Professional Documents
Culture Documents
7UQJLKFKQJKLYLWQDP
.KRDLQLQWWXELQ
%PQxLQWYLQWKuQJ
/XQYrQWWQJKLS
7lQpWqL
0FKS1JX\rQOW{RJLxLPYwQJGQJ
6LQKYLzQWKFKLQ izQJ9jQ+LX
/Sw79w+
*9K}QJGQ7KV1JX\Q3KonQJ/kP
1LGXQJ
/LQR~y
7UDQJ
&K}|QJ,&FNKLQLzPF|EQ
ViQKQJKDPsKRtYqFtFNKtLQLPFnErQ
V0FpFKPsKRtFtFpLXNLQNKLOSPs
V&tFFtFKSKkQORuLPs
V&tFSKonQJSKtSELXGLQPs
&K}|QJ,,0FKS&RQYROXWLRQDO
V*LLWKLXYPsFKS
V&tFWuRPsFKS
iDWKFWuRPs
1KoQJpzFWQKFDPsFKS
VizFWQKNKRrQJFtFKFDPsFKS
V3KonQJSKtSELXGLQYqWKXWWRtQOSPs
V%LXpWUuQJWKtL
V%LXpKQKFk\
V%LXpOoL
VizFWQKNKRrQJFtFKFDPs
&K}|QJ,,,
*LLPFKSWKHRWKXWWRQ9LWHUEL
V0p{X
V&tFEoFJLrLPsFKS
&KonQJ,9
3KuPYLQJGQJ
/LNW
7qLOLXWKDPNKrR
/LQLp{X
7URQJTXWUQKWKFKLQWSOXQYxQ0FKSQJX\rQOW{RJLxLPYw
QJGQJ HP~QKQ~}FUWQKLXNLQ~QJJSJLS~YK}QJGQUW
FKyQWQKWWK\F{JLD~QKFFDQKFKNKDWU}FYEQE~FELWOQKQJWK\
F{ NKRD wLQlwLQ W WX ELQ FD WU}QJ & WK O WK\ 1JX\Q 3K}|QJ /yP
&KQKWK\~WRPL~LXNLQQKPWRWKXQOLFKRHPWPKLXWK{QJVXWK|Q
WURQJOQKYFYPQK}WKQRYFFKWRYJLPFQJQK}YDLWUTXDQWUQJ
WURQJQJQK~LQWQLFKXQJ
(P[LQFKyQWKQKE\WOQJELW|QVyXVF~QWWFWK\F{JLD~QKDQK
FK Y EQ E &KQK QK V WQ WyP Y QKLW WKQK FD PL QJ}L P HP ~ KRQ
WKQKOXQYxQQ\
(P FQJ [LQ WKQK WKW ELW |Q TX WK\F{ WURQJ WU}QJ ~ G\ G HP WURQJ
VXWNKDKFYDTXD~HPF~}FNLQWKFWKFKLQOXQYxQQ\
&KyQWKQKFP|Q
+LSKQJ
7KQJ
6LQKYLzQWKFKLQwQJ9xQ+LX
&K}|QJ,
&tFNKtLQLPFnErQ
7URQJKWKQJWK{QJWUX\QWLQULUFNKLWUX\QFFWQKLXOLzQWFWLQWFSKLWK}QJ
SKLWK{QJTXDPWVSKSELQ~L~LWKQKVWK}QJOQKSKyQULPKR~XWKX
WQKLXSKLWK{QJTXDQKQJSKSELQ~LQJ}FYLFFSKSELQ~LWUzQJLLPOLzQWF
KR ~SKFKLWLQWF6PKRWLQWFQKPPF~FKWxQJWQKKLXTXY~WLQF\
FDKWKQJWK{QJWLQQJKDOWxQJWF~WUX\QWLQDYINKQxQJFKQJQKLX7K{QJWK}QJ
WF ~ OS WLQ WK}QJ FQ UW [D PL ~W ~}F WK{QJ O}QJ FD NzQK w WxQJ WF ~ OS WLQ
GQJSKSPKR~WKD\~LWQKFKWWKQJNzFDQJXQQK~FWKWLSFQYLWK{QJ
O}QJFDNzQK7U}QJKSWUX\QWLQWURQJ NzQKFQKLXYQ~SKLTXDQWyPOOPWK
QR~WxQJ~FKQK[FFDYLFWUX\QWLQQJKDOVDLOP[\UDOWLWKLX9Q~Q\
FQJFWK~}FFLWLQEQJFFKPKR
7POLKDLQKLPYOQPYLFPKRFQSKL~W~}FOWpQJKLXVXWWUX\Q
WLQYwWpQJvWLQF\ 7~y\GQ~QKDLK}QJOQFQQJKLzQFXFDYLFPKROP
KR QQ G OLX Y P KR F NK QxQJ SKW KLQ VDL Y VD VDL
&K}|QJQ\JLLWKLXPWV~QKQJKDFFNKLQLPF|EQYPKRFFKSKyQORL
FFSK}|QJSKSELXGLQPYFF~QKOYP
VqQKQJKDPKR|YyPWVNK|LQLPFvEzQ
iQKQJKD
0KRQJXQWLQ;WKHREP0OSKSQK[ELQ~LPWWLQ[ ;WKQKPWW
KSFFNKLXFDEP0
1JXQ; {[ [ [ }
%P0 {P P P }
7URQJ~NOF|VFDEP9GN OPQKSKyQN OPWKSSKyQN O
POFSKyQ
1XWLQ[ ~}FPKRWKQK
; P P P
~y\OOVNKLXFDEPGQJ~ELXGLQ[ ~QJWKLOFQJO~GLWP
L
&KLXGwLWP
&KLXGwLWP
&KLXGLWPOVNKLXFDEPGQJ~PKRFKRFFWP~
7UQJOuQJWP
7UQJO}QJWPOWQJVFFNKLXNKFFDWP
.KLXZ: OWUQJO}QJWP:
L
4XQJFzFKP
4XQJFFKPOVNKLXNKFQKDXWQKWKHRYWUW}|QJQJFDKDLWPFFKLX
GLEQJQKDX
4XQJFFKQ\UWTXDQWUQJWDVVWNSKQVDXFK}|QJQ\
*L: : OKDLWPFFKLXGLEQJQKDX
4XQJFFKPG: : Z: : YLOSKSWRQFQJPRGXQl
4XQJFFKFDPWEP~}F~QKQJKDOTXQJFFKPWLWKLXFDKDLWPEWN
FDEP
L
V0FFKPKRYFFLXNLQNKLOSP
0WVPFvFKPYLFPKRzQK|PWL
3KLKSQJXQWLQYQ|LQKQWLQ
7xQJKLXVXWWK{QJWLQ
7xQJ~WLQF\
%RPWWK{QJWLQ
.KLWKLWOSPWPQR~WDSKLWXyQWKHRPWV~LXNLQTX\W~QKQK}VDX
iLXNLQFKXQJ
3KL~PERWQK~|QWUQJKDONKLQKQ~}FPWG\WQKLXWKSKLWFKUD
~}FWQJWPPWYSKSWFKQ\OGX\QKW
iLXNLQULlQJ
wLYLSK}|QJSKS[y\GQJPWKQJNzWL}XPQQWKSKLODPVDRFKR~
GLWUXQJEQKFDWPOQKQKWFQ~LYLSK}|QJSKSPFWKSKWKLQY
VXVDLWKSKLFKRSKSSKWKLQYVXVDLFDQJIQKLXFQJWW
V&FFFKSKQORLP
&QKLXFtFKSKkQORuLPsGoLpk\OqPWVFtFKWLlXELX
9 3KkQORuLWKHRWUQJOoQJWPs
0FWUQJO}QJNK{QJWKD\~L
0FWUQJO}QJWKD\~L
9 3KkQORuLWKHRFKLXGqLWPs
0FFKLXGLWKD\~L
0FFKLXGLNK{QJ~L
9 3KkQORuLWKHRpWLQF\
0NK{QJFNKQxQJSKWKLQYVDVDL
0FNKQxQJSKWKLQYVDVDL
9 3KkQORuLWKHRFnVFDEPs
9 3KkQORuLWKHRWKWFtFFWWURQJWPs
0NK{QJFWUQJVWKWFFFWVNK{QJQKK}QJ~QiQLGXQJjFDWP
0FWUQJVWKWFFFWVQKK}QJ~QiQLGXQJiFDWP
9 3KkQORuLWKHRPFpFKVGQJPs
0V
0NW
9 3KkQORuLWKHRTXsQJFtFKPsGJLDKDLWPsNFQ
GFRQVWPYQJ
G FRQVVWP*UD\P-RKQVRQ
9 3KkQORuLWKHRFtFKWuRPs
0NKL
%PNKLFDPNKLVFKLDGQJWK{QJWLQWKQKQKQJNKLWLQPDVDJHEORFNFN
ELW0LWLQ~}FELXGLQEQJNKLNWKQKSKQQKSKyQ
X X X X
