Chapter II System Analysis 2.

1 Review of related Literature and Studies This chapter provides an overview of mobile learning technology, related research theories and a critical review of work that has taken place in the study. 2.1.1 Related Literature This section presents both local and foreign related literature relevant to the proposed system. This relevance is shown by the researchers in order to give more reason and understanding of the proposed system. 2.1.1.1 Local Literature This mobile learning application is designed for non-formal education, which provides a venue for individuals who were not able to and cannot go through the formal classroom yet they can still get knowledge and ideas on how to write and pronounce basic Hiragana and Katakana. According to the article on The Philippine Star's website entitled DepEd, Smart introduce mobile app in support of alternative learning (http://www.philstar.com) which is updated on July 15,2013 about introducing a mobile application support alternative learning "The method by which education is delivered is through 6,000 mobile teachers all over the country who go where the students are - in the mountains, isolated villages, markets or barangay centers. Smart, through application partner Orange Fix has developed a mobile application that will allow these educators to access teaching materials anytime, anywhere, online or offline from their mobile devices like tablets." The objective of the said article is similar to that of our proposed system; to educate people who aren't capable of paying expensive fees. The proposed system has the potential to illiterate people who want to develop the ability to read and write Hiragana and Katakana by providing continuous, affordable and easy access to educational content, resources and application. Paolo G. Montecillo wrote an article on Philippine Daily Inquirer entitled Android now "king" in Southeast Asia (November 11, 2011) "Results of the latest study by international market research firm GfK showed that the Android OS, which is used on the cheapest to the most expensive of mobile phones in the market today, has finally overtaken the long-time leader, the Symbian platform, in terms of sales in Southeast Asia." The proposed system is running on an Android Os platform, which according to the Philippine Daily Inquirer's article is the leading mobile platform today and for that reason, many Android users who wants to educate themselves about Hiragana and Katakana can benefit from our proposed system. The demand for smart phones is as inextinguishable, showing no signs of slowing down, even below middle income family can afford to buy a smart phone today. Lawrence Agcaoili, (2013) from Philippine Star (http://www.philstar.com): "MANILA, Philippines - Major players in the telecommunications industry in the Philippines led by rivals PLDT-owned Smart Communications Inc. and Ayala-led Globe Telecom Inc. have joined hands to bring new education opportunities to over six million out-of-school youths in the country.

The partnership among Smart, Digitel Mobile Philippines Inc., Globe as well as the Department of Education (DepEd) and the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (Tesda) was forged yesterday. Irene Ng, head for Asia Pacific of Groupe Speciale Mobile Association (GSMA), yesterday announced a ground-breaking cooperation between government agencies and major players in the countrys telecom industry to initially provide at least one million out of school youths in the Philippines with additional opportunities to access education including technical and vocational courses via mobile media. Improving the quality of the education system is a global issue, Ng stressed. Data from the National Statistics Office (NSO) showed Smart, that there were at least 6.24 million out of school youths in the Philippines as of 2011. Globally, Ng said about 69 million children do not have access to education in developing economies including the Philippines. Business ( Article MRec ), pagematch: 1, sectionmatch: 1 In a joint collaboration for mEducation, she pointed out that GSMA would be working with the Philippines government agencies and all mobile network operators across the K-12 spectrum to provide up to one million Filipino out-of-school youths access to education. Never before has such an ambitious mEducation collaboration taken place in the Philippines, involving all three mobile network operators and two key government agencies, she said. She added that the Asian mEducation market is projected to reach $6.8 billion by 2017 from $2.6 billion last year. Asia is experiencing the highest revenues for mEducation in the world at 17.3 percent. Mobile technology is uniquely positioned to help bring education solutions to learners, including out of school youths in the Philippines which is known as the SMS capital of the world with over two billion messages every day. The mobile penetration rate in the country was 105 percent by the end of 2012 and the smartphone penetration rate nearly tripled to 24 percent from nine percent between 2010 and 2011. PLDT and Smart President Napoleon Nazareno said mobile solutions have come a long way in enhancing learning process." This article tells us the opportunities for out of school youth in the country. They can access education lesson via mobile media. We, as the proponents think not just only the student can access our proposed system application, but it is open for all. Not just a

student that has a foreign language can access this, but this proposed system is also for all the people who have a big interest to learn about Hiragana and Katakana.

