tuyhW

jehL

muR
Kjg - 2007

FGjiyt

nkiy Kjyh ML

Kidt r.Untfl
iz nguha, tuyhW Jiw
girag f,
brid-600 030.

2003 - 04 faho btlgl

ghllgo, ghl nkghL FG
gJiuzf ajhf jahfglJ.

nkyhths
Kidt

iuahs (njiy) tuyha Jiw

fhnjy kf f, (jdh)
brid-600 002.

jehL muR
ytr ghl tHF
l btlglJ
(gidF mW)

lhik xU ghtbra
lhik xU bgUFw
lhik kjjikaw bra

f.#ah

yhaf
Uk kh.KJkh
KJfiy gljh Mia (tuyhW)
bgUjiyt fhkuh#
mud kf nkiy g,
mg,
brid - 600 053.

.#g mAk

KJfiy cj jiyik Ma (tuyhW)

K nkiyg
Utnf,
brid - 600 005.

iy %.

jehL
ghl fHf

f rhiy, brid-600 006.

ghlf jah : jehL muRfhf

g f aff jehL.
60 .v.v. jh mlgLsJ.

Kfiu

KDiu

2005-2006 M MoUJ mKfgLjgl nkiy

g ghl jffis uikf ntL vw nfhifia
bgnwhf, tYef, Maf, f Jiw Mt cs
Clff jHf mul K itjJ. f ts vW
jftd brYJ khF Kjt fiyP mtf
cldoahf ghljffis uikgjF khylFG
Jiz jiyt mtf jiyik xU tYef FGit
mikjh.
ghljffis gWF Maf, f gfiy
fHf nguhaf, ghl l FG jiytf Mnahl
ghll, ghl jf ga fUJf bgwgld. thwhf
bgwgl fUJfis M brJ ghllf vjj
khWjiy brahk ghljffis nkgLJtjF
gJiufis FG muF mjJ.
Fghf tuyhW ghl jffis jhf vGj ntL
vw nfhifia VW, mDgt thj eyhafis bfhL
jf jhf vGjgLsJ.
KaF cWJizahfUJ CFj jHf Kjt
fiyP mtfSF, khF g f mikr U. jf
bjduR, g f Jiw bray, g f aFe
MnahUF vf eid bjJbfhnwh.
g bgw miktjF gntW tif, gntW iyf
cj j gfiy fHf, f Maf, ghljf FG
jiytf, kW M brj tYef, khy l FG kW
g f Jiwia rhj mYtyf midtUF vfsJ
eid bjJ bfhnwh.
a ghl jfij khztf eW gW, wj Kiw
nj bt bgw vdJ thid bjnwh.
nguha

K.ehfehj

gfSfhd ghll gjh tFtiu tuyhW

ghl r_f ma xU gFahfnt l bgWsJ. a
tuyh Ka nghFfS ffS khztfSF mKf
gLjgld. khztf nk iy tFfSF tUnghJ
tuyhiw Kiwahf ff ntosJ. mgo fgj _y
ah gghL ghugaij mtf mJ bfhwhf.
rka rhgw kLfS vfhy Fj Knghfhd ghit
mtfSF ilwd.
a tuyh mua, r_f, bghUshjhu kW
gghL TWfis khztfSF vLatnj j
nehfkhF. gbdhwh tF ghllgo j
vGjgLsJ. Inuha tUif tiuyhd gila kW
ilfhy a tuyhW l bgWsJ.
tuyhW cikfis TWnghJ ngha ftd
brYjgoUgJl, fthj tuyhW mPf jukhd
tuyhW fYs fUJf vLjhsgLsd. rga
tuyhW jftfS ghlf lbgWsd.
ekJ eho mua a jikf, gghL wf
Matiw J bfhs VJthf tiuglfS, cUtglfS
bfhLfgLsd.
xbthU ghl WY bfhLfgLs kh
dhf bghJnj dhjh totyhdit. mjifa
dhf njF nffgL vgjh khztf ghljf
KGtij eF goJ mantL.
iy cUthFtjF cjahf Uj FG cWdf
midtUF vdJ kdkhj eia cjhFnw.

jiyt
ghl nkghL FG
jehL muR

iii

Kidt

r.Untfl

ghlFG jiyt
tuyhW.
nkiy Kjyh ML.
iv

nkiy-Kjyh ML - tuyhW
ghll

ghlntis

myF 1
1. a tuyh jhf ntWik xWik

2. ffhy - giHa ffhy - a ffhy cnyhf fhy - Augh ehff w TWf

3. ntjfhy - rhWf - Ka ntjfhy

(UF ntjfhy) - a ntjfhy fhafhy - r_fbghUshjhu gghL thif

myF 2
4. .K. Mwh who ah iyik kfj nguuR
5. rkz, rka vG - kfhu - rkz
bfhiff - fgu ntjhgu f gut - bjhLf
6. j rka vG - j bfhiff,
dahd, kfhahd f - j rka gut bjhLf - U rkaf xWik ntWikf

8. bksaf - rhWf - ruFj - mnrhf

bksa MKiw - mnrhf jk - fiy,
folfiy ts - bksa

10

myF 4
9. bksafSF ah - Rff rhjthdf - Fhdf - fZf fhjhufiy

10

10. jehL tuyh rffhy - rhWf

muRf ga RUf - kf r_f rka
bghUshjhu thif

myF 5
11. Fjfhy ah - MKiw - r_f,
bghUshjhu, gghL iyikf - A&z
gilbaL Fjf
12. A tjd - rhWf - r_f, rka, gghL
thif

10
5

myF 6
13. bja muRf

15

1. gytf - rhWf - MKiw - r_f

bghUshjhu, gghL iyikf
2. rhSaf - fiy ts

myF 3
7. bksafSF K ah - ejf ghuf gilbaL - mbyrhl
gilbaL isfS

3. uhoulTlf - fiybjhL
5

4. nrhHf - r_f, bghUshju gghL iyikf

14. MaehLfSl ah bfhoUj
gghL bjhl

vi

myF 7

bghUslf

15. mnua gilbaLnghJ ah - uhru

muRf - mnua gilbgLf - f kh_J KfkJ nfh

10

16. bl Rjhaf - moik, , Js,

iraJ, nyho kuf ga RUf - thf

ghl
v.

20

1.

ed a tuyhW

17. bl Rjhaf M r_f,

bghUshjhu, gghL iyikf

2.

10

19. #aefu gh muRf - r_f, bghUshjhu,

gghL iyikf

10

myF 9
20. Kfyha nguuR - Kfyha, N ku
muR Masfis ga RUf

15

21. Kfyha MKiw - nguuR - ika thf mYtyf - khy thf - mYtyf gf
22. Kfyhafhy r_f, bghUshjhu,
rka, gghL iyikf - Kfyha

10

10

24. ahF Inuhaf tUif - ah

Mnya M WtgLj.

10

vii

12

3.

ntj fhy gghL

30

4.

rkz, j rkaf

40

5.

kfj vG,
mbyrhj gilbaL

51

6.

bksa nguuR

63

7.

bksaUF ija fhy ah

80

8.

rf fhy

91

9.

Fj nguuR

103

10.

A tjd (.. 600 - 647)

121

11.

bja muRf - I
gytf

131

bja muRf - II
rhSaf, uhZouTlf

142

13.

nguuR nrhHf

152

14.

Ma ehLf a gghL guj

166

15.

Kija ilfhy ah

175

16.

bl Rjha

185

12.

myF 10
23. kuha vG - th - MKiw ngZthf

ah a TWfS
tuyh mt jhfK
tuyhWF Kija fhy
ah Augh gghL

myF 8
18. ilfhy ah g af uhkhD# - f - tyghrhah irja - FUehd - uhgh - N af

gf
v.

viii

17.

bl Rjha ah

205

18.

ilfhy ah g af

216

19.

#aef, gh muRf

226

20.

Kfyha nguuR

238

21.

Kfyha ah

258

22.

kuhoaf

269

23.

Inuha tUif

279

ix

ghl - 1
ah a TWfS
tuyh mt jhfK
fw nehff

j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ

1.

ah a TWf

2.

khya kiyfS a tuyh mt jhfK

3.

fif rkbt a tuyh mj gF

4.

bjfa gfg - bja tuyh mj

jhf

5.

ah fhzgL ntWik xWik

bghJthf tuyhWF U ff cL vd TWt.

xW fhy. kbwhW a mik. tuyh nghif
bgUghY fhyK lK zwd vW Twyh.
Fghf, xU eho tuyhW ffis mj a TWfns
bgJ zwd. a tuyhY a jhfij
fhzyh. vdnt, ah a TWfis mJ
bfhtj_y mj tuyhiw bjthf J bfhsKo.
a Jizfl xU bjthd a mikig
bfhLsJ. khya kiyf, njh-fif rkbt
bja gfg vd mjid _W Ka gFfshf
fyh. Jiz fl ah, ghjh, tfnjr,
neghs, lh vw IJ ehLf csd. mt ahnt
bgajhF. 28 khyfis 6 a unjrfis
bfhljhf mJ sFwJ. 2001 M ML kf bjhif
fzFgo ah kf bjhif W nfhoF nkyhF.
1

khya kiyf

ah tlF gF khya kiyf mikJsd.

ah tlnkF nfhoYs gh Ko bjhlF J
Hfhf L lwJ. j s ljl 2560 nyh
lfshF. ruhr mfy 240 Kj 320 nyh lfshF.
khya f caukhd fu vbtbu vdgLwJ. fl
klUJ j cau 8869 lfshF. irahUJ
ka Mah tahf R fL FfhUJ ahit
ghJfhF aif muzhf ka kiyf fwd. jdh,
ah jgbtg ML KGtJ uhd btgJl
fhzgLwJ.
Ffhy
khya
gF
g_olwJ, vdnt j bgUgF thtjnfwjhf
iy.
gilbaLfUJ ahit ghJfhF aif
jLghf kakiyf UJtjd vw fUJ lfhykhf
y tUwJ. Mdh, tlnkF kiyf fhzgL irg,
nghy, Fu, nfhk nghw fzthf ahit ka
Mahit izF va tjlfshf mikJsd.
JFZ, Riykh, jh kiybjhlf fzthf
csd. tuyhW fhyF KUnj fzthf _y
nghFtuJ eilbgwd. gilbaLghsfS, FonafS
fzthf tahf ahF EiHjd. njhMaf, njh-nuff, ghaf, rhff, Fhdf,
A]zf, JUaf nghnwh fzthf_ynk ah
tjd. gFYs th gsjhF xU Ka
tjlkhF. khnlhah mbyrhj tahfjh
ahJ gilbaLjh. gilbaLghsfis ju, rka
gughsfS, tffSTl tjlf _ykhf
ahF tjd. vdnt, ahF ka MahF
ilna ya tf bjhlF gghL bjhlF
tlnkF kiyfYs fzthf ttFjd.

fhZUF tlnf fhunfhu kiybjhl csJ. cy

ulhtJ caj fukhd k fh Mo Fjh
csJ. kakiy gFYs fzthf caukhf
Ffhy g glJ fhzgLwd. tahf
ka MahF brY fhunfhu bgUt FsJ.
Mdh jl f Fiwthd nghFtunj eilbgWwJ.
fhZ gsjhF caj kiyfsh NHgLsJ.
UD gntW fzthf _y gsjhif
brwilayh. gghoY ghugaY fhZ gsjhF
jwl fwJ. khya kiyf mothu neghs
csJ. fif rkbtUJ gntW fzthf _y
neghsij brwilayh.
Hnf m[h tiu kakiyf L lwd. gh
nfh, ehfh, Yh nghw kiybjhlf t
Fljfit. fL kiHF mlj fhLfSF it bga
bgwit. Mdh, thtjfhd NH f Fiwnt. tlHF
ah kiyfis flJ brtJ vjy. vdnt, gF
bgUghY jnj fhzgLwJ.
njh - fif rkbt

fif, J, ukuh Ma _W Ka ef gh
gFna njh-fif rkbt vW miHfgLwJ. MWf
moJ tugL fr k fguj j ygu gotjh
ts f is yf Fsd.
ka kiyfSF mgh J e cgahwJ. #&y,
dh, uh, rby{, ah Mad j Ka is efshF.
J eah f gabgWtJ grh rkbtahF. grh vw
brhYF IJ ef gh gF vW bghU. J
gsjh w J khfhz mikJsJ. J
gsjhF f tskhd yfis bfhLsJ.

J gsjhF, fif rkbtF ilna

jhghiytdK, Mut FWfS csd. Mut
FWf k m f caukhdjhF (5650 mo)
kakiyf cgahF fif e bjfhf Xo d HF
neh ghwJ. fif eF izahf
XotU aKid e d mjDl xW
fywJ. U efSF ilgl
ygF njhM vW miHfgLwJ.
nfhk, ru, fhuh, fhl nghwit
fife Ka JizefshF.
jh ghiytd

ah HF gF fif
rkbt
ukuh
rkbt
xizwd. ka kiyfSF mgh cgahF
ukuh e bg tahf ghJ ah tlHF
rkbtia milwJ. rk bt bks CJ brY e
gu f tilUgnjhL, gy fis bfhLsJ.
efuikaf cUthtjF njh - fif rkbt
bgUgfhsJ. Fghf, efiufY, U ef xW
nrUlY jifa efuikaf njh tsjd. J
rkbt Augh gghL brnjhaJ. fif rkbt
nkF gF ntjfhy gghL wJ saJ. gdhu,
myfhgh, Muh, bl, ghlu nghwit fir
rkbt njh tsj Ka efufshF. fif el
nrh MW fyF l ghlu efu mikUjJ.
gil fhy, bksaf, Rff, Fjf nghw
nguuRf jiyefuhf ghlu saJ.

- aKid njhM gFia ifgw, j tr itUf

bgU ngho, nghfS eilbgwd.
nkY, gF gh efS, fhthfS
nghFtuJF bgJ gagld. gil fhy rhiyf
mikgJ fodkhf UjJ. vdnt, gafS, tffS
glF nghFtuij mf gagLd. My Ha
tfFG Mfhy tiu glF nghFtuJ KaJt
bgW saJ.
bjfa gfg

tl ahit bjahit F nfhlhf

mikUgit a rhuh kiyfS, ekij, jg MWfS
nkahF. a kiyfSF bj fhzgL l jfhz
l vW miHfgLwJ. vkiy ghiwfshyhd J
tla kiyflUJ ntWgljhF. ghiwf
brJFtjF vjhf Ugjdh, jfhzgF Filtiu
nfhfS, klhyafS Vuhskhf mikfgLsij
fhzyh.
jfhz l UkUY HF bjhl kW
nkF bjhl kiyf csd. HF bjhl
kiyfSF tfhs Flh flYF ilna nrhH kly
flfiu mikJsJ. nkF bjhl kiyfSF mu
flYF ilna cs ygF nfhth tiu bfhfz
vdgLwJ. mjfghYs gF fduh vW bjnfho gF
kygh flfiu vW miHfgLwJ.

fif rkbt nkF w mikJs f

Kakhd efu bl. a tuyh nghif zj
Ka nghfshd FUnu, jbu, ghgL Ma nghf
blF f mUfhikjh eilbgwd. tsikF,
brtF bga bgW sa fif rkbtJ maehL
gilbaLghsf mf nkhf bfhl angJ iy.
fif rkbtia jfsJ fLgho itUf gntW
muRf nghold vgJ FljfJ. Fghf, fif

nkF bjhl kiy dh, fnA, fhnt nghw

fzthf csd. nkYs JiwKffis izF
tft jlfshf it sd. tl ahF
bjahF il jfhz l xU ghy nghy
braglJ. UD, a kiyfYs mlj fhLf
gFia tlUj jikgLJtjhf mikUjd.
vdnt, bja gfg bkh gghL beLfhykhf
mt jjik khwhk fhghwgL tUwd.

bjnfho fbgw ghyfhL fzth csJ.

fhgsjhif, kygh flfiuia izF tif
nkF bjhl kiy FWnf J mikJsJ. gil
fhy njh-nuhkha tjffhd Ka tjlkhf
ghyfhL fzth saJ. bja gfg
faj kiyfu MidKo vgjhF. nkF bjhl
kiyYs kbwhU caj fu bjhlbglh. HF
bjhl kiyf mts caukhditay. nkY, t
fhzgL ilbtf _ykhfjh gy MWf HF neh
ghJ tfhs tFlh fywJ. mfnkL, khkyu,
fhntgod nghw JiwKf efuf nrhH kly
flfiujh Ujd.
bja gfg Ka ef bgUghY
xWbfhW izahfnt ghJ brwd. gfg
HF nfho kfhe ghwJ. ekij, jg ef
HUJ nkF neh ghwd. nfhjht, UZzh,
Jfguh, fh nghw w ef nkUJ Hfhf
ghwd. j ef _y ilF ghrd trah, be
is tskhd ygFfis F fhzKowJ. buN njh
M vdgL UZzh - Jfgiu efSF ilgl
ygFia ifgWtjfhf bja muRf bjhlJ
nghol tz Ujd. U ef KfJthu
mikJs rkbt rhjthfdf muR fF
saJ. Jt rfhj KgF rkbt
gntW efufS JiwKffS brJ sd.
D
bjnf,
fh
gsjhF
f
jjikbfhl a mikig bfhLsJ. nrhH
nguu miklkhf mJ saJ. gil fhyUnj
fh gsjhF bkh, gghL, ghuga nghwtWF f
bgwjhF.

brnjhaJ. Hnf, #hth, Rkuh, gkh, fnghoah nghw

gFfSl thf bjhl UJ tjJ. thg ju,
a fiy, rka, gghL nghwit gFfSF
guaJ. bjahF, nuf - nuhkhaUF ilna
ya tjf kW gghL bjhl tuyhW
fthjitahF.
ah - ntWik xWik fhQ ehL

gntW dkfS xW fyj fhyfl vgjdh,

gila a tuyhW gogjF gutr_Ltjhf mikJsJ.
MaUF Kgl djt, njh Maf, nuff,
iraf, A&zf, JUaf vd gntW djtU
a kiz jfsJ jhafkhf bfhld. a
gghil tsbjLgjF xbthU dK jfshyhd
gfig tHsd. gntW dfS W ah vj d
vW milahs fhzKoahj msF xW fyJld.
fhyfhykhf gntW gghLfS xW fyJld. ntj
yaf gy uhl myJ MaUF Kija fhy
brhfis fhz KowJ. mnjngh, rf ya gh
kW tlbkh brhfS csd.
gil fhyUnj ah gy rkaf
UJsd. gila ah Jrka, rkz, j rkaf
fbgUjd. Mdh, gghls it xnwhblhW
fyJoUjd. a kf gntW bkhfis ngdhY,
rkafis gdhY, r_f gHftHffSF
cgoUjhY ehL KGtJ xU y bghJ gs thif
Kiwia fhzKowJ. vdnt, ekJ eho ntWik
fSilna xWikz nknyhsJ vW JJ
Twyh.

bja gfg l flfiuia bfhoUgjh,

gF thj kf flrh eltoiff bgJ
<LgLtjd. gilfhy bjhnl, fl thg gF

gHfhynyna j xWikfhd ij CwglJ.

guj a Jizfl KGtJ xnu ehL vw cz
nknyhUjJ. guj vw gHFod bgauh Jiz
fl ghuj t vnw FfgL tjJ. gila

fPfS, jJtPhfS vGjhsfS ygFia

xWgl njrkhfnt fUtjd. bksa kW Fj
nguuRf fhyy mjifa mua xWik Vglij
a tuyhW vLJ TWwJ.
maehltU ygFia xnu ehlhfnt fU tjd.
vw bga J vw e bgaUnj bgwglJ.
maytf Kj Kj mj gF J e gh gF
vgjh Jiz flij J vnw miHjd. d
mJ nuffsh ah vW miHfglJ. ghuf kW
muha bkhf vnw FfgLwJ.
bkh kW gghL xUizfhd Kaf
gil fhyUnj nkbfhsgld. .K. _wh
who eho bghJ bkhahf uhUj saJ.
ah bgUghyhd gFf fhzgL mnrhfuJ
fbtLf uhuj bkh gagLjgLsJ. gila
fhafshd uhkhaz, kfhghuj Mad ehL KGtJ
gutyhf gofgld. tlbkh yafshd ituL
gntW a bkhfY vGjgld.

fw milf
j ghlUJ khzt vLJiuf Kojit
1.

ah a TWf.

2.

khya kiyf ga tu kW ma
gilbaLghsU, tfU, FonafS tlnkF
fzthfis tjlfshf gagLaJ.

3.

njh-fif rkbt ef - tuyhW

ff mt jhf - nghf kW
efuikaf.

4.

bja gfg - l flfiuf - flrh

eltoiff.

5.

ah vgo xU gKf gghL rKjhakhf

ts
bgW,
Wtiu
mJ
vgo
ghJfhfgLtUwJ vgJ Fj sf.

a gghL GafS, fUJfS gntW

totfis bfhoUjnghY, mogil mit xU
fUijna czJtjhf UjJ.
thW ah W gntW rkafisila rKjhakhf
kyJsJ. gKf gghil nghW rKjhakhf vG
bgW fwJ. UD mogil fhzgL
xWikz, a rKjha gKfjiknk mj
xgw tikfshf fwd. tUfhy tsF mit
tfhLtjhf mikJsd.

kh dhf
I.

rahd ilia nj brf.

1.

khnlhahit nrj mbyrhj ahF tj t

2.

m. jfhz l

M.fhunfhu kiybjhl

. th gsjhF

<. MutFWf

UefSF ilgl ygF

m. l

M. gfg

. njhM

<. c

V.

tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf.

1.

fif e ukuhl fyFl ghlu efu

mikUjJ.

2.

bja gfgYs l flfiuf fl thg

tsF rhjfkhf mikjd.

3.

ghy fhL fzth nkF bjhl kiy csJ.

4.

ah xU
rKjhakhF.

VI.

W F vGJf (VnjD _W Ff)

gKf

gghil

bgWsF

II.

nfhol lij uf.

1.

khya kiyf

1.

fif e cgahF l ...........

2.

jfhz l

2.

bja gfg caukhd kiyfu .........

3.

bja gfg ef

III.

bghUJf.

4.

gKfgghL rKjha

1.

vbtbu fu

m. Mut FWf

VII.

FWa il jUf. (100 thijf)

2.

k m

M. fhunfhu

1.

3.

bjhlbglh

. khya kiyf

njh-fif rkbt a tuyh VgLa jhf

g xU F vGJf.

fh Mo

<. nkF bjhl kiy

2.

4.

bjah a mikig RU vGJf.

rahd brhbwhliu TWf. xW kLnk rahdJ.

VIII.

IV.

thd il jUf (200 thijf)

m.

ekij e HUJ nkfhf ghwJ.

1.

a tuyh mj a VgLs jhfij

kLf.

M.

fh MW bjUJ tlfhf ghwJ.

2.

ah

aKid e jg el fywJ.

<.

kfhe grh gF ghwJ.

10

ntWik xWik fhQ ehL - sFf.

11

ghl - 2
tuyhWF Kgl
fhy ah

tuyhWF Kija fhy

ah Augh gghL
fw nehff
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ.
1.

tuyhWF Kija fhy

2.

Augh ehff njhwK ts.

3.

Augh kf r_f bghUshjhu iyikf.

4.

Augh kf gghL thif.

5.