X~}FJLOYHFWRWK{QJWLQPDVDJHFWQJFQJ YHFWRWK{QJWLQNKFQKDX%PKR
VFKX\QYHFWRUWK{QJWLQXWKQKEQWKQKSKQQWXEOH9 Y Y Y ~}FJLOW
P1K}Y\QJYL YHFWRUWK{QJWLQVF WPNKFQKDX7SKS WP[FKLX
GLQ~}FJLOPWNKLQNWV5 NQ~}FJLOWVP5OVELWWK{QJWLQ~}DYR
EJLLPWUzQVEW~}FWUX\Q'RQELWUDFKSKWKXFYRNELWWK{QJWLQYREJLLP
NK{QJFQQKYFWKWKFKLQEQJPFKORJLFWKS
0FKS
%PKRFDP[RQJLQJQK}EPKRFDPNKLFQJQKQNELWWK{QJWLQXY
WRWKQKWPYOQKQJNKLQELW1K}QJQELWFDWPYNK{QJFKSKWKXFYRNELW
WK{QJWLQPFQSKWKXFPELWWK{QJWLQWU}F~'R~EPKRFEQKP7SKS
GQJPKRQELWVLQKUDENWK{QJWLQYEQKP~}FJLOPFKSQNPWV5 NQ
FQJ~}FJLOWVP'RWQKFKWFDPQQzQQSKL~}FWKFKLQEQJPFKG\
0Qw\vuFvuFWUQKEw\FKLWLWWURQJSKQVDX
V&FSKQJSKSELXGLQP
3KutQJSKzSOLWNr
wy\OFFKELXGLQ~|QJLQQKWOLWNzWURQJPWEQJQKQJWQKLX
FDQJXQYFKUFFWPDW}|QJQJ
9LFFKELXGLQQ\UUQJQK}QJNK{QJWKFKKSFKRQKQJWU}QJKSEPOQY
FQJNQK
3KutQJSKzSPWSK}QJWR{vFDP
3K}|QJSKSQ\FKWFKKSFKRFFORLPFWUQJV'DYRKDLWK{QJVOPW~GL
QYWUQJVEFDWP~OSQzQPWPWSKQJWR~0WWP~}FELXGLQEQJPW
~LPWUzQPWSKQJWR~QE1XWPY {YYY}~}FPKRELPWEP0FF|
VOPY0YY PYLL Q7URQJ~TX\}FYWU~XWLzQEzQWULQJYLN
KLXYOYWUFWUQJVQKQKWPYWUWKLWQKWWULVDQJSKLQJYLNKLXYF
v
i =1
m 1
7URQJ~Y JDWUFDNKLXWKLWURQJWPY0
LVWKWFDNKLXWURQJWPL Q
PF|VFDP
1K}Y\PLWP~}FELXGLQEQJPRSW~LPGX\QKWFWR~OQE
oQKO
3KutQJSKzSFq\
oLXNLQvPSKqQWzFKvuF
wLXNLQTXDQWUQJFDYLFWRPOFKRSKSNKLQKQ~}FFKXLFFN
KLXFKQJSKLWFKUD~}FFFWKQKSKQF|EQOFFWPYFFKWFKQ\SKLOGX\
QKWYO~QJ~QPSKyQWFKW}|LQSKLWKRPQFF~LXNLzQFQY~VDX
wHPFFWP[SWKQKFW~QKGXV
wLFKLXFFWPQJQYLFFWPGLK|QWURQJFWQXWPQJQWUQJYL
SKQ~XFDWPGLWKO\SKQFQOLQJKLYRFWWK
/SOLE}FQJKDOFWWKMVONWTXNKLWD~LFKLXFWMYLFWMWLSWF
FFE}FQ\FKR~QNKLFWSKL~LQWUQJUQJ
0FWQKSUHIL[
7URQJFFORLPFWQKSKyQWFK~}FORLPPDQJQKLX~F~LPFFKFKRYLF
NKDLWKFVGQJY~}FQJKLzQFXQKLXOPFWQKSUHIL[
3UHIL[SKyQ~XFDWPOESKQFDWP~VDXNKLE~LFFNKLXFXLFQJ
oQK QJKD PW E P JL Ow P F WQK SUHIL[ QX EW N W P Q FQJ NKsQJ SKxL Ow
SKQvXFDEWNWPNKzFWURQJEPNKLELXGLQPE|QJFq\PWDQKQWK\E
PFWQKSUHIL[NKLFzFWPFKOwQWOz
7URQJWKFWFFORLPNK{QJ~QJ~XPNK{QJFWQKSUHIH[NK{QJ~}FQJKLzQFX
YNK{QJFJLWUWKFWOGROFFWKLWEPKRYJLLPTXSKFWS
7WQKFKWQLWUzQFDPFWQKSUHIL[WDFWKGQJKPFXWUFP~UWUD~}F
~LXNLQWQJTXWYWQKSKyQWFK~}FFDP
YLPOF|VP
1 j =1 j =
G ( j)
.KLKP FXWUF *MWKRPQ~LX NLQWUzQWKPFWQKSUHIL[.KL ~LXNLQWUzQWU
WKQK~QJWKFWKP~OP~\YLKPFXWUF*M
oQKOYvGwLWUXQJEQKFDWP
i =1
p (u i ) I (u i )
i =1
p (u i ) I (u i ) + 1
wQK O JLL KQ WUzQ F WK [y\ GQJ E P F ~ GL WUXQJ EQK NK{QJ OQ K|Q W V
HQWURS\QJXQ~}FPKRWUzQO}QJWLQWUXQJEQKFF~LFKDWURQJPWNKLXPFQJ
YLPW~|QY
0WEPF~GLWUXQJEQKWKRPQKDLJLLKQWUzQJLOPWKQJNzWL}XY
F~F~LPVDX
&FNKLXNKFQKDXFDEPSKL~QJ[F[XW
;F[XWVXWKLQNKLXWURQJWPNK{QJSKWKXFYRFFNKLXFDWPUD
WU}F
9\WLzXFKXQFDPWKQJNzWL}XO~GLWUXQJEQKWPWLWKLX
&K}|QJ,,
0FKS
&RQYROXWLRQDOFRGHV
V*LLWKLXFKXQJYPFKS
0FKS~}F(OLDV~FS~QOQ~XWLzQYRQxP6DX~:R]HQFUDIW~}DUDPW
JLLWKXWJLLPW}|QJ~LFKLXOFFKRPFKSW~QJKLzQFXYPFKSQJ\FQJ
~}FKRQWKLQK|Q1xP0DVVH\~}DUDFFKJLLPWKLXTXK|QQK}QJGWKFWKL
~}FJLOJLLPQJ}QJWKUHVKROGHFRRGLQJ1KWLQEQ\PFKS~}FQJGQJ
~WUX\QVTXDNzQKWK{QJWLQ1xP9HUWLEL~~}DUDJLLWKXWYLQKQJQKQJSKLzQ
EQVDXFDQOPFKRPFKS~}FQJGQJUQJULWURQJF{QJQJKYLQWK{QJ
0FKS~}FP{WELVQJKX\zQQNY.7URQJ~NOVEW~}FGFKFKX\QYR
WKDQKJKLGFKEOSPWDPLWKL~LPQOWQJVEWWURQJPWWPOLUDFDEOS
P7VU QN~}FJLOWOP~y\OPWWKDPV~QKJL~G}FXWP~}FE
[XQJ6QJX\zQN~}FJLO~GLKQFKUQJEXFWKDPVQ\P{WVWQJWKDQKJKL
GFKQWKKLQVOQGFKFDPWQKPNEQWLQPWURQJGGNEWQ\YQFQJy\QK
K}QJ~XUDEOSP0W~FWQKTXDQWUQJFDFFPFKSNKFELWVRYLFFP
NKLOEOSPFDFKXQJVFQKQzQTXWUQKWRUDQSKQWGXUDFDEOSPQ\
NK{QJ FK SK WKXF YR N WS KS N EW WLQ ~X YR WU}F ~
6EWUOSJLLPFKSY~LXFKJLD~LXFKWUzQPWWX\QWK{QJWLQ~}FWUQKE\
WUzQKQK
6W
1JXQWLQ
/SPFKS
wLXFK
W
P
8 JG XXX
'\YRG GGG
'\
WURQJ ~ 8 88 88 .zQK
WUX\Q
*LLPFKS
*LD~LXFK
1JXQWLQ
6W
G GhGhGh
X ]]]
WURQJ~] ]]]]
] O NKLX~LXFKWKMFDWQKQK]
+QK6EWUEOSJLLPFKSYE~LXFKJLL~LXFKFDPWWX\Q
WK{QJWLQ
%QWLQ~}FNKLXEQJG\G GGGWURQJ~G OVQKSKyQ~FOSQKDXQJKDO
EWGLVNK{QJPDQJWK{QJWLQJYEWGMYLLM%OSPVFKX\QPLG\PWKQKPW
G\WPGX\QKW8 *G0FGG\G[F~QKPWG\8GX\QKWQK}QJPKRNELWV
