Gio trnh VAN CNG NGHIP

Bin son: KS. Nguyn Thanh Sn

Gio trnh Van cng nghip

NI DUNG

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

VAN CA (GATE VALVES): ................................................................................................. 3 VAN IU TIT (GLOBE VALVES): ..................................................................................... 11 VAN NT (PLUG VALVES):................................................................................................ 18 VAN BI (BALL VALVES): .................................................................................................... 22 VAN BM (BUTTERFLY VALVES): .................................................................................. 24 VAN MNG (DIAPHRAGM VALVES): ................................................................................ 27 VAN MT CHIU (CHECK VALVES): .................................................................................. 29 VAN AN TON: ................................................................................................................ 34 VN HNH VAN:.............................................................................................................. 35

10. QUY TRNH VN HNH (OPERATING PROCEDURES): ....................................................... 37 11. VAN IU KHIN (CONTROL VALVES): ............................................................................. 42 12. X L S C: ................................................................................................................... 55

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Gio trnh Van cng nghip

Van l mt thit b c kh c dng trong cng nghip ng ng iu chnh dng chy ca lu cht. Gio trnh van cng nghip gip cc bn hiu c nguyn l cu to v phm vi ng dng ca cc loi Van dng trong cng nghip. Cc v tr vn hnh ca van Khi van ng hon ton th s khng c dng chy ca vt cht i qua. Nu nh van ch m mt phn th ch c mt phn ca dng chy i qua, khi van v tr ny th n c gi l ang v tr iu tit lu lng ca dng chy. Khi van m hon ton th ta c dng chy i qua van l cc i. 1. VAN CA (GATE VALVES) L mt trong nhng loi van c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip. Van ca ng dng chy khi chng chn ngang qua ton b dng chy. Khi van c m hon ton th ca ca chng khng nm trong dng chy ca vt cht. Lc ny cn tr dng chy ca van l rt nh c ngha l s st p hay mt nng lng khi vt cht i qua van c hn ch mc nh nht.

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Gio trnh Van cng nghip

Cc phn t lin kt ca van Loi van ny lin kt vi ng ng bng mt bch c hai u. Van v ng ng c ni vi nhau bng cc bulng. Giong m c chn vo gia hai mt bch ca van v ng ng s ni c c kn cao.

Ngoi ra cn c cc dng ni khc gia ng ng v thn van. Cc phng php ny bao gm: Mi ni lp ghp ren, ni bng then cht, ni bng phng php hn gi u.

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Gio trnh Van cng nghip

Trong np van pha trn c khong khng c th ko tm ca ca van ln khi m van. C rt nhiu dng ni gia np van v thn van hnh thnh nn mt mi lp ghp kn. Chng c th l dng lp ghp bng mt bch, bng cch lp ghp ren, hay bng mi lp ghp ren c hn ng mp.

Cn van (stem)

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Gio trnh Van cng nghip

Ca van c gn vi cn van. Pha trn np van c np bt kn, np ny c chc nng lm kn khng cho vt cht r r ra ngoi. Np lm kn c nhi vt liu bt kn. u pha trn ca cn van c ni vi tay quay. Trong hnh v l loi ni bng ren. Khi vn tay quay th cn van s chuyn ng ln xung ng hay m van. Nn chng ta cng c th gi y l loi van c cn chuyn ng. Khi quan st v tr ca cn van ta c th nhn bit c van ang v tr ng hay m.

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Gio trnh Van cng nghip

Hnh trn l mt lai van c cn chuyn ng khc. Np van c to ren pha trong. Phn ren ca np van v cn van n khp vi nhau. u trn ca cn van c ni vi tay quay bng mi ni khng chuyn ng. Khi cn van chuyn ng ln hay xung th tay quay v ca van cng chuyn ng theo.

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Gio trnh Van cng nghip

Di y l mt loi van khc c mi lp ghp ren pha trong. loi ny c mi lp ghp ren gia ca van v cn van. u trn ca cn van gn cht vi tay quay. Thit k ca van: Ca van l phn dng iu chnh dng chy.

