- 194 -

CHNG 8
TUC BIN PHI HOP
SAN XUT NHIT VA DIN NNG

Tuc bin phi hp san xut nhit va in la tuc bin khng ch dung
chay tuc bin phat in, ma con cung cp nhit cho cac h tiu thu nhit bn
ngoai, c goi la tuc bin cp nhit thu hi va c phn ra cac loai chu yu sau
y:
- Tuc bin i ap;
- Tuc bin co mt ca trch hi iu chnh;
- Tuc bin co mt ca trch hi iu chnh va tuc bin i ap;
- Tuc bin co hai ca trch hi iu chnh;

8.1. Tuc bin di ap
S cua thit b tuc bin i ap c biu th hnh 8.1.

Hi mi t lo hi vi cac thng s P
o
va t
o
c dn vao tuc bin. Trong
tuc bin 1 hi gian n ti ap sut p
n
, hi thoat i vao h tiu thu nhit 4. si
p
o o
t
o
i
Gn
1 2
3
5
4
p
p
n
k

Hnh. 8.1 S nguyn ly cua thit b tuc bin i ap va tuc bin ngng hi
1- Tuc bin i ap 2- Tuc bin ngng hi 3- Bnh ngng
4- H tiu thu nhit 5- B giam n - giam ap
- 195 -


m ngi ta dung hi vi ap sut p
n
= 70250 kPa, i vi muc ch cng nghip
p
n
= 0,4 n 0,7 MPa va trong nhiu trng hp p
n
= 1,3 1,8 MPa.
Trong tuc bin i ap lng hi tiu thu phu thuc vao h tiu thu nhit
Cho nn cng sut in cua tuc bin i ap sinh ra khng phai la tuy y ma phu
thuc vao cng sut nhit cua h tiu thu nhit.
Cng sut in P
E
do tuc bin khng co ca trch hi sinh ra bng :
P
E
= G
n
H
o

Oi

G
= G
n
H
o

OE
(8 -1)
Khi thng s hi khng thay i, nhit giang ly thuyt H
o
khng thay i
nn hiu sut
OE
chu yu phu thuc vao lu lng th trch hi qua tuc bin, do
o cng sut cua tuc bin i ap c xac nh duy nht bi lu lng hi G
n
i
qua tuc bin va ch thay i khi co s thay i phu tai cua h tiu thu nhit.
Trn thc t, th phu tai nhit va in nng khng trung nhau, nn khi
lam vic c lp, tuc bin i ap khng th bao am in nng cho h tiu thu V
vy trong h thng nng lng hin ai ngi ta t tuc bin i ap lam vic song
song vi tuc bin ngng hi 2 (Hnh 8-1). Khi lam vic nh vy tuc bin i ap
ch san xut cng sut in tng ng vi lu lng hi cung cp cho h tiu thu
nhit, phn san lng in con lai do tuc bin ngng hi am nhim. Trong gi
cao im cua phu tai nhit, nu nhu cu hi cho h dung nhit vt qua kha nng
cung cp hi cua tuc bin i ap, th phai ly thm hi mi t lo hi qua b giam
n giam ap 5. B giam ap cung cho phep cung cp hi cho h dung nhit 4 khi
tuc bin 2 ngng lam vic.
Nh vy la, cng sut in cho tuc bin i ap sinh ra hoan toan phu thuc
vao phu tai nhit, do o khng cho phep s dung hiu qua ht cng sut t cua
thit b tuc bin va iu o cung han ch pham vi s dung cua tuc bin i ap.

8.2. Tuc bin co trich hoi diu chnh:
Tuc bin ngng hi co trch hi iu chnh co th cung cp ng thi nhit
nng va in nng cho h tiu thu dung bn ngoai, cho nn no ngay cang c ap
dung rt ph bin.
Khac vi tuc bin i ap tuc bin co trch hi iu chnh san xut ra in
nng khng l thuc vao phu tai nhit cua cac h tiu thu.
Tuc bin co trch hi iu chnh gm co hai phn (Hnh 8.2)