SKWKXFYRNERRMNEWWU}|FV~QzQ~F~LPF|EQFDPFKSOENEWWURQJG
OL NK{QJ [F ~QK GX\ QKW PW E EW OLzQ TXDQ WURQJ 8 '\ 8 JP FF W P QKQK 8
8888PPLWPQKQK8LOFFNKLXPQKSKyQWK}QJJLOFFNWNzQK
EWNzQKKD\ELWWVOSPNKFYLFFEWWLQYRFFEWWLQPNK{QJ~FOSQKDX
6DXNKyXOSPG\WP 8~}F~LX FKWKQKWLQ KLX6WEQKK}QJFDQKLX
GQ~QNWTXSKDWKXQKQ~}FWQKLX6
WYG\~LXFK= ===1KLPYFD
E JLL P FKS O WR UD G\ G
G
G
G
GD YR G\ WKX ~}F = Y FF WK WF OS P
WU}F~
V&|FKW}RPFKS
6|~WQJTXWFDPWEOSPFKS~}FFKRWURQJKQKG}L
N
N
N
QEFQJPRGXQ
+%OSsPFKSFpGqLKuQFK. 0YqWOPsNQ
0FKS~}FWRUDEQJFFKFKRPWFKXLWK{QJWLQ~LTXDPWWKDQKJKLGFKWX\Q
WQKWUQJWKLKQFK1LFKXQJWKDQKJKLGFKEDRJP0WQJNELWYQEWRKP~L
VWX\QWQKQK}+&FEWVKLX~XYRFDEJKLGFKPLOQNEW~XYROQEW
WURQJ~NQ7}|QJWQK}~LYLPNKLWX\QWQKWVU NQ~}FJLOWOPw
GLKQFKFDEOSP+O. 0
7K{QJWK}QJFFEOSPFKSKD\~}FVGQJYLN WURQJWU}QJKSPWKDQK
JKLGFK0WQJwLYLFFEOSPQ\POQFPWEWPGFK YRWKDQKJKLWKWWFFF
EWWU}F~GFKWQJVDQJEzQSKLYWURQJWU}QJKSWQJTXWQ~XUDFDFFEFQJ
~}FO\PXOQO}W~}FSKW~L9FQEW~XUD~LYLPWEW~XYRQzQWOPO
U Q
0FKPKRFKREOSPFKSQKSKyQ~}FWUQKE\+0FKQ\EDR
JPPWWKDQKJKLGFKNEWQPFKFQJPRGXQQ YPWEGQNzQK~OLzQWF
~}DWQKLX~XUD0FKF{QJPRGXQ~}FWKFKLQEQJPFKORJLF;257WFFF
WPFKS~XUDWRQKWKDQKJKLGFKFKPKLWLSOKPFQJPRGXQ
X
XY
+0uFKPsKRtQKSKkQBDYqBE
'\WK{QJWLQ8 X XX~}F~}DYRPFKPKROQO}WWQJEWPW+DLG\
UDPFKPKRODY
Y
Y
Y
YY
Y
Y
Y
FWKWKX~}FNKLFKSXKDL
G\~SQJ[XQJLQSXOVHUHVSRQVHFDPFKPKR~}FNKLXO
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
wLYLPFKPKR+WKJ
J
&FG\~SQJ[XQJJ
YJ
~}FJLOG\VLQKJHQHUDWLRQVHTXHQFHFDP
3K}|QJWUQKWRPFWKELXGLQQK}VDX
J
X
J
J
X
J
~y\GX
OSKSFKSULUFYWWFFFSKSWRQOPRGXQ
9G&KRFKXLWLQX WKG\~XUDO
Y
Y
.KLWD[S[SWPVOY
.KLWDVS[SJ
J
WKQKPDWUQ
G=
........
(1) (2)
(1) (2)
.....
....
g
g
g
g
0 0
k k
7URQJF{QJWKFQKQJYQJWUQJOQKQJVNK{QJ3K}|QJWUQKPKRFWKYLW
OLWKQKPWUQVDX
Y X*
1XXFFKLXGLKXKQO/WK*F/KQJYQKQJP/FWYYFFKLXGLO
./
9G9LX WKHRF{QJWKFWDWQK~}FY >@
YY
9'PFV|~+NKLN
WKDQKJKLGFK
Q EFQJPRGXQ
N EWYRFQJPWOF
'\X~XYR~}FYLWQK}VDX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
9LPDFKSQKSKyQBEWDFG\VLQKQK}VDX
J
J
J
J
J
J
9SK}|QJWUQKPKR
Y
X
J
X
J
7P~}FWRUDO
Y
X
J
X
J
Y Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
X
J
X
J
Y
Y
9'[WX
YX
WK
Y
Y Y
Y
9'7}|QJWWDFPDWUQVLQK
101
011
G =
111
100
101
011
111
100
101
011
111
100
X
YX
X
/FQ\WDWQKYQK}VDXY X
*YY
.WTXWQKWRQSKKSYLYGWUzQ
9'Q\PLQKKRPWFFKUUQJYLFPKRFKS7URQJWU}QJKS~FELWPFK
PKRJPNWKDQKJKLGFKNK{QJSKLWWFFFWKDQKJKLGFKQ\~XFFKLXGLJLQJ
QKDXVRVEWFDWQJWKDQKJKKLGFKFWKNKFQKDX
1X JL 1L O FKLX GL FX WKDQK JKL GFK WK L WK . ~}F ~QK QJKD QK} VDX
. PD[1L
Y|LQJKLO.FKLXGLOQQKWFDNWKDQKJKLGFK6X\UDFKLHXIGLUQJEXF
G}F[F~QKELFRRQKWKFVDX
Q QN
0LEWWK{QJWLQWURQJPFKPKRSKWKXFYR.~|QYWKLJLDQ7LPL~|QY
WKLJLDQQ~XUDFDPFKPKROLSKWKXFYRVKLWLSFXWKDQKJKLGFKQFWK
[HPQK}OJLWUOQQKWFDQKQJ~XUDFDPFKPKRSKWKXFYRWQJG\EWWK{QJ
WLQ7URQJYLGQ\FKLzGLUQJEXFFDFFEP+++W}|QJQJO
X
Y
+0uFKWuRPsFKSQKSKkQ
7URQJWU}QJKSWQJTXWPDWUQVLQKFDPFKSQN.FGQJ
Gm
...
G 0 G 1 G 2
G 0 G 1 .... G m 1 G m
G =
G 0 ...... G m 2 G m 1 G m
.....
.....
...
.....
7URQJF{QJWKFPL*LOPDWUQFRQN
QPQKQJSKQWWURQJPDWUQ~O
g 1(i1 )
(1 )
g 2i
G
=
i
...
(1 )
g ki
g i(12 )
g 2( 2i )
....
g ki( 2 )
.....
.....
...
...
g i(1n )
g 2( ni )
...
g ki( n )
/}XUQJPLWSKSNKQJFDPDWUQ*JLQJYLWSKSFXNKQJWU}F~QK}QJ
~~}FGFKFKX\QVDQJSKLQYWUwLYLG\WK{QJWLQ
X XX X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
WPYW}|QJQJO
Y YY Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
7URQJ~Y~}F[F~QKEQJELXWKFY X
*
7PYOWKSWX\QWQKQKQJKQJFDPDWUQVLQK*9\PFKSQNODIPWX\Q
WQK
0FKWRPFKSWRUDWPQEWWFKXLNELWWK{QJWLQWO5 NQ~}FJLOWO
PFRGHUDWH
1X[HPPFKSOPWPNKLWX\QWQKFPDWUQVLQK*WKWOPNKL~}F[F
GQKELELXWKFN/Q/.WK//.Y\WOFDPNKLYPFKS[S[EQJ
QKDX7X\QKLHQQX/QKRUWKWVN/Q/.VOWOKLXTXFDYLFWUX\QWKRRQJWLQ
/F~WOSKL~}FJLPQKK|QWOPWWK{QJWLQ
k / n kL/(L + K)
K
=
k/n
L+ K
&{QJWKF~}FJOWOKDRKWIUDFWLRQDOUDWHORVVwJLWOKDRKWEQJNK{QJ
WK/SKLOQK|QUWQKLXVRYL.