Khi ca van chuyn ng xung chng s chn ng dng chy v to nn kn gia n v hai vng tip xc. Khi ca van chuyn ng ln xung s sinh ra lc ma st gia ca van v hai vng tip xc do s gy ra s mi mn cc phn tip xc ny. Mt khc dng chy ca vt cht lun c xu hng mi mn nhng phn tip xc vi. Khi dng chy ca vt cht di p sut cao th s mi mn ngy cng ln. Ca van trong trng hp B s b mi mn nhiu hn trong trng hp A. Nu ca van v cc vng tip xc b mi mn nhiu th chng s khng cn tc dng lm kn ton b dng chy khi ang v tr ng. V van ca b mi mn khng ng u khi v tr iu tit nn thng thng khng s dng loi van ny vo mc ch iu tit dng chy.

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Gio trnh Van cng nghip

Ca van cng c nhiu dng iu tit khc nhau. Loi thng dng nht l ca lin l ch to ch c c mt tm.

Trong loi ca ny khi v tr ng th p sut ca dng chy ch tc ng ln mt mt ca ca. Mt dng ca van khc l ca gm c hai cnh song song. Loi ca ny gm c nhiu phn ghp li vi nhau. Khi ng hai ca c chn cht bng hai tm kim loi.

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Gio trnh Van cng nghip

Khi tm pha di chm im dng th n khng th tin thm c na. Khi nu cn van tip tc chuyn ng xung n s to lc tc dng ln tm pha di. Lc ny c hai tm s y hai cnh ra hai pha. Do trong loi van ca ny ta c th c c kn cao.
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Gio trnh Van cng nghip

Phn cnh no tip xc vi dng chy ti s b mi mn nhiu hn nhng v kn c to nn bi c hai cnh nn khi mt cnh b mi mn ta vn c c kn i hi. Khi m van, nhng chuyn ng u tin ca tay quay s lm gim lc tc dng ln hai ca. Trong mt s h thng c s thay i nhit ln, s gin n ng ng s lm on thn van to nn lc tc dng rt ln ln ca van v c th lm cho ca van khng th chuyn ng c. Van c hai ca song song c dng trong trng hp ny. V khi tm pha trn c ko ln s gim c lc tc dng ln ca van lm cho ca van c th chuyn ng mt cch d dng hn. V cu to ca loi ca van ny gm nhiu phn ghp li vi nhau nn chng thng b trc trc nu nh cc tp cht b tc kt hay lng ng trong nn loi van ny thng c dng cho cc ng ng dn cc sn phm c sch cao.

Mt dng ca van khc l ca c lin c rnh gia. 2. VAN IU TIT (GLOBE VALVES) Dng chy i qua van ca l dng chy thng hng. Trong van iu tit dng chy khi qua van b chuyn hng.

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Gio trnh Van cng nghip

S i hng dng chy ny to nn s cun xoy v p sut ca dng chy qua van cng b gim nhiu hn, do nng lng i hi chuyn cht lng qua van iu tit cng ln hn. Trong van iu tit phn y ca ca van nm song song vi hng ca dng chy. Trong van ca, lc ma st gia vng lm kn v van ch c chm dt khi van c m hon ton. Cn trong van iu tit ca van khng trt dc theo b mt ca vng lm kn, do vy mi tip xc gia ca van v vng lm kn s chm dt khi bt u c dng chy.

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Gio trnh Van cng nghip

i vi van ca khi thc hin qu trnh ng v m van s xy ra s mi mn do lc ma st gia cc vng lm kn v ca van cn i vi van iu tit th ch to nn s mi mn nh. Do vy trong cc cng vic i hi phi vn hnh van mt cch thng xuyn th van iu tit l loi thch ng hn. Khi van ca c dng trong qu trnh iu tit th s mi mn ca dng chy to nn mn khng ng u phn y ca ca van. Cn trong van iu tit khi v tr iu tit th ton b phn ca van nm trong dng chy do s mi mn xy ra ng u hn. Khi vng lm kn v ca van b mi mn ng u nhau th sau mt thi gian s dng lu di vn gi c kn ca n. V l do ny nn chng thng c dng trong qu trnh iu tit dng chy.

Trong hnh v m t van ang v tr iu tit. Khi dng chy t im A ti im B th kh nng ca van ng bt thnh lnh v tc nghn khi n gn vi vng lm kn. c c s vn hnh n nh, van iu tit phi c lp t vo h thng theo hng dng chy vt cht i t phn di ca ca van ln. Van iu tit i khi cng c thit k theo dng gc.

