atte PROJECTS© EFY Enterprises Pvt Ltd. First Published in this Edition, January 2006. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduce form without the written permission of the publishers. any ISBN 81-88152-16-1 Published by Ramesh Chopra for EFY Enterprises Pvt Ltd, D-87/1, Okitla Industrial Area, Phase 1, New Delhi 110020. ‘Typeset at EFY Enterprises Pvt Ltd and Printed at Nutech Photolithographers, B-38, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase 1, New Delhi 110020CONTENTS Section Az Construction Projects 15, Conversion of Audio CD Player to Video CD Player —I .. Conversion of Audio CD Player to Video CD Player —II.. Microprocessor-Controlled Transistor Lead Identifier . PC-Based! Speed Mor Stereo Casseite Player . Resonance Type L-C Meter i 39 Electrolysis-Proof Complete Water-Level Solution nun : 44 Smart Clap Switch Electronic Voting Machine toring System Digital Number Shooting Game a PC Interfaced Audio Playback Device: M-Player ssa. Portable Ozone Generator 9 Conference Timer Build Your Own C-band Satellite TV Receiver... ‘i EPROM-Based Programmable Number Lock -...000sosnn Display Schemes for Indian Languages (Hardware and Software) . 90 8085 uP-Kit Based Simple IC Tester 107 Digital Code Lock... 20. R-2R D/A Converter-Based Function Generator Using PICI6C84_Microcontroller.... 124 2 “40-PC Communication Using InfraRed/Laser Beam... 22, Mulli-Effect Chaser Lights Using 8091 Microcontroller 23. Blecuonic Bell System. 24. Simple Telephone Recording/Answering Machine ‘Section B: Cireuit Ideas 1. Mulipurpose Circuit for Telephones 149 ‘Simple Code Lock 2149) 3. Automatic Bathroom Light 150 4. Smart Fluid Level Indicator 1s5. Automatic School Bell System. 152 6. Designing An RF Probe . . 134 7. Bassand Treble for Stereo System .. 154 8. Protection for Your Electrical Appliances... . soo 155 ©, Digital Water Level Meter... 156 10. Universal High-Resistance Voltmeter 187 11, Triae/Transistor Checker einer 158 12. A Novel Method of Frequency Variation Using 555 159 13. Pendulum Display 160 14. Audio Level Indicator. 160 15. Clever Rain-Alarm 162 16, Laser Controlled On/Off Switch ... 163 17. Telephone Conversation Recorder 163 18. Simple and Economic Single-Phasing Preventor.... 164 19. Water-Tank Level Meter + 165 20. Phone Broadcaster 167 21. Telephone Call meter Using Calculator and COB wns “ see 167 22, Simple Electronic Code Lock.. 169 23. Mini Voice-Processor 170 24. Latch-up Alam Using Opio-Coupler..... x m1 25. Stepper Motor Driver. 1 26. Electronic Digital Tachometer... In 27. Light-Operated Light Switch...... ‘ : 74 28. Precision Digital AC Power Controller... souamaceamasrseaaceasasees Ta 29. Luggage Security System aaa e 75, 30. Add-On Stereo Channel Selector Cum Level Indicator 176 31. Water Temperature Controller... 7 32, Emergency Light 178 33._ Parallel Telephone With Secrecy _ 180 34. Single Doorbell for Two Doors. : 5 181 35. Powerful Pest Repeller nn “ Ist 36__Power-Supply Failure Alarm 192 37.__ Stopwatch Using COB and Caiculator 182 38.__Dial a Voltage. 183 39. Electronic Dancing Peacock a 84 40. Inverter Overload Protector with Delayed Auto Reset. 18541. Telephone Line Based Audio Muting and Light-on circuit .. 186, 42.__ Low-Cost PCO Billing Meer... 187 43.___ Automatic Muting Circuit For Audio Systems _ 188 44. 2-Line Intercom-Cum-Telephone Line Changeover Circuit a) 45. Guard for Refrigerators and AirConditioners 100 46. Radio-Band-Position Display 191 47,__Binary to Dotmatrix Display Decoder/Driver 192 48. Automatic Speed-Controtler for Fans and Coolers. 49. Blown Fuse Indicator... ee 195 50.__Over-/Under-Voltage Cut-Off With On-Time Delay 196 51. One Button for Step, Run, and Halt Commands 197 52. Simple Switch Mode Power Supply... 198, 53. Thilet Indicator. 199) 54. Feather-Touch Switches for Mains... 200 55. Digital Fan Regulator oo. 201 56. Telephone Ringer Using Timer ICs. 203 57. Automatic Battery Charger. 203 58. Temperature Measurement Instrument. s 59. Voice Bell 206 60. Moving Curtain Displs 207 61. Proximity Detector srunnesnenonmenenenne se 208 62, Multichannel Control Using Soft Switches 209 63. An Exclusive Sinewave Generator... oe 210 64. ‘TTL Three-State Logie Probe. ve 2 65. AM DSB Transmitter for Hams ve 12 66. Ground Conductivity Measurement. 213 67. Stepper Motor Control via Parallel Port. ve 214SECTION A: CONSTRUCTION PROJECTSaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Readers queri GL. Can the CD-ROM daves in FCs be converted to VCD players? 2. Tn place of the cards used in the project, can & VGA car be used? 3, Which audio output (right or lett) from jack 7) C-eube isto be fed to the RF modulator 4. What isthe use of push-tooon switeh connected to jack J8? 5. In Fig. 1 of the project, a 1p capacitor is used at the output of the EFM, pin inside the CD player. Fig. 6 on the ather hand does not show any such nals. ‘Thus, any audio CD player can be converted to video CD playerby connecting VSP card or MPEG card. The same audio €D or video CD can also be played in the PC through the multimedia sofware The main requirements of playing au: dio and video CD on the PC are CD-ROM drive, PCT MPEG card, moniter, ampli fier, spezkers, and Windows 95°Windows 98 software or operating system installed fon the PC hard disk. The IDE interface cable connects the CD-ROM drive and the motherboard, The audio-video cable conneets the AV output of the CD-ROM of MPEG converter card. ‘4. A methed for combining the Land R aveio outputs from MPEG emverter card for feeding the TV modulator (audio input jack) is shown here in Fig. 1. 4, Switehes connected to J8 are for additional funetions, as mentioned in the article, The card may be used without these connections. 5, Capacitor C1 is used t protect the CD player from any stati electricity that ‘may originate in the MPEG card and pass to the audio CD player. 6, To conneet the MPEG card's audio capacitor, Why? 6, How does the MPEG it card's audio output |. connected to the audio CD player? 7. Will speakers or |R audio systems be damaged when video CD is played in an audio CD player? drive and the PCT MPEG card respec tively, The PCT VGA. cards used for graphics The PCL MPEG cand doos not havo RPEPM,. port like Fone secs EFY: |, The conversion of Fig 1 Connection of aud signals PCCD-ROM drive to video. Connection CD player is entirely dit ferent and beyond. the scope of this article. However, a brief in- formatinn is given below. ‘The CD-ROM drive is just like audio CD player (crive, with interface cincuitey that connects it to a PC. To play an audio CD, the speed of CD-ROM drive should be IX, ie. 11150 kbps In video CD, both audio and video sig- nals are simaltaneously stored. In a video CD player, audio circuit along with sep: rate processor circuit known as video si nal processor (VSP) is used to process or separate the video signals from audio sig- that in'VCD de- coder card. By using +5V DC and audio-video input | ports, one can use this VCD de- oder card with CI and the PC. For RF outpat, RE modulator has to be used in the PC also. A multimedia PC (with 4X CD-ROM drive and sound card) opsrating under Windows '95 or higher version running at 1G6MHz or more, is capable of playing « video CD. Technical Editor In reply io points 2 to 7, the author Punerjot Singh Mangat repli 2. VGA card ean not be used in place 7a rere tel Hon ROM deive fig 2:Connecion of extemal power anpiferto te PEGcord ‘output tothe sudio CD player's ampliier, the scheme shown here in Fig. 2 may be used 7. Your audio system or speakers ‘would not be damaged if VCD is played on an ACD player. In some players, high- pitch shrilling or hissing noise may be heard through the speakers, Thiscan cas iy be aveided by turning off the volume of the ACD player. 5CONVERSION OF AUDIO CD PLAYER TO VIDEO CD PLAYER — Il ‘ant to convert your audio com- act disk player inte video com- pact disk player? Here is a simple, economical but efficient add-on circuit design that converts your aucio CD plaver to video CD player. Description Decoder card. The ad-on circuit is based on VCD decoder card, KD680 RF-38C, aso krown as MPEG card adopting MPEG-1 (Motion Picure Expert Group! standard, the international standard specification for compressing the moving picture and audio, comprising a DSP (digital signal processor) IC chip CL860 from C-cube (Fig. 1). The VCD decoder card features small size, high reliability, and low power consumption (current aboat 300 mA), and real and rich colours. This decoder eard hhas tw play modes (wer. 1.0 and ver. 20) and also the forward and backward sean Semicenduciors ICL = LMTSLD5 48V voltage regulator 12 = THL12 +12V voltage regulator D1,D2 - 1N4001 rectifier diode Capacitors: CL = 2200uP. 35V electrolytic C2, 3. * 1WOpF, 16V electrolytic Miscellaneous X= 210V AC primary to 18V-0418V, 14 see. transformer MPEG decoder card (Cube Digital Tech ‘TV enulator (tional AF plugsfacks (with screened = Coaxial connectors—malefemale = Coaxial cable "16 FLECIRONES PROJECTS VoL?) K.N. GHOSH facility with 9 view pictures, slow-motion play, volume and tone control, and Ril. (right/e8) vocal ‘The decader card converts your CD player or video game to VCD player to give almost DVD-quality pictures. The card mainly consists of syne signal sepa. ator, ncise rejection cireit, digital tv an logue converter, miero-compater interface, video signal processor, and error detector, Audio and video signals stored on a CD are in a highalensity digital format. On replay. the digital information is read by a laser beam and converted into ana- logue signals. One can also use ancther VCD decoder card comprising ‘an MP&G IC 630 from Tech: nies, and a DSP IC chi ‘CXD2500, with powerful exror- correction from Sony. Simi lanly, another card, KD2000- 680RF, comprising an MPE IC chip CL880 from Techies and a DSP IC chip MN6627 from C-eube, i available. | comnat Fig,2 Layout of TV BF modulator TEAM RF modulator. Those who do not have audio-video input (AV, facil ‘TV can use a preassembled audio-video to RF converter (modulator) module of 48.25 MHz or 55.25 MHz (corresponding to TV channel ce channel 3), which is easily available in the market (refer Fig. 2) The audio and video signals from the decoder card are suitably modulated and ‘combined at the fixed TV chan nel’s frequency in the RF medulator. The output trom the modulator ean be con- nested to antenna connector of | a colour television, Power supply unit. The VED decoder card and the RF | modulator require +5V and +12V regulated power supplies y in theirand even | LCTB6226, bath rom Sanyo, Their dat the DSP | shew, pce up fom the Intrct, e chips re: | vealed the former chip to bean ASP (ana- ferred in | logue signal processor) and the latter Table "1 | (ATSB) the CD payer DSP chip for Gaiven in | which FM not found in Table ven part-l) may | in part-I), For this chip EFM,, pin is pin mot fguee | dOwhie pin Bsthe nmet dia grand on tt For | plnowalich ue wed taumpie we | "2, Ofte fo cover cards one di could not | playing ‘Sony Digital Technology’ and the ‘We0-rev SEC, find — the | other displaying ‘C-cube Technology’ on TA TRANSFORMER subject IC | the CTV screen), the letter card's resolu: used in | tion and colour quality was found to be Fi. Par ap ot MPEG ad andar AIWA ow | very ad when tested by us The Ceube dio CD ! card needs a single SV DC supply for its rain ea ee During sr SR mes See observed that, mS 0 § frequently, the On rT] = picture! + frames’ face Fis loc dog of nnn to doe ca and odor on tie oTv respectively. Supply design uses linear ) player. The PCB, power to the regulators 7805 and 7812 (Fig. 3). The voltage regulators fitted with T0220-type heat sink should be mounted on the CD player enclosure’s rear panel. The circuit can be wired on a general-purpose Fc. Installation steps. 1. Find suitable placein the enslosure of the audi» CD player for fixing the de- coler card, RF modulator, and the power supply unit. Meke appropriate diameter haces and fix them firmly 2. Make holes of appropriate dimen- sions om the rear panel for fixing sockets for power supply and RF output. 38, Rofor to Table IT igiven in part 1) and confirm DSP chip type ofthe existing audio CD player for EFM (eight to fourteenth modulationV/RF signal (from optical pick-up unit of the audio CD player! pin number. Connect EFM,, wire tothis pin. 4. Make all the connections as per Fig. 4 Lab Note (For article Land 11). Text of articles on the same project received separately from the two authors have been been reproduced above so as to make the information on the subject as exhaustive cas possible. We are further adding the following information which we have been ale o gather during practical testing of the project at EFY. 1. There may be more than one PCB used in an audio CD player (ie additional for FM radio and tape recorder functions), which is located Fig 5:weained SY regulator for enhancing curent closest under the copabilty laser system, is re lated to CD player part, The DSP chip, ‘more ofien than not, would be a multipin SMT device, In the AIWA sysiem we lo- cated two such chips (LA9241M and MPEG con verter card had to be switched off and on agein. This fault was attributed to inability of 7805 regulator to deliver the required current (about 300 mA) to the MPEG card. The reguintor suz0 fe Fig. 6 Two channel video modulator with FM sound | a ELECTRONIGS PROJECTS Vol?) 17.)circuit was therefore modified as shown in Fig. 5 to provide a bypass path for current above 110 mA (approximately). A step-down transformer of 9V-0-9V, 500mA ts adequate if the modulator has its own power supply arrangement. 4. RF matulator for TV chennels E2 ‘and E3 ore available in the market com- plete with step-down transformer. Hence there may not be any need to wire up a 12V regulator circuit. 5, Apart jrom the facilities (available in the MPEG decoder card KD680RF-3SC from C-cube), as explained by the author there are other facilities such as IR re rote conirol of the card functions (via Jack J5) and realisation of changeover ‘etwoon NTSC and PAL modes (via jack 4—no connection means PAL mode). Similarly, jack J1 is meant for external audio (EXR,, and EXL,,J and video (EXV,) input and connection of audio (EXR yond BXL yr) and video (EXV yy) cutputs to CTV. The foregoing informa- tion is available in document accompeny. ing the MPEG decoder card. However, the etailed application information is not provided, and as such we have not tested ‘hese additional facilities. 6. EFM is a technique used for encod: ing digital samples of audio signals into series of pits and lands into the disc sur- face. During playback these are decoded into digital representation of audio sig nal and converted to analogue form using digita-to-analogue converter for eventual feeding to the loudspeakers. 7. For those enthusiasts who wish to rig-up their own video modulator. an op- plication circuit from National Semicon- ductor Ltd, moking use of IC LM2839, which is pin jor pin compatible with LM1889 (RF section), is given in Fig. 6 Tach Editor Readers queries: 1, How ean the DSP IC be identified and how ean its EFM,, pin be found? 2, Which audio output (right or left) from jack 7 (C-cube) is tobe fed to the RF modulator? 3. Will the wire from the audiy CD player be connected to jack J2 of the ‘MPEG card from C-cube? 4, What is the use of jack J6? 5. How will the remote be connected from jack J5? 6, Please give details of connector J12 7, Which remote transmitter may be used to get the remote facility by connect ing IR module to jack 44? 8. Is it possible to get the exact pic ture quality as in an original VCD player? 9. How is the MPEG card's audio ‘output connected to the audio CD player? 10. Is it necessary to use the SV regu lator, as given in Fig. 5 of the article, on the Sony Digital Technology card to pre vent freezing of the picture? The author K.N. Ghosh replies: 1. Considering that it is not easy to find RF/EFM signals for most of the CD players, double protection circuit is designed for this MPEG card at the RF/EFM,, interface, sothat the RF/EFM,, porton the card can be used as a probe to detect DSP signals around the DSP chip of CD player, without possibility of burning the main as well as this decoder card, Thus, when RF/RFM signals are un- known in some CD players, eonneet prop- erly the power supply and audiowideo out: puts. Connect a wire to jack J2as probe Detect the solder joint (land) near DSP chip (muiti-pin SMT device that lies closest to the laser system). If the picture and accompanying sound appears on the TV, then solder the wire to the joint properly. For DSP chips other than these listed in the table, readers are advised to refer the manufacturers’ data sheets or the Websites of the manufacturers for RF/ in number, and EXL,, and output externel audio from EXR,., and EX, T.The required remote contrel hand- set comes with the MEPG card, 8. Yes. by using MPEG card, CL680RF-3SC in the auto CD player, it is possible to get a picture quality exactly as in an original video CD player. CL6S0RF-3C is a modem, third-genera- ‘owa-deys many audio-video CD player manufecturers are [eo using this card; for example, EFM, a.m CHANGHONG’S VD-9000 au- dio-video CD piayer. 