- 196 -



Cum tng nm trc ca trch (1), goi la phn cao ap (PCA), va cum tng
t ca trch n bnh ngng hi (2) - Phn ha ap (PHA).
Hi mi c a vao
tuc bin qua van stop va xupap
iu chnh 10 vi ap sut P
o
va
nhit t
o
. Trong (PCA) hi gian
n ti ap sut P
n
, c gi khng
i va do h tiu thu nhit 9
quyt nh. Khi ra khoi (PCA)
dong hi G
o
se phn nhanh; phn
hi G
n
qua van ngt 6 va van mt
chiu 7 i vao h tiu thu 9, con
phn hi G
K
, qua cac c quan
iu chnh 5 - vao PHA ri gian
n n ap sut P
K
trong bnh
ngng 4. B giam n giam ap 11
dung cung cp hi cho h
dung nhit luc ngng tuc bin 1.
Cng sut in cua tuc
p
o o
t
o i
Gn
1 2
4
11
9
n
p
k
p Gk
Go
3
5
6
7
8
10
PCA PHA

Hnh. 8.2 S nguyn ly cua thit b tuc bin co trch hi iu chnh
s
i
o
to
p
o
p
p
k
n
H"
i
i
n
k
i
i
H'
H"
o
H'
o
H
o

Hnh. 9.3 Qua trnh gian n hi cua tuc
bin co trch hi iu chnh trn th i-s

- 197 -


bin P
E
(kW), co mt ca trch hi iu chnh (khng tnh n hi cho gia nhit)
c xac nh t biu thc :
P
E
= P
i

M

G

P
i
= P
i
' +P
i
"

= G
o
(i
o
- i
n
) + G
k
(i
n
- i
k
)
=

G
o
H
o
'

Oi
' + G
k
H
o
"
Oi
"
= G
n
(i
o
- i
n
) + G
k
(i
o
- i
k
)
= G
n
H
o
'

Oi
' + G
k
H
o
"
Oi
" (8-2)
Trong o :
P
i
' va P
i
"

- Cng sut trong cua PCA va PHA, kW
G
o
, G
n
, G
k
- Lu lng hi qua tuc bin, PCA, PHA , kg/s ;
i
o
, i
n
, i
k
- Entanpi cua hi mi, hi trch, hi thoat , kJ/kg
H
o
, H
o
', H
o
"

- Nhit giang ly thuyt cua tuc bin, PCA, PHA, kJ/kg

oi
,
oi
',
oi
" - Hiu sut trong tuc bin, PCA, PHA;

M
- Hiu sut c kh

G
Hiu sut may phat in.
Ta bit: G
k
=

G
o
- G
n

T (8 -2) ta co biu thc cho lu lng hi mi i qua tuc bin co ca trch hi
iu chnh:
) (
1
) (
1
" "
i n
G M
E
i
i n i
i k o
k n
n
k o
i
o
H G
P
H
H G P
H i i
i i
G
i i
G + = + =

=

(8 -3)

Vi nhit giang s dung khng thay i H
i
" cua PHA, va cua toan tuc bin
H
i
lu lng hi i qua tuc bin co trch hi iu chnh phu thuc vao cng sut
in P
E
va lu lng hi trch G
n
cho h dung nhit.

c im cua tuc bin co ca trch hi:
1- Tnh a dang cua cac ch lam vic co th xay ra la c trng cua tuc
bin co ca trch hi. Tuy thuc vao phu tai nhit co th chia thanh hai nhom ch
; ngng hi va cp nhit thu hi.
Khi lu lng hi trong ca trch iu chnh bng khng, ch lam vic
cua tuc bin c goi la ch cp nhit thu hi. Tuy theo tnh cht cua tuc bin
co th co ch lam vic theo ch nhit hoc in. Khi tuc bin lam vic theo
th nhit cng sut in do phu tai nhit xac nh khng th thay i, nu phu
tai nhit khng thay i tng ng. cac ch y c quan iu chnh cua PHA
la khng i, con s thay i phu tai cua h tiu thu dung nhit va cng sut cua
tuc bin th do cac c quan phn phi hi cua PCA am nhim. Ngoai ra con co
- 198 -