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Gio trnh Van cng nghip

Hng dng chy qua van dng ny b thay i t hn so vi van iu tit thng thng nn xoy ca dng chy v s st p i qua van cng t hn. Thit k ca van Ca van ca van iu tit cng c nhiu dng thit k khc nhau. Loi thng dng nht l dng nt. Loi ny c dng cn phn di.

Vng lm kn cng c dng cn n khp vi ca van. V th nu nh ca van c khuyt tt mt phn th n vn gi c kn.

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Gio trnh Van cng nghip

C rt nhiu dng thit k ca nt khc nhau nn trong s dng ta phi la chn loi thch ng cho cng vic i hi.

Hnh trn m t dng ca nt thao tc nhanh khi thc hin vic ng hay m dng chy ch cn nhng chuyn ng nh ca cn van. Loi ny thng dng trong qu trnh ng hay m dng chy . Cc van iu tit c ca van dng nt thng c nhiu kiu thit k khc nhau

V d nh ca dng ch V, ca cn bng (dng thng ), ca vi ng lm kn, ca dng cht. Vi cc dng ca van loi ny nhng chuyn ng nh ca cn van ch to nn nhng thay i nh trong lu lng dng chy. Nhng van iu tit thng c s dng v tr m mt phn v v tr ng v mc ch s dng loi van ny l dng iu tit dng chy. Hnh v di y m t mt dng khc ca van iu tit chng c gi l a van nhiu thnh phn.

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Gio trnh Van cng nghip

Ca van c ch to bng kim loi v lp vt liu c tnh n hi nh cao su. Khi ng van hon ton vng lm kn s tip xc vi lp vt liu n hi. Trong h thng ng dn i khi c cha cc tp cht rn, nhng tp cht ny c th lng ng trn b mt vng lm kn hay ca van v chng c th lm cho van khng th ng c hon ton. Khi s dng a nhiu thnh phn th cc tp cht rn ny s tip xc vi phn vt liu c tnh cht n hi do ta vn c c kn khi van v tr ng. Hnh v di y m t mt loi ca van khc. Trong loi ny ca van v vng lm kn u c ch to bng kim loi, khi ng van nu nh c cc tp cht rn lng ng trn vng lm kn hay ca van th chng s b nghin nh.

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3.

VAN NT (PLUG VALVES):

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Phn iu chnh dng chy (ca van) ca loi van ny c dng nt. Ca van c ch to bng kim loi v c khe h xuyn sut ca van cho dng chy i qua. V tr ca van c iu chnh bng vic vn tay quay.

Khi vn tay quay i mt gc 90o ta s c van v tr ng hoc m hon ton. Nu so snh vi van ca th loi van ny c ng m nhanh hn. Tay quay u pha trn ca cn van trong van nt chuyn ng theo cng mt hng vi khe h ca ca van. Khi tay quay nm song song vi ng ng th van v tr m. Khi van v tr m hon ton th dng chy i qua van l ng thng cn khi n v tr iu tit th dng chy qua van s to xoy v xy ra s st p. Van nt thng khng c dng cho mc ch iu chnh dng chy v khi n v tr iu tit th ca van s b mi mn khng ng u.

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Gio trnh Van cng nghip

Khi v tr ng th ca van v phn thn van phi to c kht cao. Mi ln thay i v tr ca van th lc ma st s to ra gia phn thn v ca van gy ra s mi mn thn v ca van. Khi chng b mi mn ti mt mc no th s khng cn kh nng gi c kn khi v tr ng. Mt vi loi van nt c thit k l du bi trn pha trn, mt loi du c bit c s dng bi trn ca van gim ma st gia thn van v ca van v mng du ny cng tng thm kn cho van trong qu trnh s dng.

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Gio trnh Van cng nghip

Hnh v di y m t mt loi van nt khng cn c s bi trn.

Trong loi ny ca van c th chuyn ng ln xung cng vi mc lm kn. Khi ko ca van ln tc l gim n khp gia ca van v thn van lm cho ca van d chuyn ng hn v gim lc ma st gia ca van v thn van. Khi ca van c h xung chng s to c mi lin kt kn vi thn van.

Van nt cng c th c ch to c nhiu khe h. Chng c gi l van nhiu hng. Cc van nhiu hng thng c dng nh mt thit b phn chia dng chy. Khi vn tay quay mt gc 90o th s lm thay i hng dng chy. i vi mc ch thay i hng dng chy th van nhiu hng c th thay th cho nhiu van ca. iu ny tit kim c chi ph v lm d dng hn trong vn hnh.
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4.