Ronnel W. Domingo, (2012) stated in Philippine Daily Inquirer: "The Philippines has been cited as one of the top 10 countries in the world in terms of high growth in e learning revenues in the next few years, according to a global report by US -based market research firm Ambient Insight. Ambient Insight said in a statement that in Asia alone, the market for learning and training programs supported by electronic technology is expected to reach $11.5 billion by 2016, or more than twice the $5.2 billion in 2011. The report, titled The Asia Market for Self -paced e-Learning Products and Services: 2011-2016 Forecast and Analysis, finds that Asia has the highest growth rate for e learning worldwide at 17.3 percent yearly and the growth in some countries is nothing short of remarkable. In terms of growth rate in e-learning, the study places the Philippines at seventh. The country joins Azerbaijan, Thailand, Kenya, Slovakia and India with growth rates of between 30 percent and 35 percent. The two countries with the highest growth rates in the world are Vietnam and Malaysia, respectively at 44.3 percent and 39.4 percent. Also in the top 10 are Romania and China. The vast majority of revenues will be generated from the sales of packaged content, (which) is rising so rapidly in many countries in the region that suppliers are scrambling to meet the demand, said Sam S. Adkins, Ambient Insights chief research officer. Authoring tools will generate the second-highest revenues after packaged content during the forecast period, Adkins said. The growth rate for cloud -based authoring tools and learning platforms in Asia is a robust 22.7 percent, the highest growth rate of all products. Authoring tools are in high demand as commercial suppliers and internal organizations rush to meet the demand for content. According to Ambient Insight, the major factors driving growth include the massive content digitization efforts across the school systems in every country in the region and the large-scale deployments of tablets in the academic segments, as well as the explosive growth of online higher education enrollments. Other factors cited are the strong demand for e-learning in the corporate sector in many countries and the strong demand for digital English-language learning products in both the academic and consumer segments across Asia. In the Philippines, e-learning has been gaining ground in the education and agricultural sectors, with a big push from government efforts.

One group that has been actively promoting and using e-learning is the Philippine eLearning Society, or Pels, whose members are mainly colleges and universities in both the public and private sectors. Also, the Department of Agriculture is running an extension program called e-learning for Agriculture and Fisheries with the Agricultural Training Institute as the lead implementing agency. The program is being carried out with help from other government agencies, state universities and colleges and nongovernment organizations. " Nowadays, mobile is very important to everyone. Everyone can have a mobile phone for a low price and mobile is not just only for texting and calling but it is also use for our education. Thats why the percentage of e-learning application user is broadly inclusive for all forms of learning education.

2.1.1.2 Foreign Literature With the growth in availability and functionality of mobile devices, mobile learning has become a popular instruction method. As mobile phones become more accessible and affordable, it is important to examine how their features might be tailored for educational purposes. Helen Drenoyianni, Lampros Stergioulas, and Valentina Dagiene, authors of The Pedagogical Challenge of Digital Literacy: Reconsidering the Concept - Envisioning the "Curriculum" - Reconstructing the School (2008), "Further, students might be informally using many different applications for academic purposes, making it difficult to determine what they use and how. Research has shown that having a clearer understanding of students' mobile practices encourages the university to implement more student-centered support and services." Because of occurring research on students' mobile practices, developers must focus on the convenience, flexibility, engagement, and interactivity which are the factors that make mobile learning more attractive to the users. Most students use their mobile devices mostly for self-directed informal learning rather than in the formal academic context, however, which makes it challenging to get an accurate picture of academic use. Hyo-Jeong So author of Turning on Mobile learning in Asia, published on 2012 said that there are key characteristics of mobile learning initiatives which can demonstrate the potential of mobile technologies to improve teaching and learning. Literacy education is an area where the use of mobile learning can have a particularly positive impact, especially for disadvantaged populations. "As part of this research, selected students participated in an after-school programme where they learned English using mobilebased games that they played approximately six hours per week. The games were designed to test the students' comprehension and recall of English words and phrases. Findings revealed that study participants achieved significant learning gains after receiving the mobile-integrated intervention."