kha nng lam vic theo ch i ap, nu cac c quan iu chnh cua PHA ong
lai va toan b hi c dn v ca trch hi iu chnh. ch nay cn phai cho
mt lng hi ti thiu i qua PHA dn nhit do s ma sat vi cac b phn
quay cua rto ra ngoai.
Khi tuc bin lam vic theo th in cac c quan iu chnh cua PHA co
th thay i ong m tuy y.
2- Tnh a dang cua cac ch lam vic trong tuc bin co trch hi iu
chnh do s thay i lu lng hi i qua PCA trong pham vi rng rai xac nh.
V vy trong cac tuc bin co ca trch hi ngi ta thng hay phn phi hi bng
ng phun.
3- Trong tuc bin co ca trch hi nh ng dong hi i vao PCA va PHA u
c iu chnh, trong o ap sut hi dn v h dung nhit c gi khng i,
khng phu thuc vao cng sut va lu lng hi.
4- Theo quy tc, ng ng dn hi trch tip giap vi tuc bin va co dung
tch ln. Khi ct may phat mt cach t ngt, nu cac c quan iu chnh PHA
cha ong lai, th hi t ng dn hi trch co th i ngc qua PHA v bnh
ngng. Luc y, khi gian n trong PHA hi co th tng tc tuc bin n mc
pha huy no. phong tng tc tuc bin nh vy, trn cac ng ng dn hi
trch iu chnh va khng iu chnh u t van mt chiu 5. Ngoai ra, con phai
ngt van 4 va cac c quan iu chnh 6, ng thi phai ong xupap iu chnh 7
va van stop trn ng dn hi mi vao tuc bin (hnh 8.2).
5- Khi ng trch hi c gom t mt s tuc bin, co kha nng giam ap
sut trong ng ng do ngng s c mt trong nhng tuc bin y. Luc y giang
ap ln cac banh tnh cua cac tng cui PCA tuc bin se tng t ngt, co th gy
nn h hong c hoc. Mc nguy him cang ln, khi ap sut hi trch cang cao.
nng cao tin cy cua tuc bin phai t thit b ct hi vao tuc bin hoc
vao ng trch hi khi giang ap ln tng cui cung cua PCA tng ln t ngt.
Trong cac tuc bin cp hi thu hi khng co s nguy him o, v banh tnh cua
tng cui cung PCA a c tnh cho trng hp giam ap sut trong cua trch
xung bng khng.

8.3. Tuc bin di ap co trich hoi diu chnh :
Tuc bin i ap co trch hi iu chnh c t trung tm nhit in
Trong trng hp, khi cn phai bao am hi cho h dung nhit vi cac ap sut
khac nhau nh muc ch cp nhit sinh hoat va cng nghip. S nguyn ly cua
thit b tuc bin loai nay c biu th trn hnh 8.4.
- 199 -


Hi mi vi cac thng s p
o
, t
o
c em vao tuc bin va gian n trong
PCA n ap sut P
n
cung cp cho h dung cng nghip HTT
1
. Tip theo,
dong hi t phn thanh 2 phn; mt phn hi G
n
c dn vao h tiu thu nhit
cng nghip HTT
1
, phn con lai vi lng G
T
c em qua cac c quan iu
chnh va vao PHA , ri gian n n ap sut p
T
va cung cp cho h dung nhit
thp ap HTT
2
(h thng sy si m, h thng nc nong).
Do tuc bin i ap co trch hi ch co th s dung hp ly theo th nhit,
nn bn canh thng t thm tuc bin ngng hi ap ng s dao ng cua
phu tai in.
Cng sut trong tuc bin i ap co trch hi phat ra c xac nh bi phu
tai cua cac h dung nhit va bng :
P
i
=
G M
E
P

= G
o
(i
o
- i
n
) + G
T
(i
n
- i
T
)
= G
o
H
o
'
oi
'+ G
T
H
o
"
oi
"

= G
n
H
o
'
oi
'+ G
T
H
o

oi
(8-4)


o o
t
o i
p
k
Gk
PHA PCA
G
o
G
G
G
T
n
p
T
p
n
HTT
1
HTT
2
Hnh. 9.4 S nguyn ly cua thit b tuc bin co trch hi iu chnh

- 200 -


Trong o :
G
o
, G
n
, G
T
, i
o
, i
n
, i
T
- Lu
lng va entanpi cua hi mi
va hi i vao cac ca trch
cng nghip va sinh hoat.
H
o
, H
o
', H
o
'',
oi
,
oi
',
oi
'' -
Nhit giang ly thuyt va hiu
sut trong tng i cua tuc
bin, PCA, PHA.
Nhc im ln nht
cua tuc bin i ap co trch hi
la khng tn dung ht kha nng
cua thit b nng lng trong
thi im cn giam tiu thu
nhit.