VAN BI (BALL VALVES):

Van bi c thit k v qu trnh vn hnh tng t nh van nt.

Phn iu chnh dng chy c cu to trn v c l cho vt cht i qua. Bi c gi cht gia hai vng lm kn. Tay quay c lp u trn ca cn van. Khi vn tay quay
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Gio trnh Van cng nghip

mt gc 90o th van s v tr ng hoc v tr m. Do van bi cng l loi ng m nhanh. V hnh dng ca chng nn van bi c trn v vn hnh c d dng hn van nt. V th nn gim c lc ma st gia bi v cc vng lm kn khi vn hnh do chng khng cn ti s bi trn. Tay quay ca van bi cng ging nh van nt n s nm song song vi dng chy khi van v tr m. Cn khi tay quay nm vung gc vi ng ng th n v tr ng. Van bi cng c th c ch to dn dng chy theo nhiu hng.

Loi ny ngoi vic ng v m n cn c th i hng i ca dng chy. Van ny ch c cn tr dng chy nh nn s st p v hin tng to xoy khi dng chy qua van cng rt nh. Van bi thng khng dng cho mc ch iu chnh dng chy v khi chng v tr iu tit th phn ca van nm trong dng chy s b mi mn nhiu hn.

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Gio trnh Van cng nghip

phc v cho vic iu tit dng chy th van bi phi c thit k c bit. Ca van thuc loi ny l tm kim loi lin, ca van ch tip xc vi vng lm kn khi n v tr ng hon ton. iu ny cho php dng chy i qua ton b din tch ca ca van khi n ch m mt phn. V th nn n c th dng iu tit dng chy m khng xy ra s mi mn khng ng u.

5.

VAN BM (BUTTERFLY VALVES):

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Van bm c ca l mt tm kim loi lin v c th xoay 90o trong chu vi vng lm kn. T l dng chy c iu chnh bng vic thay i gc ca ca van.

T l dng chy t mc ti a khi ca van nm song song vi ng ng. Van bm cng thuc loi ng m nhanh. Khi v tr m th cn tr dng chy ca ca van l nh nht do s to xoy v st p khi dng chy i qua van l rt nh.
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Khi van bm ch c m mt phn th dng chy c phn chia ng u qua ca van v vng lm kn. Do van bm cng c th c dng cho qu trnh iu tit dng chy. Khi van bm v tr iu tit th phi cht n li ti v tr v p sut ca dng chy c xu hng a ca van v v tr ng hay m hon ton.

Van bm c th c vn hnh bng tay quay hay tay vn. Trong c hai trng hp ny u cn c thang ch v tr ca ca van trong vn hnh. 6. VAN MNG (DIAPHRAGM VALVES):

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Gio trnh Van cng nghip

Loi van ny dng mt mng ngn bng cht do c tnh n hi iu chnh dng chy vt cht. Mng ngn ny c cht ni vi cht y. Cht y ny chuyn ng ln xung nh cn van. Khi cht y c h xung th n s nn mng ngn cht vo
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Gio trnh Van cng nghip

vng lm kn. Khi dng chy qua van s chm dt. Nu cht y c ko ln th mng ngn s chuyn ng theo v bt u c dng chy cht lng i qua van. Loi van ny c th dng cho c hai mc ch l ng v m dng chy cng nh iu tit dng chy. Mng ngn hat ng nh mt mng lm kn iu chnh dng chy do s tip xc ca n vi phn chuyn ng ca van. Loi van ny c dng i vi cc vt cht c tnh n mn hay i vi cc cht cn c sch cao. Khi vn hnh loi van ny khng nn tc ng nhng lc qu mnh lc ng van v iu ny c th lm kt mng ngn trong vng lm kn v gy h hi mng ngn.

7.

VAN MT CHIU (CHECK VALVES): Hnh v di y m t mt kiu van mt chiu.

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Gio trnh Van cng nghip

Trong loi van ny ch c mt phn chuyn ng l ca van c gn lin vi thn van bi mt trc bn l. Ca van t do di chuyn. Khi khng c dng chy i qua van, th ca van v tr ng do khi lng ca n. Gi s ta c dng chy theo hng t A sang B, v ca van c th t do di chuyn nn lc ca dng chy s nng ca van ln v tr m. Khi ngt dng chy th ca van s tr li trng thi ng. iu ny ngn cn c cht lng chy ngc tr li.

