
gs, depend i ng on
aus,nach, mit, bei and zu can also lre used as separable verb prefixes.
station
is round
the corner.
It begins at nine.
[J
ruote
zeit.
Es handelt sich um dein Benehmen.
rw
lf you want an easy way to remember wh ich prepositions take the accusative case, Vou could think of the word DOGWUF, which can stand for the prepositions durch ohne gegen wider um fiir.
see
plge 45
o wider
Das
For
I58
PneposrnoHs
Pnrnosrrrorus r59
Grammar Extra!
Some
L
that
is
The most common prepositions in this category are: an, auf, hinter, in, neben, uber, unter, vor, zwischen
the part at
the
You usean:
Leben.
r
She's been
through
on the board.
I
um and widerare also used as separable or inseparable verb prefixes (variable verb prefixes), depend ing on the verb and mean ing.
Mutter geschrieben.
lch ziehe im Sommer an die
In the summer I move to the
LUd5L.
ullarmen
Er hat sie
tnseparable
to emllrace
He gave her a hug.
Kliste.
umarmt.
separable
Umfaf
fen
to fall over
She fell over.
written
on the
blackboard.
widersprechen
widersprochen.
inseporable
to go agai nst
That went against my wishes.
station.
(sich)widerspiegeln
Der Baum spiegelt sich im
separoble
to reflect
The tree is reflected in the water,
.
Wasserwider.
+
D
$s.
For more information on Seporable verbs and lnseparabte verbs, see pages rcg and no
You useauf:
.
Key
points
country
durch,entlang,fiir, gegen, ot n", and widerare the most common prepositions used with the accusative case.
trlost of them have several different possible meanings, depending on the context they are used in.
r-,
atthe book.
durch,entlang and gegen can also lre used um andwider can also be used
as
[} *
shortened to aufs.
see
page$5.
>
You use
hinter:
Stand behind your brother.
. the accusative case when there is some movement towards a different place o the dative casewhen a location is described ratherthan movement. orwhen
there is movementwithin the same Dlace
hinter mir.
She was
'r50
Pnepostrtorus
Pneposrrrorus
t6t
D Youusein:
amono friends.
You usevor:
gehen.
He
. .
front ofthe
What did you do at school today? A lot of people were waiting for him in the room.
Haus.
+
)
lch war vor ihm da. I was there lrefore h im. Vordem Krankenhaus linksabbiegen. Turn leftatthe hospital.
You use zwischen:
$5.
o
case Put your bike next
two plates.
to mine.
Teller.
o
Your bike's next to mine.
with the dative case Das Dorf liegt zwischen den Bergen. The village lies between the
mountains.
D
case Pull the jumper over your head!
She
Each ofthese prepositions can also be used with verbs and are then called prepositional objects.
Zieh den Pullover:0ber deinen KoPf! Sie ging quer 0ber das Feld. Flugzeuge diirfen nicht iiber dieses Gebiet fliegen.
this area.
Zimt.
to taste of
The dessert tastes of cinnamon.
)
table.
When auf or an is used in th is way, the case used depends on the verb - it's much easier to learn such examples together with the case which follows them. sich verlassen auf * accusative lch verlasse mich ggfdich.
hingen.
to depend on
l'm depending on you.
[J
D
it
is always
dative. lot.
to
ins ist on
to believe in
She believes in her sister.
the tree.
Krankheit.
Forfurther explanation ofgrammatical terms, please
see pages x-xiv.
r6z
Pneposrtorus
sich freuen auf
+
Pcenosmorus r53
occusotive
to look forward to
l'm looking forward to the summer holidays. to wait for
Every morning he bus.
see
auBerhalb
Es
town.
Sommerferien.
of
As a result
poge
us
dergesetzten Frist.
Grammar Extra!
Some ofthe above prepositions are also used as separable or inseparable verb prefixes.
instead
of
Instead of going home, we went
anrechnen
Das
separable
to charge for
You'll be charged
forthat later
wir noch in die Stadt gegangen. Sie kam statt ihres Bruders.
into town.
She came instead
ofher brother.
4gfsetzen
Er
separable
inseparable
o trotz
in spite of
In spite of her illness, she went for a walk every day.
iiberqueren Q
street
o um...willen
no.
For more information on separuble verbs and lnseparable verbs, see pages rc9 and
Mutter willen.
o wihrend
Was hast du
during
gemacht?
wegen
of
" ,:i
,r'
bj Prepositions followed bv the genitive case ) The following are some of the more common prepositions which take the
genitive case: auBerhalb, infolge, innerhalb, statt, trotz, um... willen, wAhrend, wegen
Weqen des schlechten Wetters The event was cancelled lrecause wurde die Veranstaltung abgesagt. of bad weather.
Note that statt, trotz, wehrend and wegen can also be followed by the dative
ca5e.
Statt dem Abendessen musste ich arbeiten. Trotz allem will ich weiterstudieren.
WHhrend dem Vortrag schlief er ein. Wegen mir musste sie friih nach Hause,
to work.
ln spite of everyth ing, I want to continue studying. He fell asleep during the lecture. She had to go home early because
of me.
154
Pnrpostrtorus
Pnreosmorus 165
Orammar Ertra!
There are some other prepositions which take the genitive case:
beiderseits
on both sides
of
Ufer'
o diesseits
o
onthissideof
Deutsch.
man
GermanarespoKen.
... halber To be on the safe side l'm taki ng an Vorsichtshalber nehme ich heute umbrella today. meinen Regenschirm mit. Sicherheitshalberverschliefit er dieT[ir' For safety's sake he locks the door.
tr
>
hinsichtlich with regard to Hinsichtlich lhrer Beschwetde ich lhren Briefan die Beh6rden
With reqards to your complaint, I have passed on your letterto the relevant authorities.
The village is 2km on the other side
zu+der + *
D
For more
auf+das bei+dem
aufs beim
zul
see
Grenze'
ofthe border.
@
poge 25.
Grammar Extra!
Special forms ofthe possessive and relative pronouns are used with wegen:
das
den
dem
der
ans
am beim
r o o . . . . 4
auf
bei durch
aufs durchs
fi.i
aufgeregt?
deinetwegen lch ging nicht deinetweoen nach seinetwegen lhr mUsst seinetwegen nicht auf euren Urlaub verzichten. ihretwegen
Hause'
fiir
hinter
tn
rs
hinters
Ins
hintern
[ibern
without
hinterm
tm
You r
iiber
um
iibers
ums
unter
unters
vors
untern
zahlen.
vor
von
2U
mitspielen.
to
zuf
lhretwegen
geben,
For more information on Possssive pronouns and Relotive pronouns, see pages 80 and 86.
see pages
x'xiv.
r66
Pnepostrtorus
Pnenosrnorus r67
He
o
tonight
vors,vorm
Stell den Stuhl vors Fenster.
Er
Er
We were at the seaside YesterclaY. He's at the hairdresser's. We're going to the cinema In the summer I like reading in
window
stand vorm Spiegel.
He
Wir gehen heute Abend ins Kino. lm Sommer lese ich gern im
irror
Carten.
Es
[|
a sentence,
Der Hund lief unters Auto. Der Ball rollte untern Tisch. Die Katze lag unterm Schreibtisch'
is
olrjects
Ererzihltevom Urlaub.
Siefihrtzum Bahnhof.
Er >> The
talked about his holidaY. She d rives to the stati on. He goes to school.
He
damit zufrieden.
She was
best orade.
see
Cerman:
pageTo
o aufs
Wirfahren morgen aufs Land.
We're going to the
country
tomorrow
o durchs
5ie flog durchs Abitur'
n:
flirs
Das ist
hinters, hintern, hinterm Er lief hinters Auto. Stell es hintern Tisch' Es liegt hinterm Sofa.
iibers, Ubern, iiberm
Sie legten ein
Man muss das 0bern KoPf ziehen. Uberm Tisch hingt eine LamPe.
They put a board over the hole' You have to pull it overYour head.
There's a lamp hanging
overthe
table. unters, untern, unterm Die Katze ging unters Bett' Der Ball rollte untern Tisch' Der Hund tiegt unterm Tisch.
Forfurther explanation ofgrammatical terms, please The cat went
u
The ball rolled underthe table. The dog is lying under the table.
see Pages x-xiv'
Corrr1uHcrroHs t69
coNJUNCTIONS
What is a conjunction? A conjunction is a lin king word such as and, but, if and that links two
ffi
conjunction, you do not putthe verb atthe end ofthe inning with the conjunctlon.
We wanted to go to the theatre
wir= subject
words or phrases of a sim ilar type, for example, Dione ond I hove been friends for yeors. Conj unctions also lin k two clauses, for exam ple,l left because I was bored. In German there are two types of conjunctions, called co-ordinating
hatten = verb
Co-ordinating conjunctions
D
aber, denn,
conjunctions.
.
@
aberbut
Wir wollten ins Kino, aber wir kein Geld.
hatten
.. ':
you must
o [J
nicht
mit.
wollte
he
wouldn't come.
trtote tnat when aber means'however', it comes between the subject and verb in the clause.
o o
oderor Sie hatte noch nie Whisky oder Schnaps getrunken. Willst du eins oder hast du vielleicht keinen Hunger?
schnapps.
Do you want one or aren't you
hungry? It doesn't cost twenty euros, but fifty. 5usi and Oliver
o o
fiinfzig Euro.
undand
Susi und Oliver
Er ging in die Stadt und kaufte ein neues Hemd.
sich
17o
Col.t1urucnorus
Cot'tlutrlcnons r7r
Co-ordinating conjunctions with two parts > Cerman, like English, also has conjunctions which have more than one part.
Here are the most common ones:
sowohl ... als (auch) both ... and The verb is plural, whether the individual Sowohl sein Vater als auch seine Mutter haben sich dariiber gefreut. Sowohl unser Lehrkdrper als auch unsere Schiiler haben teilgenommen.
Both his fatherand motherwere pleased about it. Both our staffand pupils took part.
nicht nur... sondern auch not only... but also numberwith the subject nearest to it. Nicht nur sie, sondern auch ich habe They weren't the only ones to hear it - | heard it too. es gehiirt. When nicht nur... sondern auch is used to link clauses, the subjectand
The verb agrees in verb are only swapped round i n the fi rst clause, not the second, BUT nicht nur does not begin the clause, word order is normal.
if
sondern
intelligent.
entweder... oder either... or The verb agrees in numberwith the subject nearest to it. When entweder ... oder is used to link clauses, the subject and verb are only swapped round
in the fi rst clause, not the second Entweder du oder Karla muss es getan haben. Entweder komme ich vorbei, oder ich rufe dich an.
For
172
5u
Corulurucnons
Corrrlurucrrorus r73
bordinating conjunctions
The subordinate clause is always separated from the main clause by a comma. It is called a subordinate clause because it cannot stand on its own without
Ttp
lf translating when.i:n a sentence which describes a single, completed action in the past, you use als, NOT wenn. you use wenn for single,
the other clause in the sentence and is linked to this by a subordinating conJuncuon.
Sie ist zu FuB gekommen, Bus zu teuer ist.
weil der
weil because
Morgen komme ich nicht, weil
keine Zeit
MAIN CLAUSE
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
habe.
ich sie
time.
um ... zu in orderto...
Um friih aufzgstehen, musste den Wecker
[J ruotethatthe verb comes atthe end ofthe subordinate clause. l als, da, damit, dass, ob, obwohl, wihrend, wenn, weil, um ..' zu, and ohne ...
zu are some of the most important subordinating conjunctions.
stellen.
o als (when)
Es
o da (as, since)
Da du
@ trtote tnat zu is inserted between a separable verb and its prefix. S ps7 msys informotion on Seporobleverbs, see plge rcg. o ohne... zu without... Er verlieR das Haus, ohne ein Wort He left the house without
zu sagen. saying a word
allein.
. .
damit
(that)
l'm telling you so thatyou know.
I know (that) you're better at maths than me.
ruotetnatum...zuandohne...zuarealwaysusedwithinfinitiveconstructions.
dassthat
lch weiB, dass du besser in Mathe bist als ich.
conjunctions als, da, damit, dass, ob, obwohl, wihrend, wenn, weil, um ... zu, and ohne... zu, the subordinate clause can come BEFORE the main clause, as seen in the example with da. When this happens, the verb and subject of the main clause swap places.
o ob if, whether
Sie
* For more information on the tnfrnitive, see page ;54. > ln tenses which only have one verb part, such as the present and imperfect,
the verb comes last in the subordinate clause. Wenn er mich sah, lief er
coming too.
davon.
o
o o
obwohlalthough
Sie blieb lange auf, obwohlsie mlide war.
She stayed up late although she was ti red.
>
In tenses which have two verb parts, such as the perfect tense, it is the form of haben, sein orwerden which comes last in the subordinate clause. afterthe past participle.
She doesn't
want to go out
anything yet.
*
D
lnd lmperfeatenses,
see pages n3
ond n8.
When I get home, the first thing l'm going to do is have a shower. lf he calls, tell me.
see pages x-xiv.
Any modal verb, for example m6,gen (meaning to like) and k6,nnen (meaning can, to be able to), used i n a subord i nate clause is placed last i n the clause.
Sie wusste
She
konnte.
174
CoH,urusnorus
WORD ORDER
>
Here is a ready-reference guide to the key points of German word order.
tr
)
>
Main clauses
Inamainclausethesulrjectcomesfirstandisfollowedbytheverb,asinEnglish.
Seine Mutter (subject) rrinkt (verb)
H is mother whisky.
(su
Whisky.
In tenses with more than one verb element, such as the perfect tense and the passive, the part ofhaben, sein or werden comes after the subject, and the
hat mir nichts gesaot. Er ist spit ansekommen. Es wurde fiir ihn oekauft.
is a
she told me
nothing.
He arrived late.
object
personal pronoun.
gave the man the monev gave him the money.
f ch gab dem Mann (indirect object) das Gefd (direct object). ch gab ihm (indirect object)das
f
Geld
(indirea
gave it to him.
trlotetnattheindirectobjectcanalsobeplacedlastforemphasis,providing
it
is NOTa pronoun.
Er gab das Geld
seiner
Schwester.
h is
sister.
9 Q
>
lndirea objects,
ond 4.
see pogesT4
lnd76.
Adverbs of time often comefirst in the clause. butthis is notfixed. Gestern gingen wir ins Theater
OR
WirgingengesterninsTheater
Wewenttothetheatreyesterdav.
o
Forfurther explanation ofgrammatical terms, please
see pages
Adverbs of Dlace can also come first in the clause when Vou want to emphasize something.
x'xiv.
Wono
Onorn
r77
Adverlrs of manner comment on verbs and so are likely to come i mmediately after the verb theV refer to. They play footlrall well. 5ie spielen out FuRball.
asubordinateclause Nachdem ich ihn oesehen hatte, ging ich nach Hause.
Where there is more than one adverb, a useful rule of thumb is: "TIME. MANNER, PLACE"
tr
)
A
Subordinate clauses
subordinate clause may be introduced by a relative pronoun (a word such as der, die or dessen) or a subordinating conjunction (a word such as da, als or ob).
Die Kinder, die wir gesehen haben Da sie nicht schwimmen wollte, sie nicht
We found
yesterday.
mitgekommen.
... ist
gekauft.
clause is
The normal word order in a main can be replaced as the first element by any of the words and phrases below. ln such cases, the verb is the second element in the clause. an adverl:
ganz miide.
We
Grammar b&ra!
to this are: which normally begins with wenn, butfrom which it can be left out.
gegan9en.
a
o
He
A clause
friends.
bitte
an.
mich
lf you a call.
nicht versucht.
another noun or pronoun Deine Schwester war es. Sie war es.
a past particiPle It was your sister.
.
It was her.
will manage it
inside an hour.
a phrase
with
PrePosition
Welt
D Therulesapplyingtotheorderofarticles,nouns,adjectives,adverbs,direct
and indirect o[:jects are the same in subordinate clauses as in main clauses, EXCEPT that all these words are placed between the su bject oFthe clause and the relevant verb part.
gekommen.
o a clause which acts as the object of the verlr Was mit ihm los war, haben wir nie We neverfound out what was
herausgefunden.
Forfurther explanation ofgrammatical terms,
she
EGATIVES
Stadt gefahren.
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE: Da sie gestern mit ihrer
mother yesterdaY.
Mutter in die
Since she
What is a negative? A negative question or statement is one which contains a word such as not, neveror nothing and is used to saythatsomething is not happening, is nottrue
or is absent.
rtp
Therule"time,manner,place"appliesequallytosubordinateclauses'
EXCEPTthat the verb goes to the end.
Ll-l
D
I
Using neoatives
I
negative.
l'm notvery pleased. Dan never rang me. Nothing ever happens herel There's no milk left.
}Wordorderintheimperative,indirectandindirectspeechandinverbswith
separable prefixes is covered i n the relevant chapters:
>
In Cerman, ifyou want to make something negative, you generally add nicht (mean ing nof) or nie (meaning never) next to the ph rase or word referred to, Sie
Q 4 Q
to5'
plge rcg'
page n9 ' For more information on Direct and lndirefr speech, see
For more i
with
us
to the
see
seaside.
>
o . o
Zeit.
with it.
more
ruote
kein (meaning none) Keiner meiner Freunde wollte kommen. Wo ist die Milch? - Es ist keine mehr da.
to come.
Where is the milk? -There is none left.
rtp
Nicht applies to verbs. Remem ber that when you want to make a negative statement about a noun, you must use kein. lfyou want to say I don't drink milkany more,you would say lch trinke keine Milch mehr.
Forfurther explanation ofgrammatical terms, please
see Pages x-xlv'
t80
Necnrtves
You can change the emphasis in a sentence by moving the position
Necnrrves t8t
For example, nie can be placed at the
+ +
more information on the lndeftnite article in negotive sentences and on tndefinite pronouns, see poges 36 and 82.
For
war niemand im
Biiro.
gesehen.
You
thing.
nirgendwo or nirgends (meaning nowhere ' not . ' . lnvwhere) Nowhere else will Nirgends sonst gibt es so sch6ne
Blumen.
Hier gibts nirqendwo ein
Schwimmbad.
nicht!
o
o
nichtweg!
weder noch (meanin g neither of two things) Karotten oder Erbsen? Weder noch, danke.
>
is usually replaced
byforms of kein.
Arbeit gemacht.
coming to the Party'
wedersabinanocholiverkommen Neithersabinanoroliverare'
zur
Party.
9
L
For more
page 3s-
To
contradicta negative statement, doch is used instead ofja, to mean yes. Du kommst nicht mit. - Doch, You're not comino. -Yes I am
ich komme mit. Das ist nicht wahr. -
... auch nicht(meaningneither have I, nor does he, nor orewe etc)
lchmagihnnicht.-lchauchnichtl ldon'tlikehim'-Neitherdol! He's never been to Spain. Er war noch nie im SPanien. Sie auch
Doch!
D nicht
... sondern (meaning not ... but) is used to correct a wrong idea or false It wasn't susi. it was her brother.
nicht!
impression.
A
)>
war es.
as
Du arbeitest nicht.
BUT
You're
notworking.
Arbeitest du nicht?