The proponents focused on providing educational opportunities for out-of-school learning through mobile phones, in which they can practice and enjoy at the same time. It's a simple flash-card-like "learn this word" experience. The proposed system has trick that helps the users memorize syllables, including with matching images, and it tracks the users progress because it will help the user evaluate how far have the user have come and where are the user is weakest. Developing a mobile application can be tedious, we, the proponents must think various strategies for an effective mobile learning application which can be parallel to the usual education system in terms of the knowledge that they can get, wherein the users of the proposed system must understand the benefits and how it can contribute a lot. Edwige Simon and Courtney Fell, (2012) in their article entitled Language Technology Specialists at the Anderson Language & Technology Center at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Stated the: Key Takeaways A recent survey found that 60 percent of foreign-language students and nearly 14 percent of instructors reportedly use smartphones for language-learning purposes. However, neither students nor teachers are fully realizing the educational potential of mobile devices. Students need guidance on where to find resources beyond the standard dictionary and translation apps and on how to leverage those resources for language learning. Instructors must closely collaborate with faculty, IT experts, and educational technologists to take full advantage of the educational potential of mobile devices. Increasingly, mainstream mobile technologies are finding their way into students' lives and thus into the classroom. One way of dealing with these potentially distracting elements is to ban them altogether. Another approach is to find ways to put mobile devices at the service of learning an area where students are in dire need of assistance. As we can see every day on our college campuses, mobile devices have become an integral part of students' lives, putting truly authentic and engaging cultural materials at their fingertips. Because these mobile devices offer many tools for formal or informal language learning, we sought to discover whether or not students and instructors use these resources and, if they do, what kinds of tools they use and for what purposes. We also wanted to see whether students had any recommendations on how instructors could incorporate mobile learning resources into the curriculum. This article will show us, is the mobile learning resources are surely effective to students who have Foreign Language. By using survey they proved that most of the students are really in favored of using a mobile, especially for those who had foreign language. Just like our proposed system, wed decided to do a system application that is suitable in android phone and tablet.

Julie M. Sykes and Jonathon Reinhardt, (2012) How digital games can inform, enhance and transform L2 pedagogy The potential of digital games in the second and foreign (L2) classroom is enormous but harnessing their potential for application in the L2 classroom, however, presents complex challenges. In Language at Play: Digital Games in Second and Foreign Language Teaching and Learning , Sykes and Reinhart combine research from a variety of perspectives in applied linguistics, educational gaming, and games studies, and structure their discussion of five major concepts central to these areas: goal, interaction, feedback, motivation and context. While theoretically grounded, the volume's audience is primarily practicing L2 professionals with classroom experience. Intended for current and future foreign language teaching professionals, volumes in the Theory and Practice in Second Language Classroom Instruction series examine issues in teaching and learning in language classrooms. The topics selected and the discussions of them draw in principled ways on theory and practice in a range of fields, including second language acquisition, foreign language education, educational policy, language policy, linguistics, and other areas of applied linguistics. The content of this book is like our proposed system. Our, proposed system will give the entire lesson about Hiragana and Katakana. After you read and understand the lesson. You are about to answer the quiz that was provided by our proposed system. Laura Naismith, Peter Lonsdale, Giasemi Vavoula and Mike Sharples (2004) (http://www2.futurelab.org.uk), stated that Mobile technologies are becoming more embedded, ubiquitous and networked. With enhanced capabilities for rich social interactions, context awareness and internet connectivity. Such technologies can have a great impact on learning. Learning will move more and more outside of the classroom and into the learners environments, both real and virtual, thus becoming more situated, personal, collaborative and lifelong. The challenge will be to discover how to use mobile technologies to transform learning into a seamless part of daily life to the point where it is not recognized as learning at all. This authors show that everyone can achieve learning through mobile technology. It has a great impact to the society most importantly to the students that can use mobile phones as their gateway to help them in their studies. Author of International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, KukulskaHulme, Agnes (2007) said that "Mobile learning or m-learning is a pedagogical tool that can assist both students and teachers in navigating the modern teaching and learning world which is rapidly expanding to include distance education opportunities. It is a