9'FKRG\WK{QJWLQQK}9'/ WKWOKRDKWOFQ\VO %
&Q~LYL/ WKWOKRDKWO %
7URQJEWNPWWX\QKWKQJQRQKQJSKSWRQWKHRWKLJLDQNFSKSFKSF
WK~}FWKD\EQJSKSELQ~LWKXQWLQKQKZSKS~DWKF9PFKSOPWPWX\Q
WQKPLG\SK}|QJWUQKWRUDPKRFWKWKD\EQJ~DWKFW}|QJQJYSKSFKS~}F
WKD\EQJSKSQKyQ~DWKF0WG\QKSKyQ~}FWKD\EQJ~DWKFPKVFD~DWKF
Q\FKQKOFFJLWUEWFDG\
iDWKFWuRPs
&KXL~XUDFDEOSPFQJFWKGGQJWQK~}FWUzQFRVF~DWKFWRP7URQJ
WU}QJ KS WQJ TXW WD F WK ELX GLQ FKXL ~X YR GQJ ~D WKF QK} VDX
P P P[P[P
[
9~DWKFWRPGQJVDX
JL J J[J[J
1XNK{QJF~XQLYRWKDQKJKLYLQKQKFQJWK
JL J[J[J
.KLQ\FKXL~XUDFDFFQKQKFQJPRGXQ~}F[F~QKQK}VDX
X P
J
X X[X[X
[
+D\FKXL~XUDW}|QJQJO
X X XX,...X
1X~XYRFDWKDQKJKLNK{QJ~XQLYLQKQKFQJWK
X X[X[X
[
9FKXL~XUDW}|QJQJO
X X XX,...X
&KXL~XUDFDEOSPOSKSFKS[HQNFDFFFKXLXQLWLS
9'7QKWRQFKXL~XUDVGQJ~DWKFWRPNKLFKXLEW~XYRFGQJ
P P PPPP
7URQJ~P OEW~XWLzQYREOSP
/LJLr,
7F{QJWKFWDYLW~DWKFEQWLQQK}VDX
P [[
7WD~}F~DWKFEQWLQQK}VDXJ [[
J [[[
7KHRF{QJWKFG\XVOX [[[ [[[ [[[
9WKHRF{QJWKFWD~}FX
7}|QJWX [[[[[
X
&XLFQJWD~}FFKXL~XUDOSKSFKSFKXLXXFDKDLFKXLWUzQQK}VDX
X
7FFSK}|QJWUQKWQKWRQFKXL~XUDFDEOSPFKSWDWK\SK}|QJSKSVGQJ
~DWKFWRPOQKDQKK|QF
1KQJpzFWQKFDPsFKS
0FKPKRFKSOPWPFK~\0FKQ\FWK~}FP{WEQJ~KQKWUQJWK,
7UQJWK,FDWURQJPFKPKR~}FELXGLQOQLGXQJWKDQKJKLGFK
&KRPWPQN.YLN!QLGXQJWKDQKJKLGLFKWKLO1LEWWK{QJWLQ~QJWU}F
QOWQJFFNKyXQKFDEPKRWUQJWKLFDEPKRW,WKL~,PWO1LEW
WKQKSKQ~XYR
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
7LWKL~LP~FWQJFQJNWUQJWK,NKFQKDXwLYLPWPQN.1 Q .
YWUQJWKLFDEPKRWLWKL~LP~|QJLQOXXX
0LNKLQKFDN~XYRJy\UDPWVWKD\~LWUQJWK,QJYLPLWUQJWKLPL
FXQJW}|QJQJYLPW~XYR[F~QK
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
+0sFKS
7URQJ~KQKNKLX6LOWUQJWKLPWJLWUWKSSKyQYDQWKQKSKQQKSKyQE
E E ELX GLQ WUQJ WKL ~ EQJ Lw KQK WUQJ WK FL WLQ ~ FKR ELHWV WUQJ O}QJ
+DPPLQJFDWWFQKQJWPNKFWFOKPWUQJO}QJSKyQEFKRWSP&WK
WUQJWKL6~}FWFKWKQKWUQJWKL~XYDWUQJWKLFXLPLWUQJWKL~}F~FWU}QJ
EL[LYLLOWUQJO}QJFDQEWWLQ~}FPKRWUzQFXQJ~0LFRQ~}QJOLzQNW
WUQJWKL ~X YWUQJWKLFXLELQ GLQEQJPWWPNKF1KQJWPQKyQUDY
FKSOLWKQKWUQJWKL6 QKLXK|QOQWKFWK[HQQK}OG\FDQKQJWPDFQJQ
K|Qw}QJWLSQKQOWFKFDQKQJFXQJOLzQWLSQKQGFWKHR~}QJYWUQJO}QJ
FDWP~G}FNWOLOWUQJO}QJFD[WUzQ~}QJWLSQKQwKQKWUQJWKLFLWLQ
~LYLEPKQK
&XQJP~}FELXGLQELG\WUQJWKL6 66666666 WURQJKQKF
~}QJWLSQKQW}|QJQJFWUQJO}QJO
&XQJPELXGLQELG\WUQJWKL6 6666 WURQJKQKEF~}QJWLSQKQ
WZRZQJQJFWUQJO}QJO
+PWUQJO}QJSKyQEFDWPFWK~}F[F~QKQK~KQKWUQJWKLFRQ
~}QJOLzQNzWVPWWUDQJMWKLFLWLQYSGQJF{QJWKF0DVRQ~WQKKPVLQKFDQ
T (x) = Ai i
i
$FWUQJO}QJOL
= 1 C i + C i ' C j ' + C i '' C j '' ... ....
i
i' j'
i '' j ''
&OWQJFFNKLXFDYQJWKLFRQ~}QJOLzQNWWUQJWKL~XYLWUQJWKLFXL
QK}QJNK{QJ~LTXDEWNWUQJWKLQROQJLOG}QJ~|Q
&L
&M
OWQJFDWWFEKDLYQJNK{QJFKPQKDX
7KHRF{QJWKF0DVRQ T ( ) =
F
i
)LONKLX~}QJG|QWKL
7URQJ~KQKKQK
DFRWVFYQJ
7URQJ~YQJNK{QJFKPQKDX
9QJ66666666& [&SYQJWKQKWYY&& [
9QJ666666& [&SYQJWKKDLYY && [
9QJ66666666& [&SYQJWKEDYY&& [
9QJ66666 & [&SYQJWKW}YY && [
9QJ66666666& [&SYQJWKQxPYY&& [
9QJ6666666 & [&SYQJWKVXYY&& [
9QJ6666
&EYQJNK{QJFKPQKDX
%YQJWKQKWY YY&&& [
%YQJWKKDLY Y Y&& & [
.K{QJFQKQJWSKSNKFFDQKQJYQJNK{QJFKPQKDXYWK
[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[
[[[[[[[
[[
&E\~}QJ~|QWURQJ~KQKFDKQK
w}QJ~|QWKQKW6 66666666 ) [
w}QJ~|QWKKDL6 666666 ) [
w}QJ~|QWKED6 6666666 ) [
w}QJ~|QWKW}6 66666 ) [
w}QJ~|QWKQxP6 66666666 ) [
w}QJ~|QWKVX6 666666 ) [
w}QJ~|QWKE\6 6666
w}QJ~|QWKQKWYWKQxP~LTXDWWFFFWUQJWKLWURQJ~KQKGRY\~KQK
FRQPQ~LTXDQKQJ~}QJQ\WKNK{QJFKDEWFWUQJWKLQRYWK
wKQKFRQPNK{QJ~LTXD~}QJ~|QWKEDYWKVX~}FFKUDWURQJKQK
GR~
wKQKFRQPNK{QJ~LTXD~}QJ~|QWK~}FFKUDWURQJKQKE
GR~ [
wKQKFRQPNK{QJ~LTXD~}QJ~|QWKW}~}FFKUDWURQJKQKF
GR~ [[[ [[
wKQKFRQPNK{QJ~LTXD~}QJ~|QWK~}FFKUDWURQJKQKG
GR~ [[ VLQKFD~KQK~}F[F~QKELELHXUWKF
6 +7 8
T ( ) =
1 2 3
2 3 + 4 + 6 7 8
1 2 2 2 3 + 4 + 5
\]
+iKQKWUuQJWKtLE[XQJFDPsFKS
7URQJ~KPVLQKO
9G\N~XUD~XWLzQWUQJYLG\Q\~}FJLOG\WK{QJWLQFQQN~XUDJL
ONLPWUD0WPKWKQJFQJLLFNQ.G\VLQK
1X P EW N NK{QJ WKR P FF ~LX NLQ WURQJ F{QJ WKF WK JL O P
NK{QJKWKQJ
hX~LPFDPKWKQJOYLFPKR~|QJLQK|QVRYLPNK{QJKWKQJGR~
Q~LKLWSKQFQJK|Q
VqFWQKNKRzQJF|FKFDPFKS
9LFWKFKLQPWPFKSSKWKXFYRYLFJLLWKLXJLLP~}FVGQJY~F
WQKNKRQJFFKFDP7URQJSKQQ\VJLLWKLXYRORLNKRQJFFKFDP[RQ
.KRrQJFtFKWGRWLWKLX
~QKQJKD
GIUHH
7URQJ~YhYYhhOKDLWPW}|QJQJYLKDLG\WK{QJWLQXhYXhhNKFQKDXYP
FKSOPWX\QWQK
GIUHH
PLQ{ZYX}
PLQ{ZX*X}
1K}Y\GIUHHOWUQJO}QJWLWKLXFDWWFFFWPYLG\WK{QJYRNKFGIUHH
FQJOWUQJO}QJQKQKWFDWWF~}QJWUzQ~KQKWUQJWKL1O~LPWKSQKWFD
[WURQJKPVLQKP7[
7URQJWKFWNK{QJWKWQKWRQ7[QXNY}WTXDKRF'RY\SKL~}DUDFF
SK}|QJSKSNKF~~QKJLNKRQJFFKGIHH
+qPNKRrQJFtFKFW
0W WK{QJ V NKRQJ FFK TXDQ WUQJ NKF FD P FKS O KP NKRQJ FFK FW
FROXPQGLVWDQFHIXQFWLRQ&')&')~}FWQKQK}VDX
.KLX[9]L [ v] = (v0 (1) , v0 ( 20 ... v0 ( n ) , v1(1) , v1( 2 ) ... v1( n ) ..., vi (1) , vi ( 2 ) ... vi ( n ) )
ELXGLQVWKD\~LWKLFDG\WK{QJWLQX+PNKRQJFFKFWWKLNKLXOGL
~}F~QKQJKD
'R>YL@ >8@L>*@L
G0
[G ]i =
G1
G0
Gi
..... Gi 1 Gi
..... ..... .....