I
Aren'tyou working?
sentence with two verb parts, such as the perfect tense and the passive, the part ofhaben, sein or werden comes after the subject and the negative word usuallV comes directly before the past participle or infinitive. The position ofthe negative doesn't change in direct questions.
na
Quesnorus r83
ESTIONS
What is a question? A question is a sentence which is used to ask someone about something and which in English normally has the verb in front of the subject. Question words
such as why, where,who,which or how are also used to ask a question.
D A question word
wie?(how?)
was? (whdt?)
wo? (where?)
wem?(whom?)
wessen?(whose?)
welcher?(which?)
wer? (who?)
wann?
(when?)
warum?(whyl)
@
D
trtote
tr
o o o
When questions are formed with interrogative adverbs like wann, wo, wie and warum, normalword order changes and the subject and verb swap places.
irect
uestions in German:
bychanging round theorderofwords in a sentence by adding nicht, nicht wahr, oder or doch (meaning isn't it) to a sentence by using a question word
Wann ist er gekommen? Wo willst du hin? Wie haben Sie das gemacht? Warum ist sie so spit aufgestanden?
When did he come? Where are you off to? How did you do that? Why did she get up so late?
tr
)
Ttp
Rememberto use woherand wohin when direction is involved. Woher kommst du? Wohin fahren Sie?
Where do you come from? Where areyou going?
DoVou like him? Do you go to the cinema? OR Are you going to the cinema?
>
In tenses with more than one verb, such as the perfect tense and the passive, the part ofhaben, sein or werden comes BEFORE the subject, and the past participle or infinitive goes to the end of the clause.
When questions are formed with interrogative pronouns and adjectives, word order is normal if the interrogative pronoun or adjective is the subject ofthe verb at the beginning ofthe clause.
Wer (subject) hat (verb) das
gemacht?
Who d id that?
tr
>
lfthe interrogative pronoun or adjective is NOT the subject ofthe verb at the beginning ofthe clause, the subject and verb swap places.
Wem hast (verb) du (subject) es Who did you give itto? plges 89 ond 3t
geschenkt?
Das Essen
istfertig, nicht?
That's true, isn't it? The food's readv, isn't it? They'll do it, won't they? You'll manage, won't youT
Q
@
see
ruote tnat in indirect questions, that is questions following verbs of asking andwondering, the verb comes at the end ofthe question. Sie
fragte, ob du mitkommen
wanted to come.
When a question is put in the negative, doch can be used to answer it more positively than ja. Don't you believe me? -Yes, I do! Glaubst du mir nicht? - Doch!
see Pages x-xiv.
wolltest.
r84
Quesnorus
NUMBERS
o
'I
null
eins zwei drei
4
5
vier
fiinf
sechs
6
8
sieben
acht
neun zehn
'to
ll
12
elf zwiilf
dreizehn vierzehn
r3
't4
'r5
fiinfzehn
sechzehn siebzehn achtzehn neunzehn zwanzig
r6
17
r8
'r9
20
2'l
22
einundzwanzig zweiuiidzwanzig
dreiRig
3o
40
5o
vierzig
fiinfzig
sechzig siebzig
6o
7o
8o 9o
a hundred
achtzig
neunzrg
one hundred
'lol i02
l2r
eintausend
tausendeins zweitausend
'loo,ooo
Forfurther explanation ofgrammatical terms' please
see Pages
hunderttausend
eine Million
x'xiv.
l,OOO,OOO
r85
Nuusrns
loootn
'loolst
2oooth
Nuuaens r87
'rooo. der tausendste
fl
ruotetnatzwooftenreplaceszwei inspeech,todistinguishitclearlyfromdrei.
roo,oooth t,ooo,oooth
'r,ooo,ooo
7.5(seven point.five)
l5L
fiinf)
When these numbers are used as nouns, thev are written with a
caDital letter.
2nd
r. z.
3. 4. 5. 6.
3'd
derdritte
dervierte
She's the
/2
tenth.
4th
5tn r.th
derfiinfte
7th
8rn
halb
das Drittel
/3
/3 3/
zwei Drittel
das
Viertel
gth
r2th
drei Viertel
l'/,
l3th
l4tn
15th
t6th
ITth
Autos.
She has
t8th
l9''
20''
2ist
z2no
August Geburtstag.
of
3otn
lch brauche anderthalb Stunden, I need an hour and a halforone um nach Hause zu kommen. and a half hours to get home. Sie aB zwei Drittel von dem Kuchen. She ate two thirds of the cake.
40'"
50th
6oth
70"'
8otn gotn
'roo''
rolst 'ro2"'
'l2l)'
dervierzigste
derflinfzigste
dersechzigste dersiebzigste derachtzigste derneunzigste derhunderste
[f
ruote tnat ordinal numbers (erste, zweite, and so on) are declined according to the number, case and genderofthe noun.
l've
derhunderterste
der hundertzweite
Auto gekauft. Sie kam zum zweiten Mal mit Verspitung an.
time.
see
plget.
2()0''
zoo. derzweihundertste
see pages x-xiv.
r88
TTMEAND DAIE
True Rruo
Dnre r89
DIE ZEIT
THETIME
DAs DATUM
WOCHENTAGE
THE DATE
DAYS OFTHE WEEK
Whattime is it?
It's ...
ist...
Mitternacht or null Uhr or vierundzwanzig Uhr or zwiilf Uhr zehn (Minuten) nach zw6lf or null Uhr zehn Viertel nach zw6lf or null UhrfUnfzehn halb eins or null Uhr dreiBig zwanzig (Minuten) vor eins or null Uhr vierzig
Viertel vor eins ein Uhr
zehn (Minuten) nach eins or
or
Montag
Dienstag
or
midnight
twelve o'clock
Mittwoch
Donnerstag Freitag Samstag Sonntag
Wann?
quarter pasttwelve
half past twelve
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday 5unday When? (on) Monday (on) Mondays every Monday lastTuesday next Friday a week on Saturday
ein Uhr zehn Viertel nach eins orein Uhr fiinfzehn halb zwei or ein Uhr dreiRig zwanzig (Minuten) vor zwei or ein Uhrvierzig Viertel vor zwei or drei viertel zwei or ein Uhr fiinfundvierzig zehn (Minuten) vor zwei or ein Uhrfiinfzig
quarter to two ten (minutes) to two twelve o'clock (midday) half past twelve
one o'clock half past four ten o'clock At what time? When?
Januar Februar
Mirz
April
Mai
Juni Juli
zwiilf Uhr
halb eins orzwiilf Uhr dreiRig
April
May
June July
ein Uhrordreizehn Uhr halb fiinf or sechzehn Uhr dreiRig zehn Uhror zweiundzwanzig Uhr or
August
September
August
September
zwoundzwanzig Uhr
Um wie viel Uhr? Wann?
Oktober
November Dezember
Wann?
October
November December When? in December
kurzvorzehn Uhr
gegen vier Uhr (nachmittags)
im Dezember
im April
inApril
nextJanuary lastAug ust at the beginning,/ end ofSeptember
r9o
TTMEAND DATE
True Rruo
What's the date today?
Dnre r9r
Heute ist...
morgens,/vormittags amAbend
abends gestern gestern Abend
It's...
thetwentieth of March
the twentieth When does it take place? ... on the flrst ofApril
... on
vorgestern
vor einer Woche vorzwei Wochen
Am Wievielten findet es statt? am ersten April ... am Ersten... (am) Montag, den ersten April or Montag, den r. April
letztesJahr
Wann passiert das? mor9en morgen friih
the evening the evenings yesterday yesterday evening the day lrefore yesterday a week ago two weeks ago last year
thefirst
Aprilrst
[ibermorgen
JAHRESZEITEN SEASONS in
im Winter
winter
im Sommer im Herbst
nAchsten Monat
nichstesJahr
im Friihling
Note that to talk about the year in which something happens, you don't use in in Cerman.
Das
NUTZLICHE VOKABELN
USEFULVOCABULARY When?
Wannl heute
heute Morgen heute Nachmittag heute Abend (im Jahr(e)) zoo5 Wie oft? jeden Tag alle zweiTage einmal in der Woche,/pro Woche zweimal pro Woche einmal im Monat/pro Monat
flir
year
Deutschland.
in r99r.
How often?
every oay every other day once a week
twice
week
once a month
Trrs r93
In Engl ish, you use s to show who or what something belongs to; in German you general ly either use the gen itive case or von + the dative case.
Das
into English and English into Cerman word possible to do this, often it is not. For example: it is occasionally word. While for . Sentenceswhich contain averband preposition in English might NOT
contain a preposition in Cerman. Jemanden,/etwas ansehen Jemandem/etwas zuh6ren
* )
plge n.
o .
3.+
However, manV sentences which contain a verb and preposition in Cerman DO contain a preposition in English.
flir
to be interested in
tothinkabout
20.ooo (zwanzigtausend)
Subordinate clauses are always separated from the rest of the sentence
Dya comma. Er bleibt gesund,
.
o
one case, such as gegen (accusative), bei (dative) and auRerhalb (genitive). For all ofthese it is useful to learn the preposition and its case bY heart. Some are onlv ever used
with
trinkt. Q
obwohl er zu viel
though
The second type are used eitherwith theaccusative orthe dative, according to whether movement from one place to another is involved or not.The translation of the same preposition from the last group can change according to the case being used.
Sie schrieb einen Brief an ihren
She
page 1n
Bruder.
Hause,
bleiben
4 ror more information on Prepositions, see pnge $3. ) Aword which is plural in English may not be in German.
eine Brille
eine Schere eine Hose
glasses, spectacles
scissors trouSers
trtote that they are only used i n the plural in Cerman to mean more than one pair, for example, zwei Hosen = two pairs of trousers.
For more information on Nouns, see plge
1 .
r94
TrPs
Trns r95
Specific problems
E
D
robe
Es
tr
)
ist
Das
ist nicht
spat. m6glich.
Bahnhof?
lts late.
Thats not possible.
the table
the politician
the Queen
When you are talking aboutthe physical position of something you can use liegen. You may also come across sich befinden in more formal contexts. Wo liegt/befindet sich der
Where's the station?
trtote
that this also applies to verbs being used as nouns. ihr K6nnen
>
herability.
Sie hat
bewiesen.
In certain set phrases which describe how you are feeling or a state you are in, the verb haben is used.
tr
)
Threeformsofvou
In English we have only one way of saying you. In German, there are three words: du, ihrand Sie. You use:
Hunger haben Durst haben Angst haben unrecht haben recht haben
to be hungry
to to
be be
thirsty
afraid to be wrong
to be right
o the familiar du if talking to one person vou know well, such as a friend,
someone youngerthan you ora relative.
[J
ruote that to say, etc 0m hot ot I etc am cold,vouuse a personal pronoun in the dative case fol lowed bV sein.
Kino?
am hot
o thef,amiliarihriftalking
lhr is kalt
NOT Sie
She is cold
ton ight?
the formal or polite Sie if talking to one or more people vou do not know so well, such as your teachet your boss or a stranger. Was haben Sie gemacht?
ist kalt
>
When talking aboutyour health, use thefollowing forms oftheverb gehen. Wie geht es dirllhnen?
Es
tr =i!s
)
Although English sometimes uses parts of the verb to be to form the present tense of other verbs (for exam ple,l am listening, she5tolking), German N EVER uses the verb sein in this wav. Instead, it uses the normal present tense ofthe
VETD.
OR
trrt
)
There are three ways of saying it in Cerman: er, sie and es. These correspond
lch spieleTennis.
play tennis
OR:
I
am plavinq tennis
drtiben.
Was
du
seen it?
Es
Haus?
196
TlPs
Trps r97
tr
Dateandtime
about a particular day or date, use the preposition an + the dative case i n the following constructions:
tr
L
l'm going home on Mondav'
she was d ischarged from hospital on Tuesdav, the tst ofApri l.
Er/sie/es ging
NOT
He,/she/it went
Hause. r. April den sie wurde am Dienstao, aus dem Krankenhaus entlassen.
lch fahre am Montaq nach
Helshe,/it sang
Geburtstag. )
SePtember
ofseptember'
+
Er/sie,/es sangt
When stating the time of a particular event, use the preposition um accusative case in the following construction.
the
see
page n8.
aufgestanden.
got up at
o'clock.
Der zug ist um zz.3o Uhr abgefahren. The train left at zz.3o hours-
@ Inseparable verbs in the perfect tense ) Inseparable verbs have no ge- added to beg inni ng of the past participle in the
perfect tense. For example:
Das habe ich schon bezahlt. l've already paid
He's
see
$3'
forthat.
tr
>
finally decided.
page
rcg.
E
>
can. to be abte
lf you want to say could, mean i ng was able, you use konnte, the i mperfect form ofkiinnen, you do NOT use the conditional form k6nnte.
Stuttgart.
Sie konnte
Er konnte das
She
He
konnte
musste
mochte
durfte
sollte
wollte
see poge
rr0
:66.
For
ALPHABET
MAIN INDEX
o
The German alphabet is pronou nced d ifferently from the way it is pronou nced in English. Use the list below to help you sound out the letters.
25,29,35
6Z 168
aoer
ODOUI
r55, r50
27
abstract nouns
according to
Ar3 B,b
C,C
Ia:] Ibe:]
Itse:]
[de:] [e:]
D,d
E,e
adjective+verbcombinations
adjectives
adjectives describing
rl
51
42
r,40
5r
F,f
G,g
lefl
lge:I Iha:]
li :l
(ef)
(gav) (hah)
(ee)
nationality
adjectives preceded by dative
case
48
5r
H,h
l, i
t,j
K,k
L,I
M,
1Tl
Uctl
Ika:]
(vot)
(kah)
(el)
adjectives taken from place names adjectives used as nouns adverb + verb combinations
aus 78,79,1s3 r53,r54 auBer 163 aul3erhalb iuBerst s6 auxiliaryverbs r3,r23 avoiding the passive r52 baseform ofaverb 9' because 168 bei 78, r53, r54, r55, 169 beide 3r,32,33 beides 3r,33 154,165,166 beim il6, r34 bleiben * infinitive both...ond vo r37 brauchen rol orennen rol bringen but by can cases
brlngen:imperfecttense
D2
168.
davon
days ofthe week oazu
3,
78
IE9
78 78
dazwischen
declension defi n ite article
9,
l
il,12, 14, r6, 25,
r6,86
29, 3r, 32
demonstrative adjectives
demonstrativepronouns 69,r43
5o
9,16,86
86
ror
D2
r3r
1I
57
denken:imperfecttense
denken: presentsubjunctive
adverbs
adverbs adverbs adverbs adverbs
r55,rs7
75,136
ofdegree ofmanner
59 65
g
34
186
N,n
o,o
P,p
Q,q
lpe:l Iku:]
ofplace oftime
50,65
58,65
adverbswith irregular
comparatives and superlatives agreement ofrelative 64 86
40,41 34
62 168 9, 16,2Z 86 86 34 34
42
62
53
comparativeofadjectiveg
comparatives and
words seeadjectives
86
pronouns
agreement:ofadjectives
R,f
s,s
lerl
lesl
(air)
(es)
3r,34
36,53,62,130,172,173
superlativesofadverbs
62
40
60
z r2s, r3o 168
165 t57
It
U,u V'v
(tav)
(oo)
alternatives to the
lo8
r59, r65 25,35 30,78, r59, 16r, r65
j4,84,ro2
$,27,42,86
34 3r,32,34
33
ofarti<les
3r,32 31,32,34 25
(fow)
(vav)
an
and
with two
parts
dir
t7o
direct object
WW
X,X
r68
25
(ix)
(Lipsilon)
ans
ony
Y,y
Z,Z
[vpsilcn]
like'ii'
in 'riber'
ltsetl
(tset)
articles
... as asking a question by add i ng nicht, nicht wahr, oder or
as
25 53, 62
1,
doch
aski ng a question by chang ing
'r82
word
order
r82
183
atthehomeetcof 154 at r53 auch * imperative 1o7 ... auch nicht r8o auf 78,79, r48, r59, 16r, r62, 165 r59, 165, 165 aufs
could countries dabei dadurch dafiir dahin damit danach daneben daran darauf daraus darin darliber darunter das dass
directobjectpronoun
direct direct
28
78
78
78
60
78,172
78
78
78 78
78
78
78
78
$,27,42,86,143
v9,143,146,172
questions 89, r8o, r84 speech r29 67 doch ?oing'word seeverbs dorthin 60 du 70 durch 78, r50, r56, r57, r58, r65 165, 166 durchs 136 dllrfen each 29 each other 85 ein 9,36,37,43 83 ein(e)s 85 einander 14,83 eine p,76,83 einem einen 9,74,83
l08
2oo
Mnrr
lruoex
genitive forms of relative
Mnrru
luoex zor
24
83 einer einige 31,32,46 ettnef ... 0r vo emphasizerg 67 entweder.". oder Vo er 70,72,73 es 70,72,73,74 142 es gibt r42 es ist,/es sind etwas 46 euch 74,76,84,1c2 euer 38,80 8l eu(e)re 82 everything 1,40,45 feminine femininenouns 1,4,16,18,72 r53, r55, r57 for foreign nouns 3 16 forming plurals 125 forming the conditional
87
89
129,177
8,24
64
formingthefuturetense
forming the imperative forming the imperfect
r23
ro5
r3l r2l r2o
subjunctive
forming the imperfect tense
of mixed
verbs
forming the imperfect tense ofstrong verbs forming the imperfect tense
instructions seeimperative gleich 4a haben or sein? 116 he 69,70,72 jo,74 her her79 herauf 79 heraus 79 herein 79 hers 54,80,81 84, ro2 herself 69,74 him himself 84,102 hin 60,79 hinauf 79 hinaus 79 hinein 79 ro, 13, r58, r59, 165 hinter his 34,32 80, 8r hoch 47,56 hiichstens 63 hiiher 56 r83 how?