relatively new field with the first studies being published in 2000.As with any learning environment, there are challenges and opportunities to consider, and various methods for implementation or delivery. The author said in this article discussed about the capability of m-learning to the mobile devices and any other devices that can access the internet This technology targets the students and teachers and others who used traditional learning method.

2.1.2 Related Studies This section presents other related studies, both foreign and local, by the people who conducted studies similar to that proponents that will also greatly help in the progress of the study. And it will also help the understanding of the proposition. 2.1.2.1 Local Studies Michelle Wendy Tan, Bryan Anthony Hong, Danniel Liwanag Alcantara, Amiel Perez, and Lawrence Tan, (2006) The national language of the Philippines is Filipino. As it evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages. The proponents see the characteristics poses problems for developers of Filipino machine translators. The goal of the said study is similar to the goal of the proponents - to develop a system that will everyone who wants to learn Hiragana and Katakana, the proposed system has the Romanji- the Roman alphabet to write the Japanese language. Being in a bilingual country, it is easy for Filipino to understand the syllables in Hiragana and Katakana. The first phase of development was an attempt to build a basic Hiragana and Katakana mobile learning application based on the research that the proponents did. As Melinda dP. Bandalaria (September 2005) said on her study entitled Education for All Through the Mobile Phone: The University of the Philippines Open University Experience "From time to time, people would want answers to some common questions and would seek practical knowledge and bits and pieces of information pertaining to health, for instance, language, etc. Ideally, one would go to a bookstore to buy a book on the topic, or search the Internet. A book may prove to be expensive and going to a bookstore requires time which sometimes busy people could not find. Again, searching the Internet would mean knowledge and skills on the use of the hardware and the software and may coast at least PhP30 per hour. Providing access to these practical information through the cellular phone upon demand would prove to be not only convenient but cheaper as well to the individual." The author said that not all lifelong learners would want a formal degree but just practical knowledge to help them cope with common and everyday concerns. No extensive trainings required for the users and no big investment on software and hardware as well. One can simply afford an android phone nowadays, mobile phones is owned and used by people from all walks of life. Both the skills to use the technology and the technology are already there.