7 Sv L_ Fey ond 9, Onecan connect an exter $0] nal power amplifier to the ‘ig, 1-Serio and paratel connection of R remote receiver ‘modute co ack 3 2 Bither of the two audio outputs (Li R) from jek J7 of the MPEG card ean be used, if the RF modulator has single au- dio input provision. Similarly, only one output (either left o right) should be used for the CTV, if it does not have stereo input facility 3. Yes, RVEFM,, pin from DSP chip of the audio CD player should be con- rected to jack J2 of the MEPG card, CL. 680RF-3SC, as shown in Fig. 1 (part 1) of the article 4.C.,, and... signals are tobe taken from jack J6 of the MPEG card. 5. There are two methods of connect- ing IR remote receiver module to jack J5 —serial and parallel connections—as shown in Fig. 1 6, Jack J12 of the MPEG card is for exchange: input external audio to EXR,, MPEG card to get a high-qual- ity stereo sound. Connect audio UR output of the MPEG card to the input L/R connector provided for the CDVAUX/TAPE input. The internal audio power amplifier of the existing audio CD player can also be used for sound repro- duction. Connect the audio output UR of MPEG card to the input(A,,)of the inter- nal audio power amplifier circuit of the existing avdio CD player. 10. If transformer with an adequate carrent rating (1A) is used, the modified circuit of Fig. 5 is not necessary. Simi- larly, if existing power supply of the au- dio CD player has an adequate current delivering capacity, one can use the existing +5V DC to power the MPEG card, ‘The additional transformer should be placed far away from the optical assem- Ly and it should be shielded properly. Otherwise it may affect the normal work- ing ofthe CD player. "18 ELECTRONICS PROJECTS VolZiMICROPROCESSOR- CONTROLLED TRANSISTOR LEAD IDENTIFIER ransistor lead identification is crucial in designing and servicing of cleetronie circuits. A cieuit de signer or a serviceman must be fully con versant with the types of transistors used in a cireuit. Erroneous lead identification ‘may lead to malfunctions, and, in extreme cases, even destruction of the cireut be- ing designed or serviced. ‘Though transistor manufacturers en- capoulate their products indifferent pack age outlines for identification, it is im- possible to memerise the cutlines of innu- rmerable transistors manufactured by the industry. Although a number of manuals are putlished, which provide pin details, they may not always be accessible, Be- sides, it is not always easy to find out the details of a desired transistor by going through the voluminous manuals. But, a handy gadget, called transistor lead iden- tifer, makes the job caay. All one has to do is place the transistor in the gedget’s socket to instantly get the desired infor- ration on its display, irrespective of the type and package-outiine ofthe device un- der test, A manually controlled version of the present project had been published in June "84 issue of BFY (Blectronics Projects Vol. 5). The present model is totally microprocessor controlled, and hence all ‘manually controlled steps are replaced by software commands, A special circuit, shown in Fig. 1, which aets as an inter- face to an 8085-based microprocessor kit hhas beea developed for the purpose. Principle Base and type identification. When a semiconductor junetica is forward-biased, ‘ARUP KUMAR SEN conventional eurrent flows ftom the source into the p-layer and comes out ofthe junc tion through the n-layer. By applying proper logic voltages, the base-emitter (B- E) or base-collector (B-C) junction of © bipolar transistor may be forward-biased ‘As & result, if the device is of npn type, current enters only though the base. But, in case of a pnp device, current flows through the collector as well as the emit ter leads, During testing, when leads of the ‘transistor under test’ are connected to hors (taking LED connected to terminal 1 as LSB), if we consider all higher bits of the byte to be zero. The hexadecimal numbers thus generated for an npn and pnp transistor forall possible orientations (six) are shown under eolurmns 5 and 6 of ‘Table I. Column 5 reflees the BCD weight of B (base) pesition while column 6 rep- resents 7's complement of the number in column 5. We may call this S-bit hexadecimal umber base identification number or, in short, base-Id. Comparing the base-Id, rere TABLET Test socket — 1 3 4 6 cs Base O=Colltor E=Enitier Note: AI its of higher albBleare at ore terminal: 1, 2, and 3 of the test socket (see Fig), each of the leads (collector base, and emitter) comes in series with one of the current directions indicating LEDs (D2, D4, and D6) as shown in Fig. 1. Whenever the current flows toward a particular junction through a particular lead, the LED connected (in proper direction) to that lead glows up. So, in case of an npn-device, only the LED connected to the base lead glows. However, in case of a pnp-device, the other two LEDs are lit. Now, ifa glowing LED corresponds wo binary 1, an LED that is off woald correspond to binary 0. Thus, depending upon the orientation of the transistor leads in the test eneket, we would get one of the six hexadecimal num. T 0 1 0 1 0 0 ‘TABLE IL SET [ELECTRONICS PROJECTS VoL.21 19,generated with Table a mi 2 eroprocessor can easily indieato the type (npn or pnp) and the base of the de- vice under test, with respect to the test socket terminals marked as 1, 2, and 3, The logie numbers, comprising loge 1(+5V and logic (OV), applied to generate the base- i, are three bit numbers 3 100, 010, and 001. These & numbers are applied sequen tially to the leads through the test socket Collector identifiea- tion. When the base-emitter junetion of atransistor wwand-biasedandits base-col- & lector junetion is reverse-i sed, conventional current * flows inthe cllecior-emitte! emitter-colleetor path (re- ferred tn as C-E path in sub- sequent text, the magnitude of which degends upon te magnitude of the base cur- rent and the beta (current amplification factor in common-emitter configura: tion) of the transistor. Now if the transistor is biased as above, but with the collector and emitter leads inter changed, a current of much reduced strength would still flow in the C-E path. So, by comparing these two cur- rents, the eilleetor lead can be easily identified. In prac- ties, we ean apply proper binary aumbers(as incase of the base identification step ‘mentioned earlier) tothe o- vice under test’ to bias the Junetions sequentially, in both of the aforesaid condi tions. As a result, the LEDs connected tothe collector aad emitter leads start fekering alternately with different brightnoss. By inserting aro sistorin series withthe base, the LED glowing with lower brightness ean be extin- guished. Tn the case of an NEN device (under normal bias- ing condition), conventional current flows from source to the collector layer. Hence, pro onewaurs peo} 1;!5UbH 24) tiovaa 20 sprwosss20wowom 20_ ELECTRONICS PROIECTS VO,a. Oe er the C-E path, wSeq aaae-y Sea sob) and so the ows a data may not contain any logie-1, In ba a or both the cases, lead cannot be es nteous. 1, | tablished. The ne ie | romody is te Jadjust the commence Foy srwmrnmsen Yo, | value of the | resistor in se oo 36 jries with the note 0869 Jase. There Fig. Eective biasing of PNP wansors wngietTBinary numbers ae ores sistors 110k, +o 7 ob ee « & 47 and co) 100k) to choose from. ws id These resis tors are con ro > nected in se- ae f. ries with the ieee area * | testing termi Bi nals 1, 2, and Mean, | respec I: BF DOME! | Lively, The 8 ary nunen user hasto ro oa tate the sw transistor ‘nur neon + orienting the te acten base in differ eobico ent terminals Fig: Elective biosing of NPN wansitors using set 2binar/ numbers (1,2, or 3) on the socket, the LED connected to the collector only would flicker brighter, if'a proper resistor is inseried in series with the base. On the other hand, in ease ofa pnp deriee ‘under normal biasing condition), current flows from soarce ta the emitter layer. So, only the LED connected to the emitter lead would glow brighter. As the type of de is already knovn by the base-Id logic, the collector lead can be easily identified ‘Thus, for a particular base-Id, position of the collector would be indicated by une of the two numbers (we may call it collector- Td)as shown in column 7 of Table I Error processing. During collector identification for a pnp- or an npn-éeviee, if the junction voltage drop is low (wit, for germanium transistors), one of the two currents in the C-E path (ex- plained above) cannot be reduced ad- ‘equately and hence, the data may contain two logic-1s. On the other hand, if the device beta is too low (viz, for power tran- sistors, no appreciable current flows in until the desired results are obtained. To alert the user about this action, a mes sage ‘Adjust LED’ blinks on the display (rofer error processing routine in the soft- ‘ware program), The circuit The binary number generator. In this section, ICI (an NESS timer) is used as ¢ lock pulse generator, oscillating at about 45 lz, The outputofIC1 is applied toclock pin 14 of IC2 (4017-decade counter’. As & result, the counter advances sequentially from decimal 0 to 3, raising ovtputs QO, QL, and Q2 to logic-1 level. On reaching the next count, pin 7 (output Q3) goes high ‘and it resets the counter. So, the three outputs (QO, Ql, and Q2) jointly produce three binary numbers, continuously, in & sequential manner (see Table ID. Q0 through Q2 outputs of 1C2 are con: noeted t> inputs of IC3 (7486, quad 2 input EX-OR gate). Gates of 1C3 are so wired that they function as controlled E OR gates. The outputs of IC3 are con- trolled by the logie level at pin 12. Thus, we abtain two sets of outputs (marked @, QI, and QZ) from 163 as given in Tables II (for pin 12 at logic 1) and IV \for pin 12 at logic 0) respectively: One of these two sets would be chosen {or the output by the software, by control- ling the logical state of pin 12. Set- is sed to identify the base and type (npa or pnp)of the ‘transistor under test; whereas set-2 is exclusively used for identification of the collector lea, if the deviee is of npn ‘wpe. The interface. The three data out- put lines, carrying the stated binary num- bers (coming from pins 3, 6, and 8 of IC3), are connected separately to three bi-di- rectional analogue switches SW1, SW2, and SW3 inside 1C5 (CD4066). The other sides ofthe switches are connected to the terminals of the test socket through some other components shown in Fig. 1. The control line of 13 ‘pin 12) is eonneeted to the analogue switch SW4 via pin 3 of IC5, ‘The other side of SW4 (pin 4) is grounded. If switch SW4 is closed by the software, set-1 binary numbers are spplied to the devi set-2 binary numbers are applied ‘To clearly understand the funet ofthe circuit, let us assume that the “tran sistor under testis inserted with its col- lector in slot, the base in slot, and the ‘emitter in slot- of the testing socket siually, during identification of the base and type of the deviee all the ana logue switches, except SW4, are closed by the software, applying set-1 binary num- bers to the device. Now, if the device is of pnp type, each time the binary number 100 is generated at the output of 1C3, the BC junetion is forwand-biased, and hence, 1 conventional current flows through the junction as follows @ (losie 1)-9SW3> R9> internal LED of 1C4-9slot3-Peallector lead-CB junction Phase lea > slot-2>D39 pin 10 of IC5-9SW29Q1 (logic 0). Similarly, when the binary number 001 is generated, another current would flow throagh the BE junction and the in- ternal LED of 1C7, The number 010 has no effect, as in this ease both the BC and BE junctions become reversed biased. From the above discussion it is ap- parent that in the present situation, as the internal LEDs of IC4 and that of 1C7 are forward-biased, they would go on pro- ducing pulsating optical signals, which under test, and when it is open, ELECTRONICS PROJECTS VoL?) 21TRUTH TLE co 3 wecROPROCESSOR KIT Se ee ee TT 7aa73 teases 67 oo Jowrowennee Fig.4 Schematic circuit of spec diplay system MESONY 10 ACCUMULATOR Fear EGE TO —_—_——" TAO aE a SEMEN SINE TO DISFY ROUTE would be converted into electrical volt- ages by the respective internal photo- transistors, The amplified pulsating DC voltages are available across their emit- ter resistors R7 and R17 respectively. The emitter followers configured around tran- sistors TI and 3 raise the power level of ‘the opto-eoupler's output, while capaci- tors C3 and C5 minimise the ripple levels in the outputs of emitter followers. During initialisation, 8156 is config, tured with port A as an inpot and ports B and C as output by sending control word OE(H) toits contre register. ‘Taking output of transistor TL as ‘MSB(D2), and that of T3 as LSB(DO), the data that is formed during the base iden- tification, is 101 (binary). The microproc- cessor under the software control, receives this data through port A of 8155 PPI iport ‘number 81) Since all the bits ofthe higher nibble are masked by the software, the data become 0000 0101=051H). This data is stored at location 216A in memory and termed in the software ns hase-Id Now, if the device is of npn type, the only binary number that would be effec tive is 010. Under the influence of this number both BC and BE junctions would be forward-biased simuitaneously, and hence conventional current would flow in the falloving two paths: 1. Qi (logic 1) 38W2>R14>intemal LED (1C6)> slot-2- base lead> BC junction> collector lead slot-3> DIFSW3C2 (logic 0) 2. QI (logic 1}>8W29R14->internal ‘BRETT RSE ROUTERS @ w [nu FOLERO CONPBURATON 22 _ ELECTRONICS PROM vou2i Fig. 5: Flowcherts forthe main program and verioussubreutines{ADGASE © FON HEWORY TO ACCUMULATOR {GAD COUECTOR 9 FRG MEWORT] GAD COLLECTOR 0 FROM MEWORY] BD (106) slot-2- base lead-> BE junction emitter lead->slot 1>D5-> SW19QO (logic 0 ‘Thus, only the internal LED of 1C6 would start flickering, and the data that would be formed at the emitters of the transistors is also 010. Accordingly, the base-ld that would be developed in this case is 0000 0010-21) Since, under the same orientation of the transistor in the socket, the base-Ids, are different fora pnp and an npn device, the software can decode the type of the device, In a similar way we can justify the production of the other base-Ids, when their collector, base, and emitter are in- serted in the testing socket differently Once the base-ld is determined, the software sends the same number for a pnp-device (here=05/H)) through port C (port number 83), with the bit format shown in Table V ‘As a result, the control input of SW2 (pin 12 of 105) gets logic 0. Sa the switeh opens to insert resistor RB in series with the base circuit. This action is necessary toiidentify the emitter (and hence the eo: lector) lead as described earlier under ‘Principle’ sub-heading ‘On the contrary, since fan npndevice uses the set 2 binary numbers for iden- tification of the collector hence the emitter), the same number (base-Id) ob- tained during base identi- fication cannot be sent through port C, if the de viee under test is of npn type. The base-Id found must be EX-ORed first, with OF (F), Since th base-Id found here is 02 (H), the data to be sent through port Cin this ease would be as shown in Ta- ble VI Note that PC3 becomes logie-1, which would close switch SW4 to et the set-2 binary numbers, Once resistor RS is inserted in the base cireuit, and set-1 binary numbers are applied to the deviee (pnp type) it ‘would be biased sequentially in three dis tinet ways, of which only two would be effective. The same are shown in Fig. 2. In case of binary number 100, the cur Fig.5) “Foren rnow| | ron ceorrou | [“rowece aon |{"ror accrsev | [caracersae | Fie Sim) RU por POSS PACS CPC] oo 0 ° © 1 4 eu — wT GSES CZ CLD oo 4 0 1 L o 4 rent through the internal LED of IC4 ‘would distinctly be very low compared to the current flowing during number 001 through the internal LED of IC7, If R5 is of sufficiently high value, the former eur- rent may be reduced to such an extent that the related LED would be off: Hence, the data that would be formed at the emit ters of transistors T1-T3 would be O04. It THLECTRONIG PROJECTS Vol21 23a [© & Fig, 7-Component layout fr the PCB would be modified by the software to 0000 000101040. This is termed in the soft- ware as emitter-Id and is stored