Augh ehff m.

ah kj Fy tuyhW, tuyhW fhyF

KUnj bjhlFwJ. tuyhWF Kija fhyij g
mJbfhtjF vGJ toyhd rhWf ilgiy.
UD, ah gntW gFfUJ ilJs
Vuhskhd bjhbghU rhWf mogil fhy
tuyhiw gilf KowJ. ffUf, kghl XLf,
fiybghUf, cnyhf fUf nghw bghUf t
mlF. fhy kf thifia mJ bfhtjF
bjha ts bgJ gagLwJ.
ahit bghWjtiu, tuyhWF Kija fhyij,
giHa ffhy, il ffhy, a ffhy, cnyhf fhy vd
tifgLjyh. UD, a Jizfl KGtjF
j fhytiu xnu khahf bghUJtiy. tuyhWF
Kija fhy ma JizbfhL eF tiuaWf
gLwJ. bghJthf nuonah fhg Kiwna jF ga
gLjgLwJ. xU Fl fhyF crh
12

%gh
J
fhgf

bkhfnrhjhnuh

nyhj

Rghfh
mu fl

tfhs Flh

kh
uk

md
gyhtu

Mr e

a bgUfl

13

bghUf vj msF fa FiwJsJ vgij

mogilahf bfhL fhyij fzL Kiwna nuonah
fhg KiwahF. kbwhU Kiw blnuh fhy f
vdgLwJ. ku cbtL njhw fhzgL
tisaf vifia bfhL fhyij fzLtnj
KiwahF.
giHa ffhy

a Jiz fl gntW gFf giHa

ffhy kjf thj lf flagLsd. lf
bgUghY iyfSF mUfhiknyna csd. giHa ffhy
kf tj ghiw LFfS, FiffS Jiz fl
KGtJ gu lwd. y lf mtf iyfsh
ntagl FoirfY thjd. ah fhzgL giHa
ffhy kf thj lf tUkhW :
m.

tlnkF ah nrh
gsjhF kW bghth
l

M.

tlah th FWf

ka unjr ngfh.

<.

ekij gsjh Mjfh

FW

c.

Mu unjr f

C.

brid fUYs mughf

giHa ffhy fUf

giHa ffhy yFfis ntilaho, cz

Toa jhtuf kW HFfis nrfJ kf jfsJ
czit njo bfhld. vdnt, tfis, czit
nrfngh vW miHwd. yFfis ntilahLtjF
ffUfisna j kf gagLd. ifas ffU kW
cilj THhffns tfsJ MjfshF. ffUf,
bfoahd Fthir vdgL ghiwffshyhdit. MW
gLiff bga THhff iljd. cUt bga
14

yFfis ntilahLtjF bga fnfhlfis tf

gagLUfntL. nkY, FGfshf xizJ bga
yFfis tf UfntL. giHa ffhy kf
bkh kW jft gkhwKiw FJ vJ bjaiy.
fhyngh tfsJ thif Kiw khwf Vgl
bjhld. yFfis tsf, fuLKulhf kghlfis
cUthf xUy jhtufis tsf tf Kafis
nkbfhld. fh nghw xUy giHa ffhy lf
tfsJ XafS fhzgLwd. giHa ffhy vgJ
.K. 10,000 MLF KgljhF.
ilffhy

kjFy thif mLj flij il ffhy vW

miHnwhk. J Rkh .K.10000 Kj .K. 6000 MLfSF
ilgl fhykhF. giHa ffhyF a ffhyF
ilna Vgl khwfis fhy tuyhW vLJiuwJ.
ilffhy df, F#uh yhf, ka unjr
Mjfh, uh#jh, cu unjr, fh nghw khyf
y gFf Ma lf fblLfgLsd. ghiw
Fiff fhzgL XafUJ ilffhy kf
r_f thif kW bghUshjhu eltoiff g Xus f
KowJ. il ffhy ntWtifyhd ffUf
fblLfgLsd. f a ffshyhd it bgUghY
mfgr IJ brol msitilajhF. vdnt, tiw
EffU myJ iknuh vW miHnwh.
ntilahLj, cz nrfj Mad fhyY
bjhljd. bga yFfSFg a yFfis
ntilahLtY, ogY fhy kf mf ftd
brYd. mig ntilF gagLd. nkY, xnu
l l fhy j thG nghF tsu bjhlaJ.
Mifah, uhfis tsj, njhl gLj, bjhlffhy
ntshik nghw eltoiff fhy bjhld. eh,
kh, g, nfh nghw yFf vYf ilJsik
jF rhwhF.
15

xU y lf EffUf kW nknyhLfSl
nrJ rt mlf bragljfhd rhWfS ilJsd.
a ffhy

kj ehff Fljf Kndwij a

ffhyjh fhzKowJ. a ffhy Rkh .K. 6000 Kj
.K. 4000 MLfSF ilgljhF. ah gy
gFf
a
ffhy
bghUf
ilJsd.
fhZ gsjhF, fh
uh, cu unjr
yh rkbt, jfhz gy
lf Mad ylF.
bjah gy a ffhy
tlf mf th
a ffhy fUf
nkbfhsgLsd.
fehlf kh, uk, A, nfhnlf, jeho
igag Muunjr c} Ma lf mt
Fljfit.
ntshik, yFfis tsj, ffUfis
gsgsghFj, kghl brj nghwit a ffhy
ggho w TWfshF. jhtufis gl
bjhlajhY, uhfis tsjikahY, Xl jthH
Kgl a ffhy kf, uhk rKjhaf cUthf t
tFjd. fUfis cUthFtY, kjDF njitahd
rhjdfis gilgY bjhEg Vgl khWjfis
fhy bjthf fhzKowJ. ffUf eF
gsgsghf lgld. ntilahLtjF, kufis
btLtjF gsgsghd Ta fnfhlf bgJ gaDilajhf
Ujd. yh Md FoirfSFgyhf, fk ffshyhd
Foirf mikfgld. kghlf brtjF rfu
gagLjglJ. rikgjF, cz jhafis nrJ
itf kghlf gagld. wnjhiu mlf
16

brtjF bga kghl jhf gagLjgld. rhFgo

KiwfY Kndw fhglJ. gntW fhyflf,
gntW lf, nfhJik, gh, be, id nghwit
glgld. Hah be mf glglJ.
brkahLf, MLf, khLf ts gutyhf fhzglJ.
gLtjF nghFtuJF fheilf gagld. gU
kW fg Milfis a ffhy kf mjd.
cnyhf fhy

a ffhyij bjhlJ tj fhy br ffhy

vdglJ. fhy br kW btfy Ma cnyhff
gagLjgld. kj Fy tuyh, cnyhfij
cUthF bjhEgij fLojJ cnyhfyhd
bghUfis cUth gagLaJ Ka ffshF.
Mdh, ffUfS bjhlJ gagho UJ tjd.
xU y EffUf KaJt bgW sd. fhy
cnyhf jhJfis njo kf beLu gaz bra
bjhld. jdh, br - ffhy gghLfSilna
bjhlf Vgld. ah gntW gFfY br
ffhy gghLf fhzgLwd.
bghJthf, Mwfiufnyna br - ffhy gghLf
tsailjd. Fghf, Ahgh gghL br - ffhy
ggho xU gFnaahF. bjah nfhjht,
UZzh, Jfguh, bgzhW, fh Ma ef
gsjhFf fhy Foahdt rKjhaf njh
tsjd. cnyhf fhy bjhlf tf cnyhfij
gagLjiy vwhY, Rkh .K. 2000 MLth br
btfyK gF gagLjgljfhd rhWf csd.
jehoYs igag btfy kW br
Matwhyhd bghUf, RLk cUtf, kghlf
nghwit fblLfgLsd.
br - ffhyij bjhlJ tj fhy U fhykhF.
ntj yaf U g mofo FfgLwJ.
17

bjah, U fhyK bgUf fhyK (bkfh)

rkfhy vd fUjgLwJ. bkfh vwh bga f vW
bghU. fyiwnk R mLfgl ffis J FwJ.
mjifa fyiwf bjah Vuhskhf ilJsd.

Augh gghL

fehlfYs A, kh, Mu unjrYs

ehfhd bfhlh, jeho Mr e Ma lf
mt Fljfit. fyiw Ff fU - f
tzjhyhd ghidnahLf, Ughyhd kbto kW
mth, W Mjf nghwit fhzgLwd.

uh

Augh

fhgf

bkhfnrhjhnuh
rhFjhnuh

nyhj
mu fl

%gh

Augh ehff

J gsjh nkF grhYs Augh J

khfhzYs bkhfrhjhnuh Ma U lfYjh
KjKj mfthf nkbfhsgld. uL
lfS jnghJ ghjh csd. j mfthf
gadhf xU wj ehff J bt UjJ flaglJ.
bjhlf j ehff Jbt ehff vd tHfglJ.
JbtF mghY j ehff jlf guU
jikah d J J ehff vW miHfglJ. Kj
mfth nkbfhsgl lij idTW tif Augh
ehff vW J tHfgLwJ.
Ka lf

gntW lf mfthf nkbfhsglnghY,

mt Fljfit tUkhW : JYs nfh o,
uh#jhYs fhgf, grh %gh, Aahdh
dth, F#uhYs nyhj, Rnfhlhlh, kW njhyuh.
bga efuf bgUghY W bAnl gugsit
bfhlitahF. Jbt efufnyna f bgaJ
bkhfrhjhnuh. J Rkh UW bAnl guig bfhlJ
vd klgLwJ.

18

19

njhwK ts

Augh ggho fhy

flj vgJ MLfshf nkbfhsgL tU

mfthf
gadhf
Vuhskhd
bjhbghUf
fblLfgLsd. it Augh ggho tsia
mJbfhs gagLwd. jid ehF Ka iyfshf
gFJ mayh.

M Ml r#h kh bkhfrhjhnuh
fhyij .K.3250 - .K.2750 vd klh. d, gntW
a lf mfthf nkbfhsgld. vdnt, a
jftf mogil Augh ggho fhyK mtnghJ
mPfsh ajhf klglJ. nuonah fhg Kiw
fhyij fzbfLF Kiw mKfgLjglJ. jdh
XusF Jakhd fhyf braglJ. 1956 M ML
~ngr vgt Augh ggho fhyij .K.2000 .K.1500 vW klh. 1964 M ML o.. mfth j
ggho fhyij .K.2300 .K. 1750 vd Ko brjh.
UD, tUfhy j fhytiuaiu khWtjF
thL.

1. AughF Kija iy (Pre-Harappan)

2.

Augh ggho bjhlf iy (Early Harappan)

3.

Augh ggho Kj iy (Mature-Harappan)

4. Augh ggho W iy (Late-Harappan)

Augh gghoF Kija iyia HF

gYjhd fhzyh. bkhfrhjhnuhF tlnk 150
ik uYs bkffh vw l Augh gghoF
Kija fhy kf thjikfhd RtLf fhzgLwd.
fhy, kf jfsJ ehnlho thifia ifL
iyahd ntsh thit bjhld.
Augh ggho bjhlf iy kf rkbtf
bgU uhkfis cUth mF thjd. fhyjh
J rkbt efuf njh tsu bjhld. uhkw
thifUJ kf efuthifia nkbfhs
Mujd. M, nfh o Ma lfis j iyF
vLJfhlhf Twyh. Augh ggho crfl bga
efuf vGbgwd. fhgf mfthf mUj efu
mikfis, efw TWfis eF btgLJwd.
Augh ggho Wiy, mj ij bjhlaJ.
nyhj mfthf j iyF jf vLJfhlhf
fwd. nyhj efuK mj JiwKfK f
fhyjh Wtgld. btsbgUUJ ghJfhF
tif fbga jLRtiu ef fhzKowJ.
bkrgnlhah, ah wgFf MatWilyhd
fbga thg ikakhf nyhj fjJ.
20

1931

Augh ggho w TWf

efu mik

Augh gghL mj jw thj efu mikF

bga bgwjhF. bjUf xbthW FWF beLfhf
nenfhoY mikUjd. Augh, bkhfrhjhnuh, fhgf
nghw bga efuf nklhd gFf nfhilf
flgoUjd. nfhilf xbthW fkffshyhd
nkLfJ mikfgoUjd. nfhil gFUj
efu brffshyhd Lf Ujd. t
rhjhuzkf FoUjd. bgUghyhd folf midJ
brffshyhdit. fghiwfshyhd folf fhzgliy
vgJ FljfJ. fo mikfgoUj f
FHhf Augh ggho kbwhU w TwhF.
LfUJ bttU f FHhf midJ
bjUf
fghijl
izfgoUjd.
FHhf bgUghiw ffshnyh myJ brffshnyh
_lgoUjd.

21

bkhfrhjhnuh wFa bghJ l bgU Fa

FskhF. J 39 mo sK, 23 mo mfyK 8 mo MHK
b f h l j h F .
jiuUJ FsF
wf midJ gfY
gof mikfgLsd.
cilf
khWtjF
VJthf Fs Xuf
j
miwf fhz
gLwd. Fa Fs
jiugF brf
bkhfrhjhnuh - bgUFa Fs
fshyhdJ. mUUj
bga zUJ FsF j bfhLtuglJ.
Fs xU _iy jiu btnaW FHh
mikfgLsJ. Fs rlFfnghJ FgjF
trahf mikf goUj ntL. bkhfrhjhnuh
fbga fol mj jha fsakhF. J 150 mo sK
50 mo mfyK bfhlJ. Augh ef nfhil MW jha
fsafis fhzKowJ.
bghUshjhu thif

ntshik, bjh, ifbjh, thf vd

midJtif bghUshjhu eltoiffis Augh ggho
fhzKowJ. nfhJik gh Ka
isbghUfshF. v, fLF, gU
nghwit glgld. ifahd
jhaf fsaf nrJ
itfgld. btshLf, brkahLf,
vUJf nghwit Ka ts
yFfshF. Fiu gaghL g
D bjthf tiuaWfgliy.
kh cl gntW yFf
Augh Kiu
czfhf ntilahlgld.

22

gntW ifbjhf njbgw ifidPf

fhy thjd. bghbfhyf, brf brnth, f
mWngh, ber bjhyhs, glF fLnth, RLk fiyP
nghnwh Fljftf. btfy kW brghyhd
ghuf Augh gghL cnyhf bjhYF wj
vLJfhLfshF. jf kW btahyhd Mguzf
gntW lf fblLfgLsd. kghlf
bgUghY rhjhuzkhf Ujd. xUy lf f kW
fU tza kghlfS ilJsd. ma tif
ffshyhd kfS cg bragld.
ah
wgFfnshL
gutyhd
tjf
nkbfhsglJ. bkrgnlhah, Mfhjh, <uh nghw
gFfnshL maehL tjfK eilbgwJ. jf, br, <a
kW ma tif ff wFk bragld. nfhJik, gh,
gWtiff, vbz Jf nghw ntsh bghUf
VWk bragld. gUahilf, kghlf, kf,
RLk fiybghUf, jj ntiyghLf nghwit
VWkf mlF. JgFF RnkahF ilna
thfbjhl yajF ngha rhWf ilJsd.
bkrgnlhah Jbtia rhj gy Kiuf
fblLfgLsd. glkhW thfnk gutyhf eilbgwJ.
nghFtuJF fhis kW vUJ oa tof
gagLjgld vgij Jbt ilJs KiufS
RLk bghikfS cWgLJwd. MWf kW fl
nghFtuJF glFfS fgfS cjd.
r_f thif

Augh
kf
r_f
thifia mJ bfhs ngha
rhWf ilJsd. M,
bg UghyU Hhil, nkyhil
vw uLj Milfis
mjd.UghyU kfshyhd
Mguzfis mJbfhld.
23

Augh kf gagLa
Mguzf

tisaf, fhf, xoahz, y, fhj, nkhu

nghwit bgfSfhd Mguzf. it, jf, bt,
br, btfy nghw cnyhf fshdit. matif
ffshyhd MguzfS Ujd. k ghlf, ff, XLf,
jj kW cnyhffshyhd gntW tifyhd LFj
ghuf bkhfrhnjhuh fblLfgLsd. F
jf, Cf, f, oKf, ff nghwit
brghydit. fkzhyhd tof Wtf isahL
bghUf mlF. nfhf, gJf, jha nghwit
isahLF gagld. oj vgJ Kiwahd bjh.
ntilahLjY, vUJ ril bghGJnghFfshF. gntW
nghfUfS fblLfgLsd. br kW
btfyyhd nfhlf, <of, FWthf, mf
nghwit ylF.
fiyf

Augh gf fwj ntiyghLfis

bfhljhF. RLkzhyhd M, bg cUtf, yFf,
gwitf kW Kiuf tiuagLs brJnfhaf
wikF rhW gwd. bkhfrhjhnuh
fblLfgLs ehoa kif vw
btfy cUt bghik wghd
fiyeaF vLJ fhlhF. mj
tyJ if LJ, tisaf mj
lJ if bjhflgl iyY
mikf gLsJ. Augh uL
fgf fblLfgLsd. xW
kj gf thoY, kwJ ehoa
toY mikJsd. Augh efu
kghlf wj fiyeafitahF.
kghlfS, FtisfS gntW
totfY, tzfY cUthf
gLsd.
tz
RlToa
RLk cUt
kghlf
jufitahF.
bghik
24

nfhztoyhd nfhLf, tlf, iyf, brof, kuf

nghw Xaf kghlfJ tiuagLsd. y
kghlf kW k cUtfS fhzgLwd.
vGJ

Augh vGJ tot D KGikahf flagl

iy. 400 Kj 600 tiuyhd totf UD, mt
40 myJ 60 kLnk mogilahf
sFwd. vait mt
khWtotfns. Augh vGJf
bghJthf tyUJ lkhfnt vGj
gLsd. xUy Kiuf Kjt
tyUJ
lkhf,
mLjt
lUJ tykhf khkh vGj
gLsd. fhoneahit nrj
ghnghyh kW mtuJ clgahW Augh vGJ tot
mPfS Augh kf bkh
uhlbkhna vW Ko brJsd. nrha mP yU
fUij Vwd. ntWy mPf Augh vGJfis
uh vGJtifl bjhlgLJwd. Augh vGJ
ga D mfgliy.
Augh vGJ KGtJ gojagLnghJ mggho
wf KGikahf bttU vg Iaiy.
rka

Kiuf, RLk cUtf kW briyf nghw

rhWfUJ Augh kf rka thif FJ
maKowJ. mtfsJ Ka M fl gRg (Kfhya
t). ahdto mkUF mtUF _W KffS
uL bfhfS fhzgLwd. ehF yFf (ahid,
, ahid, vUJ) btntW irfisghj tz mtiu
NJsd. mtuJ ghj uL khf csd. j cUt
Kiuf fhzgLwJ. mtfsJ Ka bg fl jh
flshF. j RLk totf ilwd. fhy
25

f tghL fhzglJ. Augh kf kufis

yFfis Tl tgld. ngf, bfl Mf
nghwtJ eif bfhoUj mtf, jfis
ghJfhJ bfhs jhaJfis mjd.

fw milf
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhlJ
1.

giHa ffhy, a ffhy, cnyhf fhy

mfhy bjhbghUf - mfhy kf r_f
bghUshjhu thif.

2.

Augh ggho njhwK ts mfth

nkbfhsgl Ka lf.

3.

Augh ehff wTWf - efu mik, r_f

thif, bghUshjhu iyik.

4.

Augh ggho fhy, rka eiff kW

fiyf.

5.

Augh ehff m Fj ntWgl fUJf.

wnjhiu ijj

bkhfrhjhnuh, Augh, fhgf, nyhj, %gh nghw

efufis R fblLfgLs fyiwf Augh kf
wnjhiu ijF tHf FJ ma cjwd.
bkhfrhjhnuh, wnjhiu ijF tHfK, vjd
vYfis ijF tHfK tHUjd. nyhj ef
ijFia R brff mLfgLsd. Augh ef
kujhyhd rtbgo fblLfgLsd. n#hoahf
kghlF itJ wnjhiu ijjjfhd rhWfS
nyhj ilJsd. r vw clfilnaW tHf
yajfhd bjthd rhWf iy.
Augh ggho m

Augh ggho m FJ mjfhd rhWf

FJ mPfSilna xUj fUJ iy. bghJthf
gntW fUJf KitfgLwd. bts bgUF, ef
twLnghLj, isy jdJ tsij Hj, mtnghJ
VgL yeLf nghw aif nglf Augh efuf
mF fhuzfshf UUfTL. Maf
gilbaL Augh ehffF fil kia xjJ vgJ
xU y mPf fUjhF. nfhilf gy mfglJ
FJ ntj FLwJ. nkY, bkhfrhnjhuh
fblLf gLs kj vYFa mefu mayt
gilbaLF Mshdij btgLJtjhf csJ. Mafl
tikf MjfS, ntfkhf bryToa FiufS
UjJ FljfJ. jdh, mtf J btgF
jfsJ Mfij vjhf VgLUf TL.

26

27

kh dhf

V.

tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf.

I.

rahd ilia nj brf.

1.

giHa ffhy kf ntshik brJ thjd.

1.

br ffhyij bjhlJ tj fhy

2.

iknuh vw EffUfis ilffhy kf

gagLd.

3.

J btF RnkahF ilna tf bjhl

UjJ.

4.

Augh kfSF vGJ fiy bjahJ.

2.

m. giHa ffhy

M. a ffhy

. Ufhy

<. il ffhy

Augh ggho JiwKf efu

m. fhgf

M. nyhj

VI.

WF vGJf. (VnjD _W Ff)

. gdth

<. %gh

1.

br ffhy

II.

nfhol lij uf.

2.

bgUff (bkfh)

1.

jehoYs f w thej bgUffhy ika .........

3.

bgU Fa Fs

2.

Augh ggho Ka bg bjt ........

4.

Augh ggho fhy

III.

bghUJf.

VII.

FWa il jUf. (100 thijf)

1.

nfho

1.

giHa ffhy g xU F vGJf.

2.

njhyuh

M. uh#jh

2.

Augh ggho njhw, ts g t.

3.

fhgf

. J

3.

Augh ggho Ka lfis TWf.

4.

gdth

<. F#uh

4.

Augh ggho mfhd fhuzfis FLf.

IV.

rahd brhbwhliu bj brf. xW kLnk

rahdJ.

VIII.

thd il jUf. (200 thijf)

m.

Augh gghL ts _W iyf cL.

1.

ah tuyhWF Kija fhy g xU fLiu

tiuf.

M.

Augh kf bkh tlbkh vd ghnghyh TWwh.

2.

Augh ehff r_f - bghUshjhu iyikfis t.

r#h kh nuonah - fhg Kiwia gdh.

<.

Augh kf ngfJ eif bfhoUjd,

mjdh, ghJfhfhf jhaJfis gagLd.

m. Aahdh

28

29

ghl - 3
ntj fhy gghL
fw nehff
j ghlUJ khzt mJbfhtJ
1.

Maf f

2.

ntj yafS mt w

3.

ntj fhyK gghL

4.

ija ntjfhyK gghL

Augh ggho efuf .K. 1500 M MLth

mjd. mtfsJ bghUshjhu, Maik KiwfS bks
ma bjhld. fhyjh njh-Ma bkhahd
tlbkh ngRgtf njh-<uha gFUJ tlnkF
ahF EiHjd. bjhlf tlnkF kiyfUj
fzthf tahf Fiwj vifyhd kfns
tUfTL. tlnkF rkbtfY, grh rkbtfY
mtf jf Mugfhy FoUfis mikJ bfhld.
d, mtf njh-fif rkbtF l bgajd.
fheilfis tsF Tljtfshf mtf Ujikah
gRikahd btfis mtf njo brw tz Ujd.
.K. Mwh whLth mtf tl ah KGtij
MuJ bfhld. vdnt, tlah Matj vd
miHfglJ. ntjfhyij ntj fhy myJ Kija
ntjfhy (.K.1500 - .K.1000) vW ija ntjfhy
(.K.1000 - .K.600) vW uL fshf fyh.

30

Maf f

Maf f vgJ thjJFa bghUshF.