Another study, To be or not to be: E-teaching in the Graduate School in a Philippine Perspective (April 2012), by Rosaly B. Alday and Ma. Maureen R. Pascual said that Eteaching is a method that uses e-learning to educate the students. They stated that "The teachers of the graduate school are highly competent with regards to computer skills necessary for e-teaching. They have significant positive attitudes toward eteaching and e-learning. Furthermore, they demonstrated interest and enthusiasm in indulging into various E-teaching strategies." The proponents aim to promote the concept of e-learning or mobile learning to the future users of the proposed system. As imposed on the study the educators also agreed on the significant effects of e-learning that will maximize the teaching potentials for teachers as well as learning potentials of the students. Mobile learning nowadays is such a big factor around the globe for those students wanting to learn more not only in school, but also outside. Mobile learning provides all the information a student need in order to finish paper works or even assignments. According to Paul T (human resource practitioner specializing in Learning and Organizational Development) (http://www.minreeva.com), " Some private schools in the Philippines are already using tablets for schoolwork. This is good news; but unfortunately, most of these tablets are only used for reading e-books and most probably used by students for gaming. There are yet many things that can be done in order to maximize the school and the parents investment on a phone tablet. This is why Id like to introduce mLearning. The Philippines is way behind when it comes to elearning and mLearning. Just an example, elearning, which found itself into the mainstream sometime early 2000s, is just making its way into Philippine learning circles today. In other parts of the world, eLearning is becoming a little outdated as more and more people are switching from the traditional desktops to tablets/phablets (phone + tablet); thus making mLearning is the next big thing. " The Philippines is way behind when it comes to eLearning and mLearning, for example, eLearning, which found itself into the mainstream sometime early 2000s, is just making its way into the Philippine learning circles today. ELearning is becoming a little outdated as more and more people are switching from the traditional desktops to tablets/phablets (phone+tablet); making mLearning the next big thing. The proponents see that there are a lot of factors that can contribute to the slow emergence of eLearning/mLearning in the country, example of these are the availability and high cost of internet, accessibility to computers, and cost of owning a computer/mobile devices. However, if someone will be able to produce such like these kind of technology in a daily student life, learning will be easier for the students. Students will boost their interests in learnig because it will make their studying easier than before. A study Advanced Communication Technology (February 2012) by Roxas, M.D, said that Education is an investment in human capital. Countries all over the world have put considerable attention to it as one of its concerns for national development. If not access for free education in all levels, governments try to subsidize cost of education through proper budget appropriation. Likewise, investment in the form of technological advancements by utilizing the efficiency of the internet is continuously being harnessed

to maximize its potential in the delivery of various educational knowledge, such in the case of alternative learning systems (ALS) that does not limit the quest for information in the four corners of the classroom. With such, the proponent seeks to offer an alternative learning system that is more accessible, usable, reliable, secure and portable to learners, that is, alternative mobile learning system utilizing smart phones as means for knowledge learning. Also, it aims to provide a significant collaboration and cooperation in establishing an alternative learning system for SUCs in the country thereby; yielding a venue for educators to share scholarly resources. Collaboration and cooperation takes in the form of content management, assessment, and administration. And more importantly empower individuals especially professionals to finish their degree programs while continuously embarking on their respective careers. This paper aimed to discuss the comparison of the existing mobile learning technologies and methodologies applied in the Philippines. Recommendations and conclusions in this related studies can established for possible future works.

2.1.2.2 Foreign Studies What can mobile devices bring to education that other method or tools cannot? What are the unique educational offer of mobile technologies? Jonathan James Trinder (April 2012), Mobile learning evaluation: the development of tools and techniques for the evaluation of learning exploiting mobile devices through the analysis of automatically collected usage logs - an iterative approach. PhD thesis, stated that "Returning to educational affordances, it has been suggested by Klopfer et al. (2002) that the affordances of mobile devices that make them suitable for education are: portability, social interactivity, context sensitivity, connectivity and individuality" Despite recent market excitement about the potential of higher-end smart phones and touch phones, feature phones continue to represent an estimated 85% of the mobile market. Students or users, however want to learn on their own mobile devices. Using a user's own device ensures that many of the features of the devices are well known and practiced. The proposed system focuses on Hiragana and Katakana syllables, for the proponents believes that syllable is a single unit of written or spoken word used to make up words. According to the study of Cagri Coltekin, From Syllable to meaning: Effects of Knowledge of Syllable in Learning the Meaning bearing units of Language (December 2006), stated that "This thesis focuses on the syllable as a source information for learning lexical items. This, however, does not undermine the possible uses of stress or other prosodic cues. From the literature on the subject, it seems very likely that both play an important role for speech recognition as well as language acquisition." The proposed system can be a help in this case because it can offer lessons on how the alphabet is written, used and include sound files to teach you exactly how each one is pronounced. Even if you are already taking a course, using a software can be a good idea to supplement your learning. For example, Hiragana, it is the basis of the Japanese writing system and is largely phonetic. It will be the first alphabet to master when you learn Japanese. While, Katakana was developed a little later than Hiragana, but was based almost exclusively on Chinese characters. Hiragana and Katakana rely on