howadverbsareformed
how adverbs are used howto aska question in
57 57
infinitive
1ng
used as
noun
r35
ins inseparable
prefixes
ro9
87,
interrogative
pronouns
89
ro, 13,79,153
39,43
82
r19 ofweakverbs r5o forming the passive forming the past participle il4 forming the perfecttense 13
irregularverbs it its itself je... desto je ... umso jede jemand jene kein keine Kennen kdnnen lassen + inflnitive least lieber
linking
12,39
9r
72,74
37,81
84,102
62 62
most miissen my myself nach n5chste namrng words nationality neben negatives nein neither neither...nor neuter neuter nouns never nicht nicht ein nicht mehr
nicht nur... sondern
55,63
136, t37 37
74
85
to2
37
proPer nouns questions reflexive pronoun reflexive pronoun * direct object reflexive pronoun *
participles
passive
as
adjectives
48, 50
73,
r5o
V9
V9
l8o
r7o,r8o
1,40,45
6,72 36,179
r79,
passiveverb+ indirectobject r5r past participle ri3, il4 past participle of inseparable
preposition 85 reflexivepronouns 69,84 reflexiveverbs ro2 relative clauses 86 relative pronouns 69, 86,88
ron^rfad <^aa.h
verbs
il5
r8o
37
perfecttense verbs
past participle of mixed verbs rr5 past participle of strong verbs 14 past participle ofweak verbs Tr4
74,77,113,118
seasons 3, rgo sein 9, 15,38, 80, ro7 sein: imperfecttense r2l seiner 8r seit r53, r55
seit+imperfecttense
i8,127
94,113
3r,32
82
31,32
36,37,43,179 36,3'1,82
lol
75,134,8G r34 55,63 64 't72,175,178
i
i i
words
see
conjunctions
r27
subjunctive
forming the present tense
of mixed verbs form ing the present tense
r3l
loo
ro2
97
ofreflexive verbs forming the present tense ofstrong verbs formi ng the present tense
ofweakverbs 94 ro5 forms of the imperative 6 fractions 79, r53, r55 from fiir 30,78, 156, r5Z 165 fiirs 165, 166 r23 future tense 34 9an2 ro9, il4, il5 9e156, r57 9e9en gegeniiber r53, r54 gehen: perfecttense 17 genauso... wie 53 gender l,D genderofabbreviations 8
genderofcompoundnouns
| if ihm ihn ihnen lhnen ihr lhr ihrer lhrer im immer imperative
separable mixed strong
German
r82 69,70
129,130,172
76 74 76
marn ctauses
making adjectives
mal
mal*
agree
42
67
76
38,70,71,76,80
38,80
8l 8l
160,165
62
masculrne nouns
me
3,9,72
74
46.56.64
38,
80
5O
ro5
1o7
prefixes
verbs
82
verbs i32 imperfecttense 1r8 r39 impersonal verbs in 30,78,79, r59, 160, 165 in 79
indefiniteafticle 25,35,40,r8o
indefinite article in negative
nie r79, r8o nimand 82, r8o nirgends t8o nirgendwo 18o nobody 82,r8o no longer V9 nominative case 9,15,26 none 82,179 no one 82, r8o not 36,179 not ... any 82 not ... anybody 82 not ... any more v9 not os ... as 53,62 r8o not... onywhere 18r not... but nothing 69,179 17o notonly...butalso noun * verb combinations rl nouns r,16 nouns: case 15
nou ns of measu rement and
nichts
auch
V9
17o
179
n6
seit
perfect tense
seit+
53,62 l8'l
presenttense
+ +
il5
69,74,77, 84,167 Z8 74
seitdem'
seitdem seitdem seitdem
imperfecttense .ll8,r27
94
after
personal pronouns:
direct
personal pronouns:
13
94
94
85 85 r3o
roz ro9,
156,158 rS, r58
indirect
personal pronouns:
76 70
prefixes
she
shortened forms of
70,72
165
prepositions
possessiveadjectives A,37,38,
possessivepronouns
39,43, 80
34,69,
30
84j02
70,72,73,74
70,71,74
155
possessives
80,84
47
2,40,45
53, 62
63
74,84,102
quanuly
161
153 79
I5O
20 8
17
movement
46
3r,32
plurals
136,137 19 25 82
69,80 j6,84,1o2
78, r53, r54 43
gender
pru ral
prepositions followed by the dLLU5dLrVe Ld5e prepositions followed by the accusative or the dative
9r r38 r38
case
prepositions followed by the
datlve case prepositions followed by the
r58
153
verb of
numbers
ob
5,47,186
172
7 6
sentences 36 69, 82 indefinite pronouns indirectobject 8,76,1o2 indirect object pronouns 76,
n,rc6
173 clause modalverbs 75,77,86 modalverbs*inflnitive r34 rj6 miigen months 3,29,189 more 53 62 more and more
84 69
172
ofyours on ne
t68 8l 8l
r56, r57
172,173 79
162
gl 48 74,93
some somebody someone something sondern sowohl ... als (auch) statt stem ofaverb strong declension strong verbs
69,82
82 168
17o
r6j
9r
44 9l
verbs
pronouns subjunctive
subordinateclause
DJ ecr subject
su
9,84
69
r29, r3o v2,177,178 143,172
il4
85
r, 33,
onne... zu
on
pronounsusedforemphasis
pronouns
subordinating conjunctions
zo2
tense thon thot.
MRrrrr lruorx
superlative
superlativeofadjectives
adverbs
63 55
9l
8,62
69.86
verb combinations verb endings verb prefixes verb prefixes in the present
tll
9r
r62
more 62 the 2b their 38 theirs 8o,8r them 69,71 themselves 84, ro2 there is/there are 142 Lhere is/there are r5r there 60 they 69.70.72 this 69 those 69 through tS7 time r88 time, manner, place V6,178 tlme pnrases 34 to 154,155,157 'to form oftheverb 134 towords r54 163 trotz ijber 78, r59, 160, 165 156, r5Z 158, 165 um umlaut 6, rZ 18, r9, 106,132 163 um ..- willen 172,173 um... zu 168 und uns 74,76,84'1c2 unser 38,80 8r uns(e)re unten 58 unter 78, r59,165, 166 165, 166 unterm !s 74
the m1re ... the use
tense verbs
verbs
+
109
9r
1^6
oalve
case
47
r48
case
verbs that form their perfect
tense with
verbs
sein
n6
thatform their perfect tensewith haben 15 verbs with a direct and indirect
which? who whom whom? whose whose? whv? wie wie? will wir with without wowo? woher wohin wollen word order
18,
VERB TABLES
Introduction
Ihe Verb Tables in the following section contain 97 tables of Cerman verbs (strong, weak and mixed) in alphabetical order. Each table shows you the following forms: Present, Perfect, Future, Present Subjunctive, lmperfect, Conditional, lmperative and the Present and Past Participles. For more
Information on these tenses, how they are formed, when they are used and so on, you should look at the section on Verbs in the main text on pages 9r-'r52.
In order to help Vou use the verbs shown in Verb Tables correctlv, there are also a number of example phrases at the bottom oF each page to show the verb as it is used in context.
rll
i I
rt
r-l(
rE i
t)
/t
r53,
r5,1
t,,/
87,8,r rll j
tlJ i
object
verbs
r48
r78
pronouns
/4
/
49
r5o,153, r55, 16l, 165 30, 161,165 106
120
word orderwith
negatives
r8r,
84
r r( l
In Cerman there are weak verbs (their forms follow regular patterns), strong
verbs (their forms follow irregular patterns) and mixed verbs (their forms follow
imperative
vowel change in the imperfect
tense
vowel changes in strong
verbs
98
imperatave
words declined like the
ro(i l
.a/
wihrend
wann? warum? was
was fiir weak declension weak masculine
163,172
definitearticle
a mixiure of regular and irr-egular patterns). Two of the weak verbs in these tables are holen (to fetch) and machen (to do, to make). All weak, strong ano mixed verbs are shown in full.
46
of'es'as an anticipatory
r43
prepositions r53 using reflexive verbs ro2 using subject pronouns 7o using the conditional r25 usingthedefinitearticle 4 usingthefuturetense r23 using the imperative ro5
using
using the
using adjectives 40 using direct object pronouns 74 using indirect object pronouns 76 using modal verbs 136 using negatives V9 using nouns r
object
weaknouns
WEAK
VCTDS
nouns
42
22
would you
your yours
rrr,
69,71, /4
22
yourself
yourselves
at the end of this section contains over tooo verbs, each of which is cross-referred to one of the verbs given in the Verb Tables. The table shows the patterns that the verb listed in the index follows.
The Verb Index
ro,
tl4
weder noch weder ... noch wegen weil welch welche wenig wenigstens wenn
r8o
r7o, r80
r63,
zu
r64 46
172,173 31,32
zum
155,
r6,,
zuf
zwischen
r55,
r6',
78,159, rOr
46,47
63
129, 13o , r72 , 177
imperfecttense il8
usingtheindefinitearticle
usingthe
using the
usrngthepresenttense
35
t50 n4
D5 89
r83
r3o
60
r83 69, 86, 89
r58
which
, l.ii t
Vens
Tneles
PRESENT
ich ou
PRESENT SUBJUNCTTVE arbeite arbettest arbeite arbeitest er/sie/es arbeite wir arbeiten
nimmst an
nimmt
wir
ihr
sie/Sie
an
nenmen an
nehmt an
nehmen an
nehme an nehmest an et/sie/es nehme an wir nehmen an ihr nehmet an sie/Sie nehmen an IMPERFECT
ich du
ich du
arbeiten
PERFECT
ich du
PERFECT
ich du
IMPERFECT
habe gearbeitet
wir
ihr
sie/Sie
habe angenommen hast angenommen hat angenommen haben angenommen habt angenommen haben angenommen
ich du
ihr
wir
ihr
sie/Sie
nahmt an
an
sielsie nahmen
CONDITIONAL
hast gearbeitet hat gearbeitet haben gearbeitet habt gearbeitet haben gearbeitet
ihr
arbeitetet
sie/Sie arbeiteten
CONDITIONAL
FUTURE werde annehmen wifst annehmen er/ste/es wird annehmen wir werden annehmen ihr werdet annehmen s e,/S ie werden annehmen
ich du
i
FUTURE werde arbeiten wirst arbeiten wird arbeiten wir werden arbeiten ihr werdet arbeiten s ie,/S e werden arbeiten
ich ou
i
wurde annehmen wurdest annehmen er/sie/es wurde annehmen wir wurden annehmen ihr wurdet annehmen
ich du
ich du
wlirde artreiten
wLirdest arbeiten
ihr
wiirdet arbeiten
y7i..irden
sie/Sie
arbeiten
IMPER.ATIVE
IMPERATIVE
arbe itel,/arbeiten wi rlla rbeitetl/
arbeiten Sie!
EXATIAPLE PHRASES
EXAMPLE PHRASES Er arbeitet seit einem Jahr bei der Computerfirma. He has been worl<ing for the computer firm for a year. Er hot. frilher als Elektriker gearbeitet. He used to worl( as an electrician. Ich wtrde nicht gern sonntogs orbeiten. lwouldn't like to work on Sundays.
Ich nehme an, doss er heute nlcht mehr kommt. l assume that he isn't coming today. Sie hatte ongenommen, dass sie zu der Party gehen darf. She had assumed that she was allowed to go to the party.
Nehmen Sie unsere Einladung dn?
Sie=you
PRESENT
ich du
PRESENT SUBJUNCTTVE reiche aus reichst aus reiche aus reichest aus er/sie/es reiche aus
er/sie/es
atmest atmet
atmen
ich du
atme
atmest
atmen
ich du
ey'sie/es atme
wir
ihr sielSie
atmet
atmen
wir ihr
reichen aus
atmet
reicht aus
reichen aus
wir ihr
reiChen aus
reichet aus
aus
sielsie atmen
IMPERFECT
sie/Sie reichen
IMPERFECT
PERFECT
rch
PERFECT
ich du
du
wir
ihr
sie/Sie
habe geatmet hast geatmet hat geatmet haben geatmet habt geatmet haben geatmet
ich du
ey'sie/es
habe ausgereicht
et/sie/es
wir
Inr
sie,/5ie
hast ausgereicht hat ausgereicht haben ausgereicht habt ausgereicht haben ausgereicht
reichte aus reichtest aus eilsie/es reichte aus wir reichten aus
ich du
ihr
reichtet aus
aus
sielsie reichten
CONDITIONAL
FUTURE
CONDITIONAL
Wi]rde atmen wUrdest atmen er/sie/es wa.irde atmen wir Wurden atmen ihr WUrdet atmen sielSie wLirden atmen PAST PARTICIPLE geatmet PRESENT PARTICIPLE
atmenct
FUTURE
ich du
ich du
wir ihr
wir ihr
werden ausreichen
werdet ausreichen
EXAAIIPLE PHRASES
Dos 6eld
Reicht. dir dls ous? ls that enough for you? Die Zeit reichte nie ous. There was never enough
sie
they
Sie = VoU
Sie=Vou
vens
reees
strong, rormed with haben PRESENT beginne beginnst er/sie/es beginnt wir beginnen PRESENT SUBJUNCTTVE beginne beginnest er/sie/es beginne wir beginnen ihr beginnet sie/Sie beginnen IMPERFECT habe begonnen hast begonnen haben begonnen PRESENT PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
ich du
ich du
ihr
beginnt
sielSie beginnen
PERFECT
wir ihr
beiBen
beiBt
wir ihr
beiBen
beit3et Deilsen
sie/Sie beiBen
PERFECT
sle/5re
IMPERFECT
habe gebissen
L^-+ -^l-i--^. nast geDtssen
ich du
ich du
begann
begannst
begannen
ich A,, ou
ich du
er/sie/es
biss bissest
biss
wir ihr
er/sie/es begann
habt begonnen
begonnen
sie/sie haben
FUTURE
wir ihr
begannt
wir ihr
haben getrissen
habt gebissen
sie/5ie begannen
CONDITIONAL
wLlrdest beginnen er/sie/es wLirde beginnen wir wrlrden beginnen
wir ihr
bissen
CONDITIONAL
werde beginnen wirst beginnen er/ste/es Wird beginnen wir werden beginnen ihr werdet beginnen sie/Sie werden beginnen
ich
du
ich du
wrirde beginnen
ihr
wtirdet beginnen
wir ihr
bei[3en
werden beiBen
werdet beiBen
du wrirdest beiBen er/sie/es wijrde beiBen wir wiirden beiBen Inr wuroet Dellsen
sie,/Sie wl-irden beiBen
IMPERATIVE
beginn(e)lrzbeg innen wi beginnt!/beginnen Siel
PA5T PARTICIPLE
rllbei Bt!/
geDrssen
r!/
begonnen
beiBen Siel
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
beg
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
Derlseno
innend
EXAMPLE PHRASES
Sie begann
EXAMPLE PHRA5E5
Die Vorstellung beginnt gleich.The performance is about to begin. Er hat als Lehrling begonnen. He started offas an apprentice.
i
1
Der Hund hat mich gebissen. The dog bit me Sie biss in den Apfel. She bit into the apple. Rosa bei$t sich mit Oronge. Pinl< clashes with orange.
sie=theV Sie=Vou
sie=you
Vena
weak, inseparable, formed with haben PRESENT bestellst er/sie/es bestellt PRESENT SUBJUNCTTVE
bestelle PRESENT
tneles
'ffi
PRESENT SUB,|UNCTTVE biete bietest bieten biete bietest er/sie/es biete wir bieten
ich du
ich du
bestelle
bestellest
bestellen
wir ihr
er/sie/es bestelle
ich du
ich du
bestellen
bestellt
sie/Sie bestellen
PERFECT
wir ihr
ey'sie/es bietet
bestellet
sielSie bestellen
IMPERFECT bestellte bestelltest er/sie/es bestellte wir bestellten ihr bestelltet sie/5ie bestellten
wir ihr
bietet
ihr
sielSie bieten
PERFECT
bietet
sielSie bieten
IMPERFECT
habe bestellt du hast bestellt er/sie/es hat bestellt wir haben bestellt ihr habt bestellt sie/Sie haben bestellt FUTURE
ich
ich du
ich du
ich du
bot
bot(e)st boten
wir ihr
er/sie/es bot
habt geboten
wir ihr
,i
botet
sielSie boten
CONDITIONAL w0rde bieten wrirdest bieten er/sie/es wrjrde bieten wir wijrden bieten ihr w0rdet bieten sie,/Sie wtirdenbieten
PAST PARTICIPLE
geboten
CONDITIONAL
tt
.?
ich du
wtlrde bestellen
wuirdest bestellen
wir ihr
werden bestellen
ich du
werdet bestellen
ihr
bestellt!/bestellen Sie!
EXAMPLE PHRASES
EXAMPLE PHRASES Er bot ihm die Hond. He held out his hand to him FUr das Bild wurden zooo Euro geboten. There was a bid of zooo euros
pa i nti ng.
Wir bestettten einen Tisch filr zwei. We reserved a table for two. Ich wiirde die Karten gern ifi Vorlus bestetlen. l'd tike to book the tickets in advance
Haben Sie schon bestetltl Have you ordered yet?
forthe
Diese
ich=ldu=you er-he/it
ihr:you sie=they
Sie=you
Sie=Vou
#,;t:
.-"4
:,
Veng TReLes
strong, formed with haben
VERBTABLES ,or,,
stronq. formed with sein PRESENT
rch
PRESENT
ich ou
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
bleibe
ble
lritte
h
ittpct
du
ibst
ich du
bleibe bleibest
bleiben
er/sie/es
bittet
bittet
bitten
wir bitten
ihr
sre/sre
ihr
elsie/es wtr
ihr
sielSie
bleibt
bleilren
er/sie/es bleibe
bleibet sie,/Sie bleiben IMPERFECT blieb bliebsr evsie/es blieb
bittet
bleibt
bleiben
wir ihr
sie/Sie bitten
IMPERFECT
PERFECT
ich
OU
PERFECT
hat gebeten
wtr
ihr
sielSie
haben gebeten
ich du
f
i
ich du
ich du
habt gebeten
haben gebeten
ihr
batet
sie,/Sie baten
wir ihr
wir ihr
blieben
bliebt
sie/5ie blieben
CONDITIONAL
FUTURE
ich ou
CONDITIONAL
werde [ritten
wirst bitten
wird bitten
werden bitten
wir
ihr
5rel5re
wrirde bitten wLirdest bitten er/sie/es wijrde bitten wir wiirden bitten ihr wilrdet bitten sielSie wijrden bitten
PAST PARTICIPLE
ich du
ich du
w0rde bleiben
wLirdest bleiben
wir ihr
werden bleiben
werdet bleiben
ey'sie/es wtlrde bleiben wir wtlrden bleiben ihr wrirdet bleiben sielSie wtlrden bleiben
PAST PARTICIPLE
geblieben
IMPERATIVE
bitt(e)r/bitten wi rrlbirtefl
bitten 5ie!
gebeten
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
bittend
EXAMPLE PHMsEs
Sie bat. ihn um Hilfe.5he asked him for help. Herr Milller kisst bitten. Mr Mriller will see Vou now. Mon hot die Bevdlkerung um Mithilfe gebeten. The public was asked
EXAMPLE PHRA5E5 Hoffentlich bteibt das Wetter schbn. I hope the weather will stay fine. Vom Kuchen ist nur noch ein Stilck geblieben.There's only one piece of cake left. Dieses Erlebnis blieb in meiner Erinnerung.fhis experience stayed with me.
for assistance.
Sie=you
sie=they Sie:you
uiffii[tta
#ffith.ffi, vene TneLes strong, formed with haben/sein'' PRESENT PRESENT SUBJUNCTTVE
breche PRESENT
vens rnares
ich du
ich du
breche
brechest
wir ihr
er/sie/es breche
brechen
brecht
ich du
ich du
brenne
brennest
brennen
wir ihr
er/sie/es brenne
brennen
brennt
brennen
wir ihr
brennet
sie,/Sie brechen
PERFECT
sie/Sie brechen
IMPERFECT
sielsie
PERFECT
sielSie brennen
IMPERFECT
ich du
er/sie/es hatgebrochen
wir ihr
habt gebrochen
wir ihr
brachen
bracht
sielSie habengebrochen
FUTURE
sie/Sie brachen
CONDITIONAL
habe ge[:rannt hast gebrannt et/sie/es hat gebrannt wir haben gebrannt ihr habt gebrannt sie,/sie haben gebrannt FUTURE
ich du
wir ihr
brannten
ich du
wir ihr
sielsie
wir ihr
ihr
wtlrdet brennen
brennen
sielsie wrlrden
EXAMPLE PHRASES
EXAMPLE PHRASES
Das ganze Haus brannte. The entire house was on flre. Wir werden diese CD zuerst brennen We'll burn this CD first. Dos Streichholz brennt. nicht.. The match won't liqht.