Jg gntW fUJf ywd. gntW mPf
btntW gFfis Maf fkhf FLwd.
Mo gF, b#k, ka Mah, bjF uZah nghw gFf
mtfsJ fkhf fUjgLwd. ghyffhjhu yf
thda fzFfis Mjhukhf bfhL Maf Mo
gFUJ tjtf vd thLwh. UD, bjF
uagFna Maf Ul vw fUnj Vfjfjhf
csJ. tuyhwhaf bgUghY fUij Mjwd.
mUJ Maf Mah, Inuhgh Ma gntW gFfSF
l bgaUfTL. .K.1500 M MLth mtf
ahF EiHjd. njh-Maf vd mtfis
miHnwh. njh-Ma bkhahd tlbkhia mtf
ngtjd.
ntj yaf
vw nt brhUJ ntj vw brh wjJ.
mjF mj vW bghU. ntj vwh cathd m
vW bghU Twyh. ntjf ehF - , a#&, rhk, mjt.
j ehY ntj gHikahdJ. m 1028 ghlf csd.

gntW flis fJ j ghlf idagoU

wd. rlFfnghJ gwgLtjfhf gntW tuf
a#& ntj TwgLsJ. rlnghJ irgjfhfnt
awglJ rhk ntj. Unj a ir njhajhf
fUjgLwJ. gntW rlFfg mjt ntj FLwJ.
ehF ntjf ju, uhkzf, cgljf,
Muaff, kW fhrfshd uhkhaz, kfhghuj
nghw rka yafS csd. tghL kW ntf
Fj sff uhkzf TwgLsd. Mkh, uk,
cy njhw, aif ahj f nghw jJt
sffis TWtJ cgljf. fhL ya vd
TwgL Muaff ku, nt, gLj nghwtiw
31

TWwJ. uhkhazij th kfhghujij ntj ahrU

ad.
ntj fhy (myJ) Kija ntjfhy (.K. 1500
.K.1000)

ntj fhy, Maf bgUghY J gFnyna

thjd. ntj rj J myJ VG efgh gF
vw F tUwJ. grh gh y, dh, uh, ah, ry{
vW IJ efnshL J kW rut Ma VG efisna
J FwJ. ntj ghlfUJ ntjfhy kf
mua, r_f gghL thif Kiwfis mJ bfhsyh.
ntj fhy mua

Fy myJ FLg vgnj ntjfhy muaYF

mogilahf UjJ. gy FLgf izJ uhk
cUthW. uhk jiyt uhk vdglh. gy uhkf
izJ R vw mik njhaJ. j jiyt ag.
fbga mua xUiz #d vdglJ. ntj
fhy gujf, kaf, aJf, Uf nghw gntW mur
Fyf Ujd. mu jiyt uh#. ntj fhy
bgUghY Koah Kiwna tHUjJ. gugiu thR
Kiwna gwglJ. thf murDF cjahf
nuhjU, nrdh vw giljsg Ujd. rgh, r
vw uL fthj mitfS Ujd. rgh vgJ
Cbgnah mla mitahf, r vgJ bghJ kf
ufis bfhl mitahf sd.
r_f thif

jij tia mogilahf bfhlnj ntj fhy r_f.

r_f mogilahf saJ uA myJ FLg.
FLg jiyt uAg. bghJthf xUjhu kz
tHUjJ. mur kW ca Fodilna gyjhu kzK
eilKiw UjJ. y bghWfis ftJ tj kid
Ka rlFfY gbfLJ bfhtJ tHf. MfSF
32

izahf bgfSF Mf kW mthw ts

rk thf tHfgld. mgyh, tthuh, nfhrh, nyhgKuh
nghw bg fPfS ntj fhy thjd. bghJ
mitfY bgf gbfLJ bfhld. wh kznkh
clfilnaW r tHfnkh ntj fhy iy vgJ
FljfJ.
gU kW fgahyhd Milfis M bg UghyU
mjd. UghyU gntW tifyhd Mguzfis
mjd. nfhJik, gh, gh, j, be, fhff, ff
nghwit Ka cz bghUfshF. gR j yfhf
fUjgljh gR iw cgjF jilUjJ. njnuhl
ngho, Fiunahl, rJuf, ir, eld nghwit
mtfsJ a bghGJnghFf. a ntj fhy
Ujijnghy ntjfhy r_f f f
fLikahdjhf Ufiy.
bghUshjhu iyik

nkr y kfshf sa ntj fhykf Ka

bjh fheil tsghF. fheilfis mogilahf
bfhnl mtfsJ brt klglJ. tlah
mtf iyahf j thH bjhla d ntsh
bjhiy nkbfhld. U gaid eFzUj
mtfsh btF vjhf fhLfis U gutyhd is
yfis cUthf KojJ. kbwhU Ka bjh jRntiy.
fhLfis mFnghJ ilj Vuhskhd kufsh bjh
bgJ gabgwJ. njf, fyigf nghwtiw jrf
cg brjd. cnyhf fiyPf br, btfy kW
Ughyhd gntW bghUfis cg brjd. w
kbwhU Ka bjhyhF. gU kW fg Milf cg
bragld. bghbfhyf Mguzfis, Fatf L
cgnahffhd kghlfis cg brjd.
tf fKa bghUshjhu eltoifahF. ef
nghFtuJF bgJ cjd. glkhW Kiwnyna tf
33

eilbgwJ. fhyngh Zf vw jf ehzaf bgU

tjff bryhtahf gagLjgld.

FfgLsd. Matj (tl ah), kanjr (ka

ah), jzghj (bjah).

rka

mua iy

y, beU, fhW, kiH, o d nghw aif

rfis ntj fhy kf tgld. tiw flsuhf
cUtfgL tgld. U (), m ( beU), th
(fhW), tUz (kiH), u (od) Ma flsf
ntj fhy f bgUjd. Kija ntj fhy
u f fbgW sdh. uDF mLj
iy Uj m flsUF kjUF ilna
cwghykhf Ujh. aif rkiyia ghJfhF flshf
tUz sdh. M, c nghw bg flsU
fhy tglgld. Myafnsh, iy tghnlh Kija
ntjfhy iy. egafis vghJ flsUF
tghLf bragld. be, gh, jha nghwit
gilfgld. tghonghJ gntW rlFf gwgld.

ija ntj fhy bga muRf njhaij Vfdnt

Fnlh. fhy gy Fyf myJ #df
xizJ #dgjf cUthd. mu gugs bgUajh
mur mfhuK mfjJ. jdJ tikia bgUF
nehfJl mur gntW rlFfis, ntfis
brjh. uh#Na ( KoRL Hh), mtnkj (Fiu nt)
kW th#nga (nj ngho) Mad tW mlF. uh#
t#d, my tdg, Vfuj, rhuh nghw glfis
mur No bfhlh.

ija ntjfhy (.K.1000 - .K. 600)

ija ntjfhy Maf nkY HF neh l

bgajd. fif rkbt Maf jfsJ Ulij
gLa tufis rjgj uhkz FLwJ. ija
ntj yaf gntW Ma Fyf kW muRf g
Ff fhzgLwd. guj muRf vG bgwJ
fhya w TwhF. bjhlf FU kW ghrhy
Ma muRf fbgW sd. FU mu ff murfshf
gB, #dnk#a Mnah M jd. ghrhyf wj
mur uthAd b#t vgtuhth. ytfis t nghdh.
FU, ghrhy muRf F wF, nfhry, fh, njf
nghw muRf KaJt bgwd. m#hjrU fh ff
mur. iy efiu jiyefuhf bfhl njf eho mur
#df. aPtha vw yt tuJ mitia myfjh.
HF nfho kfj, mf, tf nghw muRf Ujd.
ija ntj yaf ah _W bgUfshf
34

nuhj, nrdh, uhk ju, ija ntj fhy

nkY gy a mfhf M Jiw gF tjd. fUy
mfh, tjLnth, mur j MnahU ylF. uhk
rigf csh mikf mf tjd. ija ntj
fhy rgh, r vw mitf brthHjd.
bghUshjhu iy

fhy U cgnahf mfkhf fhzglJ.

jdh, kf nkY gy tdfis mJ isyfis
bgUd. ntshik Ka bjhyhf saJ. a tif
fUf ntshikF gagLjgld. gh ju, be kW
nfhJik glgld. yJF cuLj xU Ka
KndwkhF. gntW bjhfS tsailjd. cnyhf
ntiyghLf, njhbghUf, jRbjh, kghlf
nghwit bgU tsailjd. cehL thgnjhL
maehL thgK bgUd. fl thg ija
ntjfhy tHUjJ. ghnyhah nghw ehLfSl
tjf nkbfhsglJ. tha vw r_f mik
fhy njhaJ. itaU thf <Lgld.
fzf vdgl thf FGfis mtf mikJ
35

bfhld. ntj fhyUj Zf vw ehza ju,

rjkhd, UZzy vwiHfgl jf, bt ehzafS
bryhtahf HfUjd.
r_f thif

ija ntj fhy r_f ehF Ka fshd

uhkzf, af, itaf, Nuf Mad eF
nt%aJ. itaUF NuUF kWfgl gntW
rYiffis uhkzfS afS mDgJ tjd.
aiul uhkznu caj iy UjnghY, y
ntisf af uhkzfisl jhf cajtf
vW Tbfhld. jhf nkbfhl bjh
mogil gntW is #hfS fhy njhd.
FLgij bghWjtiu, ija ntjfhy jhial
jfg brthF cau bjhlaJ. kf iy vj
KndwK fhzgliy. MfSF gojtfshfnt
bgf fUjgld. mitf gbfLJ bfhSj nghw
mua cikfisTl bgf Hjd. wh kz gutyhf
tHfUjJ. mnua uhkz vw , bg FHij
FLgF Vgl nrhf vW FLwJ. mur FLg
kL bgf xUy rYiffis bgW thjd.

njhd. jifa ntfSF vuhf njhanj j, rkz

rkafshF. J jJt rhukhf sF cgljf
gayhj jifa ntfis Mjfiy. Phd vw
cikahd mit bgWtj _ynk nkhrij milaKo
vd mit tWd.
fw milf
j ghlUJ khzt mJbfhlJ.
1.

ehF ntjf kW ija ntj yaf.

2.

ntj fhy mua, r_f, bghUshjhu.

3.

fntj fhy kf rka.

4.

muaY, r_fY ija ntj fhy Vgl

khwf.

5.

ija ntj fhy mfj rlFfS

ntfS.

rka

Kija ntjfhy flsuhd uD, m ija

ntj fhy brthHjd. ija ntjfhy u#hg
(gil fl), ZQ (fhF fl), Uu (mF fl)
Ma fls KaJt bgwd. ntf nkY ukhf
gwglnjhL, gntW rlFfS mKfgLjgld.
tgho KaJt FiwJ ntfSF mf
KaJt tHfglJ.
rh
bjh
eF
KiwgLjglnjhL gugiu bjhyhf khaJ.
ntfSfhd xGFKiwf mtfsh VgLjgld.
vdnt, ija ntj fhy W gF rhf
MfJF, ntf, kW rlFfSF gyj vf
36

37

kh dhf

V.

tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf.

I.

rahd ilia nj brf.

1.

Muaff J jJt rhu vdgLwJ.

ntjf gHikahdJ

2.

ija ntjfhy murf mfhu bgUaJ.

3.

ntj fhykf Uig mUfiy.

4.

ntj fhy tUz mik Kiw eF nt%aJ.

uthAd b#t Mj muR

VI.

W F vGJf. (VnjD _W Ff)

m. njf

M. fh

1.

ntj fhy ya

. FU

<. ghrhy

2.

Maf f

2.

m.

M. a#&

. rhk

<. mjt

II.

nfhol lij uf.

3.

ntjfhy kf iy.

1.

uhkhaz Ma ........

4.

ntjfhy rka

2.

Ma f Mo gF vW Tat ..........

VII.

FWa il jUf. (100 thijf)

III.

bghUJf.

1.

ntj fhy mua iy g FbgGJf.

1.

Zf

m. ija ntjfhy ehza

2.

ij ntjfhy kf rka thifia FLf.

2.

M. ntj fhy ehza

VIII.

thd il jUf. (200 thijf)

3.

mgyh

. bg fl

1.

4.

UZzyh

<. bg yt

ntj fhy Maf r_f - bghUshjhu thifia

t.

rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xU brhbwhl

kLnk rahdJ.

2.

ija ntj fhy mua r_f iyikfis kLf.

IV.

m.

uD, tUzD ija ntj fhy Ka fls.

M.

ija ntjfhy kf iy Kndw flJ.

ija ntjfhy #hKiw fLikahf iy.

<.

ija ntj fhy r, rgh Mat KaJt

FiwjJ.

38

39

ghl - 4
rkz, j rkaf
fw nehff
j ghlUJ khzt mJbfhtJ
1.

j, rkz rkaf vGfhd fhuzf.

2.

kfhu thif kW nghjidf.

3.

j thif kW nghjidf.

4.

j rka guj.

5.

ah jrka kiwtjfhd fhuzf.

tuyh .K. Mwh whL fwj whlhf

fUjgLwJ. j, kfhu, bAuhl, brhuhl,
fa, yh nr nghw wj jidahsf thJ jfsJ
fUJfis guaJ j whojh. .K. Mwh
who ah FoauR Wtdf tikahf
fjd. jdh, rlFf Mf brYa itf rkaF
vuhd rkaf vGbgw thf njhd. mt
rkzK, bgsjK bt bgwnjhL, a rKjha
Fljf jhffis VgLd.

_leiffS, kufS kfilna bgU

FHgij cUthd. nt KiwfSF khwhf vGj
cgljf Twgl fUJf caj jJtfis vLJ
Td. Mdh mtiw rhjhuz kfsh vjhf Jbfhs
Koaiy. vdnt, midJ ju kfSF xU va, J
bfhsToa nkhrfhd wj t njitglJ. mjifa
t kf mJ bfhsToa bkh Uf ntL
vgJ Ka. j njitfis j, kfhu MnahUila
nghjidf iw brtjhf mikjd.
nkfl rka fhuzfju, r_f, bghUshjhu
NiyfS uL rkaf vGF ld.
ahUj fLikahd #hKiw rKjha bgU
bfhjig VgLUjJ. rhdUF kWfgl gy
rYiffis ca rhd mDgJ tjd. nuhj tf
Mfij af btWjd. j, kfhu UtUnk
a tFig nrjtf vgJ FljfJ. thf
ts gadhf itaf bghUshjhu iy caUjJ.
Mdh, tzhuk Kiw itaUF caa l
mfgliy. vdnt, mtf j, rkz rkafis
Mjfbjhld. thf tFduhd tf uL
a rkafSF kfjhd Mju mJ nghd.
rkz rka
tjkhd kfhu thif (.K.539 - .K.467)

.K. Mwh who ah ya rka rhj

mikikna rkz, j rkaf vGF Kjikahd
fhuzkhF. ija ntj fhy Fjgl fyhd
rlFKiwfS ntfS rhjhuz kfSF Vilajhf
iy. nkY, ntfhd bryfS Vuhskhf Ujd.

tjkhd kfhu rkz gugiu 24tJ jfu.

itrhfUYs Fl uhk, a tFig nrj
jhjUF, riyF tjkhd kfdhf wjh.
anrhij vw bgkia kzj mt xU bg kfF
jijahdh. jdJ KgjhtJ ta Jw l tjkhd
guL MLf Raiyjh. 13 M Mo jt
gydhf nfty Phd vw caa Mf mit bgwh.
mj mt kfhu vW, d vW miHfglh.
mtuJ lf rkzf vdgld. mtuJ fUJf rkz

40

41

rkz, j rkaf vGbgw fhuzf

vW tHfglJ. KgJ MLf bjhlJ jkJ fUJfis

kfhu gutjh. jkJ 72 MtJ ta uh#UfF
mUYs ghth vw l mt kiwjh.
kfhu nghjidf

rkz rka _W Ka nfhghLf _W

udf vdgLwd. mit :
-

ey eif

ey m

ey elij

kfhu

ey eif vgJ, kfhu

nguY
eif
fUJfY
itjyhF. ey m vgJ fl iy
vw nfhghil VWbfhL, cyfij
giljt vtUiy vgij midJ
bghUfSF Mkh cL vgij
czJ bfhtjhF. ey elij vgJ
IJ Ka ujfis filogij
FF. mit :

cfSF F isfhik.

bgh ciufhik

fs brahik

brhJfis bfhtij Lj

xGfkw thit eljhkUj

rkz rka lfS, kfS mir nfhghil jt

whk filoj ntL. cUs, cyh midJ
bghUfS Mkhit bgWsd vW kfhu Tdh.
mtWF thif cL vd, fhagLJnghJ tia
czwd vW fUd. ntjf Mfij kWj
mt, ntj rka rlFfis vjh. jkhd, xGfkhd
42

thifia nkbfht wig mt tWdh. y, k

Gf, yFf nghwtWF F istjh ntshik
brtJTl ght vd mt fUdh. mnjngh, go lgJ,
Milia JwgJ, jik jhnk JW bfhtJ nghw
eilKiwfdh Jwtw thifia mj crflnf
kfhu L brwh.
rkz rka guj

jkJ fUJfis gutjF kfhu rfij mikjh.

m M, bg Ughyiu nrUtjF mDkjh. rf
Jwf kW rhjhuz lfS Ujd. rf cWdf
mauhj ciHdh rkz rka ntfkhf guaJ. Fghf nkF
ahY, fehlfY mJ guaJ. ruFj bksa,
ff ehL fhunty, bja mur Fyfshd fff,
flgf, rhSaf kW uhZouTlf Mnah rkz
rkaij ngh Mjjd.
.K. ehfh who W fif rkbt
fLgr VglJ. gughF kW ruFj bksa jiyik
gy rkz Jwf fdhlfhYs utzbgnfhyhit
tjiljd. tl ahnyna jl rkz JwfSF
yghF vw Jw jiyiknawh. JwfSfhd
Kiwfis mt khaikjh. jdh, rkz rka
ulhf jJ. xU d ntjhguf (btisil
mjtf) vW kbwhU d fguf (iriana
Milahf bfhltf) vW miHfgld.
.K. _wh who bjhlf, fguf
jiytuhd yghF ghlu KjyhtJ rkz khehil
Todh. .. Ijh who thyh ulhtJ rkz
khehL eilbgwJ. guL mff vdgL rkz
ya W tot kheho VW bfhsglJ.

43

j rka
bfsjk j thif (.K. 567 - .K. 427)

j rkaij Wa bfsjk myJ jhj

fytJF mUYs Y njhl .K. 567 M
ML wjh. rha Fyij nrj
Rnjhjd mtuJ jij. khahnj mtuJ
jh. nrahf UFnghnj jhia Hj
jhj wid u#hg bfsj
vgtuh tsfglh. jdJ gdhwhtJ
ta anrhjiuia kzJ bfhl mt
uhFy vw kfDF jijahdh. tnahf,
nehah, z, Jw Matiw fQw
bfsjkj
mt yf thit Jwjh. jkJ Ug
xgjh ta ilL btnaa mt
cikia njo VHhLf miyjh. gy mPfis rJ
sf nfL mtUF ngu liy. Wahf
jfahYs nghkuJfo jt brjnghJ
jhjUF ngu (thz) oaJ. mnghJ mtUF
taJ Kg IJ. mjwF, mt j myJ xbgwt
vW miHfglh. bgdhuRF mUYs rhueh vw
l j jdJ KjyhtJ ciuia fdh. mLj
ehg IJ MLf illhj urhuij mt
nkbfhlh. Fefu vwl jdJ vgjhtJ ta
mt c jh.
rl, bkhfyz, Mdj, frg, cgh Mnah
j Ka lhfsht. nfhry ehL unrd, kfj ehL
rhu kW m#hjrU Ma murf mtuJ nfhghLfis
VW lfshd. j jkJ thehnyna tlah
KGtY gaz brJ jkJ fUJfis gudh. bgdhu,
uh#UA, uht, itrh, ehsjh, ghluhk Mad mt
tUifj Ka lfshF. fl, Mkh, fkh, kWw
nghw yfSF vlhj btW jJt thjf <LgLtij
44

j jjh vgJ FljfJ. kj mwhl

vbfhS uidf Fnj mt mf ftd brYdh.
j nghjidf
j nghj ehF a cikfshtd :

cyf Jgf iwjJ.

JgfSF fhuz Mir.

Mirfis Jwjh Jgfis Jilfyh.

jF vtif tfis gWj ntL.

vtif tfshtd : edif, eKa, engR,

edlij, eth, eKa, ejid, eahd.
j flis Vfiy; fl Ugij kWf
iy. fkidF mt mf KaJt bfhLjh. xU
kj thifia mtdJ briffns zwd.
Mkh vw vJ iy. UD mt miria
tWdh. kj FylK w cdflK m
ghuhoanjhL f nef brjh. vjifa dF mt
lglhY mikahfnt gygh. khwhf, jdJ
mghY, fUizahY mtfis jkJ gf <J bfhS
w giljtuhf j sdh. xGfij mogilahf
bfhlJ mtuJ rka. vz, brh, bra Ma _Y
mt ikia tWdh. gFjthsuhd j,
f_ojdkhf thlhk, vjid m mogilnyna
mQdh. #hKiwia mt neuoahf rhlhlhY, r_f
ntWikfSF vuhf thlh. midJ r_fjtiu jkJ
rka nru mDkjh. vdnt, j rka vGia xU
rkau vgijl r_fu vW Twyh. eilKiwF
rhakhd xGf befis mJ nghjJ. r_f rkJt
nfhghoF mJ lJ.

45

j rka guj

jUF uL tif lf cL - Ff vw j
rka Jwf, cghff vw rhjhuz j rkaij jGa
kf. juJ nghjidfis gutjF, j rka Jwfis
bfhl rf mikfglJ. M, bg, rh ntWghLf
midtU rf cWduhf nrfgld. bgJw
fSF mtfsJ Ul kW uahz Fj fLghLf
fgoUjd. rl, bkhfyz, Mdj Mnah
ff j rka Jwfsht. #dehaf Kiwgo rf
tfglJ. cWdfilna xGfij bragLJ
mfhu rfl UjJ. rf nkbfhl mauhj
Kaf gydhf juJ thehnyna jrka fUJf
tl ah ntfkhf guaJ. kfj, nfhry, nfhrh kW
gy tla FoauRf jrkaij VWbfhld. j
kiwJ VwjhH UW MLfSF wF bksa nguur
mnrhf jrkaij jGdh. mnrhf mDa J FGf
_ykhf, nkF Mah, yif Ma gFfSF j rka
guaJ. a rka thf njha j rka thW cyf
rkakhf khaJ.
jrka khehLf

j kiwJ VwjhH IW MLfSF wFjh

jrka f ulgL bjhFfgld. mit lff
vW miHfgLwd. mitahtd: Rjlf, dalf,
mjklf. mit gh bkh vGjgld.
ah jrka kiwa fhuzf

uhkz rka J bgwjhY, ghftj rka

vGahY jrka f kf bjhlaJ. kf
bkhahd ghbkh jrka bkhahf Uj iy ..
Kjyh whLF wF khaJ. fnwh bkhahd
tlbkhia jrka gw bjhlaJ. kfhahd jrka
njha wF, iy tghL irfS kjd. jdh
xGfbef Fiwa bjhld. nkY, .. 5 kW 6 M
whLf eilbgw A&zf gilbaLghY, 12 M
who nkbfhsgl JUa gilbaLf nghJ
jrka klhyaf mfgld. jifa fhuzfsh
ah jrka kiwjJ.
a gghoF j rka gf

a gghL
gahsJ.

tsF

jrka

mU

j kiwjlndna, kfhfrg jiyik uh#UA

Kj j rka khehL TlglJ. juJ nghjidf
ikia ghJfhgnj j kheho nehfkhF. Rkh .K.
383 M ML ulhtJ jrka khehL itrh
eilbgwJ. mnrhfuJ Mju ghlu _whtJ
jrka khehL ToaJ. bkhfhj[h jF jiyik
tjh. kheho lff Wtot bgwJ. tRu
jiyik fhZ ehfhtJ jrka khehil fZf
Todh. mRtnfh kheho gnfwh. khehojh
kfhahd j rka vw a rka cUthW. juh
nghfglJ mnrhfuh gugglJkhd j rka
A&dahd vW miHfglJ.

- mir nfhghL mj Ka gfghF. fhy

ekJ eho Ka Gakhf mir bfhif saJ.