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Van mt chiu c dng iu chnh hng dng chy.

Dng khc ca van mt chiu. Trong loi ny hng i ca dng chy tng t nh trong van iu tit. Khi c dng chy t A sang B th lc ca dng chy s nng ca van ln. Khi khng c dng chy i qua th ca van s t ng h xung v tr ng n khp vi vng lm kn do t trng ca n. Trong loi van ny hng ca dng chy lun i t pha di ca van i ln. Do loi van ny ch s dng khi n c lp v tr nm ngang.

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Van mt chiu c lp v tr thng ng. Khi xut hin dng chy t A sang B, lc ca dng chy s nng ca van khi v tr ng. Nu nh khng c dng chy t A qua B na th t trng ca ca van khng th ko n vo v tr ng c na v lc ny ca van v tr nm ngang. Do vy loi van mt chiu ny ch hot ng mt cch chnh xc khi n c lp t v tr nm ngang. Nn loi van ny cn c gi l van mt chiu ngang.

Van mt chiu dng ng

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Khi xut hin dng chy t im A sang B, lc ca dng chy s nng van ny ln khi v tr ng. Khi khng c dng chy na th t trng ca ca van s ko n li v tr ng. Loi van ny c lp t hot ng v tr ng.

Mt loi van mt chiu khc. Trong loi van ny ca van c dng vin bi, n l phn iu chnh dng chy vt cht. Khi xut hin dng chy th p sut hay lc ca dng chy s nng vin bi ln khi vng lm kn. Khi khng c dng chy na th n s li v tr ng nh t trng. Van mt chiu loi ny cng c hai kiu thit k hot ng v tr nm ngang v v tr thng ng.

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8.

VAN AN TON: Van an ton l mt c cu van dng t ng x kh, hi t trong l hi, bn cha p sut hoc nhng h thng khc khi p sut hoc nhit vt qa gii hn cho php ci t trc . Chng thng c gi mt tn thng dng l van x p sut (pressure relief valves), van x p sut v nhit (T&P valves or temperature and pressure relief valves).

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Gio trnh Van cng nghip

9.

VN HNH VAN:

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Cc van ln thng rt kh vn hnh bng tay. Do vy ngi ta lp motor pha trn, motor ny c ni vi cn van vn hnh mt cch d dng.

i khi van c lp t nhng khu vc m khng th vi ti c. Nu nh lp motor vo van th ta cng rt kh vn hnh c motor trong qu trnh ng m do khong cch qu xa cng nh v l do an ton m khng th lp motor c v tr ny. khc phc vn ny tay quay c thit k nh mt bnh xe truyn ng.

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Tay quay ca van c thit k c rng n khp vi dy xch. Khi ko dy xch th tay quay ca van cng chuyn ng theo. iu ny khc phc c kh khn khi van c lp t nhng v tr qu cao m ta khng th vi ti c. mt tnh hung khc, mt ng ni c lp vo cn van. Mc ch ca vic s dng ng ni l d dng trong vic vn hnh khi van c lp t nhng v tr thp hay kh thao tc trong vn hnh.

Mt tnh hung khc na l van v tr vn hnh thun li nhng vic vn hnh i hi phi dng mt lc ln, m khng dng ti motor. Khi ta c th dng h thng bnh rng d dng hn trong vn hnh van. Kiu vn hnh ny cn c gi l vn hnh bnh rng. 10. QUY TRNH VN HNH (OPERATING PROCEDURES): Cc loi van cng nghip thng c ch to s dng trong nhiu nm m khng c trc trc xy ra. Qu trnh ng v m van phi thc hin mt cch t t. Nu thay i v tr ca van qu nhanh th s xy ra s thay i t ngt v nhit v p sut trong ng ng. V d nh van iu chnh dng chy ca hi nc c nhit cao m ta m van t ngt th nhit u ra ca ng s tng ln nhanh chng dn ti s gin n t ngt
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ca ng ng v cc ng lc gin n mi ni gia van v ng ng cng tng ln nhanh chng. iu ny s lm gim tui th ca cc phn ny. Gi s nh trng hp di y.

Khi ng van nhanh chng, dng chy trong ng ng bt thnh lnh b chn li, p sut tng ln t ngt, nu nh p sut ny ln n s gy h hi cho van v ng dn. Hin tng ny c gi l s va chm thy lc. Khi van b tc ng ca p sut cao thng rt kh m.