Der Sturz broch ihm fast den Arm.The fall almost broke his arm. Sie hot ihr Versprechen gebrochen. She broke her promise.
*When brechen is used with no direct obiect. rt is formed with sein.
ich=
du
:you er:
he,zit
sie=she/it
es
Sie = you
sie=they Sie-you
,1ffifu!,.
,.1r
1,
vene
TReLes
vsne TnsLrs
mixed, formed with haben
ffi
PRESENT
PRESENT
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
denke
ich du
bringe
bri ngest
ich du
denkst
denken
ich du
denke
denkest
denken
wir ihr
et/sie/es
bringe
er/sie/es denl<t
bringen
bringt
wir ihr
et/sie/es denke
denkt
sie,/Sie bringen
PERFECT
bringen
sie/5ie denken
PERFECT
wir ihr
denket
sie/Sie denken
IMPERFECT
IMPERFECT
ich ou
et/sie/es
wir ihr
wir
ihr sie/Sie
'l
I t
hast gedacht et/sie/es hat gedacht wir haben gedacht ihr habt gedacht sie,/sie haben gedacht FUTURE
ich du
habe gedacht
dachte dachtest et/sie/es dachte wir dachten ihr dachtet sie,u Sie dachten
ich du
CONDITIONAL
ich du
CONDITTONAL
wir ihr
et/sie/es
ich du
wir
ihr
wir ihr
werden denken
werdet denken
denken
sielsie werden
IMPERATIVE
denk(e)l/den ken wi denken Sie!
rlldenktl/
EXAMPLE PHRASES
EXAMPLE PHRASES
Klnnst du mich zum Flughofen bringenl Can you take me to the airport? Max hat mir Blumen gebrocht. Max brought me flowers. Das brachte mich auf eine ldee. lt gave me an idea.
Wie denken Sie darilber?What do you think about it? Das war ftr ihn gedacht. lt was meant for him. Es war das Erste, woran ich dochte. lt was the first thing I thought of.
Sie=Vou
d[i+k
E#"ili
vene TneLes
PR,ESENT
ich ou
PRESENT SUBJT.JNCTIVE
setze durch setzt durch setzt durch setze durch setzest durch er/sie/es setze durch wir setzen durch
PRESENT
ich ou
PRESENT SUBJUNCTTVE
ich du
darf
darfst
ey'sie/es
er/sie/es
darf
dtl rfen
d ii
setzen durch
setzet durch sie/Sie setzen durch IMPERFECT setzte durch setztest durch e(sie/es setzte durch wir setzten durch
ihr
wir
ihr sie/Sie
rft
rfen
ich du
dtirfe
d ri
ie
d rj
rfen
PERFECT
PERFECT
ich du
IIVPERFECT
habe gedurft/drirfen
habe durchgesetzt hast durchgesetzt er/sie/es hat durchgesetzt wir haben durchgesetzt ihr habt durchgesetzt sielSie haben durchgesetzt FUTURE
ich du
ich du
e(sie/es
ihr
wir
ihr
(ip /qic
setztet durch
habt gedurft,/diirFen
haben gedurft/dirfen
durfte durftest er/sie/es durfte wir durften ihr durftet sie,/Sie durften CONDITIONAL
ich du
FUTURE werde diirfen dU wirst drirfen er/sie/es wird diirfen wir werden diirfen ihr werdet d0rfen sielsie werden drlrfen
ich
ich du
wir ihr
sie/Sie werdendurchsetzen
IMPERATIVE
setz(e) durch!,/setzen
PAST PARTICIPLE
gedurft,/d 0rfen"
wir dwchl/
EXAMPLE PHRASES
Sie setzt immer ihren Willen durch. She always gets her own way. Er kann sich nicht durchsstzen. He doesn't know how to assert himself. tch hobe mich mit meinem Vorschlog durchgesetzt. They accepted my suggestion.
EXAA|IPLE
PHMsEs
Dorf ich ins Kino? Can I go to the cinema? Das wiirde ich zu Hause nicht dilrfen. I wouldn't be allowed to do that at home. Dos diirfen Sie mir glauben. You can take my word for it.
Sie=yorl
kh
sie
she,/it es =it/he/she wir " we ihr= Vou sie = thev Sie = Vou
,,
Vens
TRsLes
aO""
PRESENT
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
empf,ehle
ich
PRESENT
PRESENT SUBJUNCTTVE
entdecke
ich du
empfiehlst
er/sie/es empfiehlt
empfehlen empfehlt sielsie empfehlen
PERFECT habe empfohlen hast empfohlen er/sie/es hat empfohlen wir haben empfohlen ihr habt empfohlen sie/Sie haben empfohlen
wir ihr
cu er/sie/es
wir
ihr sielSie
ich du
entdeckst
entdecken
ich du
entdecke entdeckest
entdecken
et/sie/es entdecl<t
entdeckt sie/Sie entdecken
PERFECT
wir ihr
er/sie/es entdecke
wir ihr
entdecket
entdecken
sielsie
IMPERFECT
ich du
ich du
er/sie/es
wtr
ihr
empfahlt
empfahlen
sielsie
habe entdeckt hast entdeckt er/sie/es hat entdeckt wir haben entdeckt ihr habt entdeckt sie/Sie haben entdeckt FUTURE
ich du
ich du
sie/Sie entdeCkten
CONDITIONAL
FUTURE
CONDITIONAL
ich du
wtirde empfehlen
wi.lrdest empfehlen
ich du
wir ihr
er/sie/es
werden empfehlen
werdet empfehlen
ihr sielSie
wir ihr
werden entdecken
werdet entdecken
ihr
wlirden empfehlen
sielSie werdenentdecken
IMPERATIVE
entdeck(e)1,/entdecken wi rl,/
wtirdet entdecken
PAST PARTICIPLE
wir!/
empfehlt!/empfehlen Siel
entdeckt!/entdecken Siel
EXAMPLE PHRASES lch wiirde lhnen empfehlen, zu gehen. I would advise you to go. Was empfiehlst du mir zu tun? What would you recommend I do? Dieses Restaurant wurde uns empfohlen This restaurant has been recommended IO U5.
EXAMPLE PHMsEs Kolumbus hat Amerika entdeckt. Columbus discovered America. lch entdecke im Park oft neue lnsekten. I often discover new insects in the Dark Er entdeckte sie in der Menge. He spotted her in the crowd.
Sie=you
Sie=Vou
ii*',,
VERB TngLes
Ve*"torrrs Wffii
weak, inseparable, formed with haben strong, formed with haben
PRESENT
ich du esse
PRESENT
ich ou
PRESENT SUBJUNCTTVE
erzAhle
wir
ihr sielsie PERFECT
ich
OU
ich du
erzihle
erzdhlest
ich du
er/sie/es
esse
essest
esse
ihr
wir essen
ihr
<
erzlhlet
ie
wir ihr
essen
esset
essen
erzdh len
sie/5ie erzihlen
IMPERFECT
/Sie
sie/Sie
PERFECT
er/sie/es
wir
ihr
s
ich du
erzdhlte erzahltest
ich du
ich du
evsie/es
aB
aBest
af3
er/sie/es erzAhlte
erzehlten erzEhltet sie/5ie erziihlten
habt erziihlt
haben erzihlt
wir ihr
wir ihr
habt gegessen
gegessen
wir ihr
aBen
l,lt aBen
a
ie,/S ie
sie/Sie haben
FUTURE
sie/sie
FUTURE
ich du
CONDITIONAL
werde erziihlen
CONDITIONAL
et/sie/es
wrirde erzahlen wiirdest erzahlen er/sie/es wijrde erzihlen wir wr.irden erzihlen ihr wLlrdet erzihlen sie,/Sie WLirden erzihlen
ich
du
wir ihr
werden essen
werdet essen
essen
ihr
sielsie werden
IMPERATIVE
wUrdet essen
essen
sie/Sie wi.irden
IMPERATIVE
erzttrhl(e)l
PAST PARTICIPLE
h
I
PAST PARTICIPLE
9egessen
erzd
en wi r!,/
erzihlend
EXAMPLE PHMsEs
EXAMPLE PHRASES
Er hot. mir erziihlt., doss er schon oft in dieser Pizzeria war. He told me that he nas often been to this oizzeria" Sie erziihtte uns ihren Trlum. She told us about her dream. Man erziihtt sich, dass er Millioniir ist. People say that he is a millionaire.
lch
Wir hoben nichts gegessen. We haven't had anything to eat. lch mdchte etwos essen. l'd like somethinq to eat.
Sie=you
Jli;t;t
VeRe TngLrs
strong, formed with haben/seini' PRESENT SUBJUNCTTVE fahre
vsRs
Thales
faf
lgn
(to
fall)
PRESENT
ich du
wir ihr
fahren
fahret
wir ihr
fallen
fallt
wir ihr
fallen
sielSie fahren
PERFECT
fallet
sie/Sie fahren
IMPERFECT
sie/Sie fallen
PERFECT
sielSie fallen
IMPERFECT
ich du
wir ihr
ich du
wir ihr
ich du
fuhren
fuhrt
wir ihr
ich du
fiel
sielSie fuhren
CONDITIONAL wiirde fahren w0rdest fahren er/sie/es wtirde fahren w0rdet fahren sielsie wtirden fahren
PAST PARTICIPLE
gefahren
wir ihr
fielen
ich du
ich du
wrirde fallen
wir ihr
werden fahren
werdet fahren
wir ihr
wr.irden fahren
wir ihr
ihr
wi.irdet fallen
wr-lrden fallen
sielsie
PAST PARTICIPLE
gefallen
r(e)!/fah
re
fahren Siel
n wirl /f ahrtl /
en wirl /f alltl /
EXAMPLE PHMsEs
Sie fohren mit dem Bus in die Schule. They go to school by bus. Rechts fahren! Drive on the right! Ich bin mit der Fomilie n\ch Spanien gefohren. I went to Spain with my family. Sie hot dos Auto gefahren She drove the car.
EXAMPLE PHRA5E5
Er fiel vom Fohrrad. He fell off his bike. tch bin durch die Prilfung gefallen. I failed my exam Die Aktien fielen im Kurs. Share prices fell down.
it
is formed
with
haben.
Sie=you
-.;;1Jc:
-,
i.
Veng Tnsles
strong, formed with haben PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
vens TneLes
'@'dM
> Tln0en
PRESENT
.F
(to
find)
ich du
strong, formedwithhaben
PRESENT SUBJUT{CTTVE
rcn
wir ihr
fangen
fangt
sielsie fangen
PERFECT
wir ihr
du
il noe
finde
finden
flndet
fi nden
wir ihr
finden
findet
sie/Sie finden
IMPERFECT fand fand(e)st elsie/es fand wir fanden ihr fandet sie,/Sie fanden
PERFECT habe gefunden hast gefunden er/sie/es hat gefunden wir haben gefunden
ich du
wir ihr
ich du
ich du ihr
ich du
habt gefangen
s
fingen
fingt
fi ngen
I
habt gefunden
CONDITIONAL
ich du
wir ihr
werden fangen
werdet fangen
fangen
sielsie werden
IMPERATIVE fang(e)l/fangen
wir ihr
wir ihr
werden finden
werdet finden
wir ihr
wr-irden finden
wtlrdet finden
PAST PARTICIPLE
wirl/
gefangen
de
fangt!/fangen Siel
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
fangend
n w irl /findetl
finden Sie!
EXAAAPLE PHRASES
EXATIAPLE PHRASES
Ich fing den Boll. I caught the ball. Die Polizei hot. die Verbrecher gefongen. The police caught the criminals. Die Kotze flng die Mous. The cat caught the mouse.
Hast du deine Brieftosche gefunden? Have you found your wallet? Er fand den Mut, sie zu fragen. He found the courage to ask her. lch finde, sie ist. eine gute Lehrerin. I think she's a good teacher.
Sie=vou
Sie=you
',:
0",
'
vece Tngtes
fliegefl
ich du
fliege
(to ny)
> fliehen
PRESENT
(to flee)
PRESENT
ich
fliegst
fliegen
du
fliege
fliegest
fliegen
ich du
fl iehe
fliehst
fliehen
fl ieht fl iehen
er/sie/es fliegt
wir ihr
er/sie/es fliege
fliegt
wir ihr
er/sie/es flieht
flieget
sie/Sie fl iegen
PERFECT
sie/Sie fliegen
IMPERFECT
ich du
fliehe
PERFECT
IMPERFECT
habe geflogen hast geflogen er/sie/es hat geflogen wir haben geflogen ihr habt geflogen sie/Sie haben geflogen FUTURE
ich du
sielsie flogen
CONDITIONAL
ich du
wir ihr
wir ihr
flohen
floht
sie,/Sie flohen
CONDITIONAL
ich du
ich du
wrirde fliehen
wLirdest fliehen
wir ihr
ihr
wtlrdet fliegen
wir ihr
fliegen
fliehen
PRESENT PARTICIPLE fliegend
Sie!
EXAMPLE PHRASES
EXAMPLE PHRASES
Sponien. We flew together to Spain. Sie floh vor der Polizei. She fled from the police. Es gelong ihm, aus dem Cefiingnis zu fliehen. He
Sie sind aus Afghoniston geflohen. They are refugees from Afghanistan. *When fliehen is used with a direct object,
it
is formed
with
haben.
Sie=you
;* ,"i
Vene Tngles
strong, formed with sein PRESENT SUBJUNCTTVE
flieBe fl ieBt flieBen
ich ou
PRESENT
PRESENT SUBJUNCTTVE
gebe
ich du
flieBe
fl
ieBest
ich du
gibst
geben
er/sie/es flieBt
wir ihr
er/sie/es
wir
ihr
sie/Sie
flieBe flieBen
fl ieBet
er/sie/es gibt
flieBt
fl ie[3en
wir ihr
ich du
gebt
sie/Sie
PERFECT
ihr
gebet
flieBen
sie/5ie geben
PERFECT habe gegeben hast gegeben er/sie/es hat gegeben haben gegelren ihr habt gegeben sielsie haben gegeben
sie/Sie geben
IMPERFECT
IMPERFECT
tcn
ich du
du
floss flossest
floss flossen
ich du
ich du
elsie/es
gab
gabst
gab gaben
wir ihr
er/sie/es
wir
ihr sielsie
wir
flosst
flossen
wir ihr
gabt
gaben
sielsie
CONDITIONAL wiirde flief3en wurdest flieBen er/sie/es wtlrde flieBen wir wilrden flie8en
ich du
FUTURE
CONDITIONAL
ich du
wrirde geben
wi.irdest geben
ihr
sielSie
sielsie werden
IMPERATIVE
fl ie l3(e)l/fl i eBe
wiirdet flieBen
wtlrden flieBen
wir ihr
werden geben
werdet geben
PAST PARTICIPLE nw
i
PAST PARTICIPLE
gegeben
rl
/fliet\tt
flieBen Siel
geflossen
wirl / gebtl /
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
gebend
EXAMPLE PHMSES
Welcher Fluss flieSt durch Hamburg? Which river flows through Hamburgl Die Trrinen flossen in Strdmen. There were floods of tears. Es ist genug Blut geflossen. Enough lrlood has been spilled.
EXAIVIPLE PHMSES Er gab mir das Geld filr die Bi)cher. He gave me the money for the books. Wos gibt es im Kino?What's on at the cinema? Wir wiirden alles darum geben, ins Finole zu kommen. We would give anything to reach the finals.
Sie=you
Sie=you
Vene Tneles
strong, formed with sein PRESENT PRESENT SUBJUNCTTVE
gehe PRESENT
Vens TReLrs
ich du
gehst
gehen
er/sie/es geht
ich du
gehe
rch
gehest
gehen
wir ihr
er/sie/es gehe
geht
sie/Sie gehen
PERFECT
wir ihr
du
tch gewtnne
er/sie/es gewinne
.9,
gewinnest gewinnen
gehet
wir ihr
gewinnen
gewinnt
sie/5ie gehen
IMPERFECT
wir ihr
gewinnet
sielsie gewinnen
PERFECT
sie/Sie qewinnen
IMPERFECT
ich du
ich du
ing
gingst
gingen
wir ihr
er/sie/es ging
wir ihr
gingt
sielSie gingen
CONDITIONAL
ich du
hast gewonnen elsie/es hat gewonnen wir haben gewonnen ihr habt gewonnen sielSie haben gewonnen FUTURE
ich du er/sie,/es
ich du
habe gewonnen
tcn
du
ihr
sielsie lewannen
CONDITIONAL
lewannt
wiirde gehen
wLirdest gehen wi.irde gehen
werde gewinnen
wir ihr
werden gehen
werdet gehen
wiirdet gehen
wiirden gehen
ihr
wUrdet gewinnen
PAST PARTICIPLE
ge9angen
IMPERATIVE
gewi nn(e)l,zgewinnen wi rl,/
gewinnt!,/gewinnen
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
gehend
Sie!
EXAMPLE PHRASES Die Kinder gingen ins Haus. The children went into the house. Wie geht es dir? How are you?
EXAMPLE PHMSES
Er hot, den ersten Preis gewonnen. He won first prize. Am liebsten wiirde ich im Lotto gewinnen. What l'd love most is to win the lottery. Das Flugzeug getwann an Hijhe. ihe plane gained in altitude.
Sie=you
Vens
weak, formed with haben PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT
ich du
Tneles
l!$M&#w
et/sie/es
ich du
gr0fle
grriBest
gri..iBe
ey'sie/es
er/sie/es
ich du
habe
habest
haben
er/sie/es habe
wir
ihr
sie/Sie
gri.iBen
wir haben
ihr
sielSie
grrit3et
grLiBen
wir ihr
habet
sielSie haben
IMPERFECT
PERFECT
ich ou
IMPERFECT
habe gegrtil'lt
PERFECT
ich du
hast gegrtiBt
ich ou
gri.iBte
g
rri l'3test
er/sie/es
hat gegrLiBt
haben gegrUBt
er/sie/es ihr
sie,/S ie
grLiBte
g rtj
er/sie/es
wtr
ihr
s
wir gniBten
Btet
grti f3ten
wtr
ihr sielsie
habt gegrr"il'lt
haben gegniBt
ie,/S ie
habe gehabt hast gehabt hat gehabt haben gehabt habt gehabt haben gehabt
ich du
hatte hattest
hatten
er/sie/es hatte
wir ihr
hattet
sielSie hatten
CONDITIONAL
FUTURE
CONDITIONAL
FUTURE
tcn
werde haben
du
wir ihr
werden grtiBen
werdet grriBen
grti[3en
eVsie/es
sielSie werden
IMPERATIVE
g
wir ihr
wLjrden haben
IMPERATIVE
ha
t3
en w il /
grliBen Siel
gtllltl /
b(e)l,rhaben wirl
haben Siel
/habtl/
EXAMPLE PHMsEs
EXAMPLE PHRASES
Hast. du eine Schwesterl Have you got a sister? Er hatte Hunger. He was hungry. Sie hqt heute Ceburtstag. lt's her birthday today.
grilBt uns jeden Margen. Our neighbour greets us every morning. Er hot mich nicht gegril$t. He didn't say hello to me. Oliver ltisst. dich gri)[3en. Oliver sends his regards.