46

47

a fiy, fol fiyF j rka gF

FljfJ. rh, ghA&, fah Ma lfYs
f a fol fiy wF rhWfshF.
ah gy gFf irafS, j AhufS
mikfgld.
-

jry, ehsjh, ukyh Ma lfUj

jrka gfiy fHffS, w f WtdfS wj f
bjhlhsd.
-

kh dhf

- gh bkh, kW w cehL bkhf tstjF

jrka urhu fhuzkhW.

Mah wgFfSF a gghil jrka

vLJ brwJ.
-

I.

rahd ilia nj brf.

1.

tjkhd kfhu wj l

fw milf
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhlJ.

2.

m. fytJ

M. ghlu

. Fluhk

<. FRku

lff vj bkh vGjglJ?

1.

j rkz rka vGfhd rka kW w fhuzf.

m. tlbkh

M. uhUj

2.

kfhu sik fhy thif mtuJ _W

ud nfhghLfS.

. gh

<.

II.

nfhol lij uf.

3.

bfsjk j sikfhyK, ehF cikf,

v tif tf vw mtuJ nghjidfS.

1.

4.

j rkaij Mjjtf - rf Wtglik

jrka guaJ.

Kj rkzrka khehL ........... vwl ........ vgtuh

flglJ.

2.

rkzrka ya W tot ......... vdglJ.

5.

ah jrka kiwjJ - kW a
gghL tsF jrka Ma gf.

3.

mnrhf nghj jrka .......... vd miHfglJ.

III.

bghUJf.

1.

Kj j khehL

m. itrh

2.

ulh j khehL

M. fhZ

3.

_wh j khehL

. uh#UA

4.

ehfh j khehL

<. ghlu

IV.

rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xW kLnk

rahdJ.

m.

ehF a cikfis kfhu nghjh.

M.

ghbkhia gajh jrka mjJ.

kfhahd j rkad iy tghil gd.

<.

jJthjkhd thjf j <Lglh.

48

49

ghl - 5

V.

tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf.

1.

j fl Ugij Vfiy, kWfiy.

2.

kfhu jkJ lfis IJ Ka ujfis filof

tWdh.

3.

Kj jrka khehL fhZ fZfuh TlglJ.

4.

cy wgFfSF a gghL gutjF jrka

fhuzkhW.

VI.

WF vGJf. (VnjD _W Ff)

1. Aafh,

1.

udf

2.

rhu, m#hjrU Mnah rhjidf.

2.

rkz rka sgLj

3.

ghuf gilbaLfS mt jhfK.

3.

lf

4.

mbyrhj gilbaLfhd fhuzf, nghF.

4.

_whtJ jrka khehL

5.

mbyrhj gilbaL isf.

VII.

FWa il jUf. (100 thijf)

1.

ah rkzrka guaij th.

2.

ah jrka kiwa fhuzf ahit?

VIII.

thd il jUf. (200 thijf)

1.

kfhu thif kW nghjidfis t.

2.

j thif kW nghjidfis RU vGJf.

3.

jrka vthW cyf rkakhW?

kfj vG,
mbyrhj gilbaL
fw nehff
j ghlij gogjh khzt mJbfhtJ
Rehf, ej trf kfj vG.

.K. Mwh who bjhlf tlah

vzw j muRf Ujd. yt KoahKiw
tHUjJ. y FoauRfshf fjd. fif rkbt
Koahf Ujd. tlnkF ahY, kakiyf
mothuY Foahf Ujd. rhaf, rhf,
kyf nghw xUy xnu Fyij nrj Foahf y
fhzgld. Foahf mu Ka Kofis bghJ mit
vLjJ. m FLg jiytf myJ kf uf
mf tjd. bgUghik thF mogilnyna midJ
KofS vLfgld.
gdhW kfh#dgjf vwiHfgL gdhW bgU
muRf g j yakhd mFjhu fa tufis
FLwJ. mit ahtd : mf, kfj, fh, nfhry, t{, ky,
nr, tr, FU, ghrhy, ka, Nunrd, mkf, mt,
fhjhu kW fhngh#. gdhW muRf g rkz fS
FLwd. fhy ngh, a muRf tikahd
MahsfSF mogjd; myJ mfgld. Wahf,

50

51

.K. Mwh who il gF ehF muRf kLnk

vUjd - mit tr, mt, nfhry, kfj vgdthF.
tr

tr vw muR aKid efiu mikUjJ. jfhy

myfhghJF mUYs nfhrh mj jiyefu. mj
ff mur cjaz. mt, mf, kfj Ma muRfSl
kz cwfis itJ bfhlj_y mt jkJ tikia
bgU bfhlh. mtuJ kiwF wF, tr mt
muRl izJ bfhsglJ.
mt

mt mu jiyefu c{#. j fw thj

mur unaha. cjaz kfshd thrtjijia kzj
tikf Mahsuhdh. t jrkaij Mjjh.
unahjaDF tnjh wikawtf. d
mtia kfj Mahsf izJ bfhld.
nfhry

nfhry eho jiyefu mnah - j fthj mur

unrd. f wjt. kfjnjhL kzw bfhl
mtuJ brthF nkY mfjJ. jdJ jijia rhuDF
kzKoJ, fhia kz grhf bfhLjh. d,
m#hjrUl nkhj VglJ. W, unrd, rhu
kfis kzJ bfhlh. mtuJ kiwF nfhry
kfj xUgFahW.

rhjfkhfnt fhzglJ. tskhd isyf, uh{UfU

Uj U fts, fahF mUUj U gokf
Mad aif mj tukhF. mfhy thf
tjl ikaY kfj mikUjJ Fl
jfjhF. kfj jiyefu uh#UA, rhu, m#hjrU
Mfnah M fhy kfj brt mj crmsit
voaJ.
rhu (.K. 546 - .K. 494)

rhu Aahf trij nrjt. kzwf _y

jdJ tikia mt bgU bfhlh. nfhry ehL mur
FLg mt KjyhtJ kzcwit VgL bfhlh.
mjdh, mf tUth ju Toa fh mtUF kzgrhf
iljJ. d, rhu itrhia Ml rh
FLgij nrj bryzh vw stuia kzJ bfhlh.
j kz cwdh kfj tlF viy ghJfh
cWbraglJ. nkY, neghs viy tiu kfj tila J
ttFjJ. ka grhUj kuh mur FLgij nrj nfkh
vw stuia mt kzJ bfhlh. gntW gilbaLfis
nkbfhl rhu jdJ nguuir nkY gLdh. mt
ehnlhL ewit nkbfhlh. jdJ mu M Kiwia
brikahf uikjh.
tjkhd kfhu, bfsjk j Ma UtUF
rhu rkfhyjt. UD, U rkafS rhuiu
jj Mjuths vW nfhUwd. j rfF vzw
gRfis mt tHajhf bjwJ.

kfj

m#hjrU (.K. 494 - .K. 462)

tla muRfnyna, kfj tikahf tsikahf

vG bgwJ. tla mua eltoiff ikakhf mJ
fjJ. kfj a mik kW uhQt KaJt
bgw mikl aif kfjF mj bfhil vdyh.
fif rkbt ilgl gF kfj mikUjJ

m#hj rU M gilbaLfSF bga bgwjhF.

nfhry, itrh Ma muRfSbfuhf mt nghlh.
itrhia nrj rhf jiyikyhd khbgU
Toizit vJ bgU bt flh. jdh, mtuJ fG
bgUik mfjd. ngh gdhW MLf ojJ.

52

53

nghnghJjh, m#hjrU ghluhk (fhy

ghlu) vw W uhk uhQt KaJtij bgJ
czjh. itrhbfuhd gilbaLfSfhf, mF
nfhilf mikJ tikia bgU bfhlh.
j, rkz rkaf m#hjrUit jj rkajt vW
Tbfhwd. mt bjhlf rkzuhf, d j
rkaij jGdh vW bghJthf eggLwJ. bfsjk
jiu mt rjh vW TwgLwJ. j fh ghA&
gkhf tofgLsJ. kfhtr TWgo mt
gy irafis fhufis mikjh vd mnwh.
j kiwF wF, uh#UA Kj jrka khehL
TlgLtjF mt Ka fhuzkhf Ujh.
m#hjrUit bjhlJ MF tjt cj. fif
el nrh MW fyFl ghlu vw a
jiyefiu mt khjh. d, bksa nguu
jiyefuhf ghlu fbgwJ. cjDF tnjh
tik Fiwjtf. vdnt, kfj Rehffsh ifgwglJ.
Aahftr KoF tJ Rehftr MF tjJ.
Rehf tr

Rehff trht, fhyf bjthf iy.

mt ehL murid Kaoj Rehf mjid kfjJl
izJ bfhlh. RehfDF wF kfj nguuR Fiya
bjhlaJ. bjhlJ MF tjt fhftk myJ
fhynrhf vgt. tuJ Mfhy itrh
ulhtJ j rka khehL ToaJ. ejtrij Watuh
fhynrhf bfhyglh.

ejtr tikf Mahs kfhgkej.

tlahUj a trjtfis Kaoj mt
Vfuj vw glij No bfhlh. kfhgk ej thd
gilbaLfg uhzf FLwd. ejf ff
ehil ifgajhf fhunty AFgh fbtL
FLwJ. jfhz bgUgF ejf fLgho
UjJ vd gy tuyhW mPf fUJwd. vdnt, kfhgk
ej xU guj nguuir cUthdh vg khW fUJF
liy.
j rka rhWfgo kfhgk ej gJ MLf M
jh. mtiu bjhlJ mtuJ vL jtfS xUt
xUtuhf kfjij M brjd. ejtr fil mur
jdej. kfj nguuir fLFiyahk mt fhghdh.
Vuhskhd brtij, tikf gilia mt
itUjh. ejf brt br g rf yakhd
mfeh} kh_ydh ghosh. ejf M F
ya tskhd ntshik, bghJthd brt br muR
fUyij uUUf ntL. jdej ga
fLikahd ttN Kiwia kf vjd. jid rhjfkhf
gagL bfhl ruFj bksaD, bfsoaU
ejf MF vuhf xU kf vGia njhWjd.
fhyjh mbyrhj ahJ gilbaLjh.
ghuf kW nuf gilbaLf
ghuf gilbaLf
iru (.K. 558 - .K. 530)

ejtr M kfj f mj cF brwJ.

mtf bgw btf fif rkbtF mghY brwJ.
tlah KGtij csla xU bgU nguuir ejf
cUthd.

mfnka nguu fwj btahsuhf fjt

kfh iru. ahF vuhf gilbaLj Kj gilbaLghs
tnuahF. ahF EiHJ fhjhu gFia
ifgdh. J eF nkUj a gHFof
midJ mtl ruziljd. fg fl xbfhld.
mtuJ kf fhRF ahJ ftd brYj neuiy.

54

55

ejf

Kjyh nla (.K. 522 - .K. 486)

iru ngudhd Kjyh nla .K. 518 J btia

ifgdh. grh, J uL tuh izJ
bfhsgld. gF nguu UgjhtJ rhu
(khfhz)ahf fjJ. mfnka nguu kfbjhif
Fj brf khfhzkhf mJ fjJ. J e M
nkbfhtjfhf, ifyh jiyik fggilia nla
mDitjh.
br[ (.K. 465 - .K. 456)

jdJ tikia bgU bfhs a khfhzij

br[ gagL bfhlh. jdJ vfSl
nghLtjfhf, a fhyhgil, Fiugil Matiw
nufJF mD itjh. Mdh, br[ nuf
njhia jGajh a gilf Ug bgwgld.
njhF wF mfnkaf ahJ Mu
bfhifia gw Koaiy. UD, a khfhz
mtf fLgho bjhlJ UJ tjJ. .K. 330
mbyrhjiu vJ nghLtjfhf _wh nla a
ufis gagL bfhlh. ahJ mbyrhj
gilbaLjnghJ ghuff fLghLf jsJoUjd
vnw TwntL.
ghuf gilbaL isf

njh-<uha tjf tstjF ghuf gilbaLf

Cfkjd. nkY, mbyrhj gilbaLF J foa
TaJ. tlnkF ah <uha vGJ totkhd fnuhZ
ttot bgJ gagLjglJ. mnrhfuJ fbtLf
yt j t tot fhzgLwJ. bksa fhy fiyY
ghuf fiy jhfij fhzKowJ. Fghf, mnrhfuJ
xiw ffS gfS jF rhwhF. mnrhfuJ
fbtL Mizf <uha brthdh isjit vdyh.
njh-khnlha bjhlf VgLa jhfijl
56

njh-<uha bjhl jhf bgJ gadgjhf

mikjJ.
ah mbyrhj gilbaL (.K. 327 - .K. 325)
mbyrhj gilbaLnghJ mua iy

ghuff gilbaLJ uL whLfSF wF

khnlhahit nrj mbyrhj ahJ
gilbaLjh. mtuJ gilbaLnghJ tlnkF ah
gy W muRf Ujd. jr yJ m, mrhu ehL mur,
y, dh efSF ilgl gFia M brj nghu
nghw Kjikahd murf gF M jd. rh
nghw gy FoauR ehLfS Ujd. ah mua
xWik Fiwj gFahf tlnkF ah sanjhL,
MahsfS jfSilna nghL bfhoUjd. bghJ
via JtjFTl mtf xW nruiy. UD,
gKid vfis btbfhtJ vgJ mbyrhjUF
vjhf UjJ vW TwKoahJ.
gilbaLfhd fhuzf

.K. 334 M ML jdJ jij kiwjwF,

mbyrhj khnlhah muruhf gjnawh. .K. 330
M ML mngyh ngh _wh nlair KaoJ ghuf
KGtij ifgdh. nkY HF neh gilbaLJ
ahF EiHJ a khfhzij ifgWtJ mtuJ
nehf. bAnuhnlhl nghw vGjhsf FoUj
ah brt br mbyrhj ftdij <jJ.
a M nkbfhS Mt kW aifia M
brj nghw fhuzfshY mbyrhj ah J
gilbaLjh. ahF Hnf bjhlJ fl Ugjhf
mt edh. mJ mfhya a fUjhf UjJ. vdnt,
ahit ifgWtj_y cyf HF viyia
ifglyh vW mt fd flh.

57

58

vJ

mbyrhj gilbaLf

ah ghnyh

fl
y
a
ik

nuf

khnlhah

fU

fl

bkr

gnl

mn

ha

ah

ouhahdh

ghoah
Zfyht

.K. 327 M ML mbyrhj JFZ kiyfis

flJ, ljl vLkhj fhy mUj gHFofl
nghlh. .K. 326 mt glFghy mikJ J eia
fljh. jryJ m mtiu ml tuntwh.
mUJbfhnl, nghu kdiu ruzilkhW nfhdh.
Mdh, nghu mjF clglhk, nghLtjF jahuhdh.
d, mbyrhj jryUJ wgL iAlhg
(y) efiuia miljh. eF mgh nghu bgUgil
mtFUgij flh. y e bts bgUbfLJ
XobfhoUjJ. mjid flgJ vjhf Ufiy. J
ehf fhUj d, mt y eia flJ
fhrkbt nghu gilfnshL nghlh. Jnt ff
iAlhg ngh vdgLwJ. f fLikahd nghuhfnt mJ
fhzglJ. tikahd gilf UjnghY, W nghu
njhW nghdh. a mur uij jiyik gig
fL abga mbyrhj nghuir bgUjikl
elanjhL L maiz mkdh.

ah

khfl

iAlhg ngh

mbyrhj tUj gHFodiu Kaojtz

jdJ gilfSl ah etiu bjhlJ Knddh. nkY
Knd fif rkbt neh bry Udh. Mdh mtuJ
uf xJiHf kWjd. lfhykhf nghL mtf
fisUjd. vdnt jhaf Utnyna Fahf
Ujd. mbyrhjuh mtfis rkhjhdgLj
Koahknghdjh jhaf Ug Ko brjh. ah jh
ifga gFfis Mtjfhd VghLfis brjh. J
Kj ah tiuyhd gFfis _W khfhzfshf J
mtWF MSefis ajh. .K. 326 mnlhg mtuJ
gilf ahUJ thf bjhld. jhaf U
gaz f fLikahdjhfnt UjJ. FoauR gilf gy
mtuJ gilfis jhd. xUthW rkhJ mt J eia
fljh. jhaf brY t ghnyhah mbyrhj
nehthghL .K. 323 M ML kiwjh.
59

kh dhf

mbyrhj gilbaL isf

bksaf tlah mua xUikghL

Vglnj mbyrhj gilbaL cldo isthF. W
muRf vw Kiw KoF tjJ. ah, nuf
MatWilna neuo bjhl VgLtjF mbyrhj
gilbaL ttFjJ. mt VgLa a tf, fl
Mf nghwtwh ahF nkF MahF ilna
y tj tjf bjhlf nkY bgUd. mtuJ mfhy
kuzdh, tlnkF ahit jdJ nguuRl izJ
bfhsntL vw mtuJ Ug iwntwhk nghW.
ruFj bksa nguuR tiljikah, Jbt
mt VgLa Mf brhgfhynk ojJ.

I.

rahd ilia nj brf.

1.

kfj jiyefu
m. uh#UA

M. c{#

. nfhry
2

<. nfhrh

ejtrF K M jtf
m. bksaf

M. Rehff

. Aahff

<. Fjf

II.

nfhol lij uf.

1.

m#hj rU ........... trij nrjt.

fw milf

2.

ej tr fil mur .........

j ghlUj khzt mJ bfhlJ.

3.

ulh j khehL eilbgw l ........

4.

mbyrhj .......... Mo ........... vw l kiwjh.

III.

bghUJf.

1.

kfj vG, mjid Mj gntW mur

FyfS.

2.

rhu, m#hjrU nghw murf rhjidf.

1.

cjaz

m. nfhry

3.

ghuf gilbaLfS, tlnkF ah

mtfsJ Mu.

2.

unahj

M. mt

ghuf gilbaL isf.

3.

unrd

. kfj

4.

ahJ
fhuzf.

4.

rhu

<. tr

5.

IV.

6.

mbyrhj gilbaL isf.

rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xU brhbwhl

kLnk rahdJ.

m.

mbyrhj nghuir KaoJ mtuJ ehil izJ

bfhlh.

M.

mbyrhj nghuir KaoJ mtiu bgUjikl

eldh.

mbyrhjhu nghuir vJ btbgw Koaiy.

mbyrhj

60

gilbaLgjfhd

61

ghl - 6

<.

mbyrhj nghu cjbfhL jryJ mia

Kaojh.

V.

tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf.

1.

ahF EiHj Kj gilbaLghs brb[.

2.

iAlhg ngh fhrkbt eilbgwJ.

3.

mbyrhj jhaf UK fif rkbt y

gFfis izJ bfhlh.

VI.

W F tiuf (VnjD _W Ff)

1.

bksa tuyhWfhd rhWf.

1.

gdhW kfh#d gjf

2.

ruFj bksa rhjidf.

2.

iAlhg ngh

3.

mnrhfuJ rhjidfS, mnrhfuJ jk gujY.

3.

iru

4.

bksa MKiw w TWf.

4.

mbyrhj gilbaL isf

5.

bksafhy fiy, fol fiy.

VII.

FWa il jUf. (100 thijf)

6.

bksa nguu fhd fhuzf.

1.

rhu rhjidfis RU vGJf.

2.

ah ghuf gilbaL jhfij kLf.

VIII.

thd il jUf. (200 thijf)

1.

kfj vGia, mj Mahsf rhjid

fis t.

2.

ah mbyrhj gilbaLgig t.

bksa nguuR
fw nehff
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ.

bksa nguuR WtglUJ a tuyh xU

a maha bjhlFwJ. KjKiwahf, ah mua
xWik VglJ. tuyhWfhd rhWfS fhyf
Jakhf Ugjh tuyhW vGJtY bj wjJ.
Vuhskhd cehL, maehL ya MjhufnshL,
fbtL jftfS fhya tuyhiw vGJtjF
gagLwd.
ya rhWf
bfsoa mj rhu

tlbkh yhd mj rhuij vGat bfsoa.

t ruFjbksa rk fhyjt. bfsoa a
khat vW miHfgLwh. 1904 M MLjh M.
rhkhrh vgtuh mj rhu Rtof
62

63

fblfgld. mj rhu 15 jffis 180

mahafis bfhlJ. jid _W gFfshf
fyh. Kj gF mur, murit, murhf gntW
Jiwf g TWwJ. ulh gF cika kW
Fwa rlfis, _wh gF mua btw, ngh
Matiw vLJiuwJ. bksa tuyhWF Ka
ya rhwhf j fwJ.
rhfjj Kuhuhrr

rhfjjuh awgl Kuhuhrr xU tlbkh ehlf

yhF. Fj fhy j vGjglhY, bfsoa
JiznahL ruFj ejfis KaoJ bksa Mia
vgo Wdh vgij J twJ. bksafhy r_f,
bghUshjhu iyikfis vLJ TWwJ.
bkfj vGa ofh

ruFj bksa mit nuf juhf Ujt

bkfj. mt vGa yhd ofh KGikahf
ilfiy. UD, bksa MKiw, Fghf
ghlu efuh, gilJiw thf Fj jftfis j
jUwJ. bksafhy r_f Fj mtuJ tzid
FljfJ. mt TW xU y eg ayhj jftfis Fj
vriflndna fz bfhs ntL.
w yaf

nkTa _W f ju, uhzfS, #hjf fijf

nghw j rka yafS bksa tuyhW Fj
jftfis jUwd. yif fshd kfhtr, gtr
uL yif mnrhfuJ Kaah jrka gua
tuyhiw TWdwd.