at memory location 216B, (On the other hand, if the device is of ‘pn type, set-2 binary numbers are to be applied to it, and the transistor would be biased as shown in Fig. 3. Here, only the intemal LED of IC4 would flicker. So, the data at the output would be 100204(H), This is termed in the software as ecllec- tor-ld, and is stored in memory location 216C. (In case of pnp-teviee, the cullee tor-ld is determined mathematically by subtracting the Base-Id from the emitter: a So the result could be summarised as: imp type: Base-ld = 05¢H), Cellector-Id = 01H). pn type: Base-ld = 0214), Collector-Id = 01H). With this result, the software would point to configuration CBE in the data lable, and print the same on the display. By a similar analysis, lead configuration 24 ELECTRONICS PROECTSVOL.21 x en 2 Ga] sano 0. e € boootii2 ° 2aouszy for any other orientation of the device in the test socket would be displayed by the software, after finding the related base- and collector-Id The Display. The display procedure described in this article is based on IC 8279 (programmable keyboard/display in- terface) which is used in the microproce sor kit, The unique feature of the 8279- based display system is that, it can run fn its own. You just have to dump the data to be displayed on its internal RAM, and your duty is over. 8279 extracts this data from its RAM and goes on display- ing the same without taking any help or ‘consuming the time of the microprocessor in the kit, Unfortunately, not all the micropro- cessor kits present in tho market are fi ted with this IC. Instead, some of them use a soft-scan method for display pur- pose. Hence, the stated procedure cannot be run in those kits. Of course, if the ‘monitor program of the kit is to be used, which may have an in-built display rou- NBS, timer (CD§NT, decade counter oder 163 7486, qud EX.OR gates Tculosie7—: METRE, eptacnpler 1G nd iateral switch 13 71805, terminal ¥3V regulator iran BCA, nym tratsstor | pips NSE, point contact dnde DADS bibs xstr (All Me watt +/- 5% metallearba fl LD 1NA002, rtf diode nln tated sheruie) RLRORIORN, RBRIS0 1 kib-ohe R 33 kloohn i 47 Klos RURILRIGRL - 10 look RSR6-RI2RI7- 100 ilo RSRIGRIS—~ 680 shm Cepacitrs: cr 058 potter c pF polster ccs 220yP/V electric ce ‘O224P polster 00(pPIEV cletrolytc 200Vv-09) transformer tine to display the content of four cifie memory loeations—all at a time, the same may be used in place ofthe present display procedure Note: Displey subroutine at address 2ORC used at EFY, making use of the ‘monitor program of the Vingtice 8085 kit, during program testing, is listed towards the end of the software program gwen by the author. To make use of the author's display subroutine, please change the coe against “CALL DISPLAY" instruction (code CDFC 20) everywhere in the pro gram to code CD 40 21 for 8279 based diaplay or vode CD 07 21 for alternate display refered in the nest paragraph. Alternatively, one can construct a spe- cial display system using four octal D- type latches (74373) and four seven-seg- ment LED displays (1.7643). Only one latch and one display has been shown in tho schematic circuit of Fig. 4 along with its interface lines from 8156 or 8255 of the kit. To drive this display, a special soft-sean method explained in the follow- ing para has to be used. The soft sean display procedure. ‘The procedure extracts the first data to be displayed from memory. The start memory address of the data to be dis- played is be supplied by the calling program, This data (8-bit) is output fremTRLEADIST Memory Map And Star ating in 05 Asem Langage Address Op Cole Label Mmomonie Comments HA Latins wed fe roam 4-2 wee MOVAA Bert thesumt tbe Suck ptr intial am scum Mesto Feeran “out-of imc foot cot Retro Die sta Tale om 2888 oneal zm i Coola este amt EEor xuort —etrowe2 oe pat Lat an ort ass OUTS Sea umber te ber Pot B Ont i ors stow LAL2N6M Pano tb anaagea Pat ¢ Oat 818 su ps core CALL DIALAY Dap th se ik ess CALDELAY Wat few oments AasiesjOnks uni seas; comes aie cosa CAULDELAY Natrona nition, base and type Hentifetion 2 ee ee 20 FF MAN: LISPAEFPH Ithaka pre Amie |g m0 Ute ° DE apt nde sa po 2st ANIUTH Chua ten a) OUTSOH Ses OF trek Come | ee Aa art ged ung 80 sm dose STAnIECH Surette Ne Cabtalbit wen or akon NYLAUTH SW, SWON al SHE OFF : ri ip el stereo 20s) COUTSH Teeside atoreticine | NE ARE Tine eed ates 2x8 cosuo CALL DELAY meu hee roags ars | ba configuration adecton program a Go CAL DELAY Gptonch Ceangehoem, | 202° HEAT Pee LSTHAIG\M Exe Bal fem meney gn cosu CALL DBLAY her huge te pak setin aM Guvataanun 20 MOvAS Hohe cum 208 Das Ip dats fom ura thragh, | 2188S CPs bemuntr 0 pra aunt Texely to, mkingten | 2103 CANAD sas Boe At STA216 Sie thumb in nemary os Coto nn Be Cun sur ihe nantes ops RA came HEED juojrenthe sari 8 wor eae JHEP femur ha een of fees Croan tena jg oD ter care JERE jumpin isan a) BOR, HGeranber hwo of jy oe Ppa ahem tos nero cannes 2A justo teste ws soe Noopeatn ren CPI ikem ns so Nor Nooeatea | mac cam MB jumpeto techie ~a Nop Sooper aa al Cribs then nos 230 sie Noein | wor Gabe JAC jumpto thse Pom) oP eee | font cDecy az CALL Dismay dump tedapayaelod BEA ket LLG Pats ps “PUS in da ‘wfrstnn wae Selecta i FU PAB Pa zap cor CAL DIPLAY Dope te ose most (0a) SNPS amps ick stan 2x cin JNPMAN —Junsto star Jed confusion nection a Mat or) ‘Daey sbrouine 2A BCE] FALLNTHQIGCH tet Colter 2s LUI FFF te DE wih FE ti 205 DD Dewees DE on NOAM 216C\ the scumsloe 2a MOVAD Secreto A BE Feo. CHIH espe aca 2s OIE OREwitas ccs ue Witie= 0 nae ao Com INI at er opt 5 sonar "EC we 08 RT ean aig pon mes aa Lxtuziral patente ‘Calecridenfieationpogra or PNP trains ae Ge SAIPAT Jum ily ee BoD OA PR UHZINA st ofc data ay oe sxsntien ad no HAEAM “ikem se aca UIT Pan adi "C a jp nea bash OUTSEH—Srltheramtrtoreimerie |? BEN. «fone teem mo sion LATMaHO Pista Pada ed conigoration ato ae Mor 28 CDR CALL DSPLAN Dis te meage 20 HOCE PAB INTHAICCHExrete Cbectri am ey coset CALLDALAY Wats rer aoaets mB MOvAM ——216Cw te sunita eos CALL DRA Wats rw nonce zo Foe crit itwiesTee mete ar MMA” Clee theacurnlaue 206 cat ot itso a ea Dost INsilt Sted te ett zone apal Lariat ontgarn BEC tat bor ANIoTH —Makoaltenep is) od? | 200C CBA SMPM Samp todpy e ad ext SEER filets eo tlt ‘entation pot Jmstoererpeesgrnise | 200F 0 xoe Soofett oa tat stant ‘Soe thd ett 6 seo LXE it tot fain oe wove ma oa 28 SMPM—andjenp dopa te ngarion oe tae LIA2IRit Exact Baseline nemo ee ae ee” hese ar) SUB SotratsBteld fem eed | 295% 160M PACE LX HIECH Bxtrte Cletor me Sc STADECH Sows therealiCalcorldin men | guey ap wovaat ett ear as CHE SMP Senptondet nderurin | -MER Cra corpse a ‘Palectaidenifcaton progr for NPN transistors eee cAFet vec Iie eo ed Be 26M PR IXTH2AH Pas to Bein dat ble EF aia Nt H2IsHt coaton ECW ind abe ELECTRONICS PROJECTS Vol21 25AMinen OpCale Lah Mavmeie Goan Sai Op Cade abel Minos Connie Cag) DA ng dd {MF CORD RAD) CALLBSPLAY Gl dg tin dr as or Samrat momnin | tz coun) PON Seta os ffs cnn Rincotawtgesomcees | ks spect am Coa AIA aisnwoctironiwie | 2b) Hs eR TH2NOH Raton Metta Display routine using 8279 of the kit (if present) ‘ale Sn ae eter cum cen | 28 CAR SMPBAD Sept au 30 sas) Scguamwanmme ni” | Daa er ‘tS teat eet | Dusty A tail Aa ia a sovant we dau cr on en =e ae a oo ae me , . lo. ponte toby caing instruct. | 9 . ® oC aa Bt x ck remsantraeeti | 2 : -c mee suo Show Srana anna is : ee ole ON 2 o cob 2D ct} w Done erat ar & : gh Bee fie iinucinapeewncom-o | He ; oe eae 2 iecvmeny ae = : 2 é Sayer ance a te. ot, oar tarde mo 6 a a wer Rate men Clete ous oS am ee the mpi ed hr ee bg oe oe a a ‘teen Dy ue tt tne et ig Gf mc te te ine ‘inant seco moe moe fob oman t ; EAM chk oh a) Ati er wh es eG sem cutest tandem wy ano Mt MOVIO Moon c fea ‘printed to the accureulator nem, ” Sie Aint onl ane cra Sagopa SAN’ 'hm yam oeY ame Dae 0 MOVE raniemneBiastncion | Pr ub fe mm aM t ry an Fey Re Sm Bn mas una nma ehinie me imme Care inayat Et Zar ue ar fgets | BD SAP Be e Foe Grams Cheer ts| Tyga ein Zn it lino py en i pan en mui Sivan ststntonne | Sten teteinye Bets ole Nang i a ‘spd iene Se bate — von, EET cxaeasauy | Camen nts ann ncucerimanegewterele i aap a % Te presi te br inc gh. sus coment oe ALL arrive tmmatiys | iar i asap se Te BO Ben Ble ASSESS, | RUSSIGoetie corcetech eeterereee bet a » ‘htvihte OF en mad nt noo a @ set aowtodectingpegne | MK Mr Oct eh Some ae ies eB cae ind rt rel Rept a ixittio ww eammap i'n ~ | larly RT lg mr pena li os ane ce Ssnan ns maa CDEC20 CALL DISPLAY Calls the display routine todisplar the | 207D SEDO M1 Ait = an io aot comme cauunmtar tae ane ova che AULMBEAY Nae a Ghus causa ie TREN Rinuosienane iturin | 216 ct nee = ie mm port B of 815518255 PPI (after proper cod- ing for driving the seven-segment displays), used in the kit. Data lines are connected in parallel to all the otal | latches, But only one of the four lntehes is enabled (via a specific data bit of port C ‘of 8155/8255) to receive the data and transfer the same to its output to drive the corresponding seven-segment LED display. To enable a particular lateh, a NT ar M ‘TABLE VIL ; Modification to Collector Identification Program for pnp Transistors 20D 2ieur) PR IXIH2160H Paints t message ‘PaPin data table 200 = COFCA. CALL DISPLAY Displays the message 203216491 IXVHDIGAH Pants te Based indata table ome MOV AM tract the number to the secunslater zoe Dass OUT SiH ‘Sead number via port Ct interface 26_ ELECTRONICS PROECTSVOL.21 logic 1 is sent through a particular bit of port C (bit 4 here, for the first data) by the software, Subsequently, logic is sent through that bit to latch the data trans- ferred. The program then jumps to seck the second data from memory, and sends the same through port B as before. How- fever, in this case logie 1 i sent through it 3 of port C, to latch the data to the second seven-segment LED display, and soon, Register B of 8085 is used as « coun- ter, and is initially stored with the binary ‘number 00001000 (OSH), Bach time dataaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Fig. 4: Structural block dlagram of sotware Ba ls a aa This software can be used to capture| Jand monitor the speed of any rotating| part for a maximum of eight minutes with o total sampling time of two sec fonds. The software has four menu levels which can be selected from the Main| Menu. In CaptureMonitor mode the sof- ware bas two trigger modes, viz, Manual, which waits for a key press and Auto, which waits for the first pulse from the ‘The captured file can be viewed in any X-axis scale. However, all points com- ing out ofthe view page are cipped of. When using the gear teeth for speed calculation, please enter the teeth per revolution to enable internal ealeulation of speed tobe made. Enter the filename where the data is to be stored, when prompted. The same file can be viewed in the view page option. Ifan invalid file name is entered, or the file cannot be opened, an error is displayed and the user ean exit to Main. ‘Press Any Key toReturn to Mai use photo-eectric switch to do the cunt: | ing for 2second sampling period As interface circuit can easily be wired (on any general-purpose PCB, no PCB lay- out is included for it. The two wires to be extended to 25-pin parallel port may be connected using a 25-pin male 0" connee- tor, Lab Note: Magnetic proximity switches, from various manufacturers, are available in the market. The important specifications include operating DC voltage range, operating current and its sensitivity, ie. the maximum distance from a metallic objet such that the switch ‘operates: These specifications are normally eee SO ees ‘Senicorductors: rer 7805 regulator 6V 102 MOTE opto-coupler Resists al Ss wat, £5% mutal/arbon film, ants tated athencise) 300-cbm 150-chm 1000uF, 16V eletrustic c D22u polyster Miscellencous: XI = 290V AC primary to 09, 250mA sec. transformer BRIA ~ Bridgo roeifier, Lamp. SL Proximity switch (refer text) ‘mentioned on the proximity switch itself ‘or in the accompanying literature. The software ‘Tho structural block diagram of the soft ware is shown in Fig. 4. The software has the following four main modules, whieh are activated from the main menu using four of the fanetion keys, FI rough Fa. 1. Speed monitor and capture module. This module is used to monitor the speed and store the data in a user defined fle, (a) The module first prompts for the filename, The file name is entered with an extension .DAT. (b) The next entry is called ‘trigger mode. It specifies how the software should start monitoring and capturing data. The options are: 1 = manual and 2 = auto, If option 1 is selected, the system waits for «key press to start the monitoring and capturing operation. option 2(auto mode) is selected, the system waits for the first pulse from the proximity switch t start monitering and capturing of data, (c) The next entry relates to “units, whieh has the following further options: 1 = Revolutions/min, 2 = Revolutions/see 3.= RovolutionsIhr (d) The next entry pertains to the ‘range of speed, which must be more than the maximum speed that is expected. The options ace: 1= 400 units 2 = 800 units, ete (e) The next entry concerns the ‘num- ber of teeth’ and represents the number of pulses from the proximity switch per revolution After making the above entries, the ELECTRONICS PROJECTS Vol2i_29following message is displayed on the monitor sereen: “vigor mode: Aute (or Manual) Waiting for frst pulse (or ress any key to start" depending on the trigger mode. If manual mare has been selected, then hit any key to start. If auto mode is selected, the sof- ware waits for the frst pulse from the proximity sensor to proceed. The display then shows the speed in the units selected and the capture file name. Pressing ESC exits the monitor made after closing the capture file, Pressing any other key re- tums to main menu, 2. Viewing a graph file. This mod- tdudeceoninh> tindudeciostram > findudecgraphics > indudecdos > Pindadecstaion> findudectimen> ‘ovludectstresm n> ‘od stargraphic!/otart graphic system! ‘oid operingmena opening men ‘void montar/montor and save to file? Moat readspeedtint uni,int teeth)viread the speed! oi dinpiayint uniting te spec ‘oi view /View a Speed vs Time Graph oid grid /Draw the graph gril! ‘void deplayhelpichar helpilensme( 10); veld ext voi help, ng oundofM eat number Gal Variables? fn nitiat tet float spect: char monitors intederit ge ‘Program main menu oie main i startgraphics epenngnent Graphics initialisation) void stargrapbics) i regsterbdriven EGAVGA driver: regsterbifontsmal_ font regsterbyfonttrplex fort int gdrver = DETECT, gmode; initgrapht Ggdsiver, Sgmle, I ‘Opening mena/! vot open) SetflistylsLTSLASH_ FILLS ‘bar, 10, 635, 470% sethnestsle SOLID. LINE 0.2) ‘ecangle10,10635 70); SethnessleSOLID.LINEO.2 ‘rectangle 200.40,40090%, setoler’BLUE: Tine 200.1400 91); Tine 200,9240092), Tine 401,90,401.40:, 30__ ELECTRONICS PROJECTS Val 21 ule is used to view an existing data file ‘Sequential contents of a DEMO.DAT file are shown in a box (using eight columns). Ifa non-existant filename is entered, the software detects the opening error and prompts the user for re-entering the filename. The various prompts for enter- ing the required data are: (a) File name ~ Enter the fll filename with exter (b) Enter the x-axis scale factor to en- able the graph to be ‘stretched! on the x- axis to observe cramped points properly. After entering the x-axis seale, the graph appears along with all relevant data, like GS ed settertstylt2,HORIZ DIR fetador YELLOW) text 20,50"SPEED TRACK") ‘etcdon LIGHTBLUE), uttextxy(150,120,"1. SPEED MO: ‘CAPTURE FI"), setder LIGHTRED: ‘vutextay(150,180,"2, VIEW SPEED ve TIME RAPP setclortLIGHTHAGENTAL, uttextxyi150,240,"3 SPEED TRACK HELP TOR & set LIGHTCYAN) uttextxy 50,300 °4.EXIT TO SHELL- Fa ‘etclor AOHTGRER ‘uttextay( 180,380 Enter your dice“ ‘uttentxy 20,345 FY TO Fa)” USERCHOICE: while ME) ir thir userehcbongete ‘site userehoie ‘ase |char9) moniter break; ‘ase chan GD)ksiew( break, ‘se char 61) help break ‘nae char) exit rea ‘default goin USERCHOICE: 1 ‘Monitoring the speed osline and storing the data oid monitor) 1 int tigaer int yrange char unt int spec, restrertziode( recs wind 1.80.25), lise {uxt YELLOW: textbockground LIGHTBLUB rotor 25.) fpriit"-S PEED TRACK» soto 25.02 eprint soto 25.85 {prin MONITOR & CAPTURE PAGE windbw 108.758), texto VELLOW, clrsenl sale factors for x and y axis, file name, and units, ete (c) While sill in the graph mode, you may view a new graph after pressing FI Yor returning to the main mena, press F2, 3. Help. This module provides one page of help and reads from a file called HELPS.PG1. I this file cannot be opened, or is not available, the software prompts “Help file not found or cannot be pened.” Pressing any key from the help page retums one to main menu. The eon: tents of HELPS.PGI are given in the box (on previous page). cprinti*Enter file nane te store Speed data seanf“485" mon GETTRIGGER: textcolor YELLOW dren prINLI"Enter tigger model t= pase) =" sant triggers ‘Meggerel | | triggers?) i tren {exten YELLOWS BLINK printf'..