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Crop Rotation:
Agricultural Revolution
The Enclosure Movement: ended the practice of farming village common lands divided into strips the beginning of private property wool became popular so land became used to raise sheep Crop Rotation: farmers realized that by rotating different types of crops they could plant new crops that give off nitrogen to the soil
Agricultural Revolution
Other Discoveries: the seed drill was invented by Jethro Tull in 1701. This invention helped to implant seeds into the soil at constant intervals potato and corn were new crops: high in calories, vitamins and minerals. provided food for the poor provided food for livestock Total Population in England: population grew rapidly because of improvements in food production, living conditions and industry
Transportation
The Need for Better Transportation: New factories needed to receive large amounts of raw materials and export finished products in sufficient amounts to make a profit Roads in England were terrible (lots of rain) Better roads were built to allow for more travel a lot of new canals were built also Effects of the Railroad: construction soon became cheaper than roads and canals faster trade equaled more profit, more profit equaled more investment in railroads for faster transportation
Why in Britain
Geography: damp climate was good for textile industry natural resources of coal and iron separated from Europe it was isolated from wars Government: travel and trade were easy and this contributed to transportation improvements Social Factors: fairly egalitarian (equal social classes)
Why Britain
Colonial Empire: colonial empire encouraged British industrialization mercantilism (used colonies as their #1 buyers) Advantage of Industrializing First: while the rest of Europe concentrated on agriculture, England could focus on industry monopolized the new technology France, Germany, Holland, Belgium, Italy, and Switzerland industrialized much later than England
Cholera is an infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The main symptoms are watery diarrhea and vomiting. Transmission occurs primarily by drinking water or eating food that has been contaminated by the feces (waste product) of an infected person, including one with no apparent symptoms. The severity of the diarrhea and vomiting can lead to rapid dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, and death in some cases. The primary treatment is oral rehydration therapy, typically with oral rehydration solution, to replace water and electrolytes. If this is not tolerated or does not provide improvement fast enough, intravenous fluids can also be used. Antibacterial drugs are beneficial in those with severe disease to shorten its duration and severity.
A Changing Society
After 1850, it became clear to factory owners and the government that the foundation of the factory system -- the workers -- would crumble due to abusive working conditions. Cholera epidemic was directly caused by unsanitiary living conditions The Public Health Act of 1875 forced all town officials to pave, light, and clean the town streets Surveyor and Sanitary Inspector were also appointed to advise local authorities on problems with sewage, water supplies, diseases, food and housing conditions
A Changing Society
new advanced provided the city with uncontaminated water supplies sewers were built and streets cleaned public bath-houses were set up by the government Metropolitan Police Force in 1829 made the slums safer
A government inspector visiting a factory in England to regulate child labor in the mid 1800s
Labor Unions
People lived and worked closely to each other in cities. This allowed them to discuss ideas and problems and identify with one another so that workers began to see their common interest as a working class. After 1824 labor unions could legally exist, and members could meet together and bargain for better working conditions. in 1870 labor unions finally won the right to strike, and refused to work until their demands were met.
Labor Unions
unions provide the benefit of strength through unity: better wages, less working hours and improved working conditions. But, the government usually supported the employers and persecuted the labor unions. The often attempted to force employees to sign a statement guaranteeing that they were not and would not become union members. In 1871 290,000 union members In 1901 2,000,000 union members
Socialism
Marx and his analysis of Capitalism became the rallying point for many socialists. Their goal was to foster proletariat unity, overthrow the bourgeoisie, and abolish capitalism and private property
Robert Owens
a successful Welsh businessman and owner of several textile mills, he believed that people are shaped by their surroundings. believed that by changing poor working conditions in factories it would make workers more happy and healthy and enable to them to work harder. In the small town of New Lanark, he created a textile mill and a community for his 2000 factory workers, providing food, decent housing and education for workers and limited working hours.
Robert Owens
A visitor wrote of mills in 1796: Four hundred children are entirely fed, clothed, and instructed at the expense of this vulnerable philanthropist. the rest live with their parents in neat comfortable habitations, receiving wages, for their labor. The health and happiness depicted on the countenance of these children show that the proprietor of the Lanark mills has remembered mercy in the midst of gain. The regulations here to preserve health of body and mind present a striking contrast to those of most large manufactories in this kingdom, the very hotbeds of contagion and disease.