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Trong hnh v trn p sut cao ca vt cht s y ca van v pha vng lm kn B, lm cho kh khn trong vic m van v lc ma st tng ln gia hai phn ny. Gi s p sut c cn bng gia hai ca van.

Khi p sut cn bng th c ngha l lc ma st hai pha cng c cn bng do vic m van c d dng hn. Nhiu van c thit k ng cn bng d dng hn trong vic m van. Mt van nh c lp ng cn bng thc hin qu trnh cn bng p sut hai pha ca van chnh, lm cho qu trnh vn hnh van c thun tin v gim lc ma st gia ca van v cc vng lm kn. Khi van c thit k ng cn bng ta phi m van cn bng ng p sut trc khi m van chnh.

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Trong mt vi trng hp nu nh van kh vn hnh th ta phi dng ti chong m van. Cc chong ny c nhiu loi v kch c khc nhau. Loi chong trn c hai u gn vo tay quay, cn loi kia ch c mt u v gn vo phn khung ca tay quay. Tuy rng c cc thit k khc nhau nhng cc chong van u c chung mt c tnh l tng cng lc thun tin cho qu trnh vn hnh van. Ngoi ra cn c cc hng dn chung khi s dng cc chong van: u tin ta phi chn ng kch c chong van, m bo rng chong van gn chc vo tay quay trnh chong van b trt ra ngoi trc khi tc dng lc. Tip theo ta phi c c th cn bng khi tc dng lc vo chong van. Nu khng phn phi trng lng c th mt cch cn bng c th ta s b ng khi van m ra mt cch qu nhanh. Sau ta phi ng theo hng ko chong van v pha bn thn ch khng y n ra pha ngoi, vic ny trnh cho bn thn b ng khi m van qa nhanh v trnh nh hng ti nhng ngi xung quanh. Khng c p dng lc qu ln khi vn hnh van bng chong van nu khng ta c th lm gy tay quay hoc cn van ngoi ra n cn nh hng ti cc vng lm kn v ca van.

Ngoi ra cn c nhiu loi van i hi phi c s bi trn nh k.

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loi van c cn van chuyn ng, bi hay cc vt cht khc c th bm vo phn ren ca cn van l ra ngoi lm cho kh khn trong vic vn hnh v mi mn cn van. Do vy phi gi sch v bi trn phn ren ca cn van l ra ngoi. Trong mt s loi van i hi phi bi trn c pha trong. Cc van loi ny thng c l np du hoc m bi trn. i vi cc van nt cht bi trn cn c tc dng nh mt mng lm kn gia ca van v thn van. Nhng loi van ny i hi phi bi trn thng xuyn. Mt s loi van cn phi c loi du m bi trn ring bit. Tt c cc van thit k c cn van u c khoang lm kn, vt liu bt kn c nhi y trong khoang ny. Mi khoang lm kn u c vt liu bt kn theo kch c ring ca n.

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Vt liu bt kn c lp t theo dng hnh trn bao quanh cn van. Vt liu bt kn c nn li bi np ca khoang lm kn. Mc ch ca vic s dng vt liu lm kn l ngn nga r r quanh cn van. S r r c iu chnh bng vic sit cht np khoang lm kn tng nn trn vt liu bt kn. Nu nh s r r vn xy ra th ta phi tin hnh thay vt liu bt kn. Ngoi ra van cn c th b r r nhng v tr khc trong khi vn hnh nh: R r gia mi ni ca thn van v np trn ca van, r mi ni gia thn van v ng ng. Thng thung nhng r r ny c bng vic sit cht cc bu lng nu l mi ni bng mt bch. Nu vn tip tc b r r th ta phi tin hnh thay giong m hoc kim tra li mt bch. 11. VAN IU KHIN (CONTROL VALVES):

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L loi van t ng iu chnh v tr ca van thng qua thit b iu khin. Nhiu loi van iu khin bng tay c th lp t thm c cu dn ng vo thn van tr thnh van iu khin.

C cu dn ng l mt thit b dng trong van iu khin dn ng cn van ng vi tn hiu pht ra t thit b iu khin.