-Value out of range.Eater 1 or oat elay2000) ipo GETTRIGGER, r OETUNIT textcolr YELLOW) ner ‘print? “Enter Urit for Spel =Beviinin seeeRewle) ", scanfid Gui Blunitel |] units) t textooln YELLOW BLINK? ‘rsert Value ot ofranee ” GETRANGE: textelor YELLOW dlrser {printf“Enter Range for Speed! 1=400 units, 280 units. ete -") scandy) Syraget || mngeto0 texteslor YELLOWSBLINKS drs print” Nal wt orange * ddtasz000% soto GETRANGE, GEPTEETH: lexteuor YELLOW, arse, ‘print Enter Number of eth for Sensor", seanfid", Beth ‘ieee teets>100) \extedon VELLOW+ BLINK,aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Section 1 Fig. 2). emprises a siereo head preamplifier, a function selector, and an | FM transmitter. ‘The pream- plifier is built around. IC LASI6L ‘The cutputs from 200- ohm stereo Fig. 3: Internal schematic diagram of CD4086 ‘suitcher IC ‘mode contrel (lat channel) Fig. 4: Simpitied schematic diagram of tone and sound — RP (record/play) head are connected to the left and right input pins 1 and 8 of LA3161 preamplifier. A 9V regulated power supply, obtained from the voltage regulatcr built sround transistor T1, is used for the preamplifier. The outputs of this preamplifier are routed to the func- tion selector configured around two ‘CD4066 (quad bipolar analogue switches) and an HEF4017 (decade eounter, When any control input pin (3, 6, 12, ‘and 13) of CD4066, as shown in Fi ‘mai high, it can switch AC and/or signals hetwaen its corresponding output pins (3-4, 8-8, 10-11, and 1-2 respectively) in both directions. In other words, it acts like an analogue switch which can be turned on or off by making its input control pin high or low. A single IC contains four such switches/scetions (A, B,C, and D), The eotral inputs of the two ICS \CD4066) are derived from the decade counter IC (HEF4017). Only four out puts ofthis IC (Q0 through Q3) are used and the fifth ‘output QU ipin 10) is con: nected to the reset pin (pin 16) via diode DL When power is tured on, the output 0 ‘pin 3) of this 1c witl be high. In this condition any audio signal fed wo he ‘ra- dio U2 terminal reaches the output. If desired, the audio ourput from a radio receiver can be connected to this input terminal, Circuit diagram and details of such radio receivers have aypeared in ear- lior issues of Electronics Project With each depression of switch $1. the outputs of 1C4 (@0-Q5) go high se- quentially to conirol different. modes of operation, When QU (pin 2) of IC4 goes high, the audio signals from the output of the preamplifier reach the outpat termi- nals ofthe cireuit. At the same time, 2 2V regulated power supply to the preamplifier is switched on through transistor TL When Q2 (pin 4) goes high, any audio signals applied to the auxiliary UP termi- nals (Aux. U/P (L) and Aus. UPAR) reach the outpat. terminals. When Q3 (pin 7) szoeshigh, the power toboth the FM trans- mitter and preamplifier is switched on and the signals from the preamplifier ap- pear at the bese of transistor T3 (BP494) which, in association with some passive | Components, forme an FM, transmitter, ‘The details of coil L1 are included in the paris list. The frequency of this transmitter falls between 88 ‘and 108 MHz, "Tae frequeney can be slightly varied by adiusting trimmer ca- pacitor VC1. The transmitted si nals can be received on any FM Ba RLECTRONICS pROVECTS val Fig. 5: Tone and sound made controi (Section I) receiver working in 88-108 MH range. LEDs D2 through D5 are Iilateral LEDS which are used to cisplay tho selected function Section IL. This section employs a JRET dual operational ‘amplifier LF353. whose gain for different audio frequencies is con trolled by the corresponding po- tentiometer settings (VR3 and RG for bass, VRA and VRS for treble for left and right channels respectively) and, additionally, sound mote selector switch S2 ‘The simplified circuit diagram for Jeft channel is shown in Fig. 4 while the complete schematic cir cuit diagram is shown in Fig. 5. In the simplified diagram, the function of decade evunter 1c (HEF 4017) and bipolar snalogue switcher ICs (CD40661 are re. placed by a simple switch, SW.Ms emronse, Dinp11 = INS reife diode apa" = 9.1V zener Icenteaeas” Resistors (ll WW, 25% metal carbon frm, C7.15.0354 een ated other) ca9ca0.c10, RIRGRIO—~ 100-shm Cr2ca1.c54 RORT ‘Tsilo-otm 5.0 EUR RO. C38: ROS,RIT.RS,RAO - 100-8il-okm cats RARO.RIL, cas ROR o-kIoohn cis ns *150-ahm cx0 i213 =1.24io-obm can RIGR2,R51-R60- kil-chm 25 Rou Roz Rea. Cai cH can C88 RSLROBRIS = 47ilokem | [cascat.cas.cis Fig. 6: Preampltier, alo level ndicator, and power supply (Section Il) Semiconductor: ROS Ro. Ic = LASI61 stereo reamplier | | RUIRILRIZ —- 224ib-oh Texea1c5.1c6 - CDA066B qual bilateral] |eaRUs oh analogue switch RAs R60 sBuileohm roxas HEWGOITH decade counter | | ROX + e0-ohm Ics = LPSSS JFET input dual op- || R62 Sahm 0. |VRIVRavRS < (7-kileohmlinear potneter| te omer | RA = 100-kiohe linear ampitier potmeter re10 Kagest sercotvel | [ver 20 hrohe linear indicator | potmerer in 2801815 apm transistor Veavno ——- {7ileohmlog ptmeter 12 (1.100 npa transistor castes 3 ~ BF A84 npa tansistor cnes.crce7co, Dupiapss, (692.47,¢59,090 - 6.1 cera die DokD2sD —- 1N4O01 rectifier diode CLEC ~ 100, 25V eleetmstc D2D8,04,05—- Bilaeral lore LEDs cacii,cs nF ceramic die DEDSDIE-D2S. - Coloared LED InP cram die IOP, 25V dectrstic = ATR 25V + 15nF polyester 100pFcvrami dine 22pF cerami dive 10pF rami aise 65pP ceramic dise IpP, 25 electoltic i. 25V electric SOL7,F polester cs3-c65 ‘ca7,ca 68,¢70 ver Miscllaneous Lt suis ‘The output of preamplifier (section 1) is applied as input to the inverting terminal of opamp IC8 and at the output we obtain a 180° phase shifted amplified signal Potentiometers VR3 and VRA fare used to control low frequency (bass) and bigh frequency (treble) response spectively. In the normal mode (QO otput of IC7 high), pole-P ‘of switeh SW is in contact with terminals 1 and 2 simultaneously. In this con- dition, normal gain ix achieved for both high and low frequencies as per set- tings of VR3 and VR4. But the mid-range frequeney components get attenuated due to capacitor C41 (O0s7aF In the hi-fi mode Qt output of IC7 high), pole-P of the switch i in contact with terminal 1. In this posi 2.2nF polyester 5.2aP prlyester 170uP,25V electric 200 electric. 1 An, 25V ebetroitic ODpE. 250 eletritic 700RF. 25V electrolytic S.250F trimmer 51, 2256, 5mm da 207, SW overa ferrite rad = 20V AC primary tw 126 12V, 2 ac. transbrmer « Pash-to-on toile itch + Tape drive mechanism plete with 200m RP stereo head, leaf site, and 12V De, 2400 pm metor + Telescopic artenne ohm, SW, Sem diameter woafers with piezoelectric + Readymade FAVA radia tore it = Cabinet Shield eabie Heat siak and other hardware ites LECTHONICS PROJECTS VoL? 35tion, normal gain is achieved for entire audio frequency range since eapacitor C41 is disconnected from the feedback path). When pole-Pof switch sw isin position 2 (@2 output of IC7 high), the attenuation of mid-range frequeney components is established and also the gain of the amy fier for very low frequencies increases (since an additional feedback resistance of 100k (R25) is introduced in the feedback Joop). Tisis the low-frequency boost mode When pole-P is in contact with ter- minal 8 (@8 output of 1C7 high), normal gain is provided for the high-frequency components (treble) and higher gain is available for a wide range of low frequen- cies (including some mic-range frequen- cies). This is termed as the X-BAS mode ‘The gain of the amplifier for different fre- quencies, in each of the ebove-mentioned modes, i also dependent on VR and VR& potmeter settings. In the actual circuit diegram, the Dipolar analogue switcher (CD4066) re- places switeh SW. The LEDs D6, D7, and DB are used to represent the sound modes—low-boost, hi-fi, and X-BAS repsectively. Switch S2 is used to select variouse sound modes. At power on, QO (pin 3) of 1C7 is high and therefore normal sound mode is on. Section III (Fig. 6). This scetion com prises an audio power amplifier,» 12V dual power supply, and an audio level indicator. The power amplifier used is the popular IC-TA7280, which detivers up to ‘watt (RMS) power per channel into a 4-ohm load. This IC has in-built short cr cuit protection and over-temperature cut off-A suitable heat sink must beconnected to the IC to prevent thermal run-away. Potmeters VRS and VR9 are volume con trols for left and right channels respec- tively, while VR7is the balance control ‘A dual power supply is used for the cireuit. The +12V section uses a x filter with capacitors in the parallel arms and an inductor in the sevies arm. However, for the -12V supply, the inductor of the series arm (as used for +12V supply) replaced by a resistor. Filters are pro- vided to reduce the ripple factor and thereby reduce hum (noise). Please refer inductor details in parts list ‘The augio level indicator is built around IC KA2281. LEDs DI4 through 1D23 are connected at its outputs to show the audio level of each channel in five steps. The input to this audio level indi: cator is derived from the output of the power amplifier. The gain of this level indicator can be varied by changing the values of resistors R49 and R50. Assembly ‘The complete circuit, with the exception of the audiolevel indicator, canbe assembled on asingle PCB. A separate PCB is used for the audio level indieator and for mounting LEDs (D2 through D8), Single- sided, acualsize PCB for the complete cireuit is given in Fig. 7. The component layout for the PCB is shown in Fig. 8 ise sockets forall ICs except ICT and IC9. Shielded wires must be used for con- nections to stereo head and all potentio- meters. The FCB must be mounted eway from power transformer and DC motor. Inductor L2 should also be placed away from the power transformer. If in ductor L2 is dffielt to procure or fab cate, it may be substituted with a ohm, 5W wire.wound resistor. A suitable cassette drive mechanism and cabinet may be used to assemble the stereo cassette player. Readymade cabi- nets and cassette mechanisms are avail able in the market Adjust potmeters VR1 and VR2 for minimum distortion at higher volume lovol. Use separate aerials for FM trans mitter and FM receiver 4 Readers queries: Ql. I would like the author te clarify my following doubts: In the circuit, radio input and FM transmitter are meant for mono signals ‘What are the changes required to convert it into a stereo transmitter for cordless stereo headphones? What is the range of the FM transmitter and how can we extend it? The transmitting function is present only when ‘tape’ mode is selected. For transmission function in other modes, what are the modifications required? ‘The author has further mentioned that innormal mode, midrange frequency components get attenuated due to capaci- tor C41 (0.047pF). Can Ladd a condenser mie preamplifier with a mixer circuit in this mode to obtain karacke function? MP. Murugesan Suticorin Q2 You have not given the connections of the middle pins of the bicoloured LEDs D2-D5. IC LF53 is not available in our local market. So, Fhave used op-amp pATA1 in its place, Will it make a difference? Can ‘you give me a procedure for checking the cireuit step by step, as my project does not seem to work? Y, Srinivas Elura (Q3. 1 want to use only the preampli- fier part along with volume, treble, and bbass control functions of the stereo cas sette player circuit as I already have a ‘STK459 IC-based power amplifier. Please tell me where from should I hisect the 10 PASE OF 3 Fig. Medication for wansmision allmodes «FM receiver has only the mono out- put as per the cireuit connections. If 1 provide similar signal (audio) to the cir- cuit, will the sound be heard from both the speakers? If not, what should T do to ‘get the output from both the speakers? + If T give cutput from a stereo Walkman headphone to AUX-IN terminal of the circuit, will the amplification be done? Also, will the tone mode suppoct be available for AUX- IN? + What is the function of bilateral LEDs in the circuit? Chetan Devi ‘Through email The author, Rei G. Parekkattu, repli AL. Usually, the FM/AM radio receiver kits are provided with a mono audio out- put. However, there are stereo decoders based on chips like TBA1330/KA2261. If fone has such a circuit, connect the left and right outputs of the cireuit to pin 4 of 1C3 and pin Sof IC2 respectively via suit- able coupling capacitors In my prototype, a low-power FM transmitier is used. It can transmit only ‘mono audio signals, upto a cange of about ELECTRONICS PROJECTS Vol2i_ 37450 metres, To increase the range of the | transmitter, a power amplifier stage can be added to it. Please refer ‘Long Range FM Transmitter’ cireuit by Pradeep G. published in Dee, 99 issue of EFY (or Blectronics Projects, Vol. 19). Only the power amplifier stage ofthis transmitter, built around transistor T2 (2N3866), is required tobe added For this purpose, wind exil L2 of the Dee. °9 cireuit (or Electronics Projects, Vol. 19) over evil L1 of my cireuit. The transistor T2 in Section I can be replaced ‘with another transistor having higher cur: rent rating, However, such long-range transmission is illegal For transmission in all modes, a number of changes will be required in Section, which I think are quite unnee- essary, One can directly tune the FWA receiver to any radio station and therefore an extra radio transmission from the cassette player is not required. ‘The only problem is that auxilisry sig- nals cannot bo transmitted by using this circuit If transmission in all modes is re- aquired, connect the circuit given in Fig. 1 here to the outputs of Section I, and con- nect its output to the base of transistor T3, The cireuit employs two voltage fol- lowers to prevent loading of inputs. Disconnect pins 7 and 10 of 1C4 (HEF 4017) from the circuit Then connect pin 7 to pin 15 of IC4 via diode Di, instead of pin 10. Also remove diode D2S from the circuit, Connect the base of transistor T2 3 10 12V ia resistor RI311.2kiloohm), inetead at «fhe comeinttopn ee S| mee You can mix Le | theoutput ofa con- cghOwcino’ censer mic MeieteDs preamplifier with the output of Sec- tion II, In the normal mede, your sound can replace the vocals of the record to some extent. giving some sort of karaoke fuanetion Forstereo FM transmission, some spe- cial circuit will be required. It needs some type of encoding before transmis Realising this funtion with diserete com- ponents is not easy. ICs for this special apalication might be existing. A2, LEDs D2-Di are evloured bilateral LEDs, whieh have only two terminal. It is analogous to two LEDs connected back to back, as shown in Fig. 2. Ifsuch LEDs are not available, D2.D5 may be replaced with ordinary LEDs. In this ease biasing resistors RUS, RIT, RI9, and R21 are not required, The connections will be similar to those of LEDs D6-D8. IC A741 cannot be used in place of 1LF353. 17353 not available, any other S-pin dual op-amp like HAI7458, TLO72, NB5532, ete may be used. For testing the circuit, check whether the outputs of the decade counters are changing in order, on pressing switches S1 and $2. If they are not functioning, check the related components and replace the ICs, if necessary. The other components in the circuit aro lees likely to get damaged If all connections are correct and all components are right, the cireuit is sure to work, as the prototype made by me is ‘working perfectly, A3. To use STK4I9 as power amplifier, you can avoid the power ampli fier cireuit based on TA7280 and directly connect the output of section 2 (Fig. 5 in the artide) tothe inputs of STKA59 power amplifier through volume and balance controls. ‘The mono output of the FM receiver is mixed equally in beth the channels by the circuit, so you can hear the sound from both the speakers Amplification will surely be performed ‘on the AUXIN inputs with tone mode support. Bilateral LEDs are used to display the selected function (TAPE, AUX. RA- DIO, and TRANSMIT, Ifyou use STK459 as power amplifier, use a Separate power suppiy (+18V, 3amp or above) for it, (The power supply cireuit in the construction project will not sup- pon: STK459) ‘The PCB design plays an important role in reducing distortions such as hum. Lines carrying high current, such as lines to the speaker terminals, should be kept separated from the sensitive parts of the circuit, such as components in the pream- plifier section. 