Unsere Nochbarin
Sie=you
,{tffi**
Vrne TRaLrs
ffi
%fl##{
ich du
ich du
wir ihr
er/sie/es
ich du
handle
handlest
handlen
er/sie/es handle
handlet sie,/Sie handlen IMPERFECT
halten
haltet
sielsie halten
PERFECT
ihr
wir handeln
ihr
sie/5ie
haltet
sielSie halten
IMPERFECT
wir ihr
PERFECT
ich du
habe gehalten hast gehalten er/sie/es hat gehalten wir haben gehalten ihr habt gehalten sielSie haben gehalten FUTURE
ich du
ich du
ielt
hielt(e)st hielten
er/sie/es hielt
wir ihr
er/sie/es
wir
ihr
<ialqic
hieltet
h
sie,/Sie
ielte n
habe gehandelt hast gehandelt hat gehandelt haben gehandelt habt gehandelt haben gehandelt
handelte handeltest et/sie/es handelte wir handelten ihr handeltet sielsie handelten
ich du
FUTURE
ich du
CONDITIONAL
werde handeln
ich du
ich wrirde
wir ihr
Werden halten
werdet halten
wir ihr
er/sie/es
wrirdest handeln er/sie/es w[jrde handeln wir wurden handeln ihr wrirdet handeln sielSie wrlrden handeln
PAST PARTICIPLE gehandelt PRESENT PARTICIPLE
handelnd
du
handeln
halt(e)!/halten wi rl,/haltet!,2
halten Sie!
EXAMPLE PHRASES
Kannst du dos mal halten? Can Vou hold that for a moment? Der Bus hielt vor dem Rothlus.ihe bus stopped in front of the town hall. Ich habe sie fi.ir deine Mutter gehatten. I took her for your mother.
EXAMPLE PHRASES
Die Ceschichte handelte von einem llten Monn. The story was about an old man. Wir mi)ssen schnell handeln We must act quickly. Er hat frilher in Cebrouchtwagen gehandelt. He used to deal in used cars.
SiG=Vou
W "*t^"*
strong, formed with haben PRESENT
ich du
Vrortorrw
MW'fu
PRESENT SUBJUNCTTVE
henge hAngst
PRESENT SUBJUNCTTVE
heize
et/sie/es
hangt
hdngt
hAngen
wir h;ingen
ihr
sie,/Sie
wir ihr
heizt heizt
heizen
ich du
heize
heizest
er/sie/es heize
hAngen
wir
lhr
sie/Sie
heizt
heizen
PERFECT
ich du
PERFECT
ich ou
ich du
ing
t
habe geheizt
hingst
hingen i
hat gehangen
wir
ihr
sie,/S ie
er/sie/es hing
haben gehangen
habt gehangen
haben gehangen
wir ihr
er/sie/es
wlr
ihr
sielSie
sielsie hingen
CONDITIONAL
hingt
hast geheizt hat geheizt haben geheizt habt geheizt haben geheizt
ich du
ihr
heiztet
sielSie heizten
CONDITIONAL wurde heizen wrirdest heizen er/sie/es wtjrde heizen wir wllrden heizen
FUTURE
Ft.,TURE
ich
du
wLirde hingen
wlirdest hAngen
ich du
wir ihr
werden heizen
werdet heizen
heizen
sie/sie werden
IMPERATIVE
heiz(e)f
rzhe ize
EXAMPLE PHMSES
Das Bild hing an der Wond. The picture was hanging on the Sie hat sehr on ihrem Vater gehangen She was very attached Er hiingt an seinem Beruf. He loves his job.
EXAMPLE PHRASES
wall.
to
her father.
Der Ofen heizt gut. The stove gives offa good heat. Wir heizen mit Holz. We use wood for heating. Ab Oktober wird gehein. The heating is put on in October.
ich=ldu-you er=helit
sie=you
,",
VgngTngtes
strong, + dative, formed with haben
PRESENT
ich ou
PRESENT SUBJUNCTTVE
helfe
h
ilfst
ich du
helfe
helfest
helfen
holst
holen
eilsie/es
hitft
helfen
et/sie/es helfe
ich du
hole holest
holen
wir
ihr sielsie PERFECT
helft
helfen
wir ihr
ey'sie/es holt
er/sie/es hole
helfet
sielSie helfen
IMPERFECT
sielsie
PERFECT
holt
holen
wir ihr
holet
sie/Sie holen
IMPERFECT
ich du
ich du
half
halfst
halfen
wir ihr
er/sie/es half
habt geholfen
wir ihr
halft
sie/Sie halfen
CONDITIONAL
hast geholt ey'sie/es hat geholt wir haben geholt ihr habt geholt sie,/Sie haben geholt FUTURE
ich du
habe geholt
ich du
holte
wir ihr
holten
holtet
sie/5ie holten
CONDITIONAL
ich du
wir ihr
werden helfen
werdet helfen
wir ihr
wir ihr
werden holen
werdet holen
ihr
wUrdet holen
helfen Siel
wirl /holtl /
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
helfend
EXAMPLE PHRASES
with it.
for headaches, help to me.
Diese Aznei hilft gegen Kopfschmerzen. This medicine is good Sein Vorschlag half mir wenig. His suggestion was not much
Er hott jeden Tag frische Milch vom Supermarkt. He fetches fresh milk from the supermarl(et every day. Soll ich ihn ansTelefon holen? Shall I get him to come to the phone? lch hobe mir eine Erkiiltung gehott. I caught a cold.
sie=theV Sie=Vou
vene TnsLes
vexe teetes
PRESENT sUBJUNCTIVE
kenne
PRESENT
PRESENT SUBJUNCTTVE komme kommest er/sie/es komme wir kommen ihr kommet sie,/Sie kOmmen
et/sie/es
nst kennt
ken
ich ou
kenne
kennest
kenne kennen
er/sie/es
war
wir
ihr sie/Sie
Kennen
ich du
ich
du
kennt
Kennen
ihr
sielSie
kennet
kennen
ihr
kommt
sielSie kommen
PERFECT
PERFECT
ich ou
IMPERFECT
habe gekannt hast gekannt hat gekannt halren gekannt habt gekannt haben gekannt
ich du
IMPERFECT
er/sie/es
wtr
ihr sielsie
wir
ihr sielsie
ich du
ich du
kam
kamst
kamen
ntet
wir ihr
er/sie/es kam
wir ihr
kamt
kannten
FUTURE
CONDITIONAL
ich du
ich du
et/sie/es
wtr
ihr sie/Sie
wrjrden kennen
wrirdet kennen
wrirden kennen
wir ihr
Werden kOmmen
werdet kommen
kennen Sie!
kommtl/kommen 5ie!
EXAMPLE PHMSES
EXAMPLE PHMsEs
Ich kenne ihn nicht. I don't know him. Er konnte kein Erbarmen. He knew no mercv. Kennst. du mich noch? Do vou remember me?
Er kam die StraBe entlang. He was coming along the street. lch komme zu deiner Plrty. I'm coming to your party. Woher kommst du? Where do vou come from?
Sie=vou
Sie=you
,ffiMwr
vene
rneres 4*m
PRESENT
ich ou
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
kann
kan
nst
ich du
ich du
er/sie/es
l5sst
lAsst lassen
ich du
lasse
lassest
lassen
er/sie/es
wir
ihr
sielSie
kann kcinnen
er/sie/es konne
konnet sielSie konnen IMPERFECT
k6nnt
kdnnen
wir ihr
wir ihr
er/sie/es lasse
lasst
lassen
wir ihr
lasset
sie/5ie
PERFECT
PERFECT
ich ou
et/sie/es
ich du
ich du
wir ihr
kOnnten
konntet
wir ihr
haben gelassen
habt gelassen
sre/5re
sielSie konnten
CONDITIONAL
sie,/5ie lief3en
FUTURE
ich ou
CONDITlONAL
werde konnen
konnen wird kcinnen werden konnen werdet k6nnen werden kcinnen
wirst
du
wiirdest konnen
er/sie/es
wir
ihr sie/Sie
sielsie werden
IMPERATIVE
wir ihr
Wijrden lassen
gelassen/lassen
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
konnend
oThis
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
lassend
EXAMPLE PHMSES
EXAMPLE PHMSES
Er kann gut schwimmen. He can swim well. Sie konnte kein Wort Deutsch.She couldn't speak a word of German
Kann ich gehen? Can
go?
lie$ uns warten. She kept us waiting. tch lasse den Hund nicht auf das Sofo.lwon't let the dog on the sofa Sie hoben ihn allein im Auto getassen. They left him alone in the car.
Sie
Sie=you
,t#.f&tt
q*;
Vene Tneles
strong, formed with sein
Vrortorr'*
W"'.ffi,
strong, formed with haben PRESENT leidest ey'sie/es leidet PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
leide
PRESENT
PRESENT SUBJUNCTTVE
laufe
ich du
tch
lautst
laufen
du
laufe
laufest
laufen
ey'sie/es liiuft
ich du
leide
leidest
leiden
wir ihr
er/sie/es laufe
lauft
wir ihr
laufet
sie/Sie laufen
PERFECT
sie/Sie laufen
IMPERFECT
wir ihr
et/sie/es leide
leidet
leiden
leidet
sie,/Sie leiden
PERFECT
sielSie leiden
IMPERFECT
ich du
ich du
lief
liefst liefen
ich du
habe gelitten
wir ihr
er/sie/es lief
wir ihr
lieft
sie/Sie liefen
CONDITIONAL
wir ihr
sie/Sie litten
CONDITIONAL
wir ihr
werden laufen
werdet laufen
wir ihr
werden leiden
werdet leiderr
leiden
ihr
wtlrdet leiden
leiden
sielsie werden
IMPERATIVE
sielsie wtirden
PAST PARTICIPLE
gelaufen
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
laufend
EXAMPLE PHRASES
EXAMPLE PHRASES
Sie litt on Asthml. She suffered from asthma. Wir haben unter der Hitze geliuen. We suffered in the heat. Ich kann ihn nicht leiden. I can't stand him.
Er lief so schnell er konnte. He ran as fast as he could. Sie liiuft stiindig zur Polizel. She's always going to the police. Das Schiff ist. auf Crund gelaufen. The ship ran aground.
Sle=you
Sie=you
vene
strong, formed with haben PRESENT liest er/sie/es liest PRESENT SUBJUNCTTVE
lese
tneles
ffi
PRESENT SUB'UNCTIVE
liege
ich du
ich du
lese
lesest
lesen
ich du
liegst
liegen
er/sie/es lese
sie/Sie
PERFECT
wir ihr
er/sie/es liegt
leset
lesen
sielsie
wir ihr
ich du
liege
liegt
wir ihf
liegen
lieget
sie/Sie liegen
PERFECT habe gelegen hast gelegen et/sie/es hat gelegen haben gelegen ihr habt gelegen sie/Sie haben gelegen
sielSie liegen
IMPERFECT
ich
du
ich du
et/sie/es
las
lasest
las
ich du
ich du
et/sie/es
lag
lagst
lag
wir ihr
habt gelesen
wir ihr
lasen
wir
last
sie/Sie lasen
CONDITIONAL
sie/Sie lagen
CONDITIONAT
FUTURE
ich du
wrirde liegen
wr.irdest liegen
wir ihr
werden lesen
werdet lesen
lesen
sie/Sie werden
IMPERATIVE
wir ihr
werden liegen
werdet liegen
er/sie/es witrde liegen wir wtirden liegen ihr wrjrdet liegen sie/Sie wrirden liegen
PAST PARTICIPLE
geregen
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
lesend
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
liegend
EXAMPLE PHRASES
Das habe ich in der Zeitung gelesen. I read it in the newspaper. Es wor in ihrem Gesicht zu lesen. lt was written all over her face. Dieses Buch liest sich gut. This book is a good read.
EXAMPLE PHMsEs
Wir
logen den ganzen Tag om Strdnd. We lay on the beach all day. K6ln liegt am Rhein. cologne is on the Rhine. Es hot daran gelegen, dass ich krank war.lt was because I was ill.
Sie=you
sie=you
Vpns TnsLes
strong, formed with haben
ve*e rnetcs
ffi
weak, formed with haben PRESENT machst er/sie/es macht PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
mache
PRESENT
ich du
ich du
liige
lLigest
ich du
ich du
mache
machest
machen
er/sie/es ltlgt
er/sie/es lrige
wir ihr
l(igen
lLiget
wir ihr
er/sie/es mache
machen
macht
wir ihr
machet
sie/sie ltigen
PERFECT
sielsie ltigen
IMPERFECT
sie/Sie machen
PERFECT
sie/Sie machen
IMPERFECT
ich du
log
logst
logen
wir ihr
er/sie/es log
haben gelogen
habt gelogen
wir ihr
logt
sie/Sie logen
CONDITIONAL
hast gemacht er/sie/es hat gemacht wir haben gemacht ihr habt gemacht sielsie haben gemacht FUTURE
ich du
habe gemacht
ich du
wir ihr
maChten
machtet
sie/Sie machten
CONDITIONAL
ich du
wir ihr
werden l0gen
werdet l0gen
lLigen
sie/Sie Werden
IMPERATIVE
I
wir ihr
ihr
wtlrdet machen
PAST PARTICIPLE
gerogen
IMPERATIVE
lrigen Sie!
machl/machtl/machen Siel
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
Irigend
EXATIAPLE
PHMsEs
EXAMPLE PHRASES
Er log stiindig. He was always telling lies. Ich wiirde liigen, wenn ich das sagen wiirde. l would be lying Das ist gelogen! That's a lie!
if I said that
Wos mochst du? What are you doing? lch habe die Betten gemocht. I made the beds. tch werde es morgen machen. l'll do it tomorrow.
ich-ldu=you er:he,/it
sie=theV Sie=you
Vene Tneles
VERB
TABLEs
i'tffi
PRESENT
PRESENT
PRESENT SUBJUNCTTVE
ich
du
er/sie/es misstraut
wir ihr
et/sie/es
wir
ihr
misstraut
m
sie/5ie
PERFECT
isstrauen
ich du
mdge
mogest
mdgen
wir ihr
er/sie/es mdge
mogen
mogt
wir ihr
mdget
sie/Sie mogen
PERFECT
sie/Sie mogen
IMPERFECT
IMPERFECT
ich ou
habe misstraut hast misstraut er/sie/es hat misstraut wir haben misstraut ihr habt misstraut sie,/Sie haben misstraut FUTURE werde misstrauen wirst misstrauen elsie/es wird misstrauen wir werden misstrauen ihr werdet misstrauen sie,/Sie werden misstrauen
ich du
er/sie/es
wir
ihr sie/Sie
ich du
isstrautet
ihr
ich
du
habtgemocht,/mcigen
ihr
mochtet
misstrauten
sie/Sie habengemochthogen
FUTURE
sielSie mochten
CONDITIONAL
CONDITIONAL
wUrde misstrauen wUrdest misstrauen ey'sie/es wLirde misstrauen wir wLlrden misstrauen ihr wi.irdet misstrauen sielsie w0rden misstrauen
ich ou
ich
du
ich du
wir ihr
mcigen
werden mogen
werdet m6gen
PAST PARTICIPLE
m
isstraut
EXATIAPLE PHRASES
EXAMPLE PHRASES Ich mag gern vanilleeis. I lilce vanilla ice cream. moih{e sie nicht danach frogen. He didn't want to ask her about it. Ich habe ihn noch nie gemocht. I never liked him.
Sie misstroute ihrem Gediichtnis. She didn't trust her memorv. lch wiirde seinen Ratschliigen misstrauen. I would not trust his advice. Ich habe ihr von Anfang an misstraut. I didn't trust her from the start.
Sie=Vou
Sie=you
M,
d#-ffi Vrns
Tnsles
modal, formed with haben
vruereees
PRESENT
PRESENT SUBJUNCTTVE
ich du
ich
du
miisse
mLissest
ma..issen
et/sie/es mrisse
mLisset sie/Sie mtjssen
ich du
nehme
nimmst
nehmen
ich du
nehme
nehmest
nehmen
ihr
m0sst
mLissen
sielSie
PERFECT
wir ihr
e(sie/es nimmt
wir ihr
er/sie/es nehme
nehmt
wir ihr
nehmet
sielSie nehmen
PERFECT
sielSie nehmen
IMPERFECT
IMPERFECT
wir ihr
haben gemusst/miissen
wir ihr
hast genommen er/sie/es hat genommen wir haben genommen ihr habt genommen sie/Sie haben genommen FUTURE
ich du
habe genommen
ich du
ihr
nahmt
sie,/Sie nahmen
CONDITIONAL
CONDITIONAL
wir ihr
nehmen
werden nehmen
werdet nehmen
wir ihr
nehmen
wLlrden nehmen
wtirdet nehmen
oThis
EXAMPLE PHRASES lch muss auf die Toilette. I must go to the loo. Wir miissen jeden Abend unsere Hausoufgaben machen. We have to do our homework every night. Sie hat abwaschen milssen. She had to wash uD.
EXAMPLE PHRASES
Host. du den Bus in die Stadt genommen? Did you take the bus into town? Wie viel nimmst du dafir? How much will you take for it? Er nahm sich vom Brot. He helped himself to bread.
- .'
--
Vene Tneles
weak, formed with haben
venetneues
PRESENT
PRESENT SUBJUNCTTVE
reChne
ich
du
ich du
rechne
rechnest
ich du
ich du
wir ihr
er/sie/es rechne
rechnen
rechnet
sie/Sie rechnen
PERFECT
er/sie/es redet
sielsie
wir ihr
redet
sie/Sie reden
PERFECT habe geredet hast geredet er/sie/es hat geredet wir haben geredet ihr habt geredet sie,/Sie haben geredet
IMPERFECT
IMPERFECT
redete
habe gerechnet du hast gerechnet er/sie/es hat gerechnet wir haben gerechnet ihr habt gerechnet sie,/Sie haben gerechnet FUTURE
ich
ich du
redetest
redeten
wir ihr
er/sie/es redete
rechneten rechnetet
wir ihr
redetet
sielSie rechneten
CONDITIONAL
sielSie redeten
CONDITIONAL
FUTURE
ich du
ich du
wir ihr
ihr
wiirdet rechnen
wir ihr
wir ihr
rl
rechnen Siel
/ r edetl
reden 5ie!
EXAIVIPLE PHRASES
EXAMPLE PHRASES Man kann ilberhoupt nicht mit ihr reden. You can't talk to her at all. Er redete stdndig von seinem Hund. He kept talking about his dog. lch werde mit. deinem Voter reden. l'll speak to your father.
mich rechnen, wie viel dos wird. Let me work out how much that's going to be. Emma kann gut rechnen. Emma is good at arithmetic. Damit habe ich nicht gerechnet. I wasn't expecting that.