64

bjha rhWf
mnrhfuJ Mizf

M ML n# br vgtuh KjKj
mnrhfuJ fbtLf gojagld. ghbkhY, xUy
lf uhUj bkhYk mit vGjgLsd. u t
tot mit mikJsd. tlnkF ahYs
mnrhfuJ fbtLf fnuhZ ttot bghf
gLsd. bkhj gdhF bga ghiw fbtLf csd.
mtuh ajhf ifgwgl gF uL ff
fbtLf ilJsd. Ka efuf bga
fbtLf WtgLsd. it ju, a ghiw kW
fbtLfS fhzgLwd. mnrhfuJ Mizfshd
itaidJ mnrhf jk g, jdJ mfhfSF
mnrhf wj Mizf g TWwd. g_wh
ghiw fbtL mnrhfuJ ff nghiug FLwJ.
jdJ nguu jkij gutjfhf mnrhf nkbfhl
Kafis VHhtJ fbtL twJ. vdnt, mnrhfuJ
fbtLf mnrhfiu g, bksa nguuR FJ mJ
bfhs Ka rhWfshf gagLwd.
1837

bksaf mua tuyhW

ruFj bksa (.K. 322 - .K. 298)

bksa nguuir Wat ruFj bksa. mt jdJ

Ug IjhtJ ta ejtr fil mur
jdejlUJ ghluij ifgdh. jF
bfsoa mtUF cWJizahf Ujh. bfsoaiu
rhza vW ZQFj vW miHg. fif rkbt
jdJ iyia tYgLj bfhl, ruFj bksa
tlnk gilbaLJ brW J e tiuyhd gFfis
ifgdh. d ka ah ekij eF
tlUj gFf midij izJ bfhlh.
65

.K. 305 M ML tlnkF ahit Mj

mbyrhj gil jsgahd brf nflUF vuhf
gilbaLjh. mtiu Kaoj ruFj bksa, mtnuhL
clgoif xiw brJ bfhlh. mjgo, brf nfl
JeF mghUj gFfshd mah, munfhah,
bfnuhah nghwtiw bksa nguuRl izJbfhs
rkjh. jdJ kfis bksa sturDF kzKoJ
bfhLjh. ruFj bksaU brf nflUF grhf 500
ahidfis mjh. nuf eho juhf bkfj bksa
muritF mD itfglh.
ruFj bksa jdJ M fhy Ko rkz
rkaij jGdh. jdJ kf JrhuDfhf maizia
Jwj mt, gughF jiyikyhd rkzJwf ilNH
ikNUF mUYs utzbgnfhyhit tjiljh. mF
czhnehUJ c Jwjh.
Jrhu (.K. 298 - .K. 273)

nuf ehL Mafsh mufhj vW

FfgLgt Jrhu. jF vfis mgt vW
bghU. mt ikNtiu gilbaLJ brW jfhzij
ifgdh. uL flfSF ilUj gdhW
ehLfis Jrhu ifgajhf bg mP jhuehj
FLsh. rf fhyJ j yafS bksaf
bjfa gilbaL g FLwd. vdnt, Jrhu
M fhy bksa nguuR ikN tiu guUjJ vW
Twyh.
ah ehL mur Kjyh Monahf jdJ Jtuhf
ilkf vgtiu Jrhu mitF mDitjh.
Jrhu, Kjyh Monahfl, ghd kJ, cyj
mgH, nghwtiw xU jJt Phia mD
itFkhW nfhdh. bghUfis mDitj ah mur,
nuf ehL rlgo jJtPhia mDg ayhJ vW
bjjh. mff vw rka diu Jrhu
66

Mjjh. jdJ kf mnrhfiu c{# MSeuhf

Jrhu ajh.
kfh mnrhf (.K. 273 - .K. 232)

mnrhf sikfhy g brhg brfns csd.

jdJ jij Jrhu Mfhy c{# MSeuhf
mnrhf gahdh. jry eilbgw fyfij
xLdh. mnrhf M bghWig VwF (.K. 273)
KoNo bfhljF (.K. 269) ilna ehF MLf
il btUjJ. vdnt, Jrhu kiwF
maizF ngho UUF vgjF rhWf csd.
yif fshd kfhtrK, gtrK mnrhf jdJ _j
rnfhju Rkh cl bjhW xgJ rnfhjufis
bfhWL Mia ifgajhf TWwd. isa
rnfhju rh kL cnuhL lglh. Mdh, bg mP
jhuehj mnrhf jdJ MW rnfhjufis kLnk bfhwjhf
TWwh. mnrhfuJ rnfhjuf gy M Jiw
gahajhf mtuJ fbtLfS FLwd.
vgoUD, mnrhf MF tjnghJ maizF ngho
UjJ bjthwJ.
mnrhfuJ M f Fljf f .K. 261 M
ML mt ffngh bgw btahF. mngh fhuz
kW nghF g tuf iybawhY, isf g
mnrhf jh btl g_wh ghiw fbto tukhf
FLsh. xU yrJ Igjhu ng bfhygld,
mijngh gklF kf Jwd nghUF mnrhf
ffij bksa nguuRl izJ bfhlh. ff
ngh kbwhU Ka is mnrhf j rkaij
jGajhF. jF cgFj mtiu kdkhw brJ
jrkaij jGt brjh.
mnrhfU j rkaK

y mPf fUJgo mnrhf cldoahf j

rkaJF khliy vW gogoahfnt j rkaij
67

jGdh vW fUJwd. nghUF mt xU rha

cghrfuhdh (rhjhuz l). uliu MLf fJ xU j
F (Jw)thf khdh. d ntilahLjiy iflh.
jfahF jgaz nkbfhlh. j rkaij
gutjfhf JFGfis mDdh. jkij iuthf
gu bghUL jk kfhkhuf vw w mYtyfis
ajh. .K. 241 M ML j wj lkhd fytJF
mUYs Y tdF gaz nkbfhlh. nkY,
jrka j lfshd rhueh, uht, Fefu nghw
lfSF brwh. jdJ kf knfu, kf rfiu
Mnah jiyik rka guFGit yifF mD
itjh. mtf mF nghku isia eld. j
rfij tikgLJtjfhf mnrhf .K. 240 M ML
ghlu _whtJ jrka khehil Todh.
bkhfj rh mkhehLF jiyik tjh.
mnrhfuJ nguuRgu

nrhHf, ghoaf, rauf, nfus uf

Mnah viywUj bja muRf vd mnrhfuJ
fbtLf FLwd. vdnt, it bksa nguuRF
btna mikUjd vgJ bjthwJ. fhZ bksa
nguuRF cglJ vd uh#ju FLwJ. neghsK
bksa nguu xU gFahF. tlnkF viyia Vfdnt
ruFj bksa za brUjh.
mnrhfuJ jk

mnrhf j rkaij jG, mjid gutjF

Kafis vLjnghY, mtuJ jk bfhif nkY caa
fUjhF. mJ xU thif be; xGf ; midJ kfS
filoJ xGf ntoa nfhghLf vW Twyh. mnrhfuJ
jk nfhghLf mtuJ fbtLf bjthf
FfgLsd. mt bghJthd wTWfis
tUkhW bjhFJ Twyh.

68

69

1.

jh, jijF gil brj, miria

filoj, cikia nej, Mafis nghWj
kW cwdiu ewhf elJj.

2.

UHh Tlfis yFfis gLjiy jil

brj; bghU bryf kW bghUsw rlFfis
tHffis jj.

3.

r_f eyid Fnfhshf bfhL MKiwia

brikahf wgl uikj; kfSl neuo bjhlig
vnghJ itUF bghUL jk ahiufis
nkbfhSj.

4.

gahsfis v#khdfS, iffis

mfhfS kj neaJl elJj.

murhf

5.

yFfJ fUizfho miria filoj;

cwdiu kj; uhkzfSF bfhilaj.

6.

midJ rka fSilna r jikia

tWj.

7.

ngh brtij jJ jkt bt bfhSj.

mir nfhghL, mnrhfuJ jk fUJfS j

nghjidfis xona mikJsd. Mdh, mnrhf jdJ
jknfhghLfis j nghjid fSl bjhlgLj
iy. j rka mtuJ jgl eifahF. mt Ta
jk xU bghJthd xGfbeahF. r_f midJ
juF jdJ jknfhghLf brwila ntL vd
mnrhf Udh.
mnrhf ga xU kL

mnrhf murfnyna jiywjtuhf sdh. kfh

mbyrhj, a r nghw cy jiywj
nguurfis mnrhf wh. v.. bt vgtuJ
TWgo : tuyh goa FUF Mufzfhd
murf mnrhf bga kL jdj erukhf
70

xRwJ. mnrhf jkJ nfhghLfSF cikahdtuhf

fJ mtiw filoJ xGdh. mt fd fhgtuy;
khwhf xU eilKiw nkij. mtuJ jk bfhif cyf
midF bghJthdJ. kj FykidF iwF
bghUjtyJ. fUizf MF, ngh bt bgw wF
nghiu JwJ mikbfhifia filojikF
mnrhf tuyh wj KDjhuzkhf fwh vW
Twyh. mtuJ nfhgho ikafUJ kj Fy
eyidna tWJtjhf mikUjJ.
fhy bksaf

.K. 232 ML mnrhf kiwj bksa nguuR

uLgFfshf f glJ nkF gF mnrhf
jt Fzhs Mjh. HF gF mnrhfuJ
nguf xUtuhd jruj muruhf Ujh. ghoa
gilbaLf isthf nguu nkF gF FiyjJ.
jruj jt rhu vgtuJ M HF gF kL
fLnfhghf UjJ. bksa tr fil muruhd
Ufuj vgtiu mtuJ giljsg Zau Rf
gLbfhiy brjh.
bksa MKiw
ka murhf

bksa M bjhl ah Koah Kiw bgU

btbgwJ. bksaUF Kija fhy ahUj FoauR
kW WFG MKiwf Fiyjd. gila ah
Kjik mua nfhghlhsuhf sa bfsoa Koah
Kiwia MjjnghY, tugw Koahia mt Ugiy.
mur jdJ thfij brikahf elJtjF mikruit
Mnyhridia nffntL vW mt tWdh. vdnt,
murdJ MF cjahf k g vw mikruit
braglJ. m nuhj, kfhk, nrdhg, tuh# Mnah
Ujd. mwhl mYtfis iwntw mkhaf
vwiHfgl gahsf Ujd. tfis jfhy
71

ah gahW a M g mfhfnshL
xlyh. mkhafis nj br Kiw FJ bfsoa
tukhf Tsh. jk nfhghLfis gutjfhf mnrhf
jkkfhkhufis ajh. bksa M eF
uikfgl MJiw braglJ.
tUth thf

nguu midJtif tUthfis tNF Jiwahd

tUthJiw jiyt rAj vW miHfglh. yt,
ghrdt, Rft, tft, glFt, tdt, Ruft,
btfhd t, bjh t, kwf fgL
jlidlhd flz vd gtif tUth muRF iljJ.
bghJthf isr M xU gF ytahf tNfglJ.
muruJ mit kW mtuJ FLgbryf, uhQt, muR
gahsf, bghJ gf, ViHfSF thuz, rka rhj
bryf vgd murhf brydf Fljfit.
uhQt

eF uikfgoUj bksa uhQtJF jiytuhf

nrdhg Ujh. ufSF Ca gzkhf tHfglJ.
uhQt gntW iy gaha mfhfSfhd Ca
j FJ bfsoa TWwh. nuf ehL mP
vgtuJ TWgo bksauJ gil MW yr fhyhgil
ufS, Kgjhu Fiugil ufS, xgjhu
ahidfS, vlhu njfS Ujd vgJ bjwJ. j
ehF fis ju, flgil kW nghFtuJ fS
uhQt Ujd. xbthU marff vw
nkghitahsf fLgho Ujd. jyh IJ
cWdfis bfhl MW FGf mla giltha
gilthfij nkbfhljhf bkfj FLsh.
thf kW bjhJiw

bjhlJ bghUfis kfSF ilf brtJ j

Jiw
bghWghF.
vilf, msf
Mad
KiwgLjgld. Rf tfis gJ maehL
thfij KiwgLJtJ j Vida gfshF.
kW fht Jiw thf

cika, Fwa kwf braglij bfsoa

tJsh. jiyefUj cr kw jiyik g
jkhfh vW miHfglh. khfhz jiyefufY,
khtlfY mkhaf jiyikyhd Jiz kwf
Ujd. mguhj j, iwthr, cWfis ijj, kuz
jlid nghw gntW jlid Kiwf tHUjd.
cikia tutiHf utij br tHfK UjJ. Ka
ikaf fht iyaf mikfgoUjd. iwf, iw
mfhf g bfsoauJ Y mnrhfuJ fbtLfS
FLwd. Kiwnflhf iwgLjgLtij jLgjF
eltoif vLFgo mnrhf jkkfhkhufSF
Mizlh. jlidf FiwfglJ g mnrhfuJ
fbtLf TWwd.
kf bjhif fzbfL

bksa M fhy kf bjhif fzbfL

jtwhk gwglJ. kf vif, mtfsJ #h,
bjh nghw tufis uhk mfhf nrfjd.
xbthU oY Uj uhfS fz bfhL
tugld. efuf cehL, maehL kf elkhlij
ffhgjfhf efuh mfhf kfbjhif
fzbfLig eld. kf bjhif fzbfL tuf
xwf jU tufnshL rghfgld. bksa M
Kiw kf bjhif fzbfL xU uju Wtdkhf
Ujjhf bjwJ.

Jiw mYtyf marff vdgld.

bghUf yiu kW bkhj iyfis fLgLJtJ,
72

73

khfhz, csh thf

jry, c{#, Rtz, ff vw

jiyefufis bfhl ehF khfhzfshf bksa nguuR
fgoUjJ. khfhz MSef bgUghY mur
FLgUnj nj bragL afgld. rl,
xGif guhkj, tUth tNgJ nghwit mtfsJ
Ka flikfshF. uhff vW miHfgl mfhf
khtl thf UjJ. mtfsJ iy kW mfhu
jfhy khtl M jiytfisna xUjJ vdyh.
mtfSF cjahf jf vw Jiz mfhf Ujd.
uhk vw mfh uhk thf UjJ. gJ myJ
gidJ uhkfSF ca mfhahf nfhg vw mfh
braglh.

mnrhfuh Wtgl ff bksa

fhy fiyF fwj vLJ fhlhF.
bl, mfkjhgh, Uij, rh, rhueh
nghw lf bgh fSlToa mnrhf
ffblLfgld. f c
f, ahid, vUJ nghw yFf
cUtf brJfgLsd. rhueh f
fhzgL ehF f cUtf
f fiy eafit. a
rhueh f
murhf j dij xU y
khWjf brJ mur Kiuahf VW
bfhLsJ.

efu thf FJ bfsoaU, bkfjR tukhf

FLsd. effh vw efu nkghitahs g g
mj rhu xU KG mahank csJ. rl xGif
guhkgnj mtuJ jiyaha gahF. jyh IJ cWdfis
bfhl MW FGf ghlu efu thfij elajhf
bkfj FLsh. FGf gf tUkhW : 1.
bjhrhiyf 2. maehltf 3. w, w g 4. thf
5. bghUf cg kW gid 6. gid t tN

bksa fhy fiy, folfiy

mnrhf fhyF Kgl id df midJ

kufsh Mdjh bgUghY mit mJld. mnrhf
fhyjh ghiwff gagLjgld. mtYTl xU
y kL vsd. mtuJ mukid, klhyaf kW
f gy kiwJld. rh kLnk vsJ.
bksa fhya vs fiydfis tU
jiyf fhzyh.

74

mnrhf jdJ nguuR KGtY gy fis

vGUjh.
Mdh,
mt
bgUghyhdit
ehF
mayt gilbaLnghJ ff
mfgLld. xUy
f kLnk vsd. f
ukhlkhd njhw bghl mik
fgLs rh mnrhfuJ
fSF wj vLJfhlhF.
rh
Kj mJ brffsh cUthfgL,
mnrhfuJ fhyF gLjglJ.
Fiff

mnrhf kW mtuJ jt jruj Mnahuh

mffSF bfhilahf mfgl Fiff bksaf
Ka ghuga dfshf fwd. mt cwRtf
fzhonghy bkUTlgLsd. Jwf j thG tif
mit mikfgoUjd. j fahF mUYs ghuhgh
75

FWfYs Fiff bksa fol fiyF cdj

rhWfshF.
bksa fhd fhuzf

bksa fhd fhuzf g mPfilna

thd thj eilbgw tz csJ. mnrhfuJ
bfhiffS mtUF tj tikaw njhwfS
bksa F fhuzf vw fUJ gHikahd
fUjhF. kbwhU fUJ, guj nguuRF <LbfhLF tif
mua, bghUshjhu Wtdf tsailaiy vgjhF.
mnrhfuJ jrka Mju bfhiffdh btWw
uhkzf ZauRf jiyik xU uia eldhf
vW TwglJ. Mdh, mnrhf xUnghJ uhkzfSF
vuhf bragliy. mnrhfuJ mir bfhif
giluf nghL czit ghjJ vgJ mnrhfJ
RkjgL kbwhU FwrhlhF. Mdh, mnrhf mik
bfhifia gdhnu ju nguu Js jkJ fLghil
vnghJ jsaiy. vdnt, bksa nguu F
mnrhfiu Fw RkJtJ bghUjkwjhF. mnrhfiu xU
bfhifth vgijl eilKiwth vnw Twyh.

fw milf
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhlit.
1. bksa tuyhWfhd ya, fbtL rhWf
2. ruFj bksa MF tUjY, mtuJ
rhjidfS.
3. Jrhu ngh btf.
4. Mizfis btL, jk kfhkhuf vw
w mYtyfis aJ mnrhf jkJ jk
nfhghLfis guaJ.
5. f, Fiff, f vw bksa fhy fiy,
folfiy.
6. bksa nguu fhd fhuzf.

wikaw njhwf, nguuR ulhf fglJ,

mnrhfuJ fhyJF d nej MJiw KiwnfLf
nghw gntW fhuzfshnyna bksa nguuR ijjJ.
itaidJ xW nrJjh bksa nguu Fiyit
iugLd. W bksaiu uoL Zau Rf
Rftr Mia Wdh.

76

77

kh dhf
I.

rahd ilia nj brf.

1.

mnrhfuJ ffngh Fj tufis mgJ

2.

bkfj vGa ofh ffngh Fj

jftfis jUwJ.

<.

bksa nguu hd fhuzfis mnrhfuJ

fbtLf TWwd.

m. ff fbtL

M. 13 M ghiw fbtL

V.

tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf.

. rhueh

<. mj rhu

1.

ruFj bksa jdJ M W gF j

rkaij gdh.

2.

jehL bksa nguu izfgoUjJ.

mnrhf jkJ Mizfis btl bgJ gagLa

bkh
m. gh

M. tlbkh

3.

mnrhf mffSF Fiffis bfhilahf tHdh.

. fnuhZ

<. u

4.

bksa MF Zau Rf Ko fodh.

II.

nfhol lij uf.

VI.

W F vGJf. (VnjD _W Ff)

1.

mnrhfuJ fbtLfis Kj gojjt .........

1.

bfsoa mj rhu.

2.

fil bksa mur ..........

2.

ff ngh

3.

mnrhfiu j rkaF khat .........

3.

bkfj

4.

a muR d .......... UJ vLfglJ.

4.

Jrhu

III.

bghUJf.

VII.

FWa il jUf. (100 thijf)

1.

jk kfhkhuf

m. uhk thf

1.

ruFj bksa rhjidf g F vGJf.

2.

nfhg

M. tUth thf

2.

3.

eff

. jkij guj

mnrhf jrkaij gutjF nkbfhl Kafis

FLf.

4.

rAj

<. efu thf

3.

bksa fiy KaJtij kLf.

IV.

rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xU brhbwhl

kLnk rahdJ.

4.

bksa nguu fhd fhuzfis Mf.

VII.

thd il jUf. (200 thijf)

1.

mnrhf rhjidfis mtuJ jk nfhghLfis

sFf.

2.

bksa MKiw w TWfis t.

m.

bfsoa mj rhu KjgF ngh kW

mua btw g TwgLsJ.

M.

rhfjj Kuhuhrf ehlf to vGjgLsJ.

78

79

ghl - 7
bksaUF ija fhy ah
fw nehff
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ.
1.

Rf M KaJt.

2.

rhjthfdf M - gghoF mtfsJ

gf.

3.

rhffS ghoafS

4.

fZf rhjidf

5.

fhjhufiy mj w TWfS

mnrhfuJ kiwF d, mtuJ thRfsh bksa

nguuir fo fhghw Koaiy. khfhzf jfsJ
Rjuij mf bjhld. tlnkF ah bksa
oUj eGaJ. bjhlj mayt jhFjYF gF
MshaJ. ff jdJ Ljiyia giwrh bfhlJ.
mjF bjnf rhjthfdf jfsJ Rju muir VgL
bfhld. t isthf bksa M fif rkbt
kLnk eilbgwJ. iu mF Rf tr M
WtglJ.
Rff

bksaf giljsgahf Uj ZauRf

vgtuh Rf tr WtglJ. bksa tr fil
muriu bfhWL mt maizia ifgdh. tlnkF
ah gilbaLj tj ghoa nufflUJ tl
ahit ghJfhgnj Rf MF mnghJ bgU rthyhf
80

UjJ. nuff ghlu tiu tJ mj efiu

yfhy MuJ bfhld. UD, Zau Rf
iuJ bragL Hj gFfis clnd lh. tl
ahJ gilbaLj ff ehL fhuntyid vJ
mt nghlh.
Zaj Rf itf uhkz rkaij Mjjh. mt
uL mtnkj (Fiu nt) ahffis brjh. j
rkajtiu mt JWajhf j rka rhWf TWwd.
Mdh, jrka fiyia Zau Mjjh vgjF
tYthd rhWf csd. mtuJ M fhy ghA&,
rh Ma lfUj jrka df JfgL
gLjgld.
Zau RfDF d mtuJ jt mu
MF tjh. Rf tr fil mur njt. mtdJ
mikruhd thRnjt ft vgtuh njt bfhyglh.
ft tr WtglJ. mJ 45 MLf ojJ. ftf
UJ FjnguuR WtgL fhy tiu kfj
tuyhW btlkhfnt UjJ vdyh.
fif rkbtia mayt gilbaLUJ fhgha
j Rff M KaJt bgWwJ. gghL
ahf nehdh, uhkz rkaij, Fiu ntia
Rff Jjd. itzt rkaij tlbkhia
Rff ngh tsjd. RUfkhf Tdh, Rff
M tunghF Fjf bghfhy MF foa
TWtJnghy mikjJ.
rhjthfdf

bksaf FwF,
jfhz rhjthfdf Rju
muir Wdhf. Rkh 450
MLf mtfsJ M ojJ.
Muf vW mtf miHf
gld. uhzfS fbtLfS
81

rhjthfdf
ehzaf

rhjthfd tuyhWF Ka rhWfshf sFwd.

bfsj u rjf vgt M g eh kW ehdhfh
fbtLf bjthf FLwd. rhjthfdfsh
btlgl ehzaf mfhya bghUshjhu iyikia
vLJ TWwd.
rhjthfd trij Wat Kf. mtiu bjhlJ
UZz MF tjh. nk eh tiu mt nguuir
gLdh. _whtJ mur $rjf. nkF khstij
uh gFia mt ifgdh. d Fiu ntfis
brjh. rhjthfd tr gndHhtJ mur bga Ahyh.
mt IJ MLf kLnk MUjh. rjrh
vwiHfgL fj rj rh vw iy Ahyh adh.
uhUj bkhyhd 700 ghlf csd.
rhjthfd ku fwj muruhf sat
bfsju rjf. ..106 Kj 130 M ML tiu Ug
ehF MLf mt M jh. mtuJ mid bfsj
ghy$ btl eh fbto
mtuJ rhjidf
FfgLsd. bfsju rjf jfhz KGtij
ifg nguuir gLdh. khst mur ehf ghziu
vJ nghL mt bgw bt kfjhdjhF. mt uhkz
rkaij Mjjh. UD j rkajtUF bfhilfis
tHdh.
bfsju rjfFwF mtuJ kf tZlu
ykh MF tjh. mt rhjthfd Mia UZzh e
KfJthu tiu gLdh. mt btl ehzaf
fg cUtf bghfgLsd. jdh mtuJ flgil
tik flthf tsik btgLwJ. rhjthfdf
fil Ka mur aP$ rjf.
bghUshjhu iyik

rhjthfd M fhy thfK bjhY eF

tsailjd.
tff
jfsJ
thgij
bgUFtjfhf tf FGfis mikJ bfhld.
82

Fatf, ber bjh brnth, vbz cgahsf

nghw ifidPfS fHffis VgL bfhld.
fgz vW miHfgl bt ehzaf tjfF
gagLjgld. rhjthfdf fhy maehL tjfK
eF brjJ. jfhzUj gntW JiwKffis lhy
FLsh. nkF jfhzUj fah rhjthfd
f fbga JiwKfkhF. HF flfiuUj
flfnryh, fr vw JiwKffS w thjit.
gghL bfhil

rhjthfdf uhkz rkaij j rkaij

Mjjd. irafis fhufis fod. jrka
JwfSF yf kW uhkfis khakhf tHd.
tZluykh vw mur mkuht ia brglh.
ehfhdbfhlhYs mtfsJ folfiy Fl
jfJ. uhkz rkaij L cj rhjthfdf
mRtnkj kW uh#Na ntfis eld. uhUj bkh
kW yaij mtf Mjjd. Ahyh vGa rjrh
uhUj ya nghwjf yhf sFwJ.
tlnkF ah mayt gilbaLf
ghoaf

.K. _wh who ilgF ghoah,

ghah uL ah nguuUJ Ljiy bgwd.
ghoah nuf Mahsuhd blbka Mfh jh,
grh gFfis jh if gdh. jryUJ
mnghnyhnlhl, dhj vw jkJ uL giljiytfis
kw gFfis ifgWgo mD itjh. mnghnyhnlhl
J gFia ifg c{#tiu Knddh. dhj
kJuh tiu jkJ Mia gLaJl ghluij
ifgw Kaf nkbfhlh. Mdh, Zau Rf
ngudhd tRu mtid vJ nghL jLJ Wdh.