G0
.....
+D\
G0
G
=
]
[
i
G1
.....
GK
G0
.....
G K 1
GK
.....
.....
.....
G1
G K 1
.....
GK
G0
.....
....
G0
G K 1
GK
.....
....
G1
Go
GK
G 0
GR~GL PLQZ>X@L>*@L>8@
GLFKSKWKXFYRQLFW~XWLzQFD*
V3KwvQJSK|SELXGLQYyWKXWWR|QOSP
;WEOSP~|QJLQQK}KQKVDX
X
Y
Y
Y
+6npEOSPsFKS
&FEW~XYRSKDWQFQJEzQWULFDWUQJWKLWKDQKJKLGFK~XUDOENWKSFD
E[RUWUzQWRS;25JDWHYG}LERWWRP;25GDWH%OSPQ\FFKLXGLEQK
EQJ
1J}LWDWK}QJVGQJFFELX~WUQJWKL~ELXGLQ~FWQKFDEOSPFKS
9LYGWUzQFKLXGLEQKEQJWDFWKELXGLQ~}FWUQJWKL0LPW
WUQJ WKL ~}F ~QK QJKD O PW WURQJ NK QxQJ WS KS W EW FD E JKL GFK wyX UD
W}|QJQJO7XY7OWURQJ~
7/
~y\7Q XSSHURXWSXW~XUDQDSKDWUzQ
7/ORZHURXWSXW~XUDQDSKDG}L
E/EWEzQWULWKDQKJKLGFKOHIWELWLQUHJLVWHU
E00LGGOHELWLQUHJLVWHUEWJLD
E.5LJKWELWLQUHJLVWHUEWWUL
7XWKXFYRJLWUEW~XYROKRFPEWQ\V~LWKHRQKQKWWUQJWKLF
E/EH
VDQJWLPWWURQJWUQJWKLPL0LPWWUQJWKLPLQKKDPWFKXNJPEWNWKS
PQW}|QJQJYLEWFD~XUD
+ELXpOSPsEPsFKSWKHRpKQK0RRUH
%LXGLQEPsOSPsWKHRpKQK0HDO\
%y\JLWDTXDQVWPWYLE}F~XWLzQWURQJTXWUQKOSPWURQJKQK~KL\
FFKOSPQK}WKQR~WQKWRQPWYLE}FWRQVDX
97LWKL~LPWWFWUQJWKLFDWKDQKJKLGFKOEW~XUDO
%W ~X YR WK QKW O Y ~}F GFK YR SKD EzQ WUL FD WKDQK JKL GFK 1L GXQJ
Y
X X
%W~XUDWKOYWLERWWRP;25JDWH
Y
Y X
%W~XYRWKX~}FGFKYRWKD\WKYWUWKQKWFDWKDQKJKLGFKOFQ\EW
WK QKW ~}F ~\ YR Y WU JLD PLGGOH FD WKDQK JKL 1L GXQJ WKDQK JKL OF Q\ O X
YwXUDW}|QJQJO
Y
XX
Y
X
%W~XYRWKX~}FGFKYRWKD\WKYWUWKFDWKDQKJKLY~XYRWK
~}FGFKYRYWUJLDFXWKDQKJKLEW~XYRWKQKW~}FGFKYRYWUEzQSKLWKDQK
JKLYWUULJKWLQUHJLVWHU
Y
XXX
Y
XX
%W~XYRWKX~}FGFKYRSKDEzQSKLFDWKDQKJKLGFKTXDWUQK[\UD
~y\OEWWKGFKYRYWUJLDEWWKGFKYRYWUEzQSKLYEW~XWLzQ~\KQUD
QJRLWKDQKJKL'RY\QLGXQJWKDQKJKLOFQ\VOXXXW}|QJQJFJLWU~X
UD
Y
XX
7URQJPLWU}QJKS~XUD~}F[F~QKELWUQJWKLFDQLGXQJWKDQKJKLGFK
PLW}|QJ~}|QJYLWUQJWKLEzQWULQKWFDWKDQKJKLFQJYLEW~XYRPL*LWU
EWPL~}F~\YRWKDQKJKLQV~\KRQWRQEWFJLWUEzQSKLULJKWPRVWVWDJH
WKRWUDQJRLWKDQKJKL
%QJ%LX~EWWUQJWKL~}FNWKSWEWWUQJWKL~XYR
EW
EW
6WDUW
2XWSXW
6WDUW
,QSXW
0LPWEWWUQJWKL[XWKLQOQWURQJEQJQK}QJPLPWOQ[XWKLQF
~XUDNKFQKDX
9G7UQJWKLEW[XWKLQOQFKR~XUDEW~LYLFKR~XUD
~LYLEWWUQJWKLK}QJ~XUD~}F~WWKHRK}QJPLWzQ
0WELX~WUQJWKLVGQJEWWUQJWKL~}FFKWURQJKQK0LPWWUQJWKL
~}FELXGLQEQJPWYQJ
+QK%LXpOSPsFKSWKHRpKQK0HDO\
iKQK0RRUHYq0HDO\
wKQK0HDO\FWKzFKX\Q~LVDQJ~KQK0RRUHYQJ}FOL6O}QJWUQJWKL
WURQJ~KQK0RRUHVOQK|QKRFEQJVO}QJWUQJWKLP{KQK0HDO\W}|QJ~}|QJw
KQK0HDO\WURQJKQKFWKELQ~LVDQJ~KQKPRRUHWURQJKQK1KYLFVGQJ
PWYLNKLQLPWKLWN~KQKG\7U}FKWPWVNKLQLP~}F~}DUDG}L~y\V
GQJWKXWWRQVDX
~XUDFDPL~}QJWUX\QEWNOJLQJQKDX1XWULOLWKJLONK{QJW}|QJ~QJ
7UQJWKLNK{QJ~QJQKWFD~KQK0HDO\FWKFKLDUDWKQKFFWUQJWKL~QJ
QKW
0W~KQK0HDO\O]KRPRJHQHRXVQXQK}PLPWWUQJWKLFD~KQKO]
KRPRJHQHRXVQXNKF~}FJLO]QRQKRPRJHQHRXV
0W~KQKPHDO\]KRPRJHQHRXV~}FJLOW}|QJ~}|QJYL~KQK0RRUHELY
VOLzQNW~XUDFDWWFFFK}QJWUX\QWLWUQJWKL]KRPRJHQHRXVOW}|QJ~}|QJ
~XUDFWKOLzQTXDQWUFWLSWLFFWUQJWKL
9G7UQJWKLWURQJKQKFKX\Q~LWKHRK}QJPWO\~XUDOY
O\ O 'R Y\ WUQJ WKL O ] QRQKRPRJHQHRXV 7D F WK FKLD WUQJ WKL WKQK
WUQJWKL9'WUQJWKL=[WUQJWKL=~}FFKUDKQKQK}VDX
]
]
+QK%LXpWUuQJWKtLFDpKQK0HDO\
&K UD WUQJ WKL ] QRQKRPRJHQHRXV F WK FKLD WKQK WUQJ WKL ] Y ]
]KRPRJHQHRXVQK}WKQR
7UQJWKL]WUWKQKSKQ~FKFKRFFK}QJFKX\Q~LWLWUQJWKLF~X
UDYWUQJWKL]WUWKQKSKQ~FKWLYL~XUD
;WW}|QJW~LYLWUQJWKL]Y]
][]
][]
&F~XUDFD~KQK0HDO\OFF[XQJYFF~XUDFD~KQK0RRUHOFFPF
'RY\WKLWNESKQP~XUDFWKWKD\~LKRFWKHR[XQJKRFFFPF
7~KQK0HDO\+~HPVRV|~KQK0RRUH]]VELQ~LTXDOLWURQJKDL~
KQKOW}|QJ~}|QJWKHRFFWUQJWKLFDQFWK
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
