Case 9 Uniform Uniforms Introduction This case is concerned with the topic Analysis of variance (ANOVA).

It is a statistical method of determining the existence of differences among several population means. The case talks about the textile manufacturer who has a large order to manufacture the cloth. The cloth is manufactured using four different dying lines. It is given in the case that no line is used is for more than one product but as the volume of order is large four lines are being used. The purpose behind all this is to minimize the variance of the brightness of all the cloth produced. But later on customer complaint that there are variance in the brightness. For this purpose ANOVA test of the brightness of the cloth from four lines is conducted. Hypothesis H0: 1=2=3=4 H1: Not all 1, 2, 3 and 4 are equal. Where 1, 2, 3 and 4 are the average brightness of four different lines.

Solution 1. At 5% significant level, ANOVA single factor SUMMARY Groups Count Sum line 1 16 1114.66 line 2 14 932.17 line 3 12 801.06 line 4 14 1002.15 ANOVA Source of Variation SS Between Groups 239.195 Within Groups 306.387 Total 545.582 Average 69.66625 66.58357 66.755 71.58214 Variance 5.910412 6.422871 2.9703 7.812341

Df 3 52 55

MS F cal 79.7316 13.532 5.89206

P-value 1.20702E-06

F crit 2.7826

Interpretation:From the above table we can see that F calculated value is greater than F critical value. Therefore we have to reject the null hypothesis. So we can say that company which are using different lines for manufacturing cloth will be stopped. From the manager point of view, here we can say that the company should improve the dying quality for all the lines so they can manufacture better cloth and satisfy the customer wants and needs. 2. To find significant difference in average brightness we have to first calculate the number of combination. There are 6 different combination and calculated value in the form of table is shown below: H0 1=2 2=3 3=4 1=3 1=4 2=4 H1 12 23 34 13 14 24

Lines 1&2 2&3 3&4 1&3 1&4 2&4

Mean Diff 3.08267857 -0.1714286 -4.8271429 2.91125 -1.9158286 -0.1714286

Significant diff 3.08 0.17 4.8 2.91 1.91 4.99

K N N-K q T

4 56 52 3.764 2.28

From the template, I found the T value i.e. 2.28. So by comparing T value with the significant differences it can be said that pair 1&2, 3&4, 1&3 and 2&4 have significant differences in their brightness. It suggests that if we are talking about pair 1&2, line 1 shows more average brightness than line 2. So by improving the quality of line 1 we can reduce the variance of brightness of the cloth manufactured. Similar is the case with other pairs.

3. From the above significant table that I have calculated it can be said that pair 2&4 have more significant difference i.e. 5 (approx.) compared to other pairs in which line 4 has greater average brightness than line 2. So we have to adjust the line 4 by reducing the mean. The value of line 4 is: Mean = 71.58 2.28 = 69.3. By doing this we can minimize the variance in brightness in all the cloth produced.

4. After comparing the significant difference of different combination with T it can be said that line 1 and line 4 have more average brightness compared to other lines. But in the above answer we have already adjust the line 4 so now we have to adjust the line 1 by adjusting the mean. The value of line 1 is:Mean is 69.67 - 2.28 = 67.39 and as I mentioned in the above answer that line 4 is adjusted to 69.3. So from this result we can say that by adjusting line 1 and line 4 company can produce better quality cloth.