3_ELECIRONCS PROJECTS VOL2IRESONANCE TYPE L-C METER he voltage developed seross a capacitor or an inductor ina series- resonant LCR circuit reaches its maximum value at resonance, This fact ‘an be used to find che value of an unknown inductanee or a capacitance. The present circuit is based on this very principle and it may be used to measure an inductance of even less than 1 pH, oF a ARUP KUMAR SEN Authors prototype 1. The creuit is tuned wo resenanes, using calibrated tuning capacitr, with the work-ecil in the cieuit. The in-cireuit value of ealibrated eapacitor is noted. Let this value be CA in pico Farad. 2 The unknown inductance is brought in series with theworkoi aud the circuit is retuned to resonance using the calbrated capacitor. Let the new in-eircuit, 71 8 | Frau oo Fig. 2 9V power supply capacitance of the order of a few pico Farads. The quality factor‘ ofthe circuit can be measured ifthe opplied RF voltage and the resonant voltage, developed across an inductor or a capacitor, are measured with the help of a sensitive RF voltmeter, since Q is simply the ratio of these two — voltages. Methodology Signal from a variable frequency RF source is applied to the eoil under test, which is in series with a resonating network comprising a = known value of inductance (called work- coil) and o standard variable calibrated cepacitor. The resonance condition is detected by a peak detector which detosts the peak roltage developed across the ccopacitor at resonance and gives & visual indication of the same, An unknown inductance is measured in two steps as fallow: value of the calibrated capacitor be CB pic» Farad In both the cases tuning is dane by varying the value of the standard calibrated capacitor. Since frequency of the RF souree is the same in both the cases (say f MH), the unknown value of inductance of the eoil under test, LX (in mizro henries), can be caleulated using the following relation (C-tyat tae, When inductance L, ‘in micro Henries) of the work-oil is known, the value of unknown inductor, Ly, 602 also | be calculated using the reiation: } Lye) a) a) | Alternatively, the coll under test ean ELECIRONCS PROJECTS Vol23_ 39aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.ent pmponent layout for the PCB resistor R16 ‘The RC combination is formula Viv) = V, *)) such that i€ takes about 15 seconds for the capacitor to reach 1/3 Vee, ie, about 4 volts to clock Aip-lop 1C4(a) to toggle, taking its Q pin low to stop the motor (vie IC7, transistor Ti, and relay RLI), However, if water starts flowing within 15 seconds after the Starting of motor, transistor TS would start conducting and discharge eapacitor ‘6 ELECTRONICS PROLECTS Val LECTROLYTIC cA e e v a EYP? 14 07 Coe 2 meee eg oly 5 seo Nase 15, not allowingit tochange, irrespective of the state of transistor T9. Thus capacitor C15 remains discharged. But if water does not flow due to any reaton, such as air lock oF pump motor failure, 1C4a) toggles after about 15 seconds, which makes its Q pin 2 low. As a result, the output of IC7 goes high and the motor stops. Simultaneously, capacitor C15 is discharged, At the instant @ goes low, Q (pin 1) goes high and s0 a clock is a HS wee, applied to IC5 via resistor-capacitor combination of RIS-C16, +0 that clock input pin 14 of C5 goes high after about 10 seconds. As a result, pin 2 of IC5 goes high and resets IC4(a) to malke Q high again. This starts the motor again. But if water still does not flow into the OHT this time, Q of IC4‘a) becomes low again to switch off the motor. Simultaneously, 1C5 gets another clock pulse and IC4(a) is reset once again afteraa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.No. Devoe To E Lmaes ronnt-nay 50 _ HLECTRONICS PROJECTS Vol.27 Fig. 1: Schematic diagram of smart clap switch cp4o192 is a CMOS version of 74192. Here, one CD40195, a bit upldown binary counter, since counting up to decimal digit 8 only is involved. The above mentioned ICs are pin-to-pin compatible The ather ICs used inthe control section are 1C3 (dual JK flipflop) and 1C4 (NESS5. timer, configured as monostable flip. flop). When power is applied to the circuit, 1C3, 1Ci, and IC5 are reset by poweron reset cireaits compri ing capacitor-re- sistor combina tions of C14-R19, R16, and 221 "rospoe- tively. Thus, all outputs of1C5 (Q, to Q,) are at logie zere. Hence, all the parallel load inputs (A through DicC ICS arealso at logic 20r0. The Q outpuis of 1C3 _aze low’ while its Q outpats are “high”. The CLK2 input of is ini- tially ‘high’ be- cause transistor TH is in conduc tion state Now, when a clap sound is pro- duced, 165 gets a low-to-high going clock pulse. Its count goes up from 6000 to 0001, ie. it is incremented by ‘one digit. Since Q, goes from ow”aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.BOOTING DISPLAY KEYBOARD DISPLAYING THE NODE. TOPOFT 8 FOR KEY DEROUNGNG Ease Fey eLOsuRE perecTeDy EENERTEArPROMNTE ‘BNARY CODE” [GENERATE A SEP SOUND. cs pro ce ProcRUDOSLE INCE FOR DISPLAYING TCL REVEORRO SUBROUTINE ‘CORRESPONOWG TO THE DATA Frou wevaonno SuaROUPmNe COUNT OP 1Y CANDIDATE, ves DAD PROPER BINA CODE W ACG FOR cove INH REGISTER FOALED Ds TO GLOW WICH NOICATES READY STATE MEMORY CLEAR, Tones TO NEVORY ‘AiO OPLAYE onto Bee, ‘AND DISPLAY J GENERATE ABEEP SOUND) 1SPLAY MODULE” Fig. 2: Flow chart for the various software programs the voting machine, the RESET switch ‘ean be used to shut down the system. ‘This voting machine has the capabil ity to handle up to 48 candidates. Each maining keyboard switches can be done away with. In this unit, LED D4 is used to indicate that the system is ready for accepting the next (one) vote in the system software.) At present, only three-digit password is used. If the password digits entered via Keyboard equal the past vword stored in the EPROM, LED D2 glows to give ac- cess for operation of the ma- thine 4. If the entered password is incorrect, press RESET button ($49) and proceed again from the first stop, 5. Clear the previous ‘ontent of count memory by ‘pressing ‘eleat button ($5: Clearance of memory is indicated by symbol “U" in the display. 6. Now press ‘count’ switch $51. The display of symbol‘ and the glowing of LED Di would mean that the system is ready for ac- cepting ene vote. (Please note that the ‘count’ switch is placed under the control of electoral staff so that it is satisfied with the identity of the voter before allowing, him/her to cast hishher vote.) 7. Naw, the voter can cast hishher vote by press- ing the appropriate key- board switch allocated to the candidate of hisher choice. The acceptance of the vote by the system is acknowledged by a beep sound as well as the dis- play of the “3' symbel in tho display and ‘oi? condi tion of LED Di. 8 Steps 6 and 7 have to be repeated for easting a fresh vote. 9. If the count of any particular candidate's votes (count) is newied to be switeh on the keyboard represents one specific candidate. If one does not need | allthe 48 switches, oly the required numn- ber of switehes need to be wired. The ro- TABLE IT Start Address Map of Hardware Interrupts a ra Operating Procedure 1. Switch ‘on’ the power, using switch $53, 2, Press ‘start’ bution, 3. A software-based security feature hhas been added in this system which re- quires one to enter the password digits via tho Keyboard for gotting necoss to the sae au tena a panied are gas back Loose. RST 75 can be changed by adjusting some values 54 ELECTRONICS PROJECTS Vo. 21 displayed, press ‘display’ switch and then the switch corresponding tn the specific candidate on the keyboard, 10, Reset the system. 1, Switeh ‘off the system. Software description The system programs are stored in the EPROM. The entire software VOTELST is divided into five modules, namely, booting, display, clearing memory,aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.DIGITAL NUMBER SHOOTING GAME ‘any electronic video games are available in the market, But for those who may prefer to semble the gadget themselves, a digital ‘number shooting game circuit is described here. A train of singledigit random num- bers appears on a 7-tegment cispley, and the player has to shoot the number by pressing switch corresponding to that number before it vanishes. If he shocts JEYABAL while block 8 is meant for audio indica- Block 9 contrels the speed of the num. ber displayed, the digital counter, the switch controller, and the foul play checker, Clock pulse generator. The sche- matic diagram of digital number shooting ‘game is shown in Fig. . The Schmit: trig ger input NAND gates N1 and NZ of IC ‘CD4093 (C1) are used for producing clock pulses for foehenaron} oencraror iz] [ee ver ° > - ‘N2, in combi- | capacitor C2 and resistor fe SL ah es Oren] oneenen QUNT" F2.E* | oscillator to © roduce o | 4 [ris | eceest gate NI and oxenren its associated a] components ° comprising capacitor Ci Fi 1: Block clagram ofthe egal ruber soto game and resistor RI form ‘the number correctly, he scores ten points which are displayed on the scoreboard, Successful shooting is accompanied by a beep sound, The circuit Fig. 1 shows the block diagram of the Wwhole circuit, Blocks 1, 2, and 3 consti- tute the random number generator. Block 4 controls the ten triggering switches and block 3 cheeks for any foul play. The score board is constituted by blocks 6 and 7, ‘5B_ ELECTRONICS PROJECTS Vel 21 ‘another oscillator, whese jequency is one tenth the frequeney of the former oseilla tor, ‘The pulses from the two oscillators ‘are ANDed by NAND gate N2 to get ran- dom clock pulses. The output frequency from gate N2 (pin 4) varies due to phase difference between the two osellatar fre: {quencies and the period of ‘on’ state of output from gate N3 (pin 10), ‘The prototype was carefully watched for consecutive 150 random numbers gen- erated by IC2 (and displayed on DIS.1 No repetition in the order of the numbers was witnessed but, interestingly, at times, the same number was repeated thrice Random number generator and switch controller. The output of gate N2 (pin 4 is connected to pin 1 of decade counter/decoder/7-segment LED driver ‘C4033 C2) This IC counts and drives the T-segment display DIS.. The control pulse produced by gate N3 activates this CDIDG9 Shot trigger quad twoinput NAND_ gate ‘CDAN83 decade counter! decoter/-segment LED display diver 1€2,105,1¢6 hes CDADIT decade counter! decoier Ica (CDAD2T dual JK Ap op 1.72 BBC547 npn silicon transistor DISL-DISA LED display [Resitors all watt 5% carbon film, unless ated otherwise RLEQRIRERO + 100-klochm Rs 47O-kilo-chm 25 -mega-ohm RioRI2 Lkilb-ah lyr ega-oh po | Capacitors: ler O.4pP ceramic disk ce O.01pP ceramic disk ca 0.001pF corame disk ca 0.229F ceramic disk C5 100pE, 16V eletrlstic Misellanous par Pees buster, exntinwous ype 0-810 Pust-to-n switch sil On OMT site| DC IN socketaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.PC INTERFACED AUDIO PLAYBACK DEVICE: M-PLAYER Jounds of various kinds have always fascinated human beings. Many de- wve been invented for recond- ing and playing back the sounds—from ‘magnetic tepes to DVD idigital versatile dise), from Adlib cards to high-perfor- ‘mance sound cards with Surround sound’ capability. For personal computers (PCs), there is a wide variety of such devices. A modem PC, generally, has a ‘Sound Blaster’ card installed in it. If your PC does not have a sound card, here is a low-cost audio playback circuit with bass, treble, and volume controls to ere= ate your awn music player ‘The playback device ‘M-player’ (ie ‘media player) deseribed here uses mini- mal hardware to achieve a moderately ood-quality audio playback device. ‘The sofware that accompanies the hard- ware is meant for PC running under MS.DOS or a compatible operating s3s- tem, This device can play a simple 8-bit PCM (pulse code modulation) wave file ‘with some special effects. The PC is con- nected to the device through the PC par- allel por. Hardware The circuit functions as an Shit mono player, ie. the sound files (with WAV extension) with sound quantised to eight bits or 256 levels can be played. In cease of files with 16-bit quantisation, these are re-quantised as discussed under Sof ware’ subheading. Thus, only eight bits fare sent to the card through the printer or. Since there is no duplex communis tion necessary between the player card and the PC, itis sufficent o use the eight output data lines of the port 378H (pins 2 through 9 of 25-pin D-connector), This 8 bit digital outputs converted into an ano. logue signal using DAC 0808 (IC1) from National Semiconductor. The output current from the DAC varies with the input digital level (represented by bits D0 through D7), the reference voltage IV... and the value of series resistor RI connected to Vj» \VENKATARAYALU AND M. SOMASUNDARAM pin 14 of DACOS(S IC, The output eur: rent I, (in mA) is given by the relation- . Where Vy is the reference voltage in volts and R1 is the resistance in kilo-chms, ‘The output current from the DAC is converted into its corresponding voltage using a simple carrent-to-voltage con: verter wired around one part of the dual wideband JFET op-amp LP353. The out- put from IC24a) is the required audio sig- nal that has to be processed and ampli- Fied to fosd the speaker. ‘The part fllow- ing the LV converter is the bass- and treble-control cireuit employing RCAype variable low-pass and high-pass filters connected to the input of audio amplifier built around the second op-amp inside L353 {1C20b}. ‘The frequency response of the filters can be varied using potentiometers VRL and VR2. The low frequencies or bass ean Fig. 1: Circuit of M-paayer aucio playback device (@_ ELECIHONICS PROJECTS val 2aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.retumi0}; r else ( ‘MipnewMenu!=NONE) t RemoveMenuiMenulD i, return Show Menu! pew Men , ' brea sare RIGH ieubMenu|CurSelect! { RetVal-ShowMlnuisubMenu(CurSeled ‘ReVall-n { RemoveMenu(MenulD eturiRetVal Removedfenu(MenulD ecumt Shen Menu nert Mee) } 1 brea: ‘ise DOWN_ARROW, texthackgroundLIGETGRAY ‘MEnabled CurSelet) texto BLACK, se textolatBROWN): souny StatX+1StarYsCurSelet+t) eprint" IngjeOjclngLengthelyjr+ iffestren’String\CurSelet) priv StringlCurBlet che ‘print, CorSelect; iCurSelect=—nam items) CurSelect=d; while String(CurSelect0 t ‘fCurSelet==nam items) Curselect=0, else CurSelete ' brea: case UP_ARROW: texthackgrundLIGHTGRAY: ‘MtEnabled CurSelect) texolor LACK: {extenlon FROWN) soto StartX+ I Star'Y+CurSelet+) eprint") fojejclngLengthely++) ifstrenStringiCurSelec) eprint StrngiCurSelet 5, iRCurSelei pact project], the (area) cI] authors devel- ‘oped the present Fig 4 Video RAM storage owchort as to generate a raster with the desired number of horizontal and verti- cal raster lines frefer Fig. 1b). For de- tailed explanation of its programming method for an application using 6845, CRTC, you can refer chapter 16 of the hock ‘Learn to Use Microprocessors’ pub- Tished by ‘EFY.” ‘There are two registers in the 6845, which are selected with the help of ad- dress line AO. When AO and C33 are low (selected), the program code accesses the first register. IFA is high and CS3 is low, the second ofthe two registers is accessed In addition, the 6845 has 16 internal rog- isters. The selection of the internal regi ters for writing is done vie the first reg ter while the second register is written with the daia to be transferred into the selected register. Here, we need 16 lines for « character slot, The width of each character slot is only 8, because that is what the shit rog ister can handle, But our multilingual characters themselves are written in a font of size 12 x 16. Therefore the charae- ters classification for the 6845 does not modified circuit using the 6845 CRT controller itself Once programmed, the 685 CRTC ‘generates the vertical and horizontal syne signals for the raster at pins 39 and 40, respectively. The 6845 also provides MAO- MAI3 signals for addressing the video memory. The video memory is used here to store the dot patterns for the dats dis- played on the TV streen. The video memory address lines and raster address Tines have been used as under: -MAO-MAS (6 lines)... To choase ane of 64 character slots in every character row RAO-RAS (4 lines) .. To select one ‘among the 16 lines on each such row. MAGMAS (4 lines). To select one of the 16 character rows on screen During each character row, the 16 row lines are selected using RA0-RAS signals, which are sequentially ineremented from 0 to 15. This mode of wiring the CRT controller to the video memory is not the usual one, It is unlike the ono raforred to in chapter 16 of ‘Learn to Use Micropro- ‘cessors'book mentioned earlier. There, the ‘MAO, MAI... lines address the video RAM, bbut the video RAM data goes to the character generator. The character gen- erator gets the RAQ-RA3, to let it know which line of the character the data is to te output at any