Lass
Sie=Vou
Sie=you
vene
mixed, formed with sein PRESENT
ich du
tnsLss
ii,ji-,fi$,1li
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
renne ren n5t
ich du ren ne
PREsENT SUBJUNCTTVE
rufe
rcn
rennl
wtr
ihr sielsie PERFECT rennen
er/sie/es
wir
ihr sielSie
rufst ruft
rufen
du
ruTe
rufest rufen
er/sie/es rufe
wir
ihr sielsie PERFECT
rennt
rennen
rennet
rennen
ruft
rufen
wir ihr
rufet
sie/Sie rufen
IMPERFECT
bin gerannt bist gerannt er/sie/es ist gerannt wir sind gerannt
seid gerannt sielsie sind gerannt FUTURE
ich du
ich
ihr
ihr
ranntet
wir ihr
haben gerufen
sielSie rannten
CONDITIONAL wtirde rennen wlirdest rennen erlsie/es wtlrde rennen
habt gerufen
wir ihr
riefen
ich du
ich du
wLirde rufen
wir ihr
wir ihr
sielsie
wir ihr
ihr
wLirdet rufen
PAST PARTICIPLE
IMPERATIVE
ruf(e)1,/rufen w
irl
rennen Sie!
geran nr
ruftt.
gerufen
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
rufend
EXAMPLE PHRA5ES
Sie rannte schnell weg" She ran away fast. Er rennt. dauernd zum Chef. He keeps running to the boss. lch bin mit. dem Kopf gegen dieWand geronnt I bumped my head against the wall.
EXAMPLE PHMsEs
Sie riefen um Hilfe. They shouted for help. Ich habe dir ein Taxi gerufen. I called you a taxi. Er rief seine Schwester zu sich. He sent for his sister.
ve*a
tnses ffi#i
Seem)
PR,ESENT
tcn
PRESENT SLiBJUNCTTVE
schei ne schei nst schei nt
du
ich du
scheine
scheinest
scheinen
ich du
er/sie/es scheine
scheinet sie,/Sie scheinen
IMPER.FECT
wir ihr
er/sie/es
wir schlafen
ihr
sie/Sie
schlaft
schlafen
ihr
schlafet
sie/Sie schlafen
IMPERFECT
PERFECT
ach
PERFECT
ich du
du
er/sie/es
wtr
ihr
sie,/S ie
habe geschienen hast geschienen hat geschienen haben geschienen habt geschienen haben geschienen
ich du
schien
schienst
schienen
er/sie/es schien
wir ihr
er/sie/es
wir
ihr sie/5ie
schient
habe geschlafen hast geschlafen hat geschlafen haben geschlafen habt geschlafen haben geschlafen
lcn
du
ScnlleI
wir ihr
schliefen
schlieft
sielSie schliefen
CONDITIONAL
FUTURE
ich du
FUTURE
ich ou
werde scheinen
werde schlafen
er/sie/es
ihr
sie/sie wlirden
wtlrdet scheinen
scheinen
wLirde schlafen wtirdest schlafen er/sie/es wurde schlafen wir wLirden schlafen ihr wrirdet schlafen sie,iSie wtirden schlafen
ich du
PAST PARTICIPLE
gesch ienen
PAST PARTICIPLE
geschlafen
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
schlafend
EXAMPLE PHRASES
Die Sonne schien. The sun was shining. Es scheint, als ob du recht hast. lt appears as ifyou're right. Sie schienen glilcklich zu sein. They seemed to be happy.
EXAMPLE PHRASES
Sie schliift immer noch. She's still asleep. Heute Nacht. wirst du bestimmt gut schlofen. l'm sure you'll sleep well tonight. Er schlief wdhrend des Unterrichts. He slept during lessons.
Sie=Vou
,"'ijfiw
"-; l
. ,,
Vene Tneles
strong, formed with haben
vsne Tnsles
ffi
strong, formed with haben PRESENT schneidest elsie/es schneidet PRESENT SUB,,UNCTTVE
schneide
PRESENT
PRESENT SUBJUNCTTVE
schlage
ich du
schlagst
schlagen
ich du
schlage
schlagest
schlagen
ich du
ich du
schneide
schneidest
schneiden
er/sie/es schliigt
wir ihr
er/sie/es schlage
schlagt
sch lagen
wir ihr
schlaget
wir ihr
er/sie/es schneide
schneiden
schneidet
wir ihr
schneidet
schneiden
sielSie
PERFECT
sie/Sie schlagen
IMPERFECT
sielSie schneiden
PERFECT
sielsie
IMPERFECT
habe geschnitten
ich du
ich du
schlug
schlugst
schlugen
er/sie/es schlug
schlugt sie/Sie schlugen
ihr
habt geschlagen
wir ihr
hast geschnitten ey'sie/es hat geschnitten wir haben geschnitten ihr habt geschnitten sie,/Sie haben geschnitten FUTURE
ich du
ich du
wir ihr
schnitten
schnittet
sie/Sie schnitten
CONDITIONAL wtirde schneiden wr.lrdest schneiden er/sie/es wijrde schneiden wir wlirden schneiden ihr wtirdet schneiden sielSie wrlrden schneiden
PAST PARTICIPLE
geschn
CONDITIONAL
ich du
ihr
wUrdet schlagen
sielsie werdenschlagen
IMPERATIVE schlag(e)!/schlagen wirl/ schlagt!/schlagen Sie!
sielSie wrlrdenschlagen
PAST PARTICIPLE
geschlagen
sie,zSie werdenschneiden
IMPERATIVE
schneid(e)|,/schneiden wi rl,/
itten
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
schneidend
EXAIIAPLE England
PHMSES
EXAMPLE PHMSES
Sie schneidet ihm die Haore. She cuts his hair. Ich hobe mir in den Finger geschnitten. l've cut my finger. Sie schnitt die Tomoten in Scheiben. She sliced the tomatoes.
hat Deutschland geschlogen, England beat Cermany. lhr Herz schlug schneller. Her heart beat faster.
Die Uhr
ich"l du=you
161
Vene
Tneles
ffi
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
schreibe
sch rei
PRESENT SUBIUNCTIVE
schreie
bst
ich du
schreibe
i:h
elsie/es
schreibest
schreiben
er/sie/es
er/sie/es schreibe
wir ihr
er/sleles
schreist schreit
sch reien sch reit
du
wir
tnr
sre/5re
schreibet
sie/Sie
schreilren
sie/5ie schreiben
IMPERFECT
wir ihr
schreiet
schreien
sie/Sie schreien
IMPERFECT
PERFECT
ich
OU
PERFECT
ich du
ey'sie/es
ich du
er/sie/es
wir
tnr sielSie
sielSie schrieben
CONDITIONAL
habe geschrien hast geschrien hat geschrien haben geschrien habt geschrien haben geschrien
ich du
schrie schriest
schrieen
et/sie/es schrie
wir ihr
schriet
sie/Sie schrieen
CONDITIONAL
FUTURE
ich du
FUTURE
ich du
werde schreiben
et/sie/es
ich du
werde schreien
wir
ihr
sie,/S i e
et/sie/es
werdet schreiben
werden schreiben
ihr
wtr
ihr
sie/Sie
wi]rdet schreiben
werdet schreien
werden schreien
wuirde schreien wrirdest schreien er/sie/es wijrde schreien wir wtirden schreien ihr wurdet schreien sielSie wurden schreien
ich du
IMPERATIVE
schrei b(e)!,/schrei ben wi
IMPERATIVE
schrei(e)l/schre ien
PAST PARTICIPLE
r!/
geschrieben
wirll
geschrie(e)n
schreitl/schreien 5ie!
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
schrei end
EXAMPLE PHRASES
EXAMPLE PHMSES
Sie schrie vor Schmerzen. She screamed with pain. Wir hoben geschrien, er hat uns ober nicht gehdrt.We shouted but he didn't
Er schrieb d1sWort an dieTafel. He wrote the word on the blackboard. Wie schreibst du deinen Namen? How do you spell your name? Sie hot mir einen Brief geschrieben. She wrote me a letter.
ich=l du=you
ffi
v,*, r^rr*
(to swim)
ich du
strong, formed with sein PRESENT SUB,,UNCTIVE schwimme PRESENT
ich du
v.o,
rorrr,
4i#Lti.,i
schwimrnen
ich ou
PRESENT
eilsie/es
schwimmst schwimmt
schwimmen
schwimme schwimmest et/sie/es schwimme wir schwimmen ihr Schwimmet sie/Sie schwimmen IMPERFECT
siehst
ich du
sehe
sehest
sieht
sehen ihr
sie/Sie
er/sie/es sehe
sehen sehet sie/5ie sehen
seht
sehen
wir ihr
PERFECT
tcn
PERFECT
ou
e(sie/es
ihr sie/Sie
ich du
ich du
ich du
sah
sahst sahen
wir ihr
SChWammen
schwammt
er/sie/es sah
wir ihr
saht
sahen
sielSie schwammen
CONDITIONAL
sielsie
FUTUR,E
ich du
CONDITIONAL
werde schwimmen
er/sie/es
ich du
ich du
w0rde sehen
wr.irdest sehen
wir ihr
werden sehen
werdet sehen
PAST PARTICIPLE
schwimmtl,/schwimmen 5ie!
/ sehtl/
gesehen
PRESENT PART]CIPLE
sehend
EXAIIAPLE PHRASES
EXAMPLE PHMSES Mein Vater sieht schlecht. My father has bad eyesight. tch hobe diesen Film noch nicht gesehen, I haven't seen this film yet. Er sah auf die uhr. He looked at his watch.
lch kann nicht schwimmen. I can't swim. Er ist Uber den Fluss geschwommen He swam across the river.
Wir schwammen im
Celd. We
Sie=you
Sie=you
VeRe TngLes
vzee
reeu;s
lw#
PRESENT
ich du
PRESENT
ich du
PRESENT SUBJUNCTTVE
srnge
si
bist ist
seid
ich du
sei
sei(e)st seien
ngst
er/sie/es sei
wir sind
tnr
wir ihr
er/sie/es
seiet
Seien
sielsie PERFECT
ich du
sind
sie/Sie
ich du
wir ihr
Singen
singet
sielSie singen
IMPERFECT
IMPERFECT
PERFECT
ich du
ich du
elsie/es
War
warst
War
wtr
ihr
sie,/S ie
wir ihr
er/sie/es
waren
wir
ihr
sielSie
wart
sind gewesen
sie/5ie waren
CONDITIONAL
habe gesungen hast gesungen hat gesungen haben gesungen habt gesungen haben gesungen
ich du
sang
sangst
sangen
er/sie/es sang
wir ihr
sangt
sielSie sangen
CONDITIONAL
FUTURE
FUTURE
sein
ich wtirde
du
wLirdest sein
ich du
wir ihr
werden sein
werdet sein
ihr
wr,irdet sein
wir ihr
IMPERATIVE
sin
g(e)!/s
ge
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
singend
EXAIIAPLE
PHMsEs
Er singt nicht. gut.. He's a bad singer. Ich hobe dieses Lied frilher oft gesungen. I used to sing this song a lot
Sie=Vou
Sie=you
,.,"
,'
Vr*,
Torres
strong, formed with sein
veea
taetes
ffil
PRESENT
ich ou
s
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
in
l<e
sinkst sinkt
ken
ich du
sitzt
s
ey'sie/es
itzt
ich du
ihr
sinket
wir ihr
5itzen
sitzet
sie/Sie sinken
IMPERFECT
sitzen
sie/Sie sitzen
IMPERFECT
PERFECT
ich du
ich du
sank
habe gesessen
sankst
sanken
hast gesessen
ich du
et/sie/es
saf!
saBest
sal'l saBen
ist gesunken
wir sind gesunken
ihr
sie/Sie
er/sie/es sank
er/sie/es
wir ihr
sankt
s
wir ihr
saBt
saBen
sie/Sie sanken
CONDITIONAL
ie,/5ie
sielSie
FUTURE
ich ou
FUTURE
ich ou
CONDITIONAL
werde sitzen
werde sinken
er/sie/es
wir ihr
ich du
er/sie/es wlirde sitzen wir wrirden sitzen ihr wrjrdet sitzen sielSie wiirden sitzen
PAST PARTICIPLE
IMPERATIVE
si n
IMPERATIVE
s
i
k(e)!,/si
n ke
sinken 5ie!
n wirl / sinktl /
gesunKen
tz(e)
!,/s i tze
n w il / sitztl
gesessen
EXAIVIPLE PI{RAsEs
EXAMPLE PHRASES
Wann ist die Titonic gesunken? When did the Titanic sink? Er sank zu Boden. He sank to the ground. Die Preise filr Hondys sinken. Prices of mobile phones are falling.
Er sa[3 auf meinem Sfuhl. He was sitting on my chair. Deine Krlwatte sitzt nicht richtig.Your tie isn't straight. lch habe zwei )ahre iiber dieser Arbeit gesessen. l've spent two years on this piece of work.
Sie=you
Sie=you
,"
Vpns Tngus
modal, formed with haben PRESENT SUBJUNCTTVE
soll
vtlte reeres
strong, formed with haben PRESENT sprichst er/sie/es spricht PRESENT SUBTUNCTTVE
spreche spreche sprechest er/sie/es spreche wir sprechen
ich du
sollst
sollen
ich du
solle
sollest
solle
ey'sie/es soll
ich du
ich du
wir ihr
er/sie/es ihr
sie,/S ie
wir sollen
sollet
sollen
sollt
sielSie sollen
PERFECT
wir ihr
SPreChen
sprecht
ihr
sprechet
sie/Sie sprechen
PERFECT
sie/Sie sprechen
IMPERFECT
IMPERFECT
ich ou
habe gesollt,/sollen hast gesollt,/sollen er/sie/es hat gesollt,/sollen wir haben gesollt/sollen ihr habt gesollt/sollen sielSie haben gesollt/sollen FUTURE
ich du
et/sie/es
wtr
ihr
sie/Sie
ich du
elsie/es
solltet
sollten
wir ihr
habe gesprochen hast gesprochen hat gesprochen haben gesprochen habt gesprochen
ich du
sprach
sprachst
sprachen
er/sie/es sprach
wir ihr
spracht
sie/Sie habengesprochen
FUTURE
sielSie sprachen
CONDITIONAL wrirde sprechen wtjrdest sprechen er/sie/es wlirde sprechen wir wijrden sprechen ihr wrirdet sprechen sielsie witrden sprechen
PAST PARTICIPLE
gesprochen
CONDITIONAL
ich
OU
wUrde sollen
wiirdest sollen
wr.irde sollen wlirden sollen wrlrdet sollen wiirden sollen
ich du
er/sie/es
wir
ihr sie/Sie
wir ihr
sie/Sie werdensprechen
IMPERATIVE
s p
PAST PARTICIPLE
gesollt /sollen*
ri ch l,/s
sprechen Sie!
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
sollend
"This form is used when combined with another infrnitive.
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
sprechend
EXAMPLE PHMsEs Was sollte er machen? What should he do? Dds so,,st du nicht.. You shouldn't do that. Ich soll um 5 Uhr dort. sein. l'm supposed to be there at 5 o'clock.
EXAMPLE PHRA5E5
Er spricht kein ltalienisch. He doesn't speak ttalian. tch wiirde dich gern privot sprechen I would like to speak to you privately. Hdst du mit ihr gesprochen? Have you spoken to her?
Sie=Vou
Sie=you
ii
Vene TneLes
strong, formed with sein
vena
tneres
'l.ffiffiHq
PRESENT
ich du
er/sie/es springt
wir ihr
et/sie/es
wir
ihr sie/Sie
ich du
stehst
stehen
ich du
stehe
stehest
stehen
er/sie/es steht
springt
sielSie springen
PERFECT
springet
springen
wir ihr
er/sie/es stehe
steht
wir ihr
stehet
stehen
sie,/Sie Stehen
PERFECT
sielsie
IMPERFECT
ich ou
ich du
sprang
sprangst
spran9 sprangen
ich du
wir ihr
eVsie/es
er/sie/es hatgestanden
haben gestanden habt gestanden sielsie habengestanden FUTURE
wir
ihr
cip /Sip
sprangt
sprangen
wir ihr
ich du
wir ihr
standen
standet
sie/Sie standen
CONDITIONAL
CONDITIONAL
ich ou
ich du
werde stehen
ich wiirde
wrrst stenen
werden stehen
wir ihr
er/sie/es
Werden springen
werdet springen
wir ihr
werdet stehen
wrlrdest stehen er/sie/es wijrde stehen wir wiirden stehen ihr wurdet stehen
du
stehen
wr.irden springen
PAST PARTICIPLE
gespru ngen
springt!/springen 5ie!
PRESENT PARTICIPLE springend
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
stehend
EXAMPLE PHRASES
Er sprang i.iber den Zaun. Hejumped over the fence. Der Zug ist aus dem Cleis gesprungen. The train came off the rails. Ich wiirde ihm am liebsten an die Kehle springen. I could strangle him
EXAA4IPLE PHRASES
Wir stonden an der Bushlltestelle.We stood at the bus stop. Es hat in der Zeitung gestonden. lt was in the newspaper. Dieses Kleid wiirde dir gut stehen. This dress woutd suit you.
Sie=you
sie=theV sie=you
".'.
Vene TReLes
strong, formed with haben
vens
rneles
#ffi1ffi411
strong, forned with sein PRESENT steige steigst er/sie/es Steigt wir steigen PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE steige steigest elsie/es steige wir steigen ihr steiget sielSie steigen IMPERFECT stieg stiegst ey'sie/es stieg
PRESENT
ich du
ich du
ich du
ich du
wir ihr
stehlen
stehlt
ihr
stehlet
sie/5ie stehlen
PERFECT
ihr
steigt
sie,zSie Stehlen
sie/Sie steigen
PERFECT
IMPERFECT
ich du
stahl
stahlst
stahlen
ich du
wir ihr
er/sie/es stahl
wir ihr
stahlt
wir ihr
wir ihr
stiegen
stiegt
sielSie stahlen
CONDITIONAL
sie/5ie stiegen
CONDITIONAL
ich du
witrde steigen
wi.irdest steigen
steigen
wir ihr
werden stehlen
werdet stehlen
wir ihr
elsie/es wiirde
wir ihr
wijrden steigen
wijrdet steigen
steigen
sie/sie wiirden
PAST PARTICIPLE
stiehll/stehlen wirl/stehlt!/
stehlen Siel
gtl,/
steigen 5ie!
EXATVIPLE PHRASES
EXAMPLE PHRASES
Die Temperatur stieg auf 28 Grad. The temperature rose to 28 degrees. Sie ist ouf die Leiter gestiegen. She climbed up the ladder. Die Passagiere stiegen lus dem Flugzeug. The passengers got offthe plane.
Er hat das gonze Celd gestohlen. He stole all the money. Er stoht sich Ius dem Hous. He stole out of the house. Du stiehfst uns doch nur die Zeit. You're iust wastino our time
sie =she./it
uffi.;
4-.
