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Cell Structure
Learning Outcome
organelles of typical plant and animal cells from diagrams, photomicrographs and as seen through a light microscope:
!! chloroplasts, cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm,
cell vacuoles, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosome. smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosome and cilia
What is a cell?
Fig 2. Examples of cell division in amoeba, sand dollar embryo and bone marrow
!! Cell is the basic unit of life !! All organisms made up of cells. ! Organisms of a single cell are unicellular while organisms of many cells are multicellular. !! All cells arise from pre-existing cells by cell
division.
! Eukaryotic
! Contains membranebound organelles ! Presence of true nucleus E.g. Animals, plants, fungi and protoctists
L K J I H
A B C D E F G
Steps
Micrograph
Textbook drawing
Artists impression
Micrograph
Textbook drawing
Artists impression
ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS
Cell wall
and bacteria
Nucleus
!! Contain chromatin that
which is the genetic material traits & characteristics and to carry out the cells function nuclear membrane
Mitochondrion
!! Produce adenosine
Micrograph
Chloroplast
!! Present in eukaryotic
photosynthetic cells
!! Contains chlorophyll !! Converts light energy to
Vacuoles
!! Membrane-bound sacs for
phagocytosis
!! Central large vacuole help
Ribosome
!! Free or membrane-bound (attached to endoplasmic
reticulum)
!! Sites of protein synthesis ! Newly synthesized protein may be passed into the rough ER or into other proteins for further processing
folding within the rough ER ! Abundant in cells producing proteins or enzymes, e.g. pancreatic cells, muscle cells
lipids
! E.g. Membrane phospholipids
and steroid hormones ! Abundant in cells involved in lipid synthesis, e.g. epithelial cells of small intestine, liver cells, muscle cells, adrenal cortex
complex molecules such as proteins and fats that are made by the cell molecules to cell membrane for secretion hormones, antibodies and enzymes
Association of GA with ER
Proteins and lipids synthesized within ER are frequently passed into GA for modification, sorting and packaging before being released or secreted to exterior of cell.
Fig 10. Diagram showing role of Golgi apparatus in modification and secretion of proteins.
Lysosome
!! Originated from the GA !! Can be found in most
plant and animal cells, especially phagocytic cells organelles within the cell through endocytosis (e.g. amoeba feeding) or phagocytosis (ingestion of bacteria by white blood cells)
Lysosome
Cytoskeleton
organelles
!! Help to direct
Cilia
! For cell motility (movement)
5. Cytoplasm normally confined to 5. Cytoplasm present a thin layer at edge of cell throughout cell 6. Nucleus at edge of cell 7. Lysosomes normally absent 8. Starch grains used as storage compound 6. Nucleus anywhere in cell but often central 7. Lysosomes present 8. Glycogen granules used as storage compound
!! Biological animation
http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/biological%20anamations.html
!! Typical Animal cell
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP11403
!! Endocytosis (enrichment)
http://www.susanahalpine.com/anim/Life/endo.htm
!! Interactive model of cells- http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm !! Cell structure
http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/falk/CellStructure/ cellStructure.htm
!! Electron micrographs http://courses.washington.edu/conj/cell/cell.htm