83

dhj, jh vW miHfgLwh. mtuJ

jiyefu rhfhyh (ahnfh). mt j rka mf Mt
bfhlh. j rka Jw ehfghzUl mt ciuahoaJ
jghnAh (j dhf) vw ghbkh yhf
bjhFfgLsJ. dhj j rkaij jGdh. nuf
juhd bAnahnlhu itzt rkaij jGanjhL bg
ef fUliz Wdh. dhj kiwF dU
whLfSF nkyhf nuf jhf ah ojJ.
rhff

rhff myJ iraf ghoah, ghah

gFfis jh nuf MahsflUJ mtiw
ifgd. nuff tKiwia g rhffS
jfsJ Mia tlnkF ah bky gLd.
rhff uL d Ujd. jryUJ M
brj tlF ruf. kbwhU d kfhuhZou gF
Mj nkiy ruf.
.K. Kjyh who ah rhff Mia
Wat kht. mtUF mtuJ kf Kjyh Vr
MF tjh. mt uk rfhjij Wdh vw fUJ
cL. jryJ rufis ghaf Kaojd.
Fhdf

ka Mahit fkhf bfhl gHFo xU

dnu Fhdf. mtf Kj rhffis uoL
ghoahit ifgd. d,
gogoahf fh gsjhF tahf
Knd fhjhu
gFia
ifgd. Fhz kuig njhW
jt F#&yh fhr myJ Kjyh
Fhdf
fhr. fh gsjhif if
jf ehzaf
ga mt jkJ bga bghj ehza
fis btlh. mtuJ jt kh fhr myJ ulh
fhr tlnkF ah KGtij ifg kJuhtiu
84

Knddh. KG cyif btw jiyt vw UJf

bghj jf ehzafis mt btlh. mt wj
tgjdhf fjh.
fZf (.. 78 - 120)

Fhz ku wf Mahs fZf. .. 78 M

ML bjhlF rhf rfhjij mt Wdh. mt xU bgU
gilbaLghs kLky, rka kW fiyia nghWgtuhf
fjh.
fZf gilbaLf

fZf MF tjnghJ mtuJ nguu Mfhjh,

fhjhu, J, grh Ma gFf Ujd. d, mt
kfjij ifg ghlu, jfah
tiu Knd brwh. fAz
TWgo, fZf fhZ J gilbaLJ
mjid ifgdh vgJ bj. kJuh,
uht, nfhrh, bgdhu nghw
lf mtuJ ehzaf fblLf
gLsd. vdnt, fif rkbt
bgUgF mtuJ MFgoUj
ntL.
dhJ gilbaLj fZf
mtflUJ y gFfis if
jiyaw fZf gdh. jdJ Kj gilbaLnghJ
iy
d giljiyt ghnrh vgtl
fZf njhailjh. ulhtJ
gilbaLnghJ ghnrh jtuhd ghah vgtiu
Kaojh. mj isthf, fhZf, ahf, nfhlh Ma
gFfis fZf jkJ nguuRl izJ bfhlh.
fZf nguuR f guj xwhF. nk fhjhu
bjhl Hnf gdhu tiuY, tl fhZ bjhl
bjnf khst tiu mtuJ nguuR guUjJ. jfhy
85

bght vwiHfgL Uu vgJ mtuJ jiyef. mtuJ

nguu kbwhU wf efukhf kJuh fjJ.
fZfU j rkaK

fZf jkJ M bjhlfnyna j rkaij

jGdh. UD, mtuJ ehzaf j cUtf
kLkyhJ, J kW nuf fls cUtfS
bghfgoUjd. J fZf w rkafJ bfhoUj
rka rjikia btgLJtjhf csJ. fZfuJ
fhyjh kfhahd jrka njhWfglJ. j Wa
mnrhf gua rkaUJ mJ gntW jikf
ntWgoUjJ. kyf, Mguzf, thrid uaf,
gf bfhL jUF tghLf eljgld. thW,
kfhahd j rka cUt tghL rlFKiwfS
tsbgwd.
a rkaij gu nehfnjhL fZf ka Mah,
dh nghw ehLfSF rkagu FGfis mD itjh.
gntW lf j irafS AhufS flgld.
tRu, mRtnfh, ehfd nghw jrka mPfis
fZf Mjjh. j rkaY nfhghoY vGj
zFfis F bghUL fZf ehfhtJ j rka
khehil Todh. tRu jiyik, fhZ khfhz $
efUF mUUj Flytd klhya khehL
eilbgwJ. Rkh 500 Jwf gFbfhld.
lfSF mfhutkhd sfiu j kheho W
tot bgwJ. kfhahd nfhghLf KGtot bgwd.
kheho gF bgw mRtnfh xU jJtPh, fP kW
ehlfha. jrj Ma. bjahit nrj
ehfhd fZf mit l bgUjh. gila
ah ff kUJtuhd ruf vgtiu fZf
Mjjh.

86

fhjhu fiy

tlnkF ahUj bght kW

mij RUj gFna fhjhu vdglJ.
mgFna fhjhu fiy jhafkhF. fhjhu
fiy fwj gf .. KjuL
whLf cUthfgld. njhnuff M fhy fhjhu fiy
njhaJ vwhY, rhffS FhdfS
fhjhu fiyia ngh tsjd. fhjhu fiy
fZf gF nghwjfjhF. a tot j
fiy, nuf-nuhkha TWfS izj
fyitna fhjhu fiyahF. jry, bght nghw tlnkF
ah
gy
gFf
fhjhufiy
gf
fblLfgld. j cUtij gntW totfY,
nfhzfY, msfY tojikna fhjhu fiy
wghF. j w, mtuJ Jw nfhy, nghjidf
nghwit gfshf tofgld. fhjhu fiy w
TWf tUkhW :
- kj totij mj jirf, irl ifkof

bjgo cUtij gilj

-

joj Milf mt kof bjgo totikj

- mHfhd gf, tukhd Mguzf kW milahs

_ykhf fUij czJj.

fhjhu fiy Ka fUbghU - a j

rkathd kfhahd jrka nfhghLf -

j cUt gzhk tsbgwJ.

.. Kj ehF whLf gyhufzfhd

klhyaf flgld. bght, uhto Ma gFfis R
kL gidJ klyhaf ijf fblLfgLsd.
fhy vGggl jrka f nuf - nuhkha
fol fiy jhfij fhzKowJ. cau TLjyh
f, myfhu ntiyghLf FJ it mikfgld.
jdh, f mHF nkY mfjJ.
87

kh dhf

kJuh fiygh

jfhy cu unjrYs kJuh vw l njh

tsj fiyna kJuh fiygh vW miHfgLwJ. .. Kj
who mJ fbgW saJ. bjhlf kJuh
fiygh jirahf cehL fiyeaJl ts bgwJ.
juJ cUtf, Fghf mtuJ Kf Mf bgh iwJ
fhzglJ. jifa bgh fhjhu gf fhzgliy.
t - ght, ZQ yR cUtfS kJuh brJfgld.
af, mruf Ma cUtf kJuh fiygh
wF vLJfhlhf sFwd.
fZf njhwfS Fhd M Ko

fZfUF MF tnjh Rkh agJ

MLf Mjd. fZfuJ jtuhd Zf nguuir
mgona fofhjh. mtuJ M fhy kJuh w thj
efukhf fjJ. fZfiu nghynt, mtU jrkaij
Mjjh. Fhdf fil Ka Mahs thRnjt. mtuJ
fhy Fhd mugu FW nghUjJ. mtuJ
fbtLf kJuhit Rna fblLfgLsd. mt
tid tgljhf bjwJ. thRnjtUF wF, WW Fhd
sturf tlnkF ah y gFf M jd.
fw milf
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhlJ.
1. Za u Rf M, Rf M w.
2. rhjthfdf M - bfsju rjf
rhjidf.
3. rhjthfdf M fhy r_f - bghUshjhu
iyikf - gghL ts.
4. fZf gilbaLf.
5. kfhahd j rka gutjF fZf nkbfhl
Kaf.
6. fhjhu fiy w TWf - kJuh fiygh.
88

I.

rahd ilia nj brf.

1.

Rffis bjhlJ MF tjtf

2.

m. bksaf

M. Fhdf

. ftf

<. rhjthfdf

eh fbtL tUila rhjidfis FLwJ.

m. ZauRf

M. bfsj u rjf

. fZf

<. dhj

II.

nfhol lij uf.

1.

rhjthfd kuig njhWjt ...........

2.

rjrh vw ff uhUj bkh iy vGat .........

3.

uk rfhjij Wajhf fUjgLgt ........

4.

rhf rfhj ......... Mo ........... vgtuh WtglJ.

5.

bgef fUliz Wat ..........

6.

fZf Kaoj d giljiyit ...........

III.

bghUJf.

1.

rhfhyh

m. Kjyh Mr

2.

Uh

M. Zau Rf

3.

ghlu

. dhj

4.

jry

<. fZf

IV.

rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xU brhbwhl

kLnk rahdJ.

m.

Rff tlbkhia Mjjd.

M.

rhjthfdf bjYF bkhia Mjjd.

kfhahd jrka ghbkhia VW bfhlJ.

89

ghl - 8

<.

kJuh fiygh njh-nuf ghia g

tsjJ.

V.

tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf.

1.

Rff uhkz rkaij Fiu ntia

cjd.

2.

dhj xU ghoa Mahs.

fw nehff

3.

rhjthfdf Mfhy HF flfiu eh

Ka JiwKfkhf fjJ.

j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ

rf fhy

1.

fhjhu fiy a fiy - nuf - nuhkha

TWfS izj fyitahF.

2.

VI.

W F tiuf. (VnjD _W Ff)

3.

1.

bfsju rjf

4.

2.

dhj

5.

3.

mRtnfh

4.

kJuh fiygh

VII.

FWa il jUf. (100 thijf)

1.

Rff M wig kLf.

2.

rhjthfdf gghL gfig FLf.

3.

fhjhu fiy w TWfis Mf.

VIII.

thd il jUf. (200 thijf)

1.

rhj thfdf tuyhiw bjhFJ TWf.

2.

fZf rhjidfis kLf.

4.

rf yaf kW rf fhyfhd w
rhWf.
rf fhy mua tuyhW
rf fhy mua, r_f
rf fhy rka iy
rf fhy bghUshjhu thif.

bja tuyh rf fhy xU wghd maha

MF. j gHfijfgo gila jeho Krf
vwiHfgl _W j rff Ujd. ghoa
kdf Mju j rff jiHnjhd.
bjkJiu Uj Kjrf flsU, KtfS
gnfwd vW TwgoUjhY, rfij nrj f
VJ ilfiy. ulhtJ rf fghlu eilbgwJ.
bjhfha ju Vida yaf ah mJ nghd.
_whtJ rfij kJiu KlUkhw vw ghoa kd
Wdh. mf vifyhd ytf gnfwd.
Vuhskhd yaf gilfgld vwhY xUynt
vsd. j j yaf rf fhy tuyhiw mJ
bfhs bgJ cjwd.
rf yaf

rf yabjhF bjhfha, vLbjhif,

gJghL, gbd fzF, ygfhu, knkfiy
90

91

Mad l bgWsd. fhyjh bjhik bgwjhd

bjhfhaij aat bjhfha. J xU yfz
vwhY, rf fhy mua, r_f bghUshjhu iyikfis
ga jftfis jUwJ. vL bjhif vgJ IFWW,
eiz, mfeh}W, weh}W, FWbjhif, fbjhif,
gghl, gWgJ vw vL f bjhFghF.
gJgho
UKUfhWgil,
bghUeuhWgil,
WghzhWgil, bgUghzhWgil, KiyghL,
beLethil, kJiufh, F ghL, godghiy,
kiygLflh vw gJ f csd. vLbjhif, gJghL
f mf, w vw uL izfshf fgLsd.
gbdfz mwij xGfij tWJ
gbdL f csd. mt UtSt aa
UFw FljfjhF. snfh mof aa
ygfhuK, jiyrhjdh aa knkfiy rf
fhy r_f kW mua Fj jftfis jUwd.
w rhWf

rf yafis ju, nuf vGjhsfshd ,

lhy, bkfj, uhngh Mnah bjahF nkiy
ehLfSF ilna ya tjf bjhlfis F
Lsd. bksa nguuRF bjnfUj nru, nrhH, ghoa
Mahsf g mnrhfuJ fbtLf TWwd.
ffJ fhunty AFgh fbtL jehL
muRfis g FLwJ. mfnkL, fh, bfhLkz
nghw lf nkbfhsgl mfthfS jHf
thg eltoiffis btgLJwd.
rf ya fhy

rf ya fhytiuaiw g mPfSilna
D fUbjhWik Vgliy. yif mur ulh
fathF, nru mur brFLt UtU rkfhyjt vw
br rf fhyij zgjF mogilahf fwJ.
bria ygfhu, gtr, kfhtr Ma f
92

cWgLJwd. nkY, .. Kjyh whil nrj

nuhkha nguurf btl nuhkha ehzaf jHf
gntW gFf fblLfgLsd. vdnt, ya,
bjha, ehzaa Mjhufis mogilahf bfhL, rf
yaf fhy .K. _wh whoUJ .. _wh
whL tiu vw KoF tuyh.
mua tuyhW

rf fhy jHf nru, nrhH, ghoa kuf M

jd. ya FfUJ j kuf tuyhiw
Xus mJ bfhsyh.
nruf

jfhya nfus gF nruf Mjd. mtfsJ

jiyefu t. Ka Jiw Kff bjho kW K. gd
khiyia mtf mjd. .. Kjyh whil nrj
f fbtL nru Mahsf _W jiyKiwf g
FLwJ. nru murfis g gWgJ TWwJ.
bgUnrhW ca nruyhj, katug beLnruyhj, nru
brFLt Mnah nru ku wj murfsht.
nru brFLt .. ulh whil nrjt.
mtdJ styhd snfh mof ygfhuij adh.
brFLt gilbaLf mt nkbfhl khya
gilbaL FljfjhF. gntW tla Mahsfis
mt Kaojh. jeho ffu fz myJ g
tghil brFLt mKfgLdh. khya
gilbaLnghJ giy togjfhd fiybfhL
tjh. nfh FlKGF Hh yif mur ulh
fathF cl gy murf fyJ bfhld.
nrhHf

jfhya U khtlUJ bjF Mu unjr

tiuyhd gFna rf fhy nrhH ehL vdglJ.
93

nrhHf jiyefu Kj ciwY d fhY

UjJ. rf fhy nrhHf w thjt ffh nrhH.
mtdJ sikfhy, ngh btf FJ godghiy
twJ. nruf, ghoaf, gbdhU FWy kdf
mla bga Toiz gilfis ffhy bt ngh
Kaojh. j f rf ghlf gyt Fl
gLsJ. mt nkbfhl kbwhU ngh thif gwjiy
nghuhF. m xgJ FWy kdfis kol brjh.
ffhy ngh btf jehL KGtij nrhHf
fLgho bfhLtjd. mtdJ M fhy thfK
brnjhaJ. fhLfis U is ykhat
ffhy. jdh eho brt br bgUaJ. fh
M FWnf fyizia ffhy mikjh. ntW gy
ghrd Vfis mt btLjh.
ghoaf

jfhya bjF jeho rffhy ghoaf

M jd. mtf jiyefu kJiu. beonah,
gahfrhiy KJFL bgUtG, KlUkhw nghnwh
Kfhya ghoa kdfsht. Magilflj
beLbra, nfhty bfhygl, fz dKW
kJiuia vf fhuzkhf Ujt. kbwhUt jiyahy
fhdJ brUbtw beLbra. eu kW khFo
kUjdh Ma ytfsh nghwglt. jfhy jir
khtlUj jiyahyfhd vw l eilbgw ngh
vfis ajh mtUF bga tHfyhW.
bt gadhf, beLbra jHfij jdJ
fLgho bfhL tjh. brghd JiwKfkhd bfhif
g, ghoa eho r_f - bghUshjhu iyikf FJ
khFo kUjdh kJiu fh tJsh. cu
bgUtG kbwhU w f ghoa mur. fsuf
gilbaL isthf rf fhyghoaf M
ailjJ.

94

FWy kdf

rf fhy FWy kdf Ka gfhd. gh,

fh, X, e, ngf, M, makh vw filbaG tsf
bfhilF bga bgwtf. j ytfis MjJ
nghd. nru, nrhH, ghoa MahsfSF mtf
gojtf vw nghY jj M gFf tik
fG bgW fjd.
rf fhy mua

rf fhy kut Koah Kiwna tHUjJ.

mikr, mityt, muritnah nghwtf
Mnyhridia mur nfL eljh. thdtug, thdt,
FLt, Ubghiw, yt nghw UJbgafis nru
kdf No bfhld. br, tst, vgd
nrhHf gl bgafshF. bjdt, dt vgit ghoa
kdf UJ bgafshF. xbthU rffhy mur FyK
jfSnfa mur dfis bgUjd. ghoaf
d . nrhHfSF , nrufSF , m. murit
FWy jiytfS mfhfS Ujd. M
murUF cjahf bgUushd mfhf Ujd. mtf
IJ FGfshf fgoUjd - mikrf, mjzf,
giljiytf, Jtf, xwf. rf fhy gil
thf wgl uikfgoUjJ. xbthU MahsU
uju gilia, jjkFa bfhokuij bfhoUjd.
mu Ka tUth yt. maehL thfJ
RfK tNfglJ. fh JiwKf afgoUj
Rf mfhf g godghiy FLwJ. nghnghJ
ifgwgL bfhis bghUf muR fUyF Ka
tUthahf fjJ. rhiyfS bgUtfS eF
guhkfgLtjd. bfhis kW flj Matiw
jLgjfhf u gfY mit ffhfgld.

95

rf fhy r_f

rka

IJ tif yf g bjhfha FLwJ. -

F, kiy kiyrhj gF

Kiy, nkr fhLf

kUj, ntsh yf

bej, flfiu gF

ghiy - twl

j yf thj kf jj flsfis
bjhfis bgUjd.
1.

F - Kjik fl KUf
-

2.

Kiy - Kjik fl khnah (ZQ)

-

3.

bjh - ntilahLj, nj vLj

bjh - ML, khL ts, gh bghUf cg

kUj - Kjikfl - u
bjh - ntshik

4.

bej - Kjikfl - tUz

bjh - oj, c cg

5.

ghiy - Kjik fl - bfhwit

bjh - bfhisaoj

ehF tif rhf - mur, mjz, tf, ntshs FJ bjhfha TWwJ. MS tfd mur
vwiHfgld. rf fhy mua kW rka thif
mjz Ka gF tjd. tff tf bjh
<Lgld. ntshsf g bjh brjd. gHFo
djtfshd gujt, ghz, vd, flg, kwt, iya
nghnwhU rf fhy rKjha mf tjd. gilfhy
bjhgHFofshd njhlf, Usf, ehff, ntlf
nghnwhU fhy thjd.
96

rf fhy Kjikfl KUf myJ nrnah.

jfl vd mt nghwglh. KUf tghL bjhik
thjJ. KUf bjhlghd Hhf rf ya
FlgLsd. mWgil Lf mtDnf cjhdit.
khnah (ZQ), ntj (u), tUz, bfhwit nghw
flfis rf fhy tgld. uf myJ eLf
tghL rf fhy KaJt bgW saJ.
nghfs udJ Mwiy ahfij nghW tif
mtdJ idthf uf elglJ. jeho gy gFf
kiwj uf ga Ff mla uff
fblLfgLsd. jifa njh tghL f
bjhikahdjhF.
kf iy

rf fhy kf iy FJ mJ bfhs rf
yaf Vuhskhd jftf csd. mitah,
ebrisah, fhifghoah nghw bg ytf
fhy thJ j yaF wghd gfig
tHsd. kf u FJ gntW ghlf
FlgLsd. f bgf jiyaha Gakhf
nghwglJ. fhj Ukz rhjhuzkhf tHfUjJ.
bgf jf thif Jizia bj br cikia
bgUjd. UD, ifbgf iy f gjhgkhf
UjJ. rKjha nkkl r vw clfilnaW
tHf gwglJ. murfS, caFodU ehoa kfiu
MjJ nghd.
Efiyf

fij, ir, ehoa nghw Efiyf rffhy

fbgW sd. murf, FWy kdf, caFod
nghnwh ytfSF jhuhskhf gR bghUfis tH
Mjjd. ghz, wa nghw ehnlho ghlff
97

muritfis bkhj tz Ujd. ehLw ghlfY

ehLw eldfY nj bgw fiyPf rf fhy
thjd. ir eldK eF ts bgUjJ. rf
yaf gntW tifyhd ahfS KuRfS
FlgLsd. fifa eld wJ sd. TJ
kf wj bghGJnghfhf fjJ.
rf fhy bghUshjhu

ntshik Ka bjh MF. be Ka g.

nftuF, fU, gU, sF, , kr, ytf, gntW
gHtiff nghwit glgld. gyh, sF uLF nru
ehL f bgwjhF. nrhH ehoY, ghoa ehoY be Ka
guhF.
rf fhy ifbjhf Vw bgUjd. ber,
cnyhf bjh, jRntiy, fg fLj, kf, iyaj
ff, jj Matiw gagL Mguzf brj
nghwit xUy ifbjhfshF. jifa bghUfSF
ey njitf Ujd. Vbdwh rffhy cehL kW
maehL thf RWRWghf eilbgwJ. gU kW gL
iHfis bfhL beagl Jf caj juKilajhf
Ujd. uhial, gh njhiyl bkjhd Jf
beagljhf rf yaghlf FLwd. ciw
cg bragl gUahilfSF nkiy ehLf bgU
njit fhzglJ.
cehL kW maehL tjf rf fhy eF
uikfgoUjJ. rf yaf, nuf-nuhkha f
kW bjha rhWf J Fj Vuhskhd jftfis
jUwd. tofY yFf nk Vwgl bghf
_ykhf, tff bghUfis bfhLbrW gid
brjd. cehL thf bgUghY glkhW Kiw
mogilnyna eilbgwJ.

nuhkhldhd thg wgiljJ. JiwKfgodkhd fh

maehL tff tjfikakhf fjJ. iy k
f bghUfis Vtj bga fgf j JiwKfF
tJ brwd. bjho, K, bfhif, mfnkL, kufhz
nghwit w RWRWghd JiwKffshF. maehL thg
FJ bgq Ma gy ma jftfis
Tsh. mfl, ila, nuh nghw nuhkha
nguurf btl jf kW btahyhd ehzaf
jHf gntW gFf Vuhskhf ilwd. rf
fhy eilbgw thf ms kW jeho
nuhkha tff braghLf Matiw it
btgLJtjhf csd. gUahilf, sF, , Vyfh,
ytf, kr nghw eWkz bghUf, jjntiyghL
iwj bghUf, KJf kW iyaj ff nghwit
rf fhy VWk bragl bghUfshF. jf,
Fiuf,
ghd
kJtiff
Mad
Ka
wFkfshF.
rf fhy Ko

.. _wh who W rffhy bky Ko

F tu bjhlaJ. Rkh uliu whLf jHfij
fsuf MuJ bfhld. fsuf MFJ
ekF brhg jftfns ilwd. fhy j rkaK,
rkz rkaK KaJt bgUjd. d fsufis
uoL tlF jeho gytfS, bjF jeho
ghoafS jj Mia Wd.

bjahF, nuf muRfSF ilna

maehL tjf eilbgwJ. nuhkha nguuR njha wF
98

99

kh dhf

fw milf
j ghlUJ khzt mJbfhlJ.
1.

rf ya cl rf fhyij g ma
cj rhWf.

2.

rffhy Mahsfshd nru, nrhH, ghoa kW

mtfsJ rhjidf.

3.

rf fhy mua iy, MKiw.

4.

rf fhy rKjha, Itif yf, rka thif,

kf iy.

5.

rffhy bghUshjhuiy, rf fhy eilbgw

maehL tjf.

100

I.

rahd ilia bj brf.

1.

jeho g tghil mKfgLat

2.

m. ghoa beLbra

M. nru brFLt

. snfh mof

<. KlUkhw

rf fhy tfSila gilbaLgh ghoa M

KoF tjJ.
m. rhjthfdf

M. nrhHf

. fsuf

<. gytf

II.

nfhol lij uf.

1.

bt ngh bt bgwt ............