Vene TReLes
strong, formed with sein
Vsns TnsLrs
_nffF
PRESENT
ich
OU
PRESENT SUBJUNCTTVE sterbe sti rbst sterbest er/sie/es sterbe sterbet sielsie sterben IMPERFECT starb starbst er/sie/es starb wir starben
PRE5ENT SUB,,UNCTIVE
stud stud stud stud stud stud
ich du
sterbe
iere
ierst
er/sie/es
er/sie/es
wir ihr
iert
ieren
sterben
wtr
ihr sielsie
ich du
iert
ieren
ihr
studieret
<io
/(io
sterben
sie/Sie studieren
IMPERFECT
PERFECT
PERFECT
ich ou
bin gestorben bist gestorben er/sie/es ist gestorben wir sind gestorben
ich du
ich du
er/sie/es
ihr
seid gestorben
ihr
starbt
sie/Sie starben
CONDITIONAL wtjrde sterben wiirdest sterben er/sie/es w0rde sterben
hat studiert wir haben studiert ihr habt studiert sie/Sie haben studiert
ich du
sielSie studierten
CONDITIONAL
FUTURE
ich ou
ich du
werde studieren
sielsie werden
IMPERATIVE
sti rb !/sterben sterben Sie!
et/sie/es
ich du
rel5le
er/sie/es wLirde studieren wir wrlrden studieren ihr wrirdet studieren sie/Sie wlirden studieren
PAST PARTICIPLE
stud
i
IMPERATIVE
stud iere!,/stud ieren wi r!/ studiertl/studieren 5ie!
wirl / sterbll /
gestorben
ert
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
sterbend
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
stud ierend
EXAMPLE PHRASES
EXAMPLE PHRASES
Sie mijchte Biologie studieren. She Mein Bruder studiert Deutsch. My
Er starb eines nattirlichen Todes. He died a natural death. Shakespeare ist 1616 gestorben. Shakespeare died in r615. Daran wirst du nicht sterben! lt won't kill voul
wants to study biology. brother is studying German. Er hot in Kdln studiert. He was a student at coloqne Universitv
Sie=Vou
Sie=you
'
Veng TneLes
vanernau;s
strong, formed with haben PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
) tragefl
PRESENT
) treffefl
PRESENT
(to meer)
ich du
ich du
trage
rch trage
tragst
tragen
du
rcn trelte
tragest
tragen
er/sie/es trdgt
du
triffst
treffen
wir ihr
er/sie/es trage
sielsie tragen
PERFECT
tragt
wir ihr
traget
wir ihr
ihr
treffet
sie/Sie treffen
IMPERFECT
ich
hast getragen e/sie/es hat getragen wir haben getragen ihr habt getragen sielsie haben getragen FUTURE
du
habe getragen
ich du
wir ihr
trugen
trugt
sie,/Sie trugen
hast getroffen et/sie/es hat getroffen wir haben getroffen ihr habt getroffen sielSie haben getroffen FUTURE
ich du
habe getroffen
CONDITIONAL
tragen wLirdest tragen er/sie/es wtirde tragen wir wtirden tragen ihr wijrdet tragen sielsie wurden tragen
CONDITIONAL
ich wtirde
du
wir ihr
wir ihr
wir ihr
PAST PARTICIPLE
rl
tragen 5ie!
/t'Jagtl /
gerragen
ff
treffen Sie!
PRESENT PARTICIPLE tragend
l/treffe n w i rl / tr efftl /
EXAMPLE PHRASES lch trug ihren Koffer zum Bahnhof. I carried her case to the station. Du triigst die ganze Verantw,rtung dofijr.You bear the full responsibility for it. lch wiirde meine Haare gern liinger trogen. l'd like to wear my hair longer.
rim sich zweimal pro woche mit ihm.she meets with him twice a week. Der Boll traf ihn an Kopf. The ball hit him on the head. Du host das Ziel gut getroffen. You hit the target well.
sie=theV Si=Vou
es=itlhe,/she wir=we
ihr:you sie=they
Sie=you
,;.n;'
Vens Tnsles
strong, formed with haben/sein'' PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
vene reeues
trete
er/sie/es
trittst tritt
tretet
treten
wir treten
ihr
<ia /q ip
ich du
du
e(sie/es
ihr
wir
ihr sie/Sie
sielsie treten
IMPERFECT
tretet
ich du
ihr
trinket
trinken
PERFECT
PERFECT
ich du
habe getreten hast getreten er/sie/es hat getreten wir haben getreten ihr habt getreten sie/sie haben getreten FUTURE
ich du
er/sie/es
ihr
wir
ihr
sielSie
tratet
sie/Sie traten
CONDITIONAL wiirde treten wrirdest treten er/sie/es w0rde treten wir wtjrden treten ihr wiirdet treten
habe getrunken hast getrunken hat getrunken haben getrunken habt getrunken haben getrunken
ich du
wir ihr
tranken
trankt
sie,/Sie tranken
FUTURE
tcn
CONDITIONAL
werde trinken
ich du
du
wir ihr
er/sie/es
wiirde trinken wiirdest trinken er/sie/es wrirde trinken wir wiirden trinken ihr wiirdet trinken sielSie wUrden trinken
PAST PARTICIPLE getrunken PRESENT PARTICIPLE
ich du
trittl/treten
treten
Sie!
wi rl,/tretetl,/
EXAMPLE PHRA5E5
EXAMPLE PHRASES Er trank die ganze Flasche leer. He drank the whole bottle. Ich habe zu viel gdrunken. I've had too much to drink. Wolten wir etwas trinken gehen? Shall we go for a drink?
Er hat mich getr&en. He kicked me. Sie trat, ouf die Bremse. She stepped on the brakes. Pass ouf, wohin du trittst! Watch your stepl
owhen treten is used with no direct object,
it
is formed
with sein.
Sie=you
.,'),i
.1.C.
vrns rneLss
Hffi
PRESENT
PRESENT SUBJUNCTTVE
ich du
tue
tuest
tuen
ich du
iiberlege mir
Liberlegest dir riberlege sich Liberlegen uns Iberleget euch riberlegen sich
er/sie/es tUe
ihr
tut
wir ihr
wir
et/sie/es
wir
ihr sie/Sie
tuet
sie/Sie tun
PERFECT
sie/Sie tuen
IMPERFECT
PERFECT
IMPERFECT
ich
dU
habe getan hast getan er/sie/es hat getan wir haben getan ihr habt getan sielSie haben getan FUTURE
ich du
ihr
tatet
sielSie taten
CONDITIONAL wtirde tun wLirdest tun er/sie/es wi.irde tun wir wiirden tun ihr wrjrdet tun sie/Sie wrirden tun
PAST PARTICTPLE
getan
habe mir i.iberlegt hast dir Liberlegt ey'sie/es hat sich uberlegt wir haben uns iiberlegt ihr habt euch riberlegt sie/Sie haben sich r.lberlegt FUTURE
ich du
uberlegte mir
r-iberlegtest dir riberlegte sich tiberlegten uns iiberlegtet euch tlberlegten sich
er/sie/es
wir
ihr
sie,/5 ie
CONDITIONAL
ich du
ich du
werden uns riberlegen werdet euch riberlegen sie/sie werden sich Llberleqen
wir ihr
r-iberlegen
er/sie/es
IMPERATIVE
0berleg(e)d ir!/rlberlegen
PAST PARTICIPLE
wir
uns!,/
ri
berlegt
EXAA|IPLE PHRASES
tch werde dos auf keinen Fatl tun. There is no way l'll do So etwos tut man nichtl That is just not dgne! Sie tdt, als ob sie schliefe. She pretended to be sleeping.
EXAMPLE PHMsEs
that.
mir schon ilberlegt, was ich machen werde.I've already thought about what I'm going to do. tch muss es mir ilberlegen. l'll have to think about it.
Ich habe
-#g"r" -,
a.,
Vena Tneles
strong, inseparable, formeciwithhaben PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
vergesse
ich ou
Vene Tnslss
ffi
ich du
wir ihr
elsie/es
wir
ihr sie/Sie
ich du
verlange
ich du
verlange
verlangest
verlangen
wir ihr
er/sie/es verlange
verlangen
verlangt
wir ihr
verlanget
sie/Sie verlangen
PERFECT
sielSie verlangen
IMPERFECT
IMPERFECT
ich du
ich du
vergaB vergaBest
vergaf3
ey'sie/es
wir
ihr
vergaBen
vergaBt
vergaBen
sie/Sie habenvergessen
FUTURE
wir ihr
haben verlangt
wir ihr
CONDITIOI{AL
ich ou
ich du
wLirde verlangen
er/sie/es
wrirde vergessen
wUrden vergessen
wir
ihr
sie,/Sie
sielsie werden
IMPERATIVE
verg iss!,/vergessen
wlirdet vergessen
wi.jrden vergessen
wir ihr
werden verlangen
werdet verlangen
ihr
wLirdet verlangen
sielSie werdenverlangen
IMPERATIVE verlang(e)l/verlangen wir!/ verlangt!,/Verlangen Sie!
PAST PARTICIPLE
wir!,/
vergessen
EXAMPLE PHMSES Ich habe seinen Namen vergessen.l've forgotten his name.
Sie vergap, die Blumen zu gief\en.She forgot to water Sie vergisst stiindig ihre Bricher. She always forgets to
EXAMPLE PHMsEs t)nsere Lehrerin verlangt wirktich sehr viel von uns. Our teacher demands an awful
lot of
us.
Das kannst du nicht. von mir verlangen. You cannot ask that of me. Wie viel hat er dafilr verlangt? How much did he ask for it?
Sie = you
sie=they 5i:you
: r
l.
Veng Tneles
Vena Tneles
verlierrt
ich verliere du verlierst
(to tose)
strong, inseparable, formed with haben PRESENT SUBJUNCTTVE verliere verlierest er/sie/es verliere wir verlieren ihr verlieret sie/5ie verlieren IMPERFECT
) verschwindefi
PRESENT verschwinde verschwindest er/sie/es verschwindet wir verschwinden ihr verschwindet sielSie verschwinden
PERFECT
ich ou
ffi
(ro disappear)
ich du
PRESENT
ich du
ich du
eVsie/es verliert
wir ihr
erlste/es verScnwtnde
verlieren
verliert
sielSie verlieren
PERFECT
sie/Sie verschwinden
IMPERFECT
ich du
habe verloren
tcn
ou
er/sie/es
ihr
wir
ihr
er/sie/es
ich du
verschwand
verschwand(e)st
verschwand
er/sie/es
wir verschwanden
ihr
sre/5re
hallt Verloren
verlort
verloren
verschwandet
verschwanden
sielsie
sind verschwunden
CONDITIONAL
ich du
FUTURE
ich ou
CONDITIONAL
werde verschwinden wirst verschwinden wird verschwinden werden verschwinden werdet verschwinden werden verschwinden
ich ou
wir ihr
er/sie/es
er/sie/es
er/sie/es
wir
ihr <ipl(ie
wrirden verlieren
wtr
ihr
sie,/5 ie
wi]rdet verlieren
wiirden verliefen
IMPERATIVE
verschwi nd(e)|,/verschwi nden wir!/ verschwi ndet!/verschwinden Siel
EXAIIAPLE PHRASES Euro zahlen. lf you lose, you'll have to pay me io euros. Wir haben drei Spiele hintereinander verloren. We lost three matches in a row Er verlor kein Wort dariiber. He didn't sav a word about it. Wenn du verlierst, musst du mir
EXAMPLE PHRASES
in der Dunkelheit. They disappeared into the darkness. Der Zauberer lief3 dos Kaninchen verschwinden. The magician made the rabbit
Sie verschwonden
d
i
sappea
r.
ich=ldu:you er:helit
es=it/he,/she wir=we
vene
tnetes
wachSfl
lcn du
(to grow)
ich du
> WandIfl
PRESENT
ich du
(to
roam)
du
PRESENT
wacnSe
wachse
rcn wand(e)re
wandrest wandern
wachst
wachsest
wichst
wachsen
ihr sielSie
et/sie/es wachse
wachsen wachset sielsie wachsen IMPERFECT
ich du
wachst
wacnsen
wir ihr
et/sie/es
wandert
wandern
er/sie/es wand(e)re
wir ihr
wandert
ie,/Sie
sie/Sie wandern
IMPERFECT
PERFECT
PERFECT
ich du
bin gewachsen bist gewachsen er/sie/es ist gewaChsen wir sind gewachsen
seid nernr:rhsen sie/Sie sind gewachsen FUTURE
ich du
wucns wuchsest
wucnS
er/sie/es
eVsie/es Inr
sie,/Sie
ihr
wir
tnr
sie,/s ie
wucnsen
ich du
wuchst
wuchsen
ihr
wandertet
sielsie wanderten
CONDITIONAL w0rdest wandern er/sie/es wijrde wandern wir wtlrden wandern ihr wrlrdet wandern sie/Sie wtjrden wandern
PAST PARTICIPLE gewandert PRESENT PARTICIPLE wandernd
CONDITIONAL
rcn
CU
FUTURE werde wandern wirst wandern wird wandern wir werden wandern ihr werdet wandern sie,/S ie werden wandern
ich du
wtirde wachsen
wLirdest wachsen
ich du
wLirde wandern
er/sie/es
ihr <iol(ia
PAST PARTICIPLE
gewacnsen
IMPERATIVE
wandre!/wandern wir!/
wandert!,/wandern 5ie!
wachstl/wachsen Siel
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
wachsend
EXAMPLE PHMSES Der Baum wiichst. nicht. mehr.fhe tree has stopped growing. Er lief3 sich einen Bart wochsen. He grew a beard. lch bin im letzten JThr rc Zentimeter gewachsen.I've grown ro centimetres in the
EXAMPLE PHRASES
Schwarzwald kann man gut wondern.The Black Forest is good forwalking. Wochenende ga tdndert. We went hiking at the weekend. Seine Qedonken wanderten zuriick in dieVergongenheit. His thoughts strayed back to the Dast.
tm
Wir sind am
past year.
Sie=you
Sie=you
J&s,
*, ;
Vene Tnsles
waschen
ich du
(ro wash)
) Wgfbfl
PRESENT
ich du
strong, formedwithhaben
PRESENT wasche
wlschst
wascht wascnen
wirbst
er/sie/es
wir
ihr
sielSie
wascht
waschen
wir ihr
er/sie/es
wirbt
werben
wir ihr
Werben
werbet
sie/Sie werben
IMPERFECT
PERFECT
PERFECT
ich ou
rcn
du
naDe gewascnen
hast gewaschen
er/sie/es hatgewaschen
ich du
halre geworben
ihr
wir
ihr
sie/Sie
wuscht
sie/Sie habengewaschen
FUTURE
sie/Sie wuschen
CONDITIONAL
hast geworlren hat geworben haben geworben habt geworben haben geworben
ich du
warb
wir ihr
Warben
FUTURE
ich du
du
wir ihr
wir
ihr
sielSie
wiirdet waschen
werde werben wirst werben wird werben werden werben werdet werben werden werben
wi.irde werben wUrdest werben ey'sie/es w[rde werben wir wi.irden werben ihr wilrdet werben sielSie wLirden werben
ich du
IMPERATIVE
wi rlr!/wertren wi rl /w erbtl
PAST PARTICIPLE
geworDen
EXAAAPLE PHRASES Ich hobe mir die Hiinde gewaschen. I washed my hands. Er wiischst sich jeden Tag. He washes every day.
EXAMPLE PHMSES Die Partei wirbt zur Zeit Mitglieder. The party is currently recruiting members. Unsere Firma muss um neue Kunden werben. Our company has to attract new
Die KaAe wusch sich in der Sonne. The cat was washing itself in the sunshine.
customers.
lm
Fernsehen
wq:wh,
uffie"&M
VERB IABLES
vene
strong, formed with sein
PR.ESENT SUBJUNCTTVE
tneLes
) werdh
PRESENT
ich du
(to become)
ich du
weroe
wirst
wird
werden
wir
tnr
wirfst
wirft
wir werfen
ihr sielsie PERFECT
ich du
werdet
weroen
ihr
ich du
werdet
sie/sie PERFECT
ich du
sielsie werden
IMPERFECT
werft
werfen
ihr
werfet
sielSie werfen
IMPERFECT
ich du
habe geworfen
et/sie/es
ihr
wir
ihr sie/Sie
wurdet
sie/Sie wurden
CONDITIONAL
hast geworfen hat geworfen ha[:en geworfen habt geworfen haben geworfen
sie,/Sie warfen
FUTURE
ich du
FUTURE werde werfen wirst werfen elsie/es wird werfen wir werden werfen ihr werdet werfen sielsie werden werfen
ich ou
CONDITIONAL
er/sie/es
wird werden
werden werden
wir ihr
wLirden werden
wir ihr
Wijrden werfen
wijrdet werfen
IMPERATIVE
wi rfllwerfe n w ir! /w erftl
werfen Sie!
EXAMPLE PHMsEs
EXAMPLE PHMSES den Ball ijber den Zaun. Hethrew the ball over the fence. mit Geld um sich. She is throwing her money around. Der Chef hat. ihn lus der Firma geworfen.The boss has l<icked him out of the company. Er
Sie
Mit wird schlecht. I feel ill. Ich will Lehrerin werden. I want to be a teacher.
Der Kuchen ist gut geworden. The cake turned out well.
worf
wifr
si=you
, ,,
Vens TRgLes
mixed, formed with haben
vene TnaLes
ffi
PRESENT
ich du
PRE5ENT
ich ou
PRESENT SUBJUNCTTVE
weiBt
weiB wissen
wtr
ihr sielsie PERFECT
ich du
ich du
ich du
wolle wollest
Wollen
er/sie/es wolle
wisst
wissen
ihr
wir wollen
ihr
s
Wisset
wir ihr
wollet
sie/Sie wissen
IMPERFECT
ie,/S i e
sie/5ie wollen
IMPERFECT
PERFECT
ich du
wir
ihr sielSie
habe gewusst hast gewusst hat gewusst haben gewusst habt gewusst haben gewusst
habe gewollt/wollen
hast gewollt/wollen
wir ihr
WUSSte
hat gewollt/wollen
wtr
ihr
sielSie
Wussten
haben gewollt,/wollen
ich du
wusstet
WUSSten
FUTURE
ich du
CONDITIONAL
werde wissen
FUTURE
ich ou
CONDITIONAL
werde wollen wirst wollen wird wollen werden wollen werdet wollen werden wollen w0rde wollen wtlrdest wollen er/sie/es Wrlrde wollen wir wLirden wollen ihr wr-irdet wollen sie,/Sie Wijrden Wollen PAST PARTICIPLE
wir ihr
wissen ihr
sie/Sie
IMPERATIVE
wo lel,/wol en w irl /w olltl wollen Sie!
I I
EXAMPLE PHRASES
lch weif3 nicht. I don't know. Er hat, nichts davon gewusst He didn't know anything about it. Sie wussten, wo das Kino wdr. TheV knew where the cinema was.
EXAMPLE PHMSES
Er wilt nach London gehen. He wants to go to London. Das habe ich nicht gewoltt. I didn't want this to happen. Sie wollten nur mehr Celd. All they wanted was more money.