8.4. Tuc bin co hai cua trich hoi diu chnh:
s
p
o
to
i
o
p
n
p
i
H"
n
i
i
H'
i
H"
o
H
o
H'
o
T
T

Hnh. 8.5 Qua trnh gian n hi cua tuc bin
i ap co trch hi iu chnh trn th i-s
o o
t
o i
p
k
Gk
G
o
n
G
T
G
p
T
p
n
HTT
1
HTT
2
PCA
PHA
PTA

Hnh. 8.6 S nguyn ly cua thit b tuc bin co hai ca trch hi iu chnh
- 201 -


ng thi phuc vu hai h tiu thu nhit vi cac thng s hi khac nhau,
tuc bin co hai ca trch hi iu chnh co tnh u vit tri hn nhiu so vi tuc
bin i ap co trch hi. S nguyn ly cua cac loai tuc bin nay c biu th
trn hnh 8.6. Tuc bin c chia ra lam ba cum
- Cum tng nm trc cua ca trch hi cho cng nghip HTT
1
.
- Cum tng nm gia ca trch cho h tiu thu thp ap HTT
2
- Cum tng co trch hi cp nhit thu hi n bnh ngng.
Hi mi vi lu lng G
o
va
P
o
, t
o
, se gian n trong phn
cao ap PCA n ap sut P
n

cung cp hi cho h dung nhit
cng nghip HTT
1
. Tip o lu
lng hi G = G
o
- G
n
i qua
cac xupap iu chnh vao
phn trung ap PTA . y hi
gian n n ap sut P
T
cp
nhit thu hi t ca trch G
T

cho h dung nhit thp ap
HTT
2
.
Phn hi con lai G
k
=
G
o
- G
n
- G
T
i vao pha ha ap
PHA va gian n n ap sut
trong bnh ngng P
k
.

Cng sut trong P
i
(kW) do tuc bin co hai ca trch hi iu chnh phat ra
(khng k hi trch cho gia nhit) bng tng cua cac cng sut ring cng lai
(hnh.8.7)
P
i
=
G M
E
P

= P
i
' + P
i
" + P
i
"'
= G
o
H
o
'
oi
' + (G
o
- G
n
) H
o
"
oi
''+ (G
o
- G
n
- G
T
) H
o
"'
oi
''' (8-5)
Giai phng trnh (8-5), ta tm c lu lng hi i qua tuc bin co hai ca trch:

G
o
=
G M oi o
E
H
P

+ G
n

oi o
oi o oi o
H
H H

' " ' " " "
. . +
+ G
T

oi o
oi o
H
H

' " ' "

.
(8-6)

Trong o :
i
p
o
to
i
o
p
n
p
T
i
H"
n
i
T
i
H'
i
H"
o
H
o
H'
o
s
i
k
p
k
i
H"'
H"'
o

Hnh. 8.7 Qua trnh gian n hi cua tuc bin
Co 2 ca trch hi iu chnh trn th i-s
- 202 -


P
i
', P
i
", P
i
"' - Cng sut trong PCA, PTA , PHA
G
o
,G
n
,G
T
- Lu lng hi miva hi i vao cac ca trch hi cng nghip
va sinh hoat , kg/s
H
o
, H
o
', H
o
", H
o
'" - Nhit giang ly thuyt cua tuc bin, PCA, PTA va PHA
kJ/kg ;

oi
,
oi
',
oi
''
oi
"' - Hiu sut trong cua tuc bin, PCA, PHA, PTA

8.5. D thj cac ch d.
Trong trng hp chung th cac ch th hin di dang th phu
thuc gia cng sut in cua tuc bin P
E
, lu lng hi G
o
, phu tai nhit cua h
tiu thu Q
n
, (Q
T
), ap sut hi trch cho h tiu thu p
n
(p
T
), cac thng s hi mi
p
o
,t
o
lu lng nc nc lam mat W
c
va cac ai lng khac co anh hng ti ch
lam vic cua tuc bin :
F (P
E
, G
o
, Q
n
, Q
T
, p
n
, p
T
, W
c
,...) = 0 (8-7)
Phng trnh (8-7) c trnh bay bng th trn mt phng trong trng
hp nu khng co qua ba bin s. Trong trng hp ngc lai, ch co th biu th
th ch trn mt phng, nu em thay th s tng giao cua cac bin s bng
s phu thuc gn ung: nhng cac thng s bin thin phng trnh (8-7) cang
nhiu th sai s em vao th cang ln. Cho nn tt nht la gii han s lng cac
thng s c lp. Cn lu y rng, anh hng cac thng s ring le ti cng sut
khng ging nhau. th chu yu, thng c goi la th cac ch , biu th
s phu thuc gia cng sut cua tuc bin va lu lng hi. Cac th phu, c
goi la th phu hiu chnh. Xac nh anh hng cua s thay i cua mt trong
cac thng s th phu khac nh: s phu thuc nhit nc cp vao lu lng
hi mi, s phu thuc ap sut be nht trong ca trch hi iu chnh vao lu lng
hi va ca trch, v.v...
th ch chnh co th thc hin vi chnh xac cao, v s bin thin
a c han ch. th phu thng co kem theo sai s. Nhng sai s cua th
phu lam tng khng ang k sai s chung cua th cac ch , bi v gia tr tuyt
cua h s hiu chnh ch bng vai phn trm cng sut chung cu a tuc bin.
Nh co th cac ch ta co th thit lp bng th s lin h gia cac
thng s cua phng trnh (8-7) va phn vung cac ch lam vic cua thit b
tuc bin.
th cac ch c s dung rng rai khi thit k va vn hanh nha may
nhit in v ro rang, thun tin va co chnh xac kha cao.
Trong thc t ngi ta thng dung cac th ch sau:
- 203 -