instant—because there are many lines of dos for each character. Here the character generator is not used, but the video RAM directly stores the dot points of the display text. They are writ- ten by the program into the video RAM. Here RAO-RA3 are the four line-count sig- nals LI to 14 for tho 16 lines, which are the heights of each Indian language char- acter there it includes English as wel. ‘The four raw-count signals MA6-MA9 are used here for generating 16 rows of text per screen. At the end of the 64th character byte (representing 43rd charac- ter) display, the display enable signal is lanked. This ie to cater to the herizontal flyback period. The syne signal for the video output is obtained by combining the Hesyne and V-ayne outputs from pins 39 and 40 of CRTC via two resistors (of 10k cach) and then coupling it to the base of transistor BC148B to invert the syne sig nals at its collector. ‘The video signal is the dot pattern cbtained from the shift register IC “ALSIG5. This register is loaded at each character clock beginning. The shifting is accomplished ky the dot clock, Pin 7 of IC “ALSI65 outputs the det pattern. This is combined with the syne signal at the col- lector of transistor BCI48B using a diode and a series resistor. Composite video out- put is aveilable for connection to the TV monitor from the collestor of transistor BC148B. Video RAM. The 62256 is a 92k x 8- bit static RAM, but only 16k address space thas been used here, which makes for a raster of 512 x 256 pixels, or 128k pixels, or 128/8=16kB. The RAM 62256 has AO-ALB address lines for its 16k capacity. ‘The MAO-MAS, the charactercount out- puts, are given to its first six address pins A0-A5, Either the 8085 or these charac- ter-count signals can select these low- crder video momory addresses. A set of quad 2ine to I-line data selector ICs 7 and 8 (74157) is used under control of €S1 inot CSI) to switeh between them. Normally, the MAO-MAS lines have access s0 as to continuously display the video memory contents, but when the 8085 writes fresh data, it switches to 40-45. Memory access of the video RAM is done on the basis ofa high-order address and @ low-order address. The eight high- order adéress values are written into ELECTRONICS PROJECTS Vol.11_ 97aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Addr, Cie Label Macumsnicn Remar Addi Cale Label Mncumonien Remarks or seas exon ot Rue vs 3 iw oe oT ne tm i BD ioe Re tz OVAL, ang apo AN Fat ana ee coat ous Sov BA as Gee. wate tio nut os To Psi ‘ose OWA re pn CAL HUOCH id ak charter dc ice me ane 15 PSirh ‘wok OF ee arb faxes COIL RINEISRL, orp chanctee ih oshaca | HOB OF Re iden ioe Ite ow fh por pst HD soe ASLO ct ihe surg Shor a ona aah DANN Calhinesr oo Stak STORE INVIDED Raa on 2 sx bait to ner ose cite {REIHOARD ROUTINE ed ar ‘KBD: USI {Th LINE FILLING Fo ScAUE HIND HOOKS rosi Soars ROWISEL PUSH FW Psah tb fen Ghat OK cone. EAL Punse nex tow) faa eNom Biot tm fer et ora bee CA Aka ee HouKy SEL Rs ber tea Gren eore asf SINFTTRIGT KEE? fr ie Sony SE se bas toa Ht i rst cheba asircoxmmon Rey? bab f9 ner some, Powe STon at ROOK: LITTLADeH suds 100.44 PR CALL TUISE ean Gor Ee AULABW —Htokdntér ine novac ta sve ceri a 8 Ie INR Ost Sear pia ate CRs Potse exo ms 7 si’ or) oar baw cosine, SAT esa AMPK chan GWA LWT Kooy EMT Hanne stn GD Fr SHTAPEH FER aed Gow aur 3 MDVMA™ He Boeshock ONT ae ou & bau CALLLASHCH nce uF aNacAoE CHANGING al ee saga FANS Pes aa = rove CALL ase. coNt ie Daw bors’ 85 Gos TeK for. (pe Gre HOOKY. LA Haut Pei tmp eFC SBUARGH SSFP. odes ker en sitet: NovaD ime 2 ASE tour Ser sovDs, me aE 32 corr net Mor AD tes Gear “axon owe (cA ‘ov oA Akzo TURE suLPRES: ETB fed eben APPR ow [CONTROL 381 De rote MPFR om Az Lavoe NOVA. tue rrikey om f wu te E Gel tose we a na fe Cts ome @ a a ee ‘sur ‘any opie Sta togt STORE AN VIbeo LATCH EAN ut OUPLTOON lt Rak acu Novae uno Fist one aire i Gin e Sab ue 2 mare uD Mor ABI 1a 2 gue ian oar b Suxp THEN NEXT BUTE an & a us a Gi ER MOVAM lean emehtnbie sure Gp ie on ae asa. on Rie ox Novan core or ANF Sime CASE O ‘estirr cone, rome Tax Sigg CAALO Eooxr cope EA BPO aso we wer TAUUTARLED au Pow Lowe ese tre 2 oe ‘NOWEAL wD 2 saxo COMBINE ANE STORE se te say wowace bore BD. oma abpe tare SWVAM —SEXTRTTENDBLEGY NueLE | OWS OP NovLa oe ne | owe He OCA, 04 GLECTEONIS PROJECTS Vek 21aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Bette ty Fig 2 Conural word lagi dlagram for mode open cillector outputs. The outputs of 1C under test, which is placed in the ZIP socket, are combined with those of 7407 ina wired.OR (actuslly wiredAND) fash- ion, To realise this function, a logic 1 is always output on the 7407 gates connected ‘to output pins of ‘IC under test.’ All pos- sible logic input combinations are given toinput pins of IC under test’, while logic is placed at all its cutput pins via 8255's registers A and B, through IC 7407 buff: crs. For each input combination, the logic state of the ZIF socket pins (as modified by the ‘IC under test’) is read (after a short delay) via ‘C’ registers of the two 8255s. The expected results for each com- bination of inputs, for ebovementionsd ICs, are shown in Table II in hex digits ‘These are stored in memory, in consecu- tive locations for each IC, for every com- ion of inputs. [factual data read tal- lies with the stored data forall combina- tions of inputs, message ‘GOOD’ is dis. played on the kit's display. If any of the result fils, ie, if any of the gates is not ‘working properly. message ‘BAD" is dis- played on the 8085 kit. For convenience, the ICs having iden tical input/output pins and requiring iden- tical input combinations, have been grouped under one type. (7400, 7408, 7482, and 7486 have been grouped as “Type 1, while 7404 and 7407 have been grouped as “Type 2 and 7402 as “Type a) When the sotware program (modified at EFY for worsing on Dynalog’s Micro Friend ILC-V2 kit) isexeeated on the 8085, kit, the display shows ‘ICIC’. Now enter the last two digits ofthe IC number to be tested (the last but one followed by the last one, for instance, for IC 7404 enter 0 0B_ELECTRONICS PROLECTS Val 21 ICTEST.LST ‘MEMORY NAP (MAY VARY FROM RIT TO KIT) RAM LOCATIONS USED FOR FROGRAM 3200 - 9450 STACK POINTER INITIALISED OPEFH PORTA (OUTPUT) OF A8256/B8255 a0 PORTS (OUTPUT) OF A8256/B=255 vant PORTC (INPUT) OF 4825888255 ow CONTROL WORD REGISTER OF asgsivBs2a3, ons PROGRAM LISTING ‘Add. Opeode Label Mnemonies Comments, 9200 iF FSP EXISP.SFFFE [9208 21085 EXLH9340H 206 SE00 MMVI Aur, 9205 0500 MMVI Book, 920A CD60 CALLOUIPT UTILITY SUBROUTINE INTHE KIT +0 DISPLAY ACC CONTENT) ‘920 eb610A" CALL RDKBD “UTILITY SUBROUTINE LN THE KIT ‘TOACCEPT ONE HEX DIGIT FROM THE KEYBOARD AND STORE IN THE ACC) 9210 Oko MVIC.OMH 912 oF A RLC 9213 0D DeRe 9214 C2120 ANZA 9217 25004 STA 94508 821A CD6IA CALLRDKBD =; UTILITY SUBROUTINE INTHE KIT. | ‘10 ACCEPT ONE HEX DIGIT FROM 21D 215094 LX 1945041 THE KEYBOARD AND STORE IN’ "THE ACC) 9220 88 ADDM : COMBINE TWO KEYBOARD ENTRIES | oan MOV B.A 9222 210098, EXT H.S9H0H 0225 FEO0 CPLOOH NANDIC) [9227 CASBe2 J2TYPE [922A s11090 LXIHsniotr 922 FEOS CPLOSH HANDIC) 922 CASES? SZTYPE: 9282 212095 LXIH, 93008 9235, FES2 cCPisznt HORI) 9287 CASES SLTNPEL 23a 215095 LXtH.380H 92D FESS CPLS6H (EXOR IC F CASES JLTYPE) 9242 214095 LXIH.9310H 9215 FEDS CPLoait «Nor Ic) 9217 CAT592 SLTNPRD SHA 215093 Xt H.930H1 24D FEO? CPLOTH (BUFFERIC) SOF CAT5S2 SLTPED 9952 216090 EXT H.g3bot 9255, FBO2 CPLOBH MINOR IC) 9957 CAgog2 ALTNPES 925A 78 HLT IN SOME 8085 KITS SUCH AS THAT FROM DYNALOG, PROGRAM IS TERMINATED WITH RSTTIN PLACE OF ‘HLT :NAND, AND, OR, EXOR GATE CHECK Soe TYPEL {SET GATE INPUTS 9230.79 LPL 8251 FsOd SET GATE OUTPUT: 1925347 ‘MOV BA STORE GATE INPUTS FOR IP & O'P PINS IN REG B. fs254 cDBi92 CALL PROCESS, 9257 0c INRC : NEXT INPUT COMBINATION 258 79 MOV AC 19259 FEO4 CPLO4H ; CHECK IF ALL INPUT COMBINATIONS ARE OVER| 9258 25002 SNZLPL 9256 C3EB92 JMPGOOD, :ORJMP GOOD :BUFFER, INVERTER CHECK 9275. OF 00 "TPF: MVTC,00H SET GATE INPUT 9277 79 LP MOVAC 278 Foe orioH ET GATE OUTPUT S21A 47 MOVBA STORE GATE INPUT FOR UP & /P PINS IN B 9278 CDB1e2 CALL PROCESS 927E 0C NRC : NEXT INPUT COMBINATIONaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.MOSFET-BASED 50Hz UPS-CUM-EPS ‘ost of the UPS (uninterrupted powersupplies) available in the sarket internally use a fre- ‘queney ranging from 100 Hz to 50 kHz, ‘The regulation of output voltage is done using the pulse width modulation tech- nique, which produces a quasi-square waveform output from the inverter trans- former. Such an output waveform produces lots of noise, which is not desirable for a ‘computer and other sensitive equipment ‘This voltage waveform ean drive a com- puter, but not the tubelight, fan, EPBAX, ‘TY, VCR, ete properiy, The advantage of- fered by a UPS is that its changeover period is quite low, s0 that the computer or any other sensitive lead is not inter- rupted during the mains failure. EPS (emergency power supply) of vari- ‘ous brands, providing 50Hz squarewave ‘output, can drive the computer, tubelight, ‘TV, VOR, fan, ete, but coasiderable noise is produced from the EPS or the load, Another drawbeck of an BPS is that its changeover period is relatively high, so the computer may get reset or continuity of the play mode of the VCR may get in- terrupted on mains failure, The circuit A 50Hz sinewave ofine UPS-cum-EPS, circuit is presented here which produces a sinewave output with very low noise level. It drives the equipmentoad (< 250, watts), which normally operates on 230, 50Hz AC. Changeover period of this sys- tom is loss than 1 millisecond so that no interruption in operation of a computer or continuity of the play mode of a VCR. and TV is eaused, The eomplete schematic diagram ofthe dreuit is shown in Fig. 2 When mains is preseat and is within the specified limits, the same is fed tothe If mains voltage goes below 170 volts (or mains power fails) or if it is above 270 volts, system changes over from mains to back-up mede. In the back-up mode, battery voltage of 12V DC is converted into 230V AC and applied to the load within 1 millisecond. However, if battery voltage drops be- low 10V DC, or output voltage goes below 225V AC. there will he a visual and av- dible indication of low-battery state, Dur- ing this warning peried, one ean save the data and switeh off the computer safely. But during the low-battery indication, if the computer or load is not switched off, it remains on back-up mode. After the end of backup time, system switches off automatically, due to aetivation of battery's deep discharge cut-out circuit, which reduces the power consumption from the battery toa negligible value (only 90 mA), Inverter control cireuit. It uses the basic squarewave (astable multivibrator) oscillator employing 1C 455, with 5.17 supply voltage derived from 12V battery by using 5.1V zener ZD3 in series with a resistance, Astable multivibrator is de- signed for a frequency of 100 Hz, whieh can be varied abave or below 100 Ha us: {ingpreset PRI, The frequency fof astable Toad. Atthe same time, battery is charged. far L007 wo acoupur inv fuse ear, Oi] neuTsBY ear. oiscraneo | [ xcineuT Fig. 1 Proposed front and rear panallayouts ‘multivibratoris given by the relationship: Lit TRARDC whore RB = In-cireuit resistance of proset PRL If R,=220 ohms and R,°15 kilo-ohms, then 100 Hz. Due to the tolarance of the component values, observed frequency ‘may not be exactly equal to 100 Hz, and therefore preset PRI may need to be suit- ably adjusted ‘The output of multivibrator is given to pin 5 of the bistable multivibrator wired around 1C TAT1, which produces the two 50Hz square-wave outputs at its pins 8 and 9 with a phase diflerence of 180 degrees between the two. One of the oatputs is coupled to the base of transistor T1 through diode D1 and series current-lim- iting resistor R3, while the second output is coupled to the base of transistor T2 through diode D2 and series resistor RA ‘Transistors TL and T2 act as MOSEFT drivers. Power output stage. The collector of transistor Tis connected to the gates of ‘MOSFETs M1 through M3 jreferred to as bank 1), while that of transistor T2 is connected to the gates of MOSFETs M4 through M6 (referred to as bank 2) MOSFETs M1 through M3 are con- nected in parallel—gates of MOSFETs MI through M3 and those of MOSFETs Mi through M6 are made common. Similarly, drains and sources of MOSFETs in each bank are paralleled fas shown in the circuit. Drains of MOSEPTS of one bank are connected to one extreme taping of 9-volt primary of the inverter transformer X1, and that of the MOSEFTs of the second bank are connected to the other extreme 9- the astable [ELECTRONICS PROJECTS VoL21_115 )=> ip ETSI MER WY CEEP DISCHARGE CUTOUT | Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of MOSFET based sinewave inverter optionalcircul of no-load/ove-oad protector within dated nes) TG LECTRONICS PROUECTS VoL 31 volt taping of the same trans. former. Centre tap of the pri- mary is dirvetly connected to the positive termi- nal of 12V, 7A battery. Capa tor C2 is con- nected across the secondary of the inverter transformer, ei- ther direetly or vie inductor Lt (wound on the tension of see ondary wind: ing), using sine! square slide switch SW2 ‘When mains power fails, relay gets de- energised and 12” battery supply is fed to the control cireuit through top contacts of the relay to produce squarewave outputs at pin Nos, 8 and 9 of IC 7473 with a frequency of 5 He. At any in. stant, if voltage at pin 8 of 1C2 is +5V, the voltage at pin 9 of 1C2 is OV, and viee versa. Therefore, when transistor TI conducts, transistor T2 is cut off, and vice versa. When transistor TT conducts, the voltage at collec- tor of transistor TH drops to 0.7 V, and therefore MOSFETs of bank 1 remain cet aff while col- lecior of transistor T2 is at 5V. Thus, MOSFETs of bank 2 conduet and the eurrent ows through one-half of inverter trans- former X1 primary. During the next, half eyele, the voltage at pin 8 of 1C2 is OV and that at pin 9 is +5V. As a result, the voltage at the collector of transistor TI is 45V and that at the collector of transistor T2 is 0.7V. Hence, MOSFETs of bank 2 are eut= off while those of bank I conduct, This ‘BATE CURRENT TATE SuRRENT , Fig, 3: Baterycurrentvs load (squorewave 0”) ig. 4: Battey curent vs load (sinewave OP) results in a large DC current ‘swing through the other half of the inverter transformer X1 pri ‘mary. In this way, two banks of the MOSFETs conduet alter nately to produce 230V AC, 50 Hz across the secondary of the inverter transformer X1. Indue- tance L1 and capacitor C2 on the secondary side act as filter/ resonant circuit (at 50 Hz) to produce waveform approach- ing sinewave. LED!, when ‘on’, indicates that the system is on back up. Charger eireuit. This civ cuit comprises step-down trans- former X2, followed by rectifier, regulator, and — double- changeover 12V relay RLY ‘Mains supply of 230V AC is applied across the primary of the transformer through triac BT136. The gate of the triac is connected to the output of over- Junder-voltage cat-off circuit. As Jong as the mains voltage is ko tween 170 and 270 volts, +5V is provided to the gate of the triac and hence it conduets. If AC 8 voltage goes out of the ventioned limits, the gate voltage falls to 0.7 volt and the triae does not conduct. When traie conducts, 160. 