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Thit b iu khin l thit b t ng iu chnh v tr ca van iu khin. Thit b iu khin s dng nng lng khng kh nn, p sut thy lc hay nng lng in truyn tn hiu ti c cu dn ng. C cu nh v l thit b tr gip cho c cu dn ng di chuyn cn van vo ng v tr. Van iu khin c s dng ti nhng v tr i hi phi c s iu khin t ng. Phn thn van ca loi van iu khin ny tng t nh van bm, nhng cn van chuyn ng nh c cu dn ng thay cho tay quay v thang ch v tr. C cu dn ng nhn cc tn hiu iu khin t thit b iu khin. Nhng tn hiu ny s t ng lm thay i v tr ca van. Cc kiu thn van Thn ca van iu khin c th c thit k theo kiu c mt hoc hai ca dn vt cht i qua.

Hnh v trn m t loi thn c mt ca. Loi ny thng c s dng nhiu v chng r tin, t phi bo dng v mc r r thp hn. Nhng loi ny cng c nhc im l p sut ca dng ch tc ng vo mt mt ca van gy kh khn cho nh v. Van hai ca c u im l lu lng dng chy qua van ln hn loi mt ca nu nh c cng kch c. Loi van hai ca cn bng c p sut tc dng ln hai hng do vic nh v n d dng hn loi mt ca. V c tnh ny nn van hai ca rt ph hp cho vic iu tit dng chy.

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C cu dn ng bng kh

Hnh v m t mt van iu khin c c cu dn ng bng kh. Trong c cu dn ng c mt mng ngn kn kh v mt l xo. C cu dn ng nhn kh nn hay tn hiu t thit b iu khin. Trong loi van ny c c cu dn ng s dng kh nn di chuyn cn van iu khin. Khng kh nn c a vo pha trn mng ngn, v th p lc ca kh nn s y mng ngn xung v ngc li l xo lun c xu hng y mng ngn ln. Khi p sut ca khng kh thng lc y ln ca l xo th cn van s b y xung v van ng li. Loi van ny cn c gi l van m bng khng kh nn (Air-to-close) v khi tng p sut khng kh nn trn mng ngn s lm cho van ng li.

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Hnh v m t lai van iu khin dng kh nn m van (Air-to-open). Khi tng p sut khng kh trn mng ngn th c cu dn ng s di chuyn cn van xung v tr m.

Mt dng thit k khc ca van iu khin.

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ng dn khng kh vo c b tr pha di mng ngn. Kiu thit k ny s dng kh nn ng van. iu quan trng i vi cng nhn vn hnh l phi bit c khi tng p sut ca khng kh trn mng ngn s lm cho van di chuyn v v tr m hay v tr ng v iu cng c ngha l phi bit c khi hng van s v tr ng hay m. Nu van s dng kh nn di chuyn v v tr m th khi tng p sut khng kh trong c cu dn ng s lm cho van dch chuyn v v tr m, cn nu nh mt ngun cung cp kh nn vo c cu dn ng th van s v tr ng. i vi van dng p sut ca kh nn ng th khi mt ngun kh nn n s v tr m. C cu nh v ca van (Valve Positioner)

i khi tn hiu khng kh nn t thit b iu khin khng vn hnh van mt cch nhanh chng hoc gi van v tr mong mun. Trong nhng trng hp ny, van c ni vi c cu nh v tr gip cho c cu dn ng di chuyn hay gi cn van ng v tr. C cu nh v gi vai tr nh mt b khuch i trung gian tr gip cho c cu dn ng khi nhn c tn hiu kh t thit b iu khin. C cu dn ng bng in (Electrical Actuator)

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Hnh v m t mt van c iu khin bng dng in. Mt vi c cu dn ng s dng nng lng in nh v cho van iu khin. C cu dn ng ca loi van ny hot ng nh mt van in. Van in bao gm mt li st trt trong qun dy hnh ng. Khi c dng in i qua qun dy th mt t trng in c thit lp nn pha trong qun dy. T trng in ny s ko li st vo pha trong qun dy hnh ng. Khi ngt dng in th t trng in s bin mt v li st b y li v tr c bng lc ca l xo. Li st ca van in c ni vi cn van. Tn hiu in t thit b iu khin s thit lp nn t trng in trong qun dy ko li st ln v van c ng li. Khi khng c dng in i qua th li st b y v v tr c bng lc ca l xo v van m ra. V vy thit k ca van theo loi ny ch s dng ng hoc m dng chy ch khng dng c vo mc ch iu tit. Nu nh mun iu tit dng chy th c th dng c cu dn ng c vn hnh bng motor. Motor c ni vi cn van qua h thng gim tc bng bnh rng. Motor ny l loi c th chuyn ng ngc c, do n c th di chuyn van theo mi v tr mong mun. Nu nh van b hng v bt k l do no n cng u c th c nh v li bng tay quay.