1- th cac ch cua tuc bin i ap
th ch cua tuc bin i ap phan anh s phu thuc lu lng hi mi
G
o
vao cng sut in P
E
va i ap p
n
;
G
n
= f(P
E
, p
n
) (8-8)
No co th c biu th trn mt phng tng ng vi cac s liu thc
nghim hay tnh toan a co. Trong ba thng s cua phng trnh (8-8), ap sut
cui p
n
, la t co anh hng nht, cho nn th cac ch cua tuc bin i ap
c th hin di dang mang ng cong G
o
= (P
E
), khi P
n
= const
2- th cac ch cua tuc bin co mt ca trch hi iu chnh
Trong trng hp chung th cac ch biu th s phu thuc cng sut
in P
E
vao lu lng hi i qua tuc bin G
o
va qua ca trch G
n
, cung nh vao ap
sut hi trong ca trch p
n.

G
n
= f(P
E
, G
n
, p
n
) (8-9)
T phng trnh nay co th loai tr ap sut cua hi trch p
n
, thay th anh
hng cua no bng h s iu chnh (sai s tng i be). V vy s phu thuc
(8-9) co th c th hin trn mt phng doi dang mt loat cac ng cong G
o

= f (P
E
) khi G
n
= const.
Ta se khao sat v du v cach dng th cac ch cua tuc bin co trch
hi bng phng phap gn ung cho rng quan h phu thuc cua lu lng hi G
o

vao cng sut P
E
va G
n
a c tuyn tnh hoa :
G
o
= G
k.o
+ y
n
G
n
= G
k.x
r
k
P
E
+ y
n
G
n

= G
k.x
+ d
nom
(1-x) P
E
+ y
n
G
n
; (8-10)
Trong o :
G
k.o
= G
k.x
r
k
P
E
- Lu lng hi vao tuc bin khi lam vic vi ch ngng
hi khng co trch hi ;
G
k.x
- Lu lng hi khi chay khng tai khng co trch hi ;
r
x
= (G
o
- G
k.x
)/ P
E
- Sut tng lu lng hi ch ngng hi, kg/kWh
y
o
= (i
n
- i
k
)/ (i
o
- i
k
) - Ty s cua nhit giang s dung phn ha ap trn nhit
giang s dung toan phn tuc bin (h s hut cng sut do hi trch );
d
m
= G
m
/P
m
- Sut tiu hao hi khi co phu tai nh mc va ch
ngng, kg/kWh
x =
o
x . k
G
G
H s chay khng tai.


3- th cac ch cua tuc bin co hai ca trch hi iu chnh.
- 204 -


th phan anh s phu thuc gia cng sut cua tuc bin P
E
,lu lng hi
i qua tuc bin G
o
cac lu lng hi trch pha trn (cng nghip) va pha di
(cp nhit thu hi) G
n
va G
T
;
G
o
= f (P
E
, G
n
, G
T
) (8-11)
Anh hng cua cac thng s con lai cua phng trnh (8-7) c tnh cac
h s hiu chnh.
Khi dng th cac ch cua tuc bin co hai ca trch iu chnh ngi
ta quy c thay th bng tuc bin ao co ca trch hi pha trn. Hi trch cp nhit
thu hi c xem bng khng, con hi dn vao PHA cua tuc bin se sinh thm
cng sut.
P
T
= G
T
H
i

M

G
= kG
T
(8-12)
Trong o :
H
i

- Nhit giang s dung cua PHA
k - H s ty l
Nu k n (9-12) biu thc (9-11) co th em v dang ;
P
E
= P
E
qui c
- P
T
= f(G
o
,G
n
) - G
T
H
i

M

G
(8-13)
Trong o :
P
E
qui c
= f(G
o
,G
n
) - Cng sut do tuc bin quy c sinh ra khi hi trch cp
nhit thu hi bng khng.