2.

rf fhya bjhikahd yfz ............

3.

rf fhyij nrj uL fhaf ..........

III.

bghUJf.

1.

bjdt

m. nruf

2.

thdt

M. nrhHf

3.

br

. gHFof

4.

vd

<. ghoaf

IV.

rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xU brhbwhl

kLnk rahdJ.

m.

gila d murf btl ehzaf jeho gy

gFf ilJsd.

M.

nuhkha nguuRF VWk bragl Ka bghU

gU Milf.

101

FiufS kJtiffS jehoUJ VWk

bragld.

<.

rf fhy ghoaf JiwKf efu kJiu.

V.

tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf.

1.

rf fhy mfnkL JiwKf godkhf saJ.

2.

rf fhy KUf fl Kjik flshf saJ.

3.

ciw KJfSF bga bgwJ.

4.

rf fhya ehnlho
miHfgld.

ghlff

Us

vW

ghl - 9
Fj nguuR
fw nehff
j ghlUJ khzt mJbfhtJ.
1.

Fjf ga rhWf

2.

rKuFj rhjidf

VI.

W F vGJf (VnjD _W Ff)

3.

ulh ruFj rhjidf

1.

gJghL

4.

ahF ghah tUif w.

2.

vLbjhif

5.

Fjf M, r_f, bghUshjhu.

3.

filbaG tsf

6.

ya, fiy, folfiy, ma Kndw.

4.

rf fhya bg ytf

5.

Krf

VII.

FWa il jUf (100 thijf)

1.

nru brFLt rhjidfis kLf.

2.

ffhyidg xU kL jUf.

3.

rffhy ghoa Mahsf g F vGJf.

VIII.

thf il jUf (200 thijf)

1.

rf fhy ya mua MKiwia bjhFJ

vGJf.

2.

gil jHf r_f bghUshjhu iyikfis th.

3.

rfhy ya flflj thg wig kLf.

102

Fj fhy tuyhiw vGJtjF Vuhskhd rhWf

ilwd. ya, bghf, ehzaf mt
Fljfit. Fj murf gugiu FJ uhzf
FLwd. Fjf vG g rhfjj vGa rkfhy
fshd njruFj, Kuhuhrr uL TWwd.
ulh ruFj Mfhy ahF tj d
ga ghah L brWs Ff Fj nguu r_f,
bghUshjhu, rka iyikfis vLJ TWwJ.
jifa ya rhWf ju, bkU U
fbtL, myfhgh f fbtL nghw fbtLfS
Fj tuyhWF rhWfshf csd. bkU fbtL Kjyh
ruFj rhjidfis FLwJ. rKu Fj
Mia g mJbfhs cj Ka rhwhf sFtJ
myfhgh f fbtL. mtuJ MSik rhjidfS
mfbto FfgLsd. mnrhf Wa f
103

fbtL bghfgLsJ.
ehf ttot tlbkh J
vGjgLsJ. Anrd bjhFj
fbto
33
tf
fhzgLwd. rKuFj
maiznaa Niy, tl ah
kW jfhz mt nkbfhl
myfhgh f
gilbaLf, rkfhy Mahs
fbtL
fSl mt bfhoUj cwf,
xU fPuhf mPuhf mtuJ rhjidf nghwtiw
fbtL twJ.
Fj murf btl ehzaf cs cUtfS
brhbwhlfS Fj kdf glf, mtf brj
ntf nghw tufis jUwd.
Kjyh ruFj (.. 320 - 330)

Fj kuig njhWjt $Fj. mLJ gjF tjt

fnlhf#. tf UtU kfhuh#h vW miHfgld.
tfsJ Mg mf tuf ilfiy. mLj
Mahs Kjyh ruFj. kfhuh#huh#h myJ
murfSF mur vW Kj miHfglt. mtuJ guj
nghbtfis j UJ btgLJtjhf csJ.
rhfSl kzcw bfhlj_y mt jdJ tikia
bgU bfhlh. mFLgij nrj Fkhunj vw
stuia mt kzJbfhlh. jdh Fjf tik
fG mfjd. bkU U fbtL mtuJ
gutyhd ngh btf g FLwJ. .. 320 M ML
bjhlF Fj rfhjij Wat Kjyh ruFj vw
fUJ ywJ.
rKuFj (.. 330 - 380)

Fj kunyna f wj muruhf sat

rKuFj. mtuJ Mg myfhgh f fbtL
104

tukhf FLwJ. mtuJ gilbaL _W iyf

fbto TwgLsd.
1.

tl a MahsUF vuhf nkbfhlit.

2.

bja MahsfSF
jzghjh gilbaL.

3.

tl a MahsfSF vuhd ulhtJ

gilbaL.

vuhd

ff

rKuFj jkJ KjyhtJ gilbaL mRj,

ehfghz Utiu Kaojh. mRj bgUghY xU ehf
ku muruhf Uj ntL. nkiy fif rkbtgFia
M Jtj nfhlh FLgij nrjt ehfghz. U
murfS KaofgL mtfsJ ehLfis rKuFj
izJ bfhlh. j FWa fhy gilbaLdh
rKuFj nkiy fif rkbt KGtij jkJ
fLgho bfhLtjh.
d, rKuFj bja murfSbfuhf gil
el brwh. mtuJ bja gilbaL nghJ
guL Mahsfis Kaojjhf myfhgh f
fbtL FLwJ. mtfsJ bgafS bjthf
jugLsd - nfhry ehL knfu, kfhfhjhu
ahfuh#, nfush kjuh#, juJ knfu,
nfhLuhit nrj Rthjj, bulgsh jhkd,
fhia nrj ZQnfhg, mtKj ehL yuh#,
btehL Atk, gyhfh cunrd, njtuhZouJ
Fngu, kW FjyuJ jdra.
bjahit
bghWjtiu rKuFj
bfhif ntWgoUjJ. mt
bja murfis mJ,
mgFfis
nguuRl
izJ bfhs iy.
khwhf, mtfis Kaoj
105

rKuFj
jf ehzaf

d L M gFfis mtutlnk xgiljh. jdJ

nkyhikia VW bfhS khW mt tWdh.
rKuFj _whtJ gilbaL vUj tla
murfis Kaogij nehfkhf bfhoUjJ. xgJ
murfSF vuhf nghl mt mtfis mJ
MgFfis nguunrhL izJ bfhlh. mtfsJ
bgafS fbto FlgLsd Uunjt, ky,
ehfjj, rutk, fzgehf, ehfnrd, mRj, e,
ghytk. tf bgUghyhdtf ehf FLgij
nrjtf. tlah btntW gFf MJ
tjtf.
rKuFj nguuRgu

j ngh btfSF wF nkiy fif rkbt,

jfhy cu unjr bgUgF, ka ah xU
gF, tfhs bjnkF gF Ma gFfS
rKuFj MFglJ. gFf mtuJ neuo
thf eilbgwJ. bj fg brYJ muRf Ujd.
nkUj rhf kW Fhd wuRfS mtuJ MfF
fLgnl Ujd. jfhz HF flfiuUj
muRfS, gyt muR cgl, mtuJ nkyhikia VW
bfhoUjd.
rKuFj ga kL

tuyh VLf rKuFj ngh btf

FljfitahF. jgl rhjidfY mt
fftuhfnt fjh. vfis mt bgUjikld
elaik, mtuJ Ta m, yik, ir nkjik
nghwtiw myfhgh f fbtL tukhf FL
wJ. ghlfis aW wid bgUj mtiu fuh#
vW fbtL FLwJ. mtuJ ehzaf izl
mk UF fh bghfgLsJ. ir mtUF
Uj Mtij wikia J vLJfhLtjhf csJ.
Anrd cl gntW ytfis, mPfis mt
106

107

Mjjh. jdJ kunf ca gghd tlbkhia ngh

MjF gig mt bgUjh. wj itztuhf fj
mt, w rka fis rjikl eldh. j
rkaJ gW bfhoUj mt, ff jrka mPuhd
tRgJ vgtiu Mjjh.
ulh ruFj (.. 380 - 415)

rKuFjUF mtuJ jt ulh ruFj

ukha MF tjh. Mdh, xUy tuyhW mPf
rKuFjUF mLJ uhkFj MF tjjhf
TWwd. jF tYthd rhWf iy. jdJ jijia
nghy giltik MwY bfhoUj ulh ruFj
jdJ btf_y Fj nguuir nkY gLdh.
mua btwD ngh MwY xUnf mikabgw
mtuh j rhjidia fj KojJ. Ukz cwf _y
jdJ mua tikia mt bgUbfhlh. ka
ah ehf stu Fnguehfh vgtiu mt kzJ
bfhlh. jdJ j ughtia thfhlf ku mur ulh
UunrdUF kzKoJ bfhLjh. jfhz a
KaJt thj l thflf Mjd vw
mogil j kzcw mua KaJt bgWsaJ.
ulh ruFj nkF ah rhffSF vuhf
gilbaLJ brwnghJ j kz cw thfhlf e
f gaDsjhf mikjJ.
nkF ahit btbfhs

nkF ahUJ rhf rufis vJ nghL

bgw btna ulh ruFj nghJiw rhjidf
kfjhdjhF. rhf ru ku fil Mahsuhd _wh
Uuk ngh njhfofgL bfhyglh. nkF
khst, fath gfg Ma gFfis csla mtuJ
M gFf Fj nguuRl izJ bfhsgld. j
kfjhd btF wF ulh ruFj mRtnkj ahf
elanjhL rhffis mjt vW bghU bfhl rhf
108

vw UJ bgaiu Nobfhlh. jik ukhj

vW fgl Tbfhlh.
nkF ahit btbfhl isthf, nguu
nkF viy muha fltiu lJ. jdh, nuh, nrhguh,
fhng cl JiwKff Fj nguu viyF tjd.
nkiy ehLfSldhd maehL tjf Fj nguu
fLgho tjJ. c{# xU Ka tf KaJt
thj efuhf ts bgwJ, iu mJ Fjf khW
jiyefuhf saJ. tfhs cgahd mHa gU
Milf, fh m rha, gdhu gL, khya kiyf
eWkz bghUf, rjd, bja thrid uaf
nghwit j JiwKffSF vj jil bfhL
tugld. a bghUfis thFtjfhf nkfa
tff nuhka jfij ahF bfhLtJ
Fjd. ulh ruFj btl gtif jf
ehzaf Fj nguu brt brF milahskhF.
wbtf

tf jdJ vf Toizit ulh

ruFj Kaojh. J eia flJ brw mt
ghoahit ifgdh. mF Mj Fhdfis
moga brjh. jifa btfdh, Fj nguuR nkF
khst, F#uh fath tiu nk guaJ. tlnk
nguu viy J FZ kiyfgh ghoah tiu
guUjJ. Hnf tfhs HF gFtiu bjnf
ekij eia viyahf bfhL Fj nguuR saJ.
ghah tUif

ulh ruFj M fhy fthj d

gaahd ghah ahF tUifjh. ah
mt jUj xgJ MLf Fj nguu kL MW
MLfis fjh. nfhlh, fhZf, fhjhu, grh vW
mt ytahfnt ahF tjh. bght, fh, jfah
109

cl gy lfSF mt brwh. yif, #hth tahf

flgazkhf mt dh Udh. j wJ thj lij
jJ jrka Rtofis nrfJ vLJ brY
nehfJlndna ghah ahF tjh. ghlu
_whLf j, tlbkhia fwnjhL, j ya
fis gobaLjh. Fj nguu ya rka, r_f,
bghUshjhu iyikfis g mt gy ma jftfis
FLsh. tlnkF ah jrka eF fbgW
sajhf, Mdh fif rkbt mJ wf
goUjjhf mt Tsh. fif rkbtia mt
uhkzf vW FLsh. fytJ, Fefu
nghw y jrka j lf mJbfhoUgjhf mt
Tsh. nguu bghUshjhu brig mt eF
tJsh.
gntW nfhzf ghahdJ Ff gaDilait
vwnghY, ulh ruFj bgaiu mt Fliy.
mua tfhuf mt mf mfiw fhliy. mtuJ
Kjik nehf rkaij ganjahF. mt vjid
jrka nehnyna klh. r_f iyik ga mtuJ
TWf ifahdit. UD, eho bghJthd
iyikfis mJ bfhs mtuJ Ff gaDsitahf
fwd.
ulh ruFj ga kL

ulh ruFj njhwf

ulh ruFjUF mtuJ jt Fkhu Fj

MF tjh. mik br mt fhy yaJ. mt
Vuhskhd ehzafis btlh. mtuJ fbtLfis
Fj nguuR KGtJ fhzyh. mt Fiu nt
nkbfhlh. fhy cyff bgwUj ehsjh
gfiyfHfij WaJ mtuJ kfjhd brayhF. mtuJ
Mfhy W tik brtK Fj Zauf
vW miHfgl gHFoduh Fjgil KaofglJ.
ka MahUJ wg A&zf JFZ kiyia flJ
ahJ jhFj bjhLf Kajd.
Mdh, mLj MF tj fj Fjjh cik
A&zfis vbfhlt. A&zfis KaoJ nguuir
fhghaJ mtnu. j nghdh Fj nguu bghUshjhu
bgJ ghFshaJ. fj Fj kiwF d,
UFj, jFj, ghyha nghw mtuJ t
njhwfdh Fj nguuir A&zf jhFjfUJ
fhghw Koaiy. W, A&zf gilbaLf
isthf Fj nguuR kiwjJ. d, khst anrhjk
vG bgwh.
Fj MKiw

Fj nguu tik fG ulh ruFj

ukhj M fhyjh mt cnf brwd.
mfhya bghJthd gghL tsF mtuJ gf
FljfJ. fhjhr nghw w j ya gilghsfis
mt Mjjh. fiyJiw eltoiffis mt CF
jh. mfhy Vgl gghL ts fhuzkhfjh
Fj fhy bghfhy vW bghJthf FlgLwJ.
Fjfhy gghL ts g tU gFf fhzyh.

guk glhufh, kfhuh#h uh#h, gunktuh, rhuh,

rut nghw UJ bgafis Fj nguurf No
bfhljhf fbtLf TWwd. Kjyikr, nrdhg,
w mfhf cl mikruit murDF M Jiw
Mnyhridfis tHaJ. Fjfhy fbtLf rouf
vw ca mfh g FLwJ. maYw Jiw mfhahf
mt UUfTL. Fkhukaf, mjf nghw
mfhutf _ykhf mur khfhz M JiwnahL beUa
bjhlig VgL bfhlh. Fj nguu khfhzf
f vdgld. khfhz MSef cgff vW
miHfgld. mtf bgUghY sturfshfnt Ujd.

110

111

f xbthW af vwiHfgl khtlfshf

fgoUjd. khtl M bghW ag vw
mfhlUjJ. efu thfij efu nuZof ftJ
tjd. khtlUj uhkf thf uhff
fLgho UjJ.

MfSF bgf moik vw tHf eF nt%aJ.

Mdh, bgf Mfsh ghJfhfgl ntL vW
fUizl eljglntL vW tWjglJ. Ratu
elJ gHf iflglJ. kD bgfSF
Wtanyna Ukz brantL vW gJiujJ.

Fj MKiw FJ ghah mF jftf

gaDsit. Fj M fUizfjhf UjJ. kfsJ
elkhlF vj jil Ufiy. xbthUtU
jgl Rjuij mDgf KojJ. jeg thif
mu jiypL fhzgliy. jlidfS fLikahdjhf
iy. mguhj gnj bghJthd jlid KiwahF. xw
Kiw VJ iy. gafSF ghJfhf rhiyf, Ulf
gaik nghwit Fj MKiw wikF rhW
gftjhF. kf bghJthf tsikahd thifia
elajhf, Fwf f Fiwthfnt Ujjhf
ghah FLwh. fif rkbt KGtJ vj gaK
yhk gaz bra KojJ vd mt Fj nguu M
wig fJ TWwh. bkhj, bksa MKiwial,
Fj M f Rjujikilajhfnt fhzglJ.

rkaij bghWjtiu, Fj fhy uhkz rkank

brthF bgW saJ. m itzt, irt vd uL
f Ujd. bgUghyhd Fj murf itztfshf
Ujd. mtf mRtnkj ahffis brjd. cUt tghL,
thd rlFfSl Toa rka UHhf nghwtwh
U rka fS iuthf ts bgwd. uhzf
nghw rka yaf Fj fhyjh KG tot bgwd.
uhkz rka vGah, j rkaK, rkz rkaK wf
fgld. fif rkbt jrka ailjjhf
ghah Tsh. Mdh, tRgJ nghw jrka mPf
Fj nguurfsh Mjfgld vgJ FljfJ.
nkF kW bjah rkz rka brJ tsjJ.
fhyjh thyh rkz rka khehL TlglJ.
Rntjhguf rkz f vGjgld.

r_f thif

fiy gghL

ah Fjf MF K mayt gilbaLf

bjhlJ eilbgwd. mjifa maehltF a rKjha
lkJ mtfis ahnyna jf mDkjJ. Mdh,
Fj fhy #hKiw f fLikahf gwglJ.
uhkzf rKjha ca mf tjd. MahsfS,
brtjfS mtfSF Vuhskhd bfhilfis th tHd.
lhik tHf fhyjh bks tsubjhlaJ.
rlhsf rKjhaUJ y itfgljhf ghah
Tsh. jifa bfhLik g d ga tukhf
FLsh.

fiy, ma, ya nghw Jiwf Fj fhy

wghd ts fhzglJ. jdhnyna J xU bghfhy
vd miHfgLwJ. y mPf fhyij kWky
fhy vW miHwd. Mdh, Fj fhyF K
vjbthU UlfhyK iy vgij eh czuntL.
vdnt, Fj fhy Vgl j gghL tsia a
mrh eltoiff crfl vW miHfyh.
fiy, fol fiy

Fj fhy kf iyik nkhrkiljJ. uhzf

nghw rkafis gogjF mtfSF mDkiy.

a fiy, fol fiy tuyh Fj fhy wghd

lij twJ. ehf, uhl fiyghf uL
fhy ts bgwd. Mdh, fhya fiy d
f bgUgF A&zf nghw ma gilbaLghsfsh

112

113

mfgLld. vD, vs
nfhf, gf, Fif Xaf Fj
fhy fiy bghF rhWfshf
sFwd.
#hF mUYs nahfh
nfh, myfhghJF mUYs
fhth Mya gf Fj fiyF
wj vLJ fhLfshF. fhjhu
fiy jhfij t fhzKoa
nahfh Miya
iy. Mdh, kJuhYs F
toYs mHa j iy J nuf rhaiy fhzyh.
rhueh mfth fblLfgl j iy Fj fiyF
wj vLJfhL. fjFj lh xiw f
kfjhdJ.
Fj fhy cnyhfa eF ts bgUjJ.
cnyhf iyfis fis
thg cnyhf fiyPf wik
ftfshf fjd. jnghJ g
Ah mUfhafYs, Rjh
f vw l Kj fblLf
gl brghyhd j iy VHiu mo
cauK, Rkh xU l vil bfhl
jhF. Fj fhyij nrj bl
U
bt, k iH nghw aif
gh Fif Xa
khwfSF gy whLfshf
<LbfhLJ Wtiu JUofhk UgJ Fjfhy
cnyhf fiyF jf rhwhF.
Fjfhy Xafis FthaUF mUYs gh
Fiff fhzyh. m#jh Rtnuhaf #hjf fijf
TwgLsthW j thifia jwd.
yifYs ah Xaf m#jh Xaf jhfij
ugwd.

114

Fj fhy ehzafS wfit. rKuFj vL

tif ehzafis btLsh. mt bghfgLs
thrff mtuJ rhjidfis giwrhWwd. ehzaf J
bghfgLs cUtf Fjfhy ehzaa MwYF
fGF rhWfshF. ulh ruFj, jf, bt,
br Matwhyhd gtifgl ehzafis btLsh.
ya

tlbkh Fj fhy Vw bgwJ. u

ttotUJ ehf ttot ts bgwJ. fha, fij,
ehlf, ciueil vd gntW totfyhd tlbkh
yaf vGjgld. tlbkh yafnyna f
wjit Fj fhyij nrjitahF.
xU wj fPuhf fj rKuFj Anrd
cl gy mPfis Mjjh. ff etudf
ulh ruFj mitia myfjd. mtf
Kjikahdt fhjhr. rhFjy vw wghd tlbkh
fhaij mt giljh. mJ cy jiywj W
jff xwhf fUjgLwJ. khsfhu,
u_ta vw nkY uL ehlffis mt
vGsh. mt gilj U fhaf uFtr kW Fkhu
rgt. J rAhu, nkfj vw fij fis mt
ash.
fhy thj kbwhU gilgh rhfjj.
Kuhuhrr, njruFj vw uL ehlffis mt
vGsh. mfhy f thj fP Nuf. mt vGa
Urfof eifRitF nrhfF bgabgwJ.
mRdDF tbgUkhDF ilna eilbgw nkhjiy
TW fijahd Ujha vw iy giljt ghu.
fhajrd, jrFkhurj Ma fis jo vGsh.
RgJ vGa thrtjij kbwhU Ka gilghF. Fj
fhyjh grju fijf, ZQ rkh vgtuh
bjhFfgld. mkuA vw jrka mP mkunfhr vw
115

mfuhia giljh. jnghJ fhzgL uhzf Fjf

fhy bjhFgljhF. mt Fljfit ghftj
uhz, ZQuhz, th uhz, kra uhz vgitahF.
jfhy magL uhkhaz, kfhghuj fSF
Wtot Fj fhynyna mfglJ.
ma

fj, thda, n#hl, kUJt nghw Jiwf

Fjfhy bgU Kndw fhzglJ. fhy thj
Magl wj fjnkij kW thd a mP. .. 499
M ML mt Maigoa vw iy vGdh. mJ fj,
thd bjhlilaJ. Na kW ru ufz VgLtij
ma mogil sFwJ. cUil
toyhdJ vW mJ jidjhnd RtUwJ vW
KjKj
mjt
Maglnuahth.
Mdh,
fUJfis mtUF tj tuhAuU, ukFjU
uhfjd.

fw milf
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhlJ.
1.

myfhgh f fbtL nghw Fj fhy

tuyhiw mJbfhs cj rhWf.

2.

rKuFj
rhjidfS

3.

ulh ruFj btf, kW fiy,

ya utyuhf mtuJ gf.

4.

Fjf MKiw, r_f, bghUshjhu,

ghah tUif mtuJ tUzid.

5.

tlbkh ya ts, fhjhr, rhfjj

nghnwh gf.

6.

ngh

jgl

Fj fhy fiy, fol fiy, ma ts,

Magl nghnwh gf.

tuhAu IJ thda mikfis TW gr

jhfh vw iy giljh. n#hl fiy wj
yikilatuhf mt fjh. mtuJ gilghd
Ufrij tlbkh ya wj yhf
nghwgLwJ. thd a, n#hl, a, fol fiy,
thiy, yFf, kzKiwf, rFdf vd gntW
jiyf l bgWsd. mt vGa Uf#hjf
vw n#hl fiyF mogilahf fUjgLwJ.
kUJtJiw wj nkijahd thgj Fj fhy
thjt. gila ah kUJt Kkf mtU
xUt. Fj fhyF K thj kw Ut rufU,
NUjU. mZlhf ruA myJ kUJt vL
f vw iy thgj vGsh.

116

btfS,

117

kh dhf

IV.

rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xW kLnk

rahdJ.

m.

rKu Fj bjah ifga midJ

gFfis nguuRl izJ bfhlh.

M.

rKuFj jrzghjh gilbaLig g ghah

tJsh.

rKuFj bja murfis KaoJ, d

mtfSF btw gFfis U bfhLjh.

<.

rKuFj tla btfdh Fj nguuR

tilaiy.

Fj fhy thj kUJt mP

V.

tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf.

m. tuhAu

M. thgj

1.

. ruf

<. NUj

etudf vW miHfgl mPf rKuFjuJ

mitia myfjd.

I.

rahd ilia nj brf.

1.

Fj rfhj bjhlF ML

2.