Sie=Vou
Si=Vou
## q}
&*#-
Vrne Tneles
) ziehefl
PRESENT
ich
OU
PRESENT SUBJUNCTTVE
7e 7p
PRESENT
ich du
zerstort
Torct6ran
ich du
ziehe
ziehst
ich du
ziehe
ziehest
ziehen
er/sie/es
ihr
sre/5re
zerStort
ze r<tri re n
wrr ihr
ze
rsto ren
zerstciret
et/sie/es ziehe
wir ihr
ziehet
ziehen
sielsie zerstoren
IMPERFECT
5te/>re
sielsie
PERFECT
ich du
PERFECT
ich du
IMPERFECT
binrzhabe gezogen bist,/hast gezogen ist/hat oezooen sind,/haben gezogen seid/habt gezogen sind/haben qezoqen
habe zerstcirt
ich du
ich du
zog
zogst
zogen
-^^t zvv
L
ihr
ste/5te
wir ihr
et/sie/es
er/sie/es zog
Zerstcirten
wir
Inr sie/Sie
wir
ihr
zerstortet
sie/Sie zerstdrten
CONDITIONAL
sielSie zogen
CONDITIONAL
FUTURE
ich du
FUTURE
ich
dU
werde zerstoren
ihr
sre/5re
werdet zerstoren
werden zerst6ren
wLlrde zerstdren wli rdest zerstdren er/sie/es wLirde zerst6ren wir wrirden zerstoren ihr wurdet zerstoren sie/Sie wurden zerstoren
ich du
werde ziehen
er/sie/es
ich du
wtr
tnr
sie,/Sie
werdet ziehen
werden ziehen
wir ihr
Wurden ziehen
wtirdet ziehen
IMPERATIVE
z
i
eh(e)f /z i eh e n wi
rl
zerstort!/zerstoren 5 ie!
ziehen Sie!
/ ziehtl /
gezogen
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
ziehend
EXAMPLE PHRASES
Die gonzen Abgase zerstiiren die Ozonschicht. All the fumes are destroying the ozone layer. Er hat ihr Selbstvertrauen zerstiirt. He has destroyed her self-confidence.
EXAMPLE PHRASES
Sie zog mich om Armel. She pulled at my sleeve. Seine Familie ist nach Miinchen gezogen. His family has moved tn diesem Zimmer zieht es. There's a draught in this room.
to Munich.
Er zerstiirte ihre
Ehe. He
it
is formed
with
haben.
Si=you
*"-'"
'.
'
Vrne Tneles
strong, formed w[th haben
vene
lNorx
"
How
to
PRESENT
ich du
zwingst zwingt
zwingen
wir
ihr
sielSie
zwingt
zwingen
wrr ihr
zwtngen
The verbs in bold are the model verbs which you will find in the verb tables. All the other verbs follow one ofthese Datterns. so the number next to eacn verb indicates which pattern fits this particular verb. For example, begleiten (to accompany) follows the same pattern as arbeiten (to work), number 3 in the verb tables.
All the verbs are in alphabetical order. For reflexive verbs like sich setzen (to sitdown)
zwinget
sielSie zwingen
IMPERFECT
PERFECT
ich ou
elsie/es wir
ihr sielsie
habe gezwungen hast gezwungen hat gezwungen haben gezwungen habt gezwungen haben gezwungen
ich du
With the exception of reflexive verbs which are always formed with haben,
most verbs have the same auxiliary (sein or haben) as their model verb. lf this is different, it is shown in the Verb Index. Certain verbs can be formed with both haben or sein and there is a note about this at the relevant verb tables.
Some verbs in the Verb Index have a dividing line through them to show that the verb is separalrle, for example, durchlsetzen.
Zwang
ihr
zwangt
sielsie zwangen
CONDITIONAL
wr]rde zwingen wLirdest zwingen et/sie/es wLlrde zwingen wir wrlrden zwingen ihr wurdet zwingen sielSie wr-irden zwingen PAST PARTICIPLE gezwungen PRESENT PARTICIPLE zwingend
FUTURE
ich du
97
nlord nen
54
ablfahren
22
ablfliegen
ablfragen
26
5 29 39
anlprobieren
rufen I anlschalten anlscnauen an lsch re ien anlsehen anlsprechen anl sta rren anlstecken anlstellen
an
n
35
occ 77 5
n
57 3 5
33
34 36
ahneln rdot
ami.isieren sich anlDauen
ablgewohnen
ablhangen ablholen ablki.irzen abllaufen abllehnen abllenken
ol
65
auflhdren auflklaren
dur trd5>er
(hoben)
89
5 5
36
5 37
+5
5 5
anlbieten
anlbrechen a nl b ren nen andern (sach dcc)
(hoben)
9
r3
v
5
zwingtl/zwingen
Sie!
dcc) auflmachen
aufllctsen (sich
44
5 5 (hoben)
5
5 occ) 5
auflmuntern (hoben) 89
auflnehmen
53
89
3
22
ablliefern
89
5
53
3
5
auflriiumen
aufrchtlerhalten
durlPd))r'r
3.
5
EXAMPLE PHMSES
das
Sie zutangen uns, den Vertrag zu unterschreiben. They forced us to sign the contract. Ich kann dich nicht zwingen. I can't force you.
ablmachen ablnehmen abonn ieren ablreisen (sein) ablsagen *ddt ablschaffen ablsch icken ablschneiden ablschrei ben ablschrecken ablsetzen (sich dcr)
77
5 5 5 5
6l
62
5
24 32 29
97 55
arbeiten
3o
35
ergefi
atmen
(haben)
89
4
5
39
33
auflbauen
auflbewahren
auflblei ben auflbrechen auflessen
anlhalten
anlh6ren
34
5 41 37
39 t'l
12
21
37 5
anlkommen
anlkreuzen anlkii nd igen
an
auflregen auflschreiben auflsehen auflsetzen auflstehen auflsteigen auflstellen aufltauchen aufltauen auflteilen
rr rfli.aton
34
5
62 65
37
73
75
5 5 5 5
auflfallen
auflfangen
*ddr
23
Cd
5
37
5
5
24
5
54
ich=ldu=you er-he/it
sie
ablwaschen
9o
3
lmachen anlmelden
auflf0hren
auflgeben auflgehen
55 2
29
ablwerten
anlnehmen
3o
88
5 5
Veng lNoex
auflziehen auslatmen auslbeuten auslbilden auslfallen auslfijhren auslgeben auslgenen auslhalten
auslkennen (5ich auslKommen ausllachen
auSlrassen
97 3
3
Veng
3
lNroEx
49
acc)
beftlrchten beftirworten
begegnen +drt
Degenen
Desucnen
8 8 8
3
(iein)
54
55
29
30
34
occ) 40
41
5 43
begehren begeistern beginnen begleiten begft.inden begriil3en behalten behandeln behaupten beherrschen
behindern
3o
8
89 6
3 s5 32
8 79
80
39 39
3
16 22
ont<.hr
rldinFn
(sich
occ)
19
.ddt enttauschen
entsprechen
71
89
39
89 89
22 16 77
23
lacnen
lagern (sich
39
5 53
(hoben) 89 39
55 39
in In eh
men
lehmen ranoen
langweilen (sich acc)
19
35 39
acc
4t
,a-
erllen
ereignen sich
8r 35
betteln
beugen (sich
occ
54
22 32 25
durchlsetzen
34
35
3
dcc)
8 89
(hoben)
49
5
5
57 5
dcc
auslsehen
auBern (sich
dcc) (hdben)
59 65 89
5
71
75 5 5
5
78
usltri
ken
8l
5
auslwahlen auslwandern auslziehen baden llasteln bauen beachten beanspruchen beantragen beantworten bearbeiten bedanken sich dcc bedauern (idben) bedeuten bedrohen beeilen sich dcc beeindrucken beeinflussen beenden befinden sich acc befdrdern (hdben) befragen
befreien befried igen
89
97 55 35
39
3
8 8
3 3
beichten 3 beillegen 5 beiBen 7 beiltragen 78 beiltreten (se'n) 80 bekempfen 8 beklagen (sich dcc) 8 bekommen 'dot 41 belasten (sich occ) 3 belastigen 8 beleidigen 8 bellen 39 belohnen 8 beliigen 4a bemerken 8 bem0hen sich dcc 8 benachrichtigen 8 Denenmen sich dcc 53 beneiden 55 benutzen 37 beobachten 3 bereiten 3 bereuen 8 berichten 3 beraicksichtigen 8 beruhigen (sich acc) 19 berrihren t9
bescheftigen (sich occ) t9
beurteilen bevorzugen l.:ewdhren sich acc bewegen (sich ccc) bewerben sich acc bewirken bewohnen
8 8
8 8
al
8 8
Ilewundern (hdb?n) 89
bezahlen 8 bezeichnen 54 beziehen (sich occ) 97 bezweifeln 35 bieten 9 lrilden 55 bitten ro bleiben il blenden 55 blicken 49 blitzen 37 bl0hen 39 bluten 3 Donren 39 DTaUCnen 49 brechen 12 bremsen 37 brennen 13 bringen 14 brilllen 39 Ducnen 49 buchstabieren 77
bLigeln
4cc) 16 durchsuchen 19 dlirfen t7 duschen (5ich dcc) 49 duzen 37 eignen (sich arc) 54 eilen (sein) 39 ernlarmen 4 einlbilden sich dot 55 einlbrechen t2 einlfallen.dat 23 einigen (sich occ) 39 einlkaufen 5 einllaufen 44 einlleben 5 einlmischen sich occ 5
(sich
occ)
37
eThalten
eTholen sich
34
Qcc
20
89
eilnnern
(sich dcc:+qen)
40
occ
20 20 20 20
20
fortlfahren fortlsetzen fotografieren fragen freillassen freuen sich dcc frLlhsti.lcken fi.ihlen (sich acc) fi]hren filllen fiirchten fiittern (hdben) gdhnen garantieren geben
gsurduLl rcr | gefallen *dot
inzulfilgen
offe n
r6 39 39 49 39 39
3 3
holen
norcne n hOren
hLl
39 43
39 39 39 39 39
3
pfen
husten
hi]ten (sich dcc) identifizieren
43
44
3 3 39
49
39
dcc) impfen
(sich
77
occ)
i9
39
39
77 77 5
89
39 77
29
+.)
23
gehen
20
54 20 89
3
dcc) (hoben)
30 49
39 39
3
einlschlafen
einlschren ken
(sich
ernten erobern
gestatten gewinnen
gewOhnen (sich
3r
(h4ben)
89
occ)
59
5
dcc)
errercnen erscheinen
eTSetzen
20
(5?rn)
58
37
einlschrjchtern
(hoben) einlsehen
einlsetzen (sich
ersticken 89
65
20
78
occ)
37
5
einlsperren einlsteigen
einlstellen (sich occ) einltragen (sich acc)
20
3
75 s 78 79
20 20
21
glanzen grauDen gratulreren rddt grenzen griiBen gucken haben haften halten (sich dcc) handeln
hengen
76
37
39
77
37
32
irrelfrjhren rrren (sich 0cc) jagen jammern (hdbn) jubeln jucken kammen (sich occ) kampfen kapieren kassieren kauen kaufen kennen Keucnen kichern (hdben) kitzeln
klagen klatschen
39 39
89
35
39 39 39
77
77
39
39
40
49
89
35 39
39
33
3
49
39 39
34 35 36
32
einltreffen einltreten
einlwandern
ein lweih en
80
89
5
8 89
3
beschimpfen
beschrAnken (sich occ)
19 19
beschreiben
62
8 8
8
55 25
89
8 8 8
Desorgen lg Desprecnen v bessern (hdben) 89 bestatigen (sich acr) 19 bestehen 73 bestellen 8 bestimmen 8 bestrafen 8
bursten danken +dot darlstellen dauern (hoben) davonlkommen decken (sich occ) dehnen (sich acc) demonstrieren denken dienen.dat diktieren diskutieren dolmetschen donnern (haren) drehen (sich occ)
22 23
3
hassen heilen
heimlkehren
24
occ)
(sein)
39
16
89
35 39
89
renren 39 leiden 45 lelsten 3 leiten 3 ienKen 39 lernen 39 lesen 46 leuchten 3 lieben 39 liefern (hdbefl) 89 liegen 47 roDen 39 ronnen l9 ldschen 49 lugen 48 lutscnen 49 macnen 49 mehen 49 malen 39 meckern (hdben) 89 meinen 39 melden 55 merl(en (sich ddt) 39 mieten 3 mlschen 49 missbilligen 50 misstrauen +dor 50
m tSsverstenen m
73
39
32 37
39
5
97
occ)
35
kommen
,
38
16 16
ktinnen l(ontrollieren
konzentrieren
(sich ac.) koPreren l(orrigieren kosten kratzen kflegen kritisieren
49 4r 42
77
itlbri ngen
14 22 41 53 5
89
41
empfehlen empfinden
enden
r8
55
faxe n
37 39
39 39
77 15
89 o5 34
5 39
39
77 77
r9
4
r9 r9
41
25 49 26
27
34
49 89
39
4l
43
r9
28
herauslfordern herauslstellen herlgeben nerrscnen herlstellen herumlqehen hervorlrufen neuren hinauslgehen hinauslwerfen hindern (haben)
77 77
77 3 37
29
49
5
30
s7
39
39
kUmmern (sich
dcc)
n
19
37
30
93
kiirzen
kUssen
49
35
89
lacheln
mitlfahren mitlkommen mitlnehmen mitlteilen m6blieren miigen murmeln mijssen nachlahmen nachldenken nachlgeben nachlgehen nachlholen nachllassen
77 5r 35 52
16 15
29
30
5
43
_ r{r*,
ufen nachlmachen
nach
I
l*
44
5
Vens lNorx
regnen ret cnen retnrgen reisen (sein) reizen
54
,{ffi
39 77
12
49
39
37
37
nachlprijfen
nachlsehen nehen nehern +ddr (sich
(haben)
65 39
dcc)
rennen
89
53
56
77 77 3
3
repafleren
nenmen
n n
rcken iesen
49
39
35 37
37
ndrgel n
schwimmen schwindeln schwitzen segeln sehen sehnn sich dcc sein setzen sich ocr seufzen
sichern sjch
occ
64
35 37 35
taufen taugen
tauschen
39
39
30 30
53 3 37
55
vo rlfri
h re
vorl9enen
89
3o
33 41 53
65
39
66
37 37
49 49
39
53
85
43
39
occ)
44
85
37
77 3 39
verlernen
6r 62
5 19 37 19
(haben) 89 39
37
77 39 55
3
sregen
srezen
39
3
nutzen n0tzen
ilen
rontgen
54 39
77
77
39
57
67 68 69
7a
n
39
85
86
85
3
zerstitren
zerstreuen (sich
96
dcc)
96 97 39
vernachlessigen
85
3
39 55
treffen
trau men
sollen
sonnen srch
79
39
occ)
s4
77
occ) (sein)
39
dcc
70
39
dcc)
trennen (sjch
39
dcc)
55
8s
3
85 85
59
occ)
packen parKen passen +ddt passieren penoeln pflanzen pflegen pfli]cken plagen (sich dcc) planen platzen plaudern (hdben) pranren pressen probieren produzreren profitieren protesleren priifen prl]geln (sich occ) pumpen putzen quelen (sich dcc)
quaiifizieren sich
qu rerscnen rasen
ras
i
39 39
32
77 35 37 39
49
39
35 55
sParen
spenden
Sperren
39
55
treten trinken
trocknen trommeln trosten (sich trolzen +ddt
8o
8r
54
35
dcc)
verallgemeinern veralten
89
39
3
occ)
90
35
39 39
3
(hoben) (sein)
(hoben)
39
veraindern
89 85
3 3
39
3
sPot!en sprechen
3
37
7r 72
37 39
springen
spucken
5pu ren
tun
turnen ilben (sich dcc) iiberanstrengen
(sich dcc)
82 39 39 r9 r5
22
89 89 9
85
3
3o
43
89 85
62
44
53
87 89
(hdben)
49
39 39
37
39 39 39
3
58 89
39
stammen Starten
89
39
32 77 77 77 77 39 35
schicken
49
35
stattlfinden
staunen siecken
25
(haben)
versdhnen (sich
ziehen zielen zischen zittern (hdben) zoge.n (hoben) zulbereiten zfichten zucKen zulgeben zulgenen zulhdren *dot zulKommen zulrassen zulmachen zulmuten zulnehmen
zurechtlfl nden
sich
49
89 89
3 3 39 29
30
5
4r 43
5 3 53
93 39 82
occ
25
41 22
zurechtlkommen
ccc)
85
71
85
13
acc)
73
85
schimmeln
schimpfen schlachten
39
i.iberfordern(hdben)
ii
89 r9 r9
43
'19
39
3
49
73
lrarnolron
berho ren
schlafen
schlagen schleudern
59
6o
i.lberholen
ri
74 75 39
35
i.lberlassen
(haben)
89
37
rlberletren
39
37
49
39
37
sterben
sticken
76
39 39
39
oc4 83 i.lbernachten l
iiberlegen (sih
i.ibernehmen (sich dcc)
53 19 19
verbringen verdichtigen verdanken *ddt verdauen verdienen verooppern vereinbaren vereinen vereinfachen
vereinigen (sich
4
85 85 85 85 35
89 39
30
16 41
30 9r
92 93
3
r6
zur0ckltreten
zuriicl(lzahlen
zu
8o
r6
97
5
12
riicklziehen
85
zulsagen
V
73 19
80
82
ddt)
zusammenlbrechen
85
85
(se,n)
85 85
85
85
85
19 22
stimmen
39
dcc)
39
35
dcc n
49 49
89
77
ren
(hdben)
rauchen rauchern
(haben)
49 89 89
77
recnnen rechtfertigen
reoen
regel n
54
39 55
35 77
regieren
scnmuggern scnnarcnen schnauzen sich occ schneiden schneren schijpfen schreiben schreien schulden schi]tteln schartten schijtzen scnwanKen schwanzen Schwarmen
49
37
6r
39 39
62
63
55 35
3
89 39 39 39
dcc)
55
5/
65
37 72
73
widerstehen
zusammenlfassen
r6
16
zusammenlhengen 70
4
5
zusammenllegen
zusam menlnenmen (sich
85
35
dcc)
53
85 85
29
occ)
85
3
49
77 39
37 77
acc)
vergessen
vergrci&ern
30 84
89
3
verztcnten
verzdgern (sich
dcc)
75
(hdben)
37
39
37
39
5/
49
39
37 77
Ubertreffen ijberwachen
iihorTor rnan
'a
79
19
34
35
umlblettern
umlbringen (sich occ)
89 85
41
65
39 39
zusammenlstellen
r6
5
49 94
39
95
dcc
wundern sich
65
5 79 35
98
89
(hoben\
wiinschen
(5ich
89
(hdben)
89
30 i6
4r 3
dot)
49
35 39 39 35 54
49
39
14
23
umlfallen
89 85 85
occ)
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Grammat
16.99
Didionary
18.99
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Verbs 16.99
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rsBN
978-0-00-725278-7
llu
ru
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