+QKiKQK0HDO\
&tFNKLXYqFtFWKXWWRtQ
&F N KLX Y WKXW WRQ PLzX W P FKS O NK{QJ WKHR PW FKXQ FKXQJ wLX Q\
WK}QJJSNKNKxQFKRQJ}LPLQJKLzQFXVGQJQK}WKQR&PWVVQKPOQ
JLDYLFFKQ~KQK0RRUHY~KQK0HDO\~ELXGLQ~FWQKFDYLFOSP
wKLXFFNKLXYFFWKXWWRQWD~LQJKLzQFXPWVWKXWWRQVDX
7KXWWRtQ/LQDQG&RVWHOOR
+QK6npOSPsWKHR/LQDQG&RVWHOOR
9LV|~Q\~XUD~}FFKWUFWLSFFFKFQxQJFDFEWWUQJWKLWKDQKJKLGFK
Y~XYRwFWQKFDPFKS~}F~}DUD~y\OEOSPQNPWURQJ~
Q6O}QJEW~XUD
N6O}QJEW~XYR
P6O}QJ{QKKRFFKLX{QK
7KHR/LQDQG&RVWHOORYNKXFKLXGLUQJEXF~}FWQKQK}VDX
Q$
QP
~XUD~}F[F~QKQK}VDX
XSSXW;25GDWHJ
ORZHU;25JDWHJ
7KXWWRtQ&ODUNDQG&DLQ
PQJLOWOP
N&KLXGLUQJEXF
7KHRKQKPQ
N
7KXWWRtQ0LFKHOVRQDQG/HYHVTXH
&XWUFWKHRNKLXYPLQKKDWKHR0LFKHOVRQDQG/HYHVTXH~XYRFWK~}DYR
O~DEW0LPWEWGFK~}FJLOPWFKXNYWKHRFFKNKLXVDX
E6EWWUzQPWFKXN
N6O}QJWUQJWKLWKDQKJKLGFK
Y6O}QJ~XUD
6O}QJFFWUQJWKLWKDQKJKLGFKNOV~|QYWUQJWKLFFV\PERO
9GE!WK
N 7QJVFFEWWKDQKJKLE
&KLXGLKQFKOVO}QJFFWKDQKJKLV\PERON
7KXWWRtQWKHR9LWHUEL
7KHR9LWHUELFKLXGLUQJEXF~}F~QKQJKDOVO}QJFDFFWUQJWKLEWWURQJ
WKDQKJKLGFKOSP6O}QJFFWUQJWKLV\PEROONYFKLXGLUQJEXFENE V
ELWV\PERO7URQJWU}QJKSEWQKSKyQWDFE OFQ\FKLXGLUQJEXFON9LWHUEL
~}DUDPWEOSPQK}KQK~y\EPW}|QJQJFFKLXGLKQFK +DLNKXQJ
KQKFKQKWPLQKKDWUQJWKLWUPF~XYRFDEJKLGFK%DWUQJWKLW}|QJQJ
~LPWQKLXFQKQODEF9LWHUEL~}DUDFFNKLQLP~DWKFWLPLPWWUQJWKLFD
WKDQKJKLGFKW}|QJQJQK}VDX
1RWH'RWQKFKWTXDQWUQJFDKWKQJOSPWDV[WFFFFKELXGLQFDE
OSPVDX
%LXpWUuQJWKtL
7UQJWKLFDPWEOSPFKS~}F~QKQJKDOQLGXQJFDFFWQJWKDQKJKL
GFKFKDFFEWWU}FQKK}QJOzQVKQKWKQKFFELWUDFDEOSPNKLPWEW~}F
GFKYRWKDQKJKLQ\%LW~}FWUQJWKLNKLPWEW~XYRWLSWKHRWDFWKGGQJ[F
~QK~}FFQJYLEW~XYRWLSWKHRFDEOSP0WFFKWUQKE\KRW~QJFDE
OSPOVGQJELX~WUQJWKLQLWUzQQKQKQLFF~LPQWQ\FQJYLWKSEWUD
NKLFKX\QWQWWUQJWKLQ\VDQJQWWUQJWKLNKFwPLQKKDELX~WUQJWKLWD[W
ELX~FKREOSPKQK
w[y\GQJELX~WUQJWKLFKREOSPQzXWUzQWU}FKWWD[WTXDQKFDFF
%WYqR
1LGXQJ
7UuQJWKtL
7UuQJWKtL
&tFEW
XL
WKDQKJKL
WuLWL
WuLWL
p{XUDYY
&FEWWLEQJWUzQOKDLEWVDXWURQJQLGXQJFDWKDQKJKLW}|QJQJYLKDLEW
FDKDLWQJFXLWKDQKJKLFQFFEWWUQJWKLWLOEWFDKDLWQJ~XFDWKDQKJKLW
EQJWUzQQXWDNKLXFFQWWUQJWKLQK}VDX
7DV~}FELX~WUQJWKDLFKR+
D
E
F
G
+%LXpWUuQJWKtLFDEOSPsnKQK
%LXpKQKFk\
0FGELX~WUQJWKLKRQWRQ~FWK}QJFKREOSPQFKRSKSWDWKHRGL~}F
FFFKX\zQ~LWUQJWKLFDEOSPWKHRWKLJLDQ%LX~KQKFy\E[XQJWKzP[XQJ
NFKWK}FWKLJLDQFKRELX~WUQJWKL
7KGYELX~KQKFy\FKREOSP|KQK~}FFKR|KQK
&DFQKQKFy\|KQKQ\~}FELXWKFSEW~XUDFDEOSPQJYLPWEWGXYR
+|WLWKL~LPW EOSPWL~XUDOWLW FKDLWUQJWKLFWK[\UD
QX~XYRX WK~XUDFKX\QOzQWUQJWKLQJK}FOLQX
+ELXpWUuQJWKtLWuLW
W
W
W
+%LXpWUuQJWKtLKQKFk\WuLWKLpLPW
/SOFFTXWUQKVOWW WLW WDFV|~QK}VDX
W
W
W
+%LXpKQKFk\WuLWKLpLPW
7FFELX~KQKFy\WUzQWDFPWVQKQ[WVDX
0LPWWUQJWKLELXGLQKHRPWFKXNWPWWUQJWKLWLWKL~LPW VFKX\Q
L
VDQJWUQJWKL|WKL~LPW
L
YLL_
+}QJWUX\QWEzQSKLFDPLPSWWUQJWKLFWK[S[SWKHRJLWUEW~XYR
7K{QJWK}QJQX~XYRPDQJJLWUWKK}QJWUX\QEzQSKLW}|QJQJ|QKQKSKD
WUzQ&QEW~XYRPDQJJLWUWKK}QJWUX\QOLFKX\Q[XQJSKDG}L*LVFKXL
EW~XYRFDEOSPOWDV~}FFFQKQKFy\W}|QJQJO~}QJW{~PWUzQ
KQKYYFKXLEWUDVOD
oKQKFq\PFKREOSPvuFPLQKKR{QKuVDX
+iKQKFk\FKREOSPsN YLJLWKLWWUQJWKLEDQ~XFDWKDQKJKL
GFKSPOG\YRRG\UDW}|QJQJ
%LXpKQKOoL
4XDQVWELX~KQKFy\SKQWUzQWDWK\UQJVDXNOQSKyQ QKQKFXWUFFy\
~}FOSOLYFFQKQKSKyQUDWFFQWFFQJIWUQJWKDJLQJKWQKDX9RFQJPW
WKL~LPEW NQWQRFFQJWUQJWKL~XFWK NWKSQKDXWKQK YFFQKQK
NK{QJ WK SKyQ WFK ~}F S GXQJ ~LX Q\ WD V ~}F V| ~ O}L ~|Q JLQ FKR E OS P
7URQJV|~O}LFFQWELXWKWUQJWKLFDEOSPPLWKL~LP\zXFXF QW~
N
ELXWK WUQJWKLFWKF7PLPWO}LFQKQKUDPWQKQKQJYLEWYRO
N
,
.
-
/
+%LXpOoL
-
,
.