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C cu dn ng bng thy lc (Hydraulic Actuator) p sut ca cht lng i khi cng c dng vn hnh van. V cht lng khng gim th tch khi b nn nn n khng th di chuyn v tr ca van nhanh bng kh nn. Hy xem hnh v ca mt c cu dn ng bng thy lc n gin di y. Dng cht lng c th c dn vo mt trong hai khoang. Gi s nh n c dn vo khoang th nht. Khi p sut thy lc s di chuyn v tr ca ca van sang v tr bn phi c ngha l vo v tr ng. Cn khi cht lng c dn vo khoang th hai th s c chuyn ng ngc li c ngha l ca van di chuyn v pha tri v van v tr m. Van c iu khin bng h thng thy lc c th c thit k vo mc ch iu tit nhng thng thng i vi cc van ln ch dng vo mc ch ng m dng chy v n i hi mt lc ln ng v m van.

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12. X L S C: a s cc cng nhn vn hnh khng c kh nng sa cha cc h hng ca van nhng h phi xc nh c nguyn nhn h hng bo cho i sa cha bit. iu ny i hi h phi c k nng trong vic pht hin ra cc nguyn nhn gy ra h hng. Cc hng hc van vn hnh bng tay thng d dng xc nh c nh gy tay quay, trt khp ren. Nu nh cc c cu ny vn hat ng tt m ta vn khng th ng hay m van c th c ngha l h hng phn trong van. i vi van mt chiu thng khng c cc h hng pha ngai. Do vy khi van mt chiu khng ngn c dng chy ngc tr li c ngha l van hc pha trong. i vi cc van iu khin th thng kh khn hn trong vic xc nh cc nguyn nhn h hng. Nu nh van iu khin b h hng th vic u tin l phi kim tra tn hiu t thit b iu khin truyn ti c cu dn ng, nu nh tn hiu vn ng th nguyn nhn gy ra h hng c th thit b iu khin. i khi cc tn hiu t thit b iu khin ti c cu dn ng b ri lan do r r, tc gia ng ni gia hai thnh phn ny. V vy ta ni rng van iu khin c th b h hng trong h thng truyn tn hiu. Hu ht cc van iu khin c gn b phn xc nh v tr ca van.

Khi nhn vo b phn xc nh v tr van ta c th bit c v tr ca van. Gi s nh thit b iu khin ang truyn tn hiu ng van nhng ta vn nghe thy ting ca dng chy i qua van, nu b phn xc nh v tr ch van v tr ng th ta c th bit c l h hng xy ra pha trong thn van. iu ny cng c th xc nh c l van b tc hay vng lm kn b mi mi qa nhiu. Nhng nu b phn xc nh v tr ch van v tr m th h hng c th nhng b phn khc nhau v d nh cn van c th b kt np khoang bt kn nn van khng th ng li c. Mt kh nng na l c cu dn ng khng l vic mt cch hon ho, nu nh mng
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ngn trong c cu dn ng bng kh b rch hay b thng th n s khng hot ng khi c s thay i p sut kh nn. Trong c cu dn ng bng in v bng motor th vic qun dy b chy cng l mt nguyn nhn gy h hng c cu dn ng. Cc trc trc i vi c cu dn ng bng thy lc thng l cht lng b r r, piston b kt trong xilanh hay piston b thng. Nu nh van c c cu nh v tr gip cho s di chuyn ca cn van th ta phi kim tra c thit b ny. iu ny c thc hin bng cch kim tra cc tn hiu u vo v u ra ca c cu nh v. i vi van iu khin khi b h hng ta thng bt u kim tra thit b iu khin ri sau xung nhng phn pha di ca van. Tm li Tt c cc van iu khin u c c cu dn ng ni vi thn van. C cu dn ng s di chuyn cn van ph hp vi cc tn hiu pht ra t thit b iu khin. Thit b tr gip cho c cu dn ng di chuyn hay gi van ng v tr c gi l c cu nh v. Cc c cu dn ng bng kh s dng kh nn iu khin van. C cu dn ng bng dng in c hai lai l van in v motor. Cc c cu dn ng bng thy lc thng c s dng i vi cc van ln.

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