phonetic sounds, so once you memorize them, you'll be well on your way to understanding Japanese. Olga Viberg and Ake Gronlund, Mobile assisted language learning (MALL) is a su barea of the growing field of mobile learning (mLearning) research which increasingly attracts the attention of scholars. This study provides a systematic review of MALL research within the specific area of second language acquisition during the period 2007 - 2012 in terms of research approaches, methods, theories and models, as well as results in the form of linguistic knowledge and skills. The findings show that studies of mobile technology use in different aspects of language learning support the hypothesis that mobile technology can enhance learners second language acquisition. However, most of the reviewed studies are experimental, small-scale, and conducted within a short period of time. There is also a lack of cumulative research; most theories and concepts are used only in one or a few papers. This raises the issue of the reliability of findings over time, across changing technologies, and in terms of scalability. In terms of gained linguistic knowledge and skills, attention is primarily on learners vocabulary acquisition, listening and speaking skills, and language acquisition in more general terms. Like the proposal system of us. We think that it is better to have a mobile learning app for Hiragana and Katakana. This app is free to all users, no need to have ann account unlike the other app. This is not only an ordinary translator but it has a vocal record, for you to understand on how to pronounce each word of Hiragana and Katakana (since it is a Japanese word). Robert Frederking, Teruko Mitamura, Eric Nyberg, (2003) This thesis proposal describes the need for and suggests the implementation of a new method of translating personal names from English and Japanese in the context of an open-domain question answering system. It is composed of several sections: problem background, expected contribution of the thesis work, previous findings, hypothesis, design of the experimental system, and evaluation. This system is about a name of a person that will translate the English alphabet into Japanese character. Similar to our proposed system, is that we will tackle more on the Japanese character in Hiragana and Katakana. Mobile learning is accomplished with the mobile device. These mobile devices include cell phones, PDAs; and any kinds of portable media players such as MP3 players and electronic book. According to Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, International Christian University; a compilation of reviews of different authors from year 2000-2008 social network services such as Facebook and Twitter, have made mobile learning more interactive and dynamic. "Sung, Chang, Lee and Yu (2008) explored the effect of a mobile electronic guidebook on visiting behavior in a museum. They compared two visiting modes, one through visiting with the electronic guidebook and another through without it. 42 college students were invited to visit the National Museum of History in Taiwan. The researchers analyzed the students behavior. According to the results, the

students who looked around the museum using the electronic guidebook showed more inquisitive behaviors and their behavior patterns became more directional." The proponents of this study agree that mobile learning is not just about the mobility of the technology but also the mobility of the learner. Learning across contexts is getting recognized as a critical characteristic of mobile learning. The study has seen the empirical research to examine the effectiveness of mobile learning. Mobile learning improves interaction and learning performance and supports to manage a class and informal learning. Nowadays, mobile learning has been applied in various areas, but it still faces several challenges for its future development. According to Sam Goundar (2011) (http://www.globdev.org), Mobile devices perform many of the functions of desktop computers, with the advantages of simplicity (being easier to learn and use) and improved access (being usable anywhere, anytime). Houser et. al. (2002). According to Prensky (2005), Mobile phones are not just communications devices for interaction between people; they are in fact computers that fit in your pocket, are always with you, and are always on. Like all computing devices, mobile phones can be used to learn. So rather than fight the kids coming to school carrying their own powerful learning deviceswhy not use the opportunity to their educational advantage?. This study discussed about the advantages of interaction between mobile phones and people as they use this existing technology. Students that have difficulties in carrying their books, this existing technology can help them to make their life easier as they go to school.