/
+QKoKQKOuLFKREOSP. WOPNQ
PLQKQKFQKQFKEW~XYRY~XUD
1KQ[W9LFFKELXGLQ~QzXWUzQWDWK\YLFFKELXGLQEQJ~KQKWUQJ
WKLO~|QJLQQKWQK}QJUWNK~FKUD~RFFFKX\Q~LWUQJWKLFDEOSPWKHR
WKLJLDQ9LELX~KQKFy\~NKFSKF~}FQK}F~LPWUzQWFOFKUDFWK[XQJ
NFKWKHRWKLJLDQ}X~LPFDORL~KQJFy\GQKQTXDQVW~}FVFKX\Q~LWUQJWKL
QK}QJQK}F~LPFKQKOQXG\~XYROQWKFFKELXGLQQ\FQJNQK%LX~KQK
O}L~NKFSKF~}FFFQK}F~LPFDFFKELXGLQWUzQY~}FVGQJQKLXQKW
WURQJWKXWWRQJLLPSK}|QJSKSJLLPFD9LWHUELPWDV[WFWKWURQJSKQJLLP
FKSSKQVDX
VizWWQKNKRrQJFtFKWPs
7URQJTXWUQKSKyQWFKPNKLNKRQJFFKWLWKLXFDPOUWTXDQWUQJ~ELXGLQ
P&Q~LYLPFKSNKRQJFFKWLWKLXUWFQWKLW~ODFKQFFWPWKHRFFW
P
7URQJPFKSNKRQJFFKWLWKLXJLDKDLWPEWN~}FJLONKRQJFFKW
&K}|QJ,,,
*LLPFKSWKHRWKXWWRQYLWHUEL
0~X
1xP9LFWHUEL~}DUDSK}|QJSKSJLLPFKSOORLEFF~}QJGQWJLQJ
QKDX QKW KD\ QL PW FFK NKF O FKQ UD W P F V ~R NK QxQJ JLQJ QKDX FF ~L
0D[LPXP/LNHKRRGQHHWYLF3K}|QJSKSJLLPQ\~}FJLOWKXWWRQ9LFWHUEL7KXW
WRQQ\~}FVGQJUQJULFKRYLFJLLPFKS
1XWWFFFFKXLYR~XF[FVXWQK}QKDXWKEJLLP~W~}F[FVXWOL
WKSQKWVOEJLLPWKFKLQVRVQKFF[FVXWF~LXNLQ~}FJLOFFKPF
NK QxQJ JLQJ QKDX /LNHKRRG )XQWLRQ 3=8 Y FKQ UD JL WU FF ~L % JLL P
G
FKQ8 QX
G
&FKPKSOWK}QJ~}FFKRVQKD\GDYRFF~FWQKFDNzQKWUX\Q
vX~LPFDSK}|QJSKJLLPQ\VRYLFFSK}|QJSKSNKFO~SKFWSFDEJLL
PNK{QJWQJNKLVEWWURQJFKXLWPWQJ7KXWWRQEDRKPYLFWQKWRQV~RJLQJ
QKDXKD\NKRQJFFKJLDWQKLXWKX~}FWLWKL~LPW Y~}QJGQFDO}L~L~QPL
L
WUDQJWKLWLWKL~LPQ\
7KXWWRQJLLPFKRSKSORLEYLF[HP[WFF~}QJGQNK{QJFNKQxQJQJ
FFKRYLFODFKQ.KLKDL~}QJGQ~LYRFQJPWWUQJWKLWK~}QJGQQRFV~R
WW QKW V ~}F OD FKQ ~}QJ GQ Q\ ~}F JL O ~}QJ GQ VQJ VW iVXUYLYLQJj 9LF
TX\W~QKFF~}QJGQVQJVW~}FWKFKLQPLWUQJWKL%JLLPWLSWFQK}Y\
~WLQVyXYRO}LFQJYLYLFTX\W~QKORLEFF~}QJGQWJLQJQKDXQKW1K}Y\
P~FKFDYLFFKQUD~}QJGQWL}XOFKQODWPFV~RNKQxQJJLQJQKDXFF
~L0D[LPXP/LNHK{G0HOYLFKD\QLPWFFKNKFOFKQUDPWWPFV~RWWQKW
7KWFJLLPWK}QJJLOWKXWWRQ YWU}F~y\QWK}QJ~}FWKFKLQ SKQ PP
WUzQP\WQKKD\EYL[OQK}QJKLQQD\~WxQJWF~[OQG}FWKFKLQFFYL
PFKFOQ
w~|QJLQJLVEJLLPFKRWUzQKQK~KQKO}LJLLPFKRWUzQKQK
7UzQFF~}QJGQJKLNKRQJFFK+DPPLQJJLDNWPWKXYWPQKQKW}|QJ
QJ
9G
+%LX~WUQJWKLEOSP
,
-
.
/
+oKQKOuLYLvXYwR
vXUDEJLxLPVOw
+LQKwKQKO}LJLLPYL~}QJGQ~XYR
9G*LWKLWUQJPWWPJPEWWK{QJWLQFQJYLEWFEWQ\OEW
~}FWKzPYRPF~FKOWQJ~P~\WRQEQLGXQJFDWKDQKJKLGFKJLVEW
WK{QJWLQ~}DYREOSPOVDXEOSEOSPNWTXWKX~}FWPJPEW
O
VWPWKX~}FFQLGXQJQK}VDX
7URQJWPWKX~}FQ\FVREWOL9\WDSKLOPQK}WKQR~[F~QK~}F
OLNKLWKXFDG\WK{QJWLQSKW"7U}FKWWDFK[WYLEW~XWLzQFDG\WKX*LVFW
~XWLzQFD~KQKO}LJLLPFKUDEWWKX~}FOEQJPWWURQJKDLFFKVDX
c%W~XWLzQFDEOSPO.KL~EWWKX~}FVDXEOSPOPEW~X
WLzQWKX~}FO1K}Y\FOLWLEWWK
d&QJQK}Y\EW~XYREOSPO6DXOSPWKX~}F1K}Y\FOLWLEW
WKQKW
7URQJNzQK%6&FKDLNKQxQJWKX~}FOW}|QJ~}|QJQKDXFKVXQJWDNK{QJFF|
V~ODFKQFFKWKXQRGR~FKVXQJWDSKLFKSQKQFKDLVODFKQQ\YWQKWRQ
[HPVDXPWVEWYR~ODFKQK}QJ~LSKKS7DFWKPLQKKRWUQJWKLJLLP
WKHRV|~KQKFy\VDX
-
+wKQKFy\JLLP6WHS
wLYLV|~Q\FDEJLLP~WLQWDV~QKGXFKRPLQKQKWLWKL~LPW PW
L
QKQEQJNKRQJFFK+DPPLQJJLDWPWKX~}FYWPQKQKW}|QJQJWV|~O}L
FDEOSPKD\QLFFKNKFQKQWUzQ+PLQKQK0HWULFOVO}QJFFEWOL0W
WURQJKDLQKQKWDFV\PERO~XUDNKFYLV\PEROWKXOEWQK}Y\QKQ~y\JKLOE
7KXWWRQJLLPVGQJFFV~RNKRQJFFK+DPPLQJQ\~WPUD~}QJGQF
NKQxQJJLQJQKDXQKWNKRQJFFKFFWLX~LTXDELX~O}L&KQJWDFQJOJLLQK}
Y\~LYLFREWWKXWKKDQK}QJ~y\VO}QJFFQKQKOLWxQJJSKDLOQYWLSWF
QK}Y\YLFSEWWKX~}FWLSWKHR7G\FSEWWKX~}FWDSKLWQKWRQWKHRFFSDWK
PHWULF~ODFKQ[HP~}QJQRFNKRQJFFK+DPPLQJOQKQKWWFO~}QJGQWL
}XQKWFQ~}FJLO~}QJVQJVW
1LPWFFKWQJTXWQXF1PFFSEWWURQJ~KQKFy\WKF ~}QJGQ
1
9GPLQKKRVDXE}FEJLLP
-
5
-
5
-
5
-
-
5
-
5
-
5
-
5
-
5
-
5
-
-
5
-
5
-
5
+iKQKFk\VDXEoFFDEJLrLPs
&F~}QJVQJVWQ\VWLQVyXYRO}LQXQK}WD[WEJLLPWUzQ~KQKO}L
~y\WDFWKKLXOWLPWWKL~LPFD~KQKO}LFKDL~|QJGQNKFQKDXFQJ~zQ
PW~LP7KXWWRQJLLP9LWHUEL~}FJLLPEQJFFKVRVQKKDL~}QJGQQ\[HP
~}QJ GQ QR WL }X QKW V ~}F OD FKQ FQ ~}QJ NLD WF NKF V SKL ORL E WURQJ
WU}QJKSQXKDL~|QJGQFWUQJO}QJEQJQKDXVFKQQJXQKLzQPW~}QJ7UzQ
V|~KQKFy\+FJQFFQKQELXWKNKRQJFFK+DPPLQJJLDG\EWWKX~}FYL
KDLG\EWSKW~LwKLXWKXWWRQQ\WD[WYGFWK~QzXWURQJSKQWUzQ
%LWRQ;WPWG\WPJPEWWK{QJWLQEWF G\WPWKX
~}FVDXEOSPO
'\EWWKX~}FWL~XWKXO
.KLXQK}VDX
GG\YR
87[
=5[
V&FE}FJLLPFKS
&KonQJ,9
3KuPYLQJGQJ
oQJGQJPsFKS
1J\QD\WK{QJWLQYWLQK~WUWKQKPWGFKYSKWK{QJWUzQWRQWKJLLYOQK
YFFXQJFSFFGFKYWK{QJWLQGL~QJQKDQKFKQJWKXQWLQFKQK[FYFWQKFKW
WRQFXFKRQJQKKQJKL
7URQJ,10$56$7 & QJ}LWD~ VGQJ PFKSQKPYLF SKWKLQ YVDOL7Q
KLX~}FPKDYSKW~LG}LQJX\zQWF6WRUHDQGIHUXDUGQKQO}XSKWFKX\QWL
PW WKL ~LP + WKQJ ,10$56$7 & ~}F WKLW N ~ V GQJ 7(/(; Y WUX\Q G OLX