16V AC voltage is developed across the secondary of X2. It converted into DC voltage by the dindes D3 and D4, and the ree- tified output is given to the in- put of the 12V regulator 7812 (1C3). The output of the regula- tor is connected across the relay cail through series resistor R7, which ensures that the relay just oporates when AC mains is ‘at 170 volts (or more), When mains voltage is within the range of 170-270 volts, relay activates. In this Fg. 5:Actuol-sizecomponent-sde track layout forthe PCB ([Reerione: PONCE wei3 17)aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.FABLE 1 Cost comparison between a dedicated 8-bit ‘and an Shit R-2R DAC 25V and $10V iret 2 ICWDAC) 58.00 NIL 3. HC opamp 7.00 NIL 4 Cormet (fr reference adjustment) 16.0 NIL Resisors 2.00, ‘TABLE Architecture RISC CPU Cock O3IHe, 400m» instr Instructions Mbit wide Program memory: 1k Mbit (EEPROM, RAM: 36x Sb (SRAM: Data temory Supply voltages: 64x Sib for user data 2.7V wo 55V with very ‘consumption | Wo ports 13 LO lines with indiv ing 25m current sinkir rertsnuccing eapabilit ‘Timer ‘Sit timerfcoanter wil Watchdog timer with an-chip RC oosllator, and not allow access to the program memory. These bits are actually pro- ammed into the program memory but user access to it is not available (ote. EEPROM programming of PICI6C84, datasheet DS30189D in PDF format, available on Microchip Website, can | be used. IC Por more information on The 8-bit port B ofthis device has boon tsed as an oatput port, which is directly connected to the DAC. The Dit port-A has been used both to input key-press data and to output display 7 data to the LEDs. Actually, the VO pins on this port are time- shared/multiplexed between the keys and the LEDs, This means the same lines are used at one time for reading the keys ‘and at another time for outputting éata to drive the LEDs di- rectly. The time-shar- ing isso fast that the display through LEDs appears to be able, oF any key or je % bbw current contd ha and 20m cu th Sit presealer ‘love deep i o TABLET Pree eT Peee ters eee etree ere mere T0064 1ST BE 113) und 177B1) 665) 13486) GLAD, 20) 15086) 15096) x0) 1HAS 13486) 20) vie) 7 56) Is7BB) 10068), 1813) 1942) 8858) 2a1D) 198C6) TMT) 4129) 2080) 55187) 5537) 1986) Tuan) 194C2) 8855) TABLE IV 30 a 82 83 84 8 36 - a 5 Beadér Econ? 80 Pelath Pelach 8A Tnteon ton 8B Generakpurpese RAM SC | Bank 1 RAM no: implemented hardware lock, closure is detected er- RAM ends Rua @ Software BiG Tel | mevacomgnesin nin 9,5) Sasha | is pretty easy and one can Q ets,,2 , i i }5| implement it with any other FI E | smiroprocesor or microcontroller 8 LOl3 stem eg, 8085, 092, 780, 6800, 216) mare RBOPSSETTSS” | ceo. Tae program fowcnart tr lel ° $ generation of various waveforms a Ff are shown in Fig. 8. One can FERS BETA So: < write one’s software for the pur- si ea gees 8b bo8, pose. Hawevob. eolice program e & a7-als=2% @] FUNCGENASM for generation Fig. 6 Actualsize sngle-ided PCB layout forthe schematic diagram of Fig. 5 switch, The selection ia leo indicated by a corresponding LED. To keep the appli- cation as simple as possible, only fixed- frequency waveform generation is do- scribed in this article PICL6C34 microcontroller is a CMOS device rom Microchip, which is used here in conjunction with an R-2R DAC to realise function generator, lier. The important features ofthis device are reproduced in Table Il Besides this, the devieo has some code prteetion bits which, once enabled, will T26_HLECTRONICS PROJECTS vol 2Y ated ear Fig. 7: Component layout fr PCB of Fig. 6 | rorfiee | The cireuit works on 3 power sup- | ply, which can be derived from a 9 PPS | batiory (or any other source capable of supplying 7.5V to $V DC) by using com monly available 1905 regulator, The cur rent drain of the circuit is less than 10 mA ‘Although the circuit of Fig. 5 can be | easily assombled using a general-purpose | PCB, a proper actual-size single-sided | PCB forthe same is given in Fig. 6 along | | with its component layout in Fig. 7 of various waveforms using the circuit of Fig. 5, employing PICI6CS4 microcontroller, is given in Appeniix'8 For programming PIC microcontroller, including the complete development of a system, Microchip ofers an integrated da- velopment exviroament (IDE) software called Mplab. I is available on Technical Library CD-ROM clfered (fre, on request) from its India Liaison Offi, Bangalore. The latest version of this software can also be downloaded from the Microchip Website ‘micrchip.com ‘The Mplab IDE comes with editor, sembler, and programmer software tosup-aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.TABLEV AL Register Bits XX Baudrate cote XX ee 6 Parity end pete kk Stoprhit cade | Charictersize cede) | TARLE VI Baud Rate ooo 0 110 Joo. 1 180 o10 2 300 | oud 3 00 | 0 4 1200 0 5 2400, 6 4800 i 9600 TABLE VIL | Parity ° . 1 1 Ode Parity 1 0 2 Nore 14 3 Even Parity DC source to ob: tain regulated 5V supply Chock if the MAX232 IC is working J properiy by test: ing pin 2for 8 ‘TABLE IX Character Size |t010V positive supply and Notused | pin 6 for 01 1 Notused | -9V_ supply ro 2 ton” | MAX232 (re 113 sie J for Fig. thuses IpF, 25V capacitors C1C5 48 @ charge pump 10 in ternally generate 29V from 5V supply. erally, defective ) ICs will not show a voltage generation of +9V and -9V at pins 2 and 6, respectively. Replace ICs, if required. Although InP, 25V capacitors ‘aro recommended in the datasheot, the circuit works well even with 10nF, 25V capacitors, which are easily available. With both the PCs and supply to the transceiver modules ‘on’, throw some IR Light with a TV remote on the Photodiode. LEDI should licker atthe burst frequency rate of the transmitter. This proves that tho IR signels are being detected by photodiodes and converted into RS232- 132_ ELECTRONICS PROJECTS VoL compatible lev- els by the MAX232. and output at pin 7 of MAX232 ICs is available for | 9 0 the PC to read the pulses. Baud £8250 Registers: Offset from Base Address Transmitter helding rogiter (THR) Write lwhen written to poet] Receiver data register (KDR) Read [when read from port) TABLE IV te divisor-low byte (ERDL)— Read/write iteretie| 2: Interrupt enable register ( Readhwrite uote tes) Baud rate divsior-high byte (BDL) Readwrive transmitter | Interrupt identification register (IIR) Read only side, diseonnest | 3 Line eonteol register (LCR) Readwrite themodulefrom | 4 x Modem centrl register (MCR Readiwrive | COM1 wr| 5X Line status register (LSE) Read only COMA) port of |_& Modem status register (ISR) Read only the PC, and with the device powered ‘on’ use a short jumper wire from +5V and touch it at pin 8 of MAX232 IC to simulate a positive pulse LED? should turn ‘off and IRLEDs and LED3 should turn ‘on’ if the wiring is cor- reet. IRLEDs would also be «cn, akthough one Fg. 4:Actual-size, single-sided PCB for the crcultin Fig. 3 cannot see them «on, Remove the Tink wire from to pin 8 of MAX232 IC and FY/CONAAT-2K0 connect back the | |S Denetar to | | er) ros CON (or | | es ve = Plas Sip ee oe nication sof | a ware Tie | © Bees PROCO! or ° TELIX. baud rate, par- ity, bits per character, and stop bits 19 9600, n, 8, 1, respectively, and send a few characters from the key through COM-1 (or COM should be able to see LED3 flickering for few seconds, indicating data transmis- Connect beth PCs to the circuits and sot the software to chat mode. You should be able to transfer data botweon the PCs, as if'a cable was connected. [EF Opc- = CORN, USING 1 Bea err-cona 7 a @ 31 On PLL ELECTROLYTIC EADS. “HATED 250 Fig. 5:Component layout for the PCB Depending on the sonsitivity setting and poweriangle of IRLEDs, increase the distance to about 35 ems (12 inches) and try again for better distance, For more power, use metal-can type IRLEDs and reduce the value of resistor RY for more drive current. If you use @ laser beam, as explained earlier, remove the IRLEDs and the deseo will track up to 10 metres without any data lossaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.(B) 1. Con we light only one tube ordo we | Theauthor, Rajech Fao. 3. Yes, it always have to keep both tubes K. Kamba), replies: ‘ew | is possible to 2, What changes have to be done | 1, Yes, it is possible charge a bat- 206) tory of BV. for low volt. | to lightup a single age cutoff of | tube, if one is not in [re 10Ah using the tube, sf | terested in. lighting transistor fassr-| battery volt- | both the tubes simul [Py | tp-122. in age goes be- | taneously. One tube the cireuit. low specified | can be switched off CEE | ace tne limit? by shorting it using reader wants 3. Can | anextraonfoff switch ee to operate the |ip-t22 tran- | $2 aerass one of the foro” charging sistor charge | terminals of the Tip-122 creuit up to 5g 2 Connecion of sngie * battery of | tubes (refer Fig. 21 2AV DC, the 7,2 Comer fag Sens | WE sauspsises en a snitch 4.Can we | the circuit shown in |Fig-3: Grou m awich aff should be greater than 1.5, use this cir- | Fig. 3 to switchofl the invertor watts, Similarly, the cuit for charging section? the operation of the voltage rating of capacitor K.Kamaruzaman | terminal voltage goos below the specified | __5. The pin-configuretion of transistor Jeddah | limit ‘TIP-122 is shown in Fig. 4. PARALLEL TELEPHONE WITH SECRECY 5. Please give pin details for TIP-122 | inverter automatically in case the battery | (C1 mast be greater than 35Y. MANUJ PAUL ten a need arises for connection | disconnects you toggle switch at of two telophone instrumonts in | in the othor | +211 wn your talepkone ond parallel to one line. But it ereates | position of the a A ‘wo recive the call quite a few problems in their proper | switch. At any performanee, such as over loading and | one time, only overhearing of the conversation by an | one telephoneis, and have a conversation. As soon as the position undesired person, In orderto.climinate all | conneeted tothe of the toggle switeh such problems and get a clear reception,a. | line, To receive is changed, the line simple scheme is presented here (Fig. 1), | a call at the gets transferred to ‘This aystom will enable the incoming | instrument the other telephone ring to be heard at both the telephones. | which is not instrument, ‘The DPDT switeh, installed with each of | connected to the Mount one the parallel teleohones, connects you to | line, you just | Fig. 2:Circuit alagram of external ringer DPDT toggle the line in one position ofthe switch and | have to ip the switch, one telephove ringer, and one telephone terminal box on two wooden electrical switehbeards, as shown in Fig. 3. Interconnect the boards using a 4-pair telenhone cable as per Fig 1. The system is ready to use, Ensure that the two lower leads of switch $2 reconnected to swviteh SI after reversal, as shown in the figure. Lab. Note: The external ringer for the Fig. &: Mounting details of Fig. 1-Scheme for coonecing to paral elephones along wih adcional | | DPDrewich, RINGER and | Projet ss shown in Fig. 2, fextoral sngors and leprone iermnaltor | was designed/abricated at BFY Lab, "180. ELECTHONICS PROJECTS voi 2)POWER-SUPPLY FAILURE ALARM ‘ost of the power-supply failure indicator circuits need a seps rate power-supply for them- selves, But the alarm circuit presented hen needs no additional supply source, It ‘employs an electrolytic capacitor to store adequate charge, to feed power to the alarm dieuit which sounds an alarm for a reasonable duration when the mains | supply fils During the presence of mains power supply, the rectified mains voltage is stepped down to a required low level. A zener is used to himit the | MK. CHANDRA MOULEESWARAN ‘Now’ via resistor R8, it conducts and sounds the buzzer (alarm) to give a ‘warning of the power-failure. With the value of C3 as shown, «good: quality buzzer would sound for about ‘inate, By increasing or decreasing the value of capacitor C3, this time can be altered to serve one’s need. Assembly is quite easy, The values of the components are not critical. If the alarm circuit is powered from any exter- nal DC power-supply souree, the mains- | supply section up to points P” and he omitted from the circuit points may be nated 1. Ata higher DC voltage level, tran- sistor TI (BC598) may pass some collec tor-toemitter leakage current, causing a continuous marmuring sound from the burzer. In that case, replace it with some Jo-gain transistor 2, Piezo buzzer must be a continuous tone version, with builtin oscillator. ‘To save space, one may use five small sized 1000RF capecitors tin parallel) in place of bulky high-value capacitor C3. Following ‘ered voltage w 15-vale evel Mains presence is indicated by an LED. The low-level DC is used for chanting capacitor C3 and reverse biasing switching transistor T1. Thus, transistor TH remains entl? as long as the mains supply is present. As soon as the mains paver fails, the charge stored in the capac tor acts cs a power-supply source for transistor 71. Sines, in the absence of mains supply, the base of transistor is palled ROWER SUPP STAGE WARS TARURE SENSOR RATIOS STOPWATCH USING COB AND CALCULATOR Jne heart of this circuit is a COB hich is used in quartz. clocks CRI is used for ‘start’ and stop" operations. LED1 used in the circuit serves twa purposes. It provides the path to satisly the minimam holding current requirement (about 6 mA for a low-power SCR) for the SCR, to maintain it in ‘on’ state, By placing the LED in the vicinity T2_CLECTHONICS PROJECTS Vok2 ANANDAN MA. of LCD, one can read the display even during darkness, The positive going out: put pulses from the two points of the COB {from Ajanta timepiece used by EFY) are combined to obtain one pulso por second output across resistor R4, TEFY Lab note: Please note that Obs used in different clocks may give polarity—which may necessitate reversal of diodes, use of additional transistor in verter stage, and modification of key op- eration sequence of caleulator.) ‘The voltage developed across resistor 4 provides forward bias for transistor TI. Transistor TI conducts and switches ‘on’ the optocoupler, whose output (across col- different outputs—frequency as well as | lector and emitter of the in-built transis102) is connected w the wo terminals of the ‘= (of Casio FX-S2LB caleulator used during actu- al testing at EFY) batton's keypad tracks, with collector connected to the more postive terminal than the emitter. Thus, once every second tho ‘=’ button is activated ‘Tooperate the calculator in stopwatch ‘mode, switch on the caleulator and press tho kess in the following sequences: (a\ For seconds mode: {1)II+1 (b| For minutes mode: [60 Us}+]t+) (6) For hours mede: (3]61(01[0\[U/x+]l4] Note: The invoking of function (2/2) in different calculators may require pressing ofa function key marked INV or ‘SHIFT rnd, etc, Hence, use the appropriate hey in your ealeulater for 1/x operation, For accurate starting, press the 0” key torset the enuntimmediatly ater press ing the start switch, (However, if you de- sire upeounting fiom a number other than ‘0’ second/ninute/hour in respective ‘modes, you may do so by keying that mum. hor immediately after pressing start switch.) The final reading can be taken by pressing the stop switch. The fractional portion af the results obtained during min: utes made and hours mode ean be con- verted tosexagesimal notation e, degree, minute, second) by invoking “*' "key. For example, a display of 5.87 in hour mode will get converted to 5, 52,12 (5 hrs, 52 min, and 12 see.) when one invokes function key. For downeounting in seconds, min utes, or hours mode, the procedure as out lined in the preeeding paragraphs isto be followed except that keys [1H should be depressed in place of [+Il+] Pause/hold can be achieved by press- ing the ‘= key continuously, or pressing switch $2. Intermediate time canbe stored bby pressing the ‘Min’ key. This reading can be retrieved by pressing the MR’ key, after the stop switch has been pressed. ‘This eireuit can be easily installed i side the ealeulator. There isa vacant space of 60x2236 mm inside the Casio FX-82B calculator, By using a chip LED, the size restriction for installing the LED can be overcome, It can be ploced near the LCD display to provide indication of the fune- tioning of the stopwatch, ‘The whole cir- cuit can be assembled on a 55x20 -mm PCB. The start/stop tactile switches can also be installed inside, with the operat- ing lever popping out through a cutout above the keypad. You may find certain keypad buttons such as ‘hyp’ which you may never re- quire to use, Two such bottons ean be removed tocreate placefor'start’ and stop" switches, ifrequired, By thisarrangement, you can start or stop the clock, without Affecting its working DIAL A VOLTAGE 'n a conventional voliagesdivider set- up, the fixed voltage is applied across the entire network and the output is taken from across a selectable tap. Al- though this approach provides precision voltage output, it involves complex switch- ing and unusually large number of resis tors. Thus, itis not economical, as presi sion resistors are quite expensive. ‘A bridge that provides precision DC voltages from 0 to 10 volts, in steps of OLY, can be easily and economically built using a circular voltage divider. In this simple divider arrangement, the points across which the outpat is taken remain fixed, while the voltage source is ‘moved from one pair of points to another. ‘As shown in the diagram, a total of RATHINDRA NATH BISWAS lors are required to provide to within Q01V. There are a total of three such dials. Bach dis! has tenresistors, except the last one (dial IID, which contains eleven resistors. Dial 1 hhas ten resistors, having a value of 1 kilo ohm each, It is marked from 0 to 9 volts in volt steps, Dial Hl has ten resistors of 1,100-ohm value each. This dial is ‘marked from 0 to 0.9 volt in 0.1 volt steps. Dial TT has eleven resistors, having « value of 1210-ohm each, with dial mark ing from 0 to 0.09 volt in 0.01 vot steps. ‘The valuos of tho resistors in a given ring are 1.1 times the values of the resistors in the preceding ring. The bridge shown in the illustration would read the value of unknown voltage as 643 volt (when the mull detector reads'0") as detailed he- low: Dial 1 = Bolts Dial It = Od volt Dial +0103 volt ‘Total 6.43 volt Note: 1. For the above example, the equivalent circuit has been reduced to @ simpler form by BFY—in three stages, as shown in Fig. 2, for the benefit of the readers, 2, Please do not confuse the dial vot ages mentioned inside each of the three dials with the actual voltages across the associated resistors, which would be different. ‘The tighter the tolerance of the | resistors, the more accurate will be the ELECTRONICS PROJECTS Vol21 163measurement of the unknown voltage. For null 8 detection, any miero-ammeter or galvanometer can be used. However, the the null detector is, the more closely the bridge output canbe read. If lower value resistors are used, the ie sensitive {BREQUATED SUPPLY RIK EACH KO) % Fe 1 Sinema agra of ala votane 102A 0) Vouse bridge output impedance becomes lower. However, th would increase the power dissipation in tho bridge ‘The principal limitation of this arrangement is Fig 2: Euan ecu Fg 1 the allowable power dissipation of the resistor in the first ring. across which the full supply voltage is applied. Resistors in dial { must be able to withstand the full supply voltage of 10 volts. Regulated power supply (10-vot) only should be used in this eireuit ELECTRONIC DANCING I of you must have observed a dancing peacock, spreading out jts beavtiful feathers, turning around, closing them, and then doing it allover again. The author has attempted to repraduce a similar effect using a set of LEDs arranged according to a prede- termined pattern ‘The circuit is built around two dual IK flipflop ICs 7476, which have been ‘wired as a Johnson counter, The count sequence of this counter is shown in Table L The free running oscillator built around IC1, a popular timer NESS, gen crates approximately 1Hz waveform. The ‘output of IC1 serves as the elock input for the counter built around IC2 and IC3, ‘The circuit can te reset by momen tarily depressing switch S1, When the circuit is powered on, capacitor Cl will be initially uneharged, with the result Td ELECTRONICS PROIECTS Vol PEACOCK SUNITH that all the flip-flops are cleared. Now, as the capacitor starts charging toward the positive rail, the clear inputs of all the Aip-lops go 0 logic 1 (and stay there) and the fip-ops are enabled. The counter begrins to count in a particular sequence, as shown in Table I. Whenever the out- put ofa fip-fop gues high, the associated transistor connected at its output satu- rates, It drives current through the array of LEDs coanected as collec tor load, thereby causing them to turn ‘on’ Upon arrival of first clock pulse, the LSB will be set. The counter will now count O01. This means that the array of LEDs at the centre of the display panel will be lit. When the next clock pulse arrives, logic 1 will also be copied to its preceding flip-lop and the counter will read 0 0011. As arresult, the array of LEDs adja- ‘eent to the centre array (on both sides) will be lit, In this fashion, the count progresses upwards till it reaches 1111, when all the arrays of LEDs will be lit. Now the wings of the peacock are fully spread. At this stage, you may manually swing the display board both ways, hold- ing itat its centre bottom by your thumb TABLET Johnson Counter Count Sequence EDS LIT ‘pon Count i 7 0 00 Nil oo 1 1 Liwls p11 8 tol? 1aa1 Lwin Pid 6 woLis bio ou La oLis too @ TS toLis > 0 0 8 Ze LIS oo 0 Oo NilFo Smron np inverter, as shown in Fig. 2. The voltage developed seross this ammeter, due to the flow of current, is very small. It is amplified by 1C2, which is wired as a differential amplifier having a gain of 100. C3 (NE555) is connected as a Sehmite ‘trigger, whose eutput goos low when the voltage at its pin 2 exceeds 3aV. 1C4 ‘again an NE5SO timer) is configured as a monostable multivibrator with a pukewidth of 6 seconds. IC (CD4017) is a CMOS counter whieh counts the three sequential overload conditions, after which the ayatem has to be reset manually, by pressing push-toon | Please note the following peints carefully | * Points A and B at the input of IC2 should be connected to the corresponding points (A and B respectively) across the ammeter. + Points C and D of the relay contacts have to be connected in series with the already existing ‘on'fol? switch leads of inverter as shown in Fig. 1. This means that one of the two leads terminated on the existing switch has to be cut and the ‘cut ends have to be connected to the pote switch ST ‘The circuit ean be powered from the inverter battery. In standby condition, it consumes 8- 10 mA of current and around 70 mA with relay (RLL), buzzer (P21), and LED energised. | | the extreme position which is grounded. aco onrT ‘and N/O contacts respectively of relay RLA, ‘© The ammeter should be connected in series with the negative terminal of the battery and inverter, as shown in Fig. 2 ‘Move the wiper of preset VRI to Switch ‘on’ the inverter. For a 800W inverter, connect about 250-260W of load. Now adjust VR1 slowly, until the inverter just trips or shuts down, Repeat the step if necessary. Use good ‘quality preset with dust cover (e.g. multi-turn trimpot) for reliakle operation, The circuit can be easily and sucessfully installed with minimum modifieations to the existing inverter. All the components used are cheap and readily available. The whole sireuit can be a general-purpose ERY TELEPHONE LINE BASED AUDIO MUTING AND LIGHT-ON CIRCUIT ery often when enjoying music or watching TV at high audio level, we may not be able to hear a "186_ELECTRONICS PROJECTS Vol? DHURJATI SINHA telephone ring and thus miss an important incoming phone call. To overcome this Situation, the circuit presented here can be used, The circuit would automatically light a bulb on arrival ofa telephone ring and simultaneously mute the musicaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.od Fig? biases transistor TI, whieh, in turn, forward biases transistor T2 enorgises relay RLI. In energised condition of relay, the upper set of rely contaets connects the positive supply rail to PLL (phase-lecked loop) 1C2 (LM567 pin 4, while the bwer set of relay contacts couples the positive telephone lead to input pin 3 of LM567 via capacitor C1 ‘and resistor RS The negative telephone lead is permanently capacitively coupled to around via capacitor C2. As soon as call matures, 16kHz tone pulses would be and line by telephone exchange at suitable intervals, This interval depends on the pulse rate of the place called and also the time of the day and whether it’s a working-day | or holiday. On receipt of 16kHz pulse, output pin 8 of IC LM567 (which is tuned for contre frequeney of 16 kHz) ‘goes ‘low’ for the duration of the pulse, The output of IC2 is coupled via transistor T3 to optocoupler 1C3. The ‘output of this optocoupler is used to bridge the ‘="butun on a calculator such as Taksun make), which has the effect of pressing the =" button of the calculator. Considering that pulse rate for @ specific towntime/day happens to be Rs 1.26 per pulse, then before maturity of the call one enters 1.26 followed by pressing of ‘+’ key twice. Now, if a total of ten billing pulses have been received from exchange for the duration of the call, then on completion of the call, the calculator display would show 12.60. The telephone operator has to bill the customer Rs 14,60 (Rs 12.60 towards call, charges plus Rs 2.00 towards service charges) For tuning of the PLL circuit around C2, li the handset and inject 16kHz tone across the line input points. Tune IC2 to centre frequency of 16 kHz with the help of preset VR1. Proper tuning of the PLL will cause LED (D6) to glow even with a very low. amplitude 16kHz tone. EFY Lab note. Arrangement used for simulating a 15kH2 pulsed tone is shown in Fig. 2. Push-toon switch is used for generation of fixed-duration pulse for modulating and switching on « 16xHz oscillator. For more details regording pulse ratec, pulse codes, ete, readors are advised to go through the tariff rates and pulse code information given in the beginning pages of telephone directories, such as MTNL, Delhi directory, Yol. I AUTOMATIC MUTING CIRCUIT FOR AUDIO SYSTEMS ig. 1 shows a muting eireuit, which makes use of IC LB1403. Sig nal from any pre-ampiifier, such 188 _ ELECTRONICS PROJECTS Volz SUNISH as HALO32, LASI61, or LAS160 is connected to the hase of amplifier transistor TI, Variable resistor VRI is used to control the gain of input signal Comparator 2 output at pin 2 ofaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Assoon as relay RL enengises due to the switehing action of transistor T2, the ‘boosted voltage appears atthe output. The adjustment of trimpot VR2 controls the bucking point. The output is isclated when the input reaches prohibitive voltaze (say 270V), over-voltage sensing heing ean talled by trimpot VRS to saturatn tran. sistor 4, whieh, in turn, cuts off relay RLL via transistors T5 and 76. As a con- sequenee, no output is available from the aulo-transformer. ‘The resistor RS discharges the tim- ing capacitor C6 when RL1 enexgises. This is done to easure that when capaci tor C6 is connected beck to the hase june- tion of transistor T2, on resumption of ‘mains supply alter a power failure or an over voltage emdition, repeatability of on- delay is ensured. By selecting the current rating of re- Jay contacts (GA or 30A) and auto-trans- formor (5O0VA or 4000), the eireuit ean be adapted suitably for a refrigerator or air-conditioner to obtain a regulaticn of 200V to 240V for an input variation of 170 to 270V, RADIO-BAND-POSITION CHANDRA MOULEESWARAN is circuit is an add-on unit for radio receivers that lack band- position display, The circuit pre- sented here can show up to nine bands. It also incorporates a rove feature to make tho display danco (blink) with the audio level from the receiver. The powerssupply for the circuit «an also be derived from the radio set ‘The conversion of selected channel to BED format is achieved using diodes D1 through D15 in conjunetion with resis- tors R4 to R7. The voltages developed across these resistors (RE through R7) serve as logic inputs to BD inputs of BCD to T-segment decoder 1C1 (CD4511 When all switches are in ‘off state, the voltage across resistors R& through R7 is logic zero, but when any of the switehes S1 through $9 is slided 10 ‘on’ position, the output across these resistors changes to output proper BCD cade to represent the selected channel, This BCD cade is converted to T-segment display DISPLAY by ICL By this arrangement of diodes, the need for another decimal-to-BCD converter IC and associated parts is ob- viated. Switches 81 through $9 are actu- ally parts of existing band-switch of the radio, Usually, one or two changeover contacts would be found extra in the ‘modular pushbutton-type band-switehes of the radios, which ean he used for this ‘add-on facility ICI’s display blanking pin 4 is eon- nected to.a display-blinker-contral cizeuit wired around transistors TY and 2. A small part of the audio signal from the speaker torminale is applied torectfier diode D16 and fltercapacitor C1 to produce a pulsating DC across preset VEL. The sliding, contact of preset VRI is connected to the base of emitter-follower stage comprising transistor T2, The output of tran- sistor T2, as amplified by transistor TI, is connected to pin 4 of IC1. Thus tuming ‘on! S8-BN0 SeLecTOR Sto ‘off of display is con- ‘rolled by the pulsating, voltage developed from audi output of radio. ‘The power-supply regulator needed only when radio power-supply is greater than 6V DC. ELECTRONICS PROJECTS Vol2i_197BINARY TO DOTMATRIX DISPLAY DECODER/DRIVER dotmatrix display driver ICs are avail- able, but these are castly and not easily available commercially. It would there- fore be wise to make your own dotmatrix display, using easily available conmon JUNOMON ABRAHAM presented here is that you can yourself decide the size and shape of the charac- ters, Further, you ean design it for any language. The principle of displaying a charae- ter ie that, for each character, a corre | sponding bit paitern is stored in an otmatrix display is suitable for | ICs. One speciality of the circuit design | EPROM, When we supply a particular displaying alphanumeric charae- | ters and symbols, Dedicated binary number, corresponding to the in- put hex digits shown in Table 1, bitmap of the character shown against that number gets transferred to the dotmatrix: display, For example, for letter Z’, you are required to enter hex 24 (referred as page address), ie. 010 on address lines Fig, 7: Schematic dagram oF inary to dotmavx diplay decoder/diver Tea > 700s 1 192_ELECTRONICS PROVECTS Volz)aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.OVER-/UNDER-VOLTAGE CUT-OFF WITH ON-TIME DELAY K. UDHAYA KUMARAN, VU3GTH cere is an inexpensive auto cut- off circuit, which is fabricated using transistors and other dis- crete components. It can be used to pro- tect loads such as refrigerator, TY, and ‘VCR fram undesirable over and under line voltages, as well as surges caused due to sudden failure/resumption of mains power supply. This cireuit ean such as TV and VCR, the on-time delay may be set for 10 seconds to 20 seconds, For refrigerators, the delay should be pre- set for about 2 minutes duration, to pro: tect the compressor motor from frequently turning ‘on’ and ‘off. In this circuit, the on-time and off time delays depond on charging and dis: charging time of eapaci be used directly as a standalone cirenit be- ‘ween the mains supp! and the load, or it may be inserted between an ont tor C1. Here the dis charge time of capacitor C1 is quite less to suit cur requirement. We want that on switching existing automatic! ‘eit, T'SS__| ‘fl ofthe supply to the ‘manual stabiliser end LOSE | 2 sys oad, the cireit should thelad Fee one | te mediately ea to The on-time delay | SECAOMT Siopiy. | provide the required on- cireuit aot only protects the load from switching surges but also from quick changeover (off and on) effect of over/under-voltage relay, in case the mains voltage starts fluctuating in the vicinity of under or over-voltage preset points. When the mains supply goes out of time delay when AC mains resumes after a brief interruption, or when mains AC voltage is interrupted for a short period due to over/under-volt- age cut-off operation. This circuit is also ‘useful against frequent power supply in terrupticns resulting from loose electrical secondary of step-down transformer XI as shown in Fig. 1. Ifwe use common 12V DC supply for both parts of the circuit then during relay ‘on’ operation, 12V DC 1w this circuit would fall below preset low cut-off voltage and thus affect the proper operation of the sampling circuit. The value of ftering capacitor CA is s0 chosen that a fall in mains voltage may quickly activate under-voltage sensing circuit, should the mains voltege reach the low cutoff limit, In the sampling pert of the cireuit wired around transistor TI. presets VRI and VR2 are used for presetting over- or under-voltage cut-ff limits, respectively. ‘The limits are set according to load volt- ‘age requirement, as per manufacturer's pecifications. Once the limits have been set, zener DI will conduct if upper limit has been exceeded, resulting in cut-off of transistor 'T2. The same condition can also result ‘when matins voltage falls below the under voltage setting, as zener D2 stops con- ducting. Thus, in ootime delay Fig. 2: Schematic dagram of over-under-votage cut-of with cither case, tran: istor T2 is cutoff and transistor T3 is forward biased via resistor R3. ‘This causes LED to be ‘on’ Simultaneously, capacitor C2 quickly discharges, via diode D5 and transistor T3. As collector of tran- sistor TS is pulled preset (over- or under-voltage? limits, the relay/load is turned ‘off immediately, and it is tumed ‘on’ only when AC mains vol age settles within the preset limits for a period equal to the ‘on’ time delay period ‘The on-time delay period is presetable for 5 seconds to 2 minutes duration, using presets VR3and VR4. For electronic loads Y96_ ELECTRONICS PROJECTS Vol 21 conrections; be it at the pole or switch or relay contacts, or due to any other reason Here supply for the over- and under: voltage sampling part of the circuit Imarked +12V(B), and that required for the rest of the circuit (marked +12V(A)) tare derived separately romlower halfand upper half respectively of centre-tapped low, transistors T4 ‘and 75 are both cut-off, as also transistor 75. Thus, LED2 and LEDS are ‘off and the relay is deenergised. Now, when the mains voltage comes within the acceptable range, transistoe T2 conducts to cut-off transistor T3. LEDL goes ‘off, Transistor T gets forward bi- ased and LED2 becomes ‘on’. However,aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.