7UP ,10$56$7 & WUzQ WX EDRJP DQWHQ YR K}QJ OS ~W WUzQ ERRQJ WK}QJ FD WX
PWWKLW E SKW WKX Y WLQK P\ WQK Y P\ LQ K WKQJ FXQJ FS QJXQ Y NW FX YL FF
WKLWEP\PFKQJKLNKF
7URQJKWKQJ,10&VGQJSK}|QJSKSNzQK7'0QJYLSK}|QJSKS~LXFK
V36.7URQJ~FPWORLNzQKWK{QJWLQF|EQPLORLNLQKFQKQJ~F~LPULzQJSK
KSYLFFFKFQxQJFDFKQJ0LNKXQJFFKLXGLF~QKV\VERONKRQJWKLJLDQ
NzQK7'0~}FSKyQFKLDWKHRNLXFXWUFFKXQJPLNKXQJOVY~}FSKWWF
~V\PEROV0LNKXQJPDQJWKHRE\WHWK{QJWLQEDQ~XGOLXWURQJEQKG}L
GQJFFJLWLQJL~XWLzQFDNKXQJEDRJLFQJOEXOOHWLQERDGQPDQJWKHRFFWK{QJ
WLQFQWKLWFKRYLFWUX\QKSFD~L0(6WLSWKHROPWKRFQKLXJLWK}QJGQJ~
P{WNzQKERKLX~}FNWKSYLNzQK7'0KLQWKL3KQFQOLGQKFKRJLWLQER
KLXYFFEF~LQWK{QJWK}QJ%QKJPE\WHQzQQXNK{QJ~FFJLWLQ~~LQ
~\ E QK WK SKQ WURQJ FD E QK V ~}F ~QJ JL OL WKQK KDL JL PW ~}F WUX\Q
SKQFXLFDNKXQJKLQWKLY~}FWUX\QRSKQ~XFDNKXQJWLSWKHR
4XD[OELQ~LE\WHWK{QJWLQWK}QJPWNKXQJV\PERO~}FWKFKLQ
QK}VDX
%oF;OWUQVFUDPEHU
9LPF~FK~JLWLQ~}FSKyQFKLDPWFFKQJQQKLzQKDG\EWSKWWKHRPWTX\
OXWQKW~QKSKDWKXVVGQJFKQKTX\OXWQ\~NK{LSKFWQKLXWK{QJWLQ
4XWUQKQJXQKLzQKDWK}QJGQJPWEJKLGFKYPWPFKFQJPRGXPWX
WKHRWUQJWKLEDQ~XFDEQKGFKPEWRPVWRUDFFWPNKFQKDXFFW
PSKL~PERWQKQJXQKLzQVDRFKRNKLWUQFFWPYLFFEWWK{QJWLQFWKSKW
YLWQKOLzQWFFDFFEW2YPLTXWUQKSKWNKFQKDXFWKVGQJPWWP
NKFQKDXFFWPVOSOLVDXFKXNQKW~QK
7URQJKWKQJ,10&EWRPJLQJXQKLzQJPEJKLGFKELWYPWPFKFQJ
PRGXPTXWUQKWRG\PJLQJXQKLzQ~}FP{WQK}VDX
/6
' U
' R
' L
*L' DOIG\EW~XUDPFKFQJPRGXPJLJLDQWRQW[P{W~WUFDG\EW
TXQJWKLJLDQOEWWK' [[FQJKDOG\EW~XUDPFKFQJPRGXPEWU
~LPWTXQJO
7}|QJWQK}WUzQEWRPQyQJWDF
' [ G\EWEWU~LEW
' [ G\EWEWU~LEW
' [ ~}DEWE[{~LEW
7PFKWRP{WDF
' 6 [
V
*LWQKLX~XUDEPKDO'U
' 'V [
7URQJKWK,10&QLGXQJEDQ~XEJKLGFKO+OEW/6%GR~
WDFPFKPKD
'V[
'V[
'V[
'V[
'V
'U 'VN
%WRPFFWK~}FP{WEQJ~DWKF9 [[[~DWKFQ\OEFFDRQKW
YQFKUDVEWFDJKLGFKFFJLWUFKRELWYWUFFEWFDELJKLGFK~}FWUFK
UD~WRWKQKSKQKLWLS%WRPQ\WRWPFFKXNOSOLOEW
&FJLWUEDQ~XFDEJKLGFKJLOYHFWRUP{WKL~LPEDQ~X~LSKWVJLYHFWRU
WL~LWKXSKWY~LWKXQKQJQLGXQJEDQ~XFDEJKLKQKEQJYHFWRUP{Q\QK~
TXWUQKWK{QJWLQWLSWKHR~LWKXFWKWKX~QJG\ELWFD~LSKW
%oF0mKDWQKLX)(&
7URQJKWKQJ,10&VGQJPD[RQN 5 PFKJPPWWKDQKJKLGFKELWY
PFKFQJPRGXP
0FKPKD
'y\EWYR
6
6
6
6
6
6 U
6
6
7DF8 666
8 66666
*LVFKXLEW~XYROG\EWUDVDXPKDO
1K}~WUQKE\E}FGOLXVDXNKL[OQJXQKLzQKD~}FFKX\QWKQKGQJEWQL
WLSWKHRWUQKWEW~QEWFDE\WH~QEWFDE\WHUYFXLFQJOEWFDE\WHU
GQJEWVDX~~}FWWLPFKQDFKS5 )(&~XUDEPKDWRUD[
[ V\VERO~}DWLPDWUQ
WL~XWKXTXWUQKJLLPVGQJPFKPFKS. 5 WDFWK[F~QK~}F
6|~O}LPFKPFKSQK}VDX
0F
$
0F
0F
0F
'
6|~Q\FQJ~}FFXWUFWKHRFKLXWKQJ~QJYQPQJDQJFKLXWKQJ~QJ
FKR ELW V FKX\Q ELQ WUQJ WKL FKLX QP QJDQJ FKR ELW V FKX\Q GFK WKHR WKL JLDQ
0LQWWUzQFFKQJFQJ~}FJQQKP$%&FQWWURQJFQJPWKQJWKFKX\QWL
QKQJWUQJWKLJLQJQKDXWPLQWFWKFKX\QELQWLKDLWUQJWKLWLSWKHRQKQK
JLWUzQW}|QJQJYLEWYRO2QKQKG}LW}|QJQJEWYRO7URQJV|~Q\PF
WKQKWFKDLFKX\QELQWUQJWKLQWWKLSWKHRPFWKFFKX\QELQWUQJWKL
WLQWWLSWKHRPFWKFFKX\QELQWUQJWKLWLQWPFWKOPFUWK
OYPFWKO9PFKPKDFWL~DN WUQJWKLGR~NWPFWK
PLQW~}FFKX\QELQWLWQWWU}F~6|~O}LFFKGQJFKRYLFJLLPW}|QJ
WQK}YLPFKJLLPN WX\QKLzQNKLO}QJWQKWRQOQK|QUWQKLXWL~D~y\
PLPF
/LNW
0s FKS QJX\lQ O WuR JLrL Ps Yq QJ GQJ Oq p WqL PDQJ WQK FK~W QJKLlQ FX O
WKX\WPsKRtWQKLXYqFtFTXtWULQKI[|\UDWURQJp7KFKLQFmQJYLFQr\WRQJp
WqLpspLVDXSKkQWFKYLFtFYGNOKtFKLWLWFtFTDWUQKVOFDFtFSKonQJSKtS
PsKRt
7URQJWKFWORuLPsQq\pspoFVGQJUQJUsLWURQJQJKqQKWKmQJWLQKqQJKrL
pzFELWWURQJ,01%&NKyFSKFYFtFVDLOLpsPDQJOuLKLXTXrNLQKWFDRWURQJ
JLDLpRuQpQKKoQJSKtWWULQQJqQKpLQW9LQWKmQJ91FQJQKoYLFtFQoFOtQJ
JLQJiLYLFtF69i79pQyPEyWFtFOWKX\WYqNKtLQLPKLQWuLFQU~WPL
P9WKWURQJNKLOqPpWqLHPpsJzSNKmQJWQKQJNKNKjQYLFtFWKXWQJK
FQJQKoFtFpLlNLQWPKLXYqNLPQJKLP1KVJLSpWQWQKFDWK{\JLtR
7KV1JX\Q3KonQJ/kPFtFNLQpQJJSFDFtFWK{\JLtRWURQJNKRDii79Yq
VJLSpFDFtFEuQEJLDpQKPqpWqLQq\FDHPpsKRqQWKLQWW
iWqLQq\FNKrQjQJJLSQKQJQJoLTXDQWkPNKtFQJKLlQFXYqWPKLXpoF
FtFWKXWQJFtF\XWFnErQFtFFKFQjQJQKLPYFDPsKRt1FWKJLSp
FKR6997iWPKLXFtFSKonQJWKFPsKRtFQJFtFWKXWWRtQWKFKLQWURQJTXt
WUQKPsKRt
9LWKLJLDQYqNLQWKFFKuQFKWURQJpWqLFKyFNKmQJWUDQJ?KVNKRSQKonQJ
WKLXVWKuQFK(PU~WPRQJpoFFtFWK{\pQJJSNLQpE[XQJNLQWKFFKR
YqE[XQJYqRpWqLFWKWKFVOqPWWqLOLXWKDPNKrREFKFKRFtFEuQ69NKRt
VDXYqQKQJQJoLFQJTXDQWkPNKtF
(P[LQFKkQWKqQKFrPnQ%&1.KRDi97i7K\JLR7KV1JX\Q3KonQJ/kP
FtFWK{\ JLtRWURQJ NKRDpsWuRpLXNLQFKRHPQJKLlQFXKFWS WURQJ QKQJQjP
YD TXD Yq JLXSV HP KRqQ WKqQK WW OXkQO YjQ Qq\ 1KkQ pk\ HP FQJ [LQ FrP nQ JLD
pQKYqFtFEuQEpmQJQJKLSGspQJJSYqRVWKqQKFmQJQq\
+rLSKQJQJq\WKtQJQjP
69izQJ9jQ+LX