3.

m. .. 310

M. .. 320

. .. 330

<. .. 300

ehsjh gfiyfHfij Wat

m. rKuFj

M. ulh ruFj

. FkhuFj

<. fj Fj

II.

nfhol lij uf.

2.

A&zf gilbaLfdh Fj nguuR mjJ.

1.

Fj kuig njhWjt .........

3.

2.

j rka mP tRgJit Mjjt .........

Fj fhy fiy ehfu kW uhl fiyghf

uil gajhF.

3.

rhf

4.

Fjf tlbkhia Mjjd.

4.

fhjhr gilj fhaf .............

VI.

W F vGJf. (VnjD _W Ff)

5.

Uf rij Ma .........

1.

myfhgh f fbtL

III.

bghUJf.

2.

rKu Fj jzghjh gilbaL

1.

nkf j

m. jo

3.

Magl

2.

nj ru Fj

M. Nuf

4.

Fj fhya cnyhf fiy

3.

jr Fkhu rj

. fhjhr

4.

Urfof

<. rhfjj

vw UJ bgaiu bfhlt .........

118

119

VII.

FWa il jUf (100 thijf)

1.

ulh ruFj nkF ahit ifgajh

Vgl isfis kLf.

2.

ahF ghah tUif kW mtuJ Ff g

bjhFJ vGJf.

3.

Fjf MKiw w TWfis Mf.

fw nehff

VIII.

thd il jUf (200 thijf)

j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ.

1.

rKuFj rhjidfis bjhFJ vGJf.

1.

A g ma cj rhWf.

2.

Fj fhy M ya r_f - bghUshjhu iyikfis

t.

2.

A sikfhy

3.

A ngh eltoiff

4.

j rkaF A Ms bjhL

5.

ehsjh gfiyfHf

3.

Fjf gghL gfig Mf.

ghl - 10
A tjd (.. 600 - 647)

Fj nguu F d tlah mua

FHg yaJ. .. VHh who KgFjh
tlah A tjd jdJ nguuir cUthdh.
AuJ fhyij g mtuJ tuyhiw
mJbfhs cj Ka rhWf ghz vGa ArjK,
th Rth gaz FfSkhF. .. VHh who
ahF tUif jj d ga th Rth. uL
rhWfis ju, A vGs udht, ehfej, a
jfh vw ehlffS gaDs jftfis jUwd.
kJbg glaK, nrhg fbtL AuJ fhyfF
cjwd. ghfuh fbto AuJ ifbahg csJ
FljfJ.
A sikfhy

AuJ Fyij Wat Za. Fjf gil

jiytfshf Zaf gah tjd. mtf jfis
120

121

tjdf vW miHJ bfhld. A&zf

gilbaLF jf Rjuij mtf mJ
bfhld. Za tr Kj Ka mur ughfu
tjd. blF tlnfUj jhndZtu mtuJ jiyefu.
mt kfhuh#huh#h, gukglhufh nghw UJ bgafis
No bfhlh.

MtJlndna A rhSa MahsUbfuhf ngh

bjhLjh. Mdh, ulh nf InAhny fbtLgo
Aiu nf Kaojh vd mnwh. j btF wF
nf gunktu vw glij Nobfhlh.
thRth gaz FfS nf btia
cWgLJwd.

ughfu tjd kiwF mtuJ _j jt

uh{a tjd MF tjh. bjhlfUnj mt gy
dfis rf ntoUjJ. mtuJ jif uh{a$
uAtk bksfhia kzUjh. khst mur
njtFj, tfhs Mahs rrhf JiznahL uA
tkid bfhWlh. bria nfgl uh{a
tjd khst murDF vuhf gilbaLJ mtdJ gilfis
mjh. Mdh, jiyef UtjF Kngna mt
rrhf rah bfhyglh. jil fztidHj
uh{a$ fhLfSF j brwh. jhndZtu Atjd
M bghWngwh. jkJ jifia fhghWtJ mtuJ Kj
flikahf UjJ. d jdJ jif fztiu
bfhwtfis gthf ntoUjJ. FfUj
jifia A Kj lh.

Rju murhf Uj JgF J A jkJ mLj

gilbaLig nkbfhlh. Mdh, mtuJ J gilbaL
bt FJ rahd jftf iy. neghs A
nkyhikia VW bfhlJ. fhZU mtuJ fLgho
UjJ. fhZ Mahs jtwhJ fg brY tjh.
m[h Mahsuhd ghfuutkDl A zfkhd
cwit bfhoUjh. ffJ gilbaLJ bt
bfhlnj AuJ Wahd ngh eltoifahF.

A gilbaLf

jdJ KjyhtJ gilbaL, A rrhfid

fndhUJ uoaojh. fndh{ efiu jdJ a
jiyefuhf mjh. j_y A tl ah
tikf jiytuhdh. mLJ, thyhia nrj ulh
JUtnrdUF vuhf nghL mtiu njhfojh. ulh
JUtnrd fgfL wuruhdh.
nkiyrhSa muruhd ulh nfF vuhf
nkbfhl gilbaLng A Ka ngh eltoifahF.
th Rth gaz FfS, ulh nf
fbtLfS gilbaL g tukhf TWwd. ekij
eF bjnf jdJ muir gLj ntL vw
122

jkJ gilbaLf gadhf, A tlah

KGtij jkJ fLgho bfhLtjh. jfhya
uh#jh, grh, cu unjr, fh, xrh Ma gFf
mtuJ neuo fLgho Ujd. Mdh, mtuJ Mf viy
D tilUjJ. viyw muRfshd fhZ, J,
thyh, fhk%g Mad mtuJ iwahikia VW
bfhoUjd.
AU j rkaK

bjhlf wj tgjuhf sa
A, d dahd j rkaij
gw bjhldh. th Rth mtiu
kfhahd j rkaF khdh. jdJ
muRF yh czit A jilbrjh.
ctij brnthiu mt jojh. jdJ
muR KGtJ Mufzfhd fis
gaf jFlfis mt mikjh.
jrka j lf klhyafis mt
Wdh. IjhLfSF xUKiw midJ
123

thRth

rkaf ufis To mtfSF iyaj

gRfis bfhLJ kahij brjh. jrka Jwfis xwhf
mkubrJ, jrka nfhghLfis thjF cgL
Mfis nkbfhSgo brjh.
fndh{ nguit

A jdJ M fhy Ko d ga th
Rthif bfsugjfhf fndh{ ef xU rka nguitia
Todh. mjF, midJ rka f ufSF
miH
Ljh.
UgJ
murfS,
ehsjh
gfiyfHfUJ Mu mPfS, _whu dahd,
kfhahd dU, _whu rkz kW uhkz rkajtU
nguitF tUjd. bjhlJ Ug_W ehf nguit
ff eilbgwd. kfhahd nfhgho kfis, kw
nfhghLfisl mJ cajJ vgij thRth s
Tdh. UD, tKiwfS gjYF itj ffS
nguit eltoiffis khRgLd. AuJ cUnf Tl
MgJ VglJ. Mdh, iu iyik fLF bfhL
tuglJ. Fwthf jofgld. nguit W
ehsW th RthF iy kf gR bghUf
tHfgld.
myfhgh khehL

uahif vwiHfgL myfhgh eilbgw khehL

g th Rth jdJ gaz Ff tJsh.
IjhLfSF xUKiw A TL khehLf xwhfnt
mJ Uj ntL. midJ rka diu
nrjtfSF A jdJ Vuhskhd brtij A th
tHdh. fUy fhahd iy jdJ cilf,
mfyf midijTl A jhdkhf tHdh vW
th Rth FLsh. AJ th Rth bfhoUj
kng jifa fGiuF fhuz vW Twyh.

124

AuJ MKiw

Fjf MKiwia xona AuJ MKiw

mikUjJ. mJga tufis th Rth Tsh.
mur aha czlD, neu jtwhkY jkJ gfis
nkbfhlh. jdJ M gF mofo RW gaz brJ
thf eltoiffis nkghitlh. mtUF Xneu f
mjhfnt iljJ. flha Ca fhzgliy. tgS
iy. isr M xU gnf tahf tNfglJ.
bksa fhyij nghy FwfSF fLikahd jlidf
tHfgld. rhuizf fhL uhojdkhf, _l
eifahdjhf Ujd vW th Rth Fiw TWwh.
fhyhgil, Fiugil, njgil, ahidgil vw ehF
tifgilfS AuJ uhQt l bgUjd. xU
yrF nkgl FiufS, mWgjhu ahidfS gil
mf tjd. bksa gil vifial J mfnk!
AuJ MKiw wTW mu Mtzf ghJfhJ
itfgl Kiwna MF. AuJ Mtz fhghf nyhJ
vW miHfglJ. w mfhf mJ guhkfglJ.
mtuJ M fhy eilbgw midJ ffS g
bragld.
AuJ M r_f, bghUshjhu iyikf

mfhy r_f iyik g ghz, thRth UtUnk

thf FLsd. uhkz, a, ita, Nu
vw ehF rhf tHUjd. r_f rYifbgW
satf uhkzf. mtfSF muruh yf
khafshf tHfgld. af MStfd.
itaf bgUghY tf <LgoUjd. Nuf
ntshik bjhiy nkbfhljhf thRth FLsh.
gntW is rhfS Ujd. kf iy Ufukhf iy.
jfsJ fztiu njbjLf thgF RatuKiw kiwJ
oUjJ. tujrizKiw gutyhf gwglJ. r vw
clfilnaW tHfK fhzglJ. _Wtif rt mlf g
125

th Rth FLsh. vj, ijj kW fho

vJLj.
AuJ M fhy thg FiyjJ. tf
ikafS, ehzafS, thf FGfS Fiwj
vifnyna Ujik jF rhW. ifbjhY, ntsh
eltoiffSTl RWRWHJ fhzgld. bghU fSF mf
njit yhknghfnt, cg Fiwthfnt UjJ. jdh
jiwbgw uha bghUshjhu vG bgwJ. Fj
fhyJl xLnghJ A fhya bghUshjhu iy
tsikFna UjJ.
gghL ts

A fhya fiy kW folfiy bgJ Fj

fhyij xona fhzglJ. ehsjh A foa
mLFkho klhya g th Rth bgUikl
FLsh. vL mo cauKs brghyhd j iy g
mt Tsh. wj fol ntiyghLf bfhl
yRkz nfh A fhyij nrjjhF.
A fnwhiu Mjj gghs. mtuJ thif
tuyhiw vGa ghz AuJ mitia myfjh.
Arj ju, fhjg vw iy mt vGsh. mtuJ
mitUj kw mPf kjf thfu kW ghA.
ghuA xU fP, jJtPh kW yfztYd.
udht, ajfh, ehfej vw _W ehlffis A
vGsh. ehsjh gfiyfHfF jhuskhf e
bfhilfis mt th tHdh. mtuJ M fhy
ehsjh gfiyfHf cyf fbgw f Wtdkhf
fUjglJ. ehsjh gfiyfHf th Rth j f
gwh vgJ FljfJ.
ehsjh gfiy fHf

gil fhy ahF tj d gaf gntW

f Wtdf g FLsd. mtW thyh Uj
126

dahd gfiyfHfK, ehsjh

Uj kfhahd gfiy fHfK
Fljfit. ehsjh gfiy
fHf g th Rth tukhf
FLsh. ehsjh vw
brhYF mit mgt vW
bghU. Fj fhy Kjyh Fkhu
Fjuh J WtglJ. mtUF
ehsjh gfiy
fHf ijf
tj MahsfS, AU
mjid Mjjd. gfiyfHf
nguuaf gojf vW miHfgld. fehf,
jkghy, uk, ygu nghwtf xU y ff
gojf. fhuij nrj jkghy ehsjh gfiy
fHf jiytuhf UJsh.
khztf j goF cU gfiyfHfkhf ehsjh
saJ. cz, UlK ytrkhf tHfgld. W Kj
UW uhkfUJ ilj tUthia bfhL mJ
guhkfglJ. mJ xU kfhahd gfiyfHf vw nghY,
ntjf, dahd nfhghL, rha kW nahf jJtf
nghwit nghfgld. ij ju, bghJthd ghlfshd,
jf, yfz, thda, kUJt, fiy nghwit
ghll nrfgoUjd. EiH nj mogilnyna
khzt nrfgld. EiH nj f fodkhdjhf UjJ.
bkhj khzhf KgJ rjjngnu m bt bgw KojJ.
iufis ju, thjfS eilbgwd. tlbkhna
gWbkhahf saJ.
ehsjh gfiyfHf oghLf rg
nkbfhsgl mfthf_y fblLfgLsd. d
gaf tJs mj Wtd bghid mit
cWgLJtjhf csd. Vuhskhd tFgiwfS, khzt
L UJsd. d gaahd vgtuJ TWgo
mF _whu khzt jgojd. nfhsuf kW
fbga yf _W folf bragld. cy gntW
gFfUJ khztf mF f gtjF uld
vgUnj mj bgUik sFwJ. caf Wtdkhf
M Wtdkhf mJ saJ.
127

kh dhf

fw milf
jghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ
1.

Arj, th Rth gaz Ff nghw

AuJ tuyhiw mJ bfhs cj rhWf.

2.

AuJ sikfhy kW gilbaLf.

3.

j rkaF A Ma gf - fndh{ kW
myfhgh nguitf.

4.

AuJ M fhy r_f - bghUshjhu

iyikf gghL ts.

5.

ehsjh gfiyfHfK mj fG.

128

I.

rahd ilia nj brf.

1.

Atjd Kj jiyefu
m. ghlu

M. bght

. jhndZtu
2.

<. bl

ghfuh fbto l bgWs ifbahg

m. th Rth

M. ghz

. Ah

<. ulh nf

II.

nfhol lij uf.

1.

A Wa a jiyef ..........

2.

A fhya Mtz fhgf .......... vd miHfglJ.

3.

..........

III.

bghUJf.

1.

ghz

m. _W ehlff Ma

2.

jkghy

M. fP kW jJt Ph

3.

ghuA

. AuJ thif tuyhiw vGat

4.

<. ehsjh gfiyfHf jiyt

IV.

rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xW kLnk

rahdJ.

m.

th RthF kahij brtjfhf A fndh{

nguitia Todh.

M.

kfhahd j rkad kLnk fndh{ nguitF

miHfgld.

eho Mahs ulh JUtnrd.

129

fndh{ nguit A IjhLfSF xUKiw TL

khehlhF.

<.

vj rka nkhjY fndh{ nguit elnjaJ.

V.

tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf.

1.

ghfutk fhZ Mahs.

2.

A&dahd j rkait A Mjjh.

3.

AuJ fhy midJ iyfY bghUshjhu

brUjJ.

VI.

W F tiuf (VnjD _W Ff)

1.

A g mJ bfhs cj rhWf.

2.

th Rth gaz Ff

3.

fndh{ nguit

4.

myfhgh khehL

VII.

FWa il jUf (100 thijf)

1.

A M fhy gghL tsia t.

2.

ehsjh gfiyfHf g RU vGJf.

VIII.

thd il jUf. (200 thijf)

1.

A tjd thif kW rhjidfis bjhFJ

vGJf.

2.

j rkaF A Ma gfig kLf.

3.

A fhya r_f kW M g th Rth

Tiw t.

130

ghl - 11
bja muRf - I
gytf
fw nehff

j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ.

1.

gytf njhw

2.

Kjyh knfutk, Kjyh euktk,

uh#k Mnah rhjidf.

3.

gyt MKiw

4.

gyt fhy f, ya

5.

gyt fhy fiy, fol fiy.

jeho rf fhy Koj wF, fsuf M

Rkh 250 MLf ojJ. d fhuij jiyefuhf
bfhL bjhil kly gytf jfsJ muir
Wd. .. gjh who nguuR nrhHf bjhil
klyij ifgW tiu mtfsJ M bjhljJ.
gytf njhw

gytf njhw g gntW fUJf ywd.

nkahit Mbrj maytfshd ghafnshL
mtfis xU y xLwd. jfhz Mj
thfhlff vw uhkz mur Fy xU dnu gytf
vw fUJ ywJ. kgyt stuahd ehf
fifF nrhH stur xUtDF wjtf t
njhwfns gytf vgJ _whtJ fUJ. Mdh,
nkTa fUJfis MjF rhWf f Fiw.
131

vdnt, gytf bjhil klyij nrjtf vw

fUnj mPfsh gutyhf VW bfhsgLwJ. mnrhfuJ
fbto fhzgL jfnshL mtfis bjhl
gLJwd. bjhil klyij rhjthfdf ifga
nghJ gytf mtfl giljiytfshf gahd. ..
_wh who rhjthfdf F gytf
Rju bgwd. rhjthfdfl gytf bfhoUj bjhl
fhuzkhfnt Kj uhUj bkhY, tlbkhY fbtL
fis btld. uhkz rkaij Mjjd vW Twyh.
mua tuyhW

.. 250 Kj 350 tiuyhd Kfhy gytf uhUj

bkh
glafis
btld. tfjtk,
#afjtk Mnah ku Fljftf. mLjjhf
MF tj gytf .. 350 Kj 550 tiu M jd.
mtf tlbkh glafis btld. m Ka
Mahs ZQnfhg. rKuFj bja gilbaL
nghJ mt Kaofglh. _whtjhf MF tj gyt
kud .. 575 Kj xgjh who mtf ail
tiu M jd. mtf tlbkh, j uL bkhfY
glafis btld. Kj Mahs k ZQ.
mt fsufis KaoJ bjhil kly gyt Mia
iyahf VgLdh. nrhHfis Kaoj mt fh efiu
tiu gyt Mia gLdh. mtiu bjhlJ MF
tjtf Kjyh knfutk, Kjyh euktk, ulh
euktk Mnah Fljftf.
Kjyh knfutk (.. 600 - 630)

lfhy bjhlj gyt - rhSa nghf mtuJ

fhy bjhld. ulh nf gytfSF vuhf
gilbaLJ mtfsJ mu tlF gFia ifgdh.
Kjyh knfutk s vw l btbgwjhf
gyt fbtL Fl nghY, Hj gFia mtdh f
Koaiy.
132

Kjyh knfutk bjhlf rkz rkaij

nrjtdhf Ujh. mg vW miHfgL Uehfur
vw irt bgahuh mt irt rkaF khwglh.
Ut vw l xU thyaij fodh. Fzgu,
rarj, nrjfh (nfhfis fLgt), ufhu ,
uj, kjyhr nghw UJ bgafis mt
No bfhlh.
Filtiu nfhf mikgY mt wJ
sdh. klfgL vw l fhzgL fbtL
mtid uj vW ftnjhL, brf, ku, Rzh,
cnyhf nghwtiw gagLjhk ukh, ZQ, t
MnahUF nfh mikjt vW mtdJ rhjidia
FLwJ. ty, knfutho, jsth}, gyhtu,
klfgL, Uuhg Ma lf mtdJ Filtiu
nfhfis fhzyh. kjyhr ufhrd vw tlbkh
iy mt adh. ufhu vw UJ bga
Xafiy mtdJ Mtij btgLJtjhf csJ.
irY mt nj bgUjh. FLahkiy irf
btL mtdJ fhyaJ vW fUjgLwJ.
Kjyh euktk (.. 630 - 668)

Kjyh euktk khky vW miHfglh.

mjF kngh tyt vW bghU. rhSa mur
ulh nfl jdJ jij milj njhF gthf
mt cWlh. fhF mUYs kkfy vw
l eilbgw ngh ulh nfF vuhf mt bgw
btia Tu brngLf TWwd. gunrhia
giljiytdhf bfhl gytgil rhSa gilia
uo brwJ. ulh nf njhfofgL bfhy
glh. thjhefu mfglJ. Kjyh euktk thjh
bfhlh vw Uij No bfhlh. jij Hj
gFia lh. Kjyh euktk kbwhU
Fljf rhjid mt yifJ flgil el
133

brwjhF. jdJ egD, yif sturDkhd

khdtkDF yif maizia L bfhLjh.
mtdJ M fhy dga th Rth jiyef
fhuF tUif jh. fh ga mtuJ tUzid
FljfJ. fbga, mHa efuhd mJ MW ikf
Rws bfhlJ vd Tsh. mF W jrka
klhyaf Ujd. gjhu j rkaJwf mt
thjd. fF bga bgwJ fh khef. mUj foif
f fbgw f TlkhF. khkyuij Wat Kjyh
euktk. mtuJ Mfhyjh mF xiwf
ujf mikfgld.
ulh euktk (myJ) uh#k (.. 695 722)

Kjyh
euktkid
bjhlJ
ulh
knfutkD, Kjyh gunktutkD MF tjd.
mtfsJ M fhyY gyt - rhSa nkhjf
bjhljd. d, ulh euktk M bghW
ngwh. mt uh#k vW miHfglh. mtdJ
Mfhy nghfsw mik fhykhf saJ. fiy, fol
fiy mtdJ ftd UaJ. khkyuYs flfiu
nfh, fh ifyhrehj Mya Mad mtdJ M
fhy flglit. fiy, yaij mt MjJ
nghdh. ff tlbkh mPuhd jo mtdJ
mitia myfjjhf TwgLwJ. dhF mt J
FGfis mD itjh. fl thg mtdJ M
fhy brjJ. rfugj, thaahju, Mfka
nghw UJfis uh#k No bfhlh.

gyt M Kiw

gytf eF uikfgl M Kiwia

bfhoUjd. gyt muR gy nfhlfshf fgoUjJ.
muruh afgl mfhf nfhl thfij eld.
M ika bghW mur Ujh. mtUF cjahf
wikf mikrf Ujd. CWfzhf mur
braglh. eF gWfgl gilia mt bgUjh.
MyafSF mt mj ybfhil njtjhd vdglJ.
uhkzfSF tHa ybfhil uknjakhF. yfSF
ghrd tr brJbfhLf ntoaJ murdJ flikahF.
gyt murf gy ghrd Vfis btLjd. Kjyh
knfutk M fhy knfutho, khk^ Ma
lf Vf btlgld. gytf fbtLfUJ
muR tNj tf Fj tufis bjJ bfhnwh.
mu Ka tUth ht_ykhfnt iljJ. uknja
kW njtjhd yfSF tyF mfglJ.
tffS ifidPfS muRF tbrYd. jr,
bghbfhy, ryit bjhyhs, vbz tf, berths
nghnwh brYa tf fbtLf FlgLsd.
rig kW rig FGf nghw uhk thf mikf FJ
gytfhy fbtLf FlgLsd. uhk yf,
nfh thf, csh nghw mYtfis uhk rigf
ftJ tjd.
gyt fhy rKjha

mLJ, ulh gunktutk, ulh etk

Mnah MF tjd. gytfsJ M .. xgjh
who Wtiu ojJ. nrhH mur Kjyh Mj
fil gyt mur mguhjid KaoJ fh gFia
ifgdh. mJl gyt ku KoF tjJ.

gyt fhy j rKjha bgU khwfis

rjJ. #hKiw fLikahf glJ. uhkzf
rKjha f caj l Ujd. mtfSF
murfS, caFodU y bfhilfis tHd.
nfhfis guhkF bghW mtfSF tHfglJ. gyt
fhy itztK irtK jiHjd. khwhf, jrkaK, rkz
rkaK ailjd. irt ehakhfS, itzt

134

135

MthfS, irt, itzt rkaf tsF ghLgld.

jF g af vW bga. jbkh mtf g
ghlfis a ghod. g wig ghlf
btgLd. gyt murfsh flgl MyafS U
rkaf tsF nkY Cfkjd.
f, ya

gytf fnwhiu ngh Mjjd. mtfsJ

jiyefuhd fh xU f efukhF. fh foif f w
thj f TlkhF. ah w gFfUJ,
maehLfUJ khztf fh foifF tJ f
gwd. flg Fy Wtduhd kurk fhF tJ
ntjfis fwh. fehf vw j mP f
gYtjfhf fh tjh. ehsjh gfiyfHf
jiytuhf bghW tj jkghy fh efuij nrjt.
wj tlbkh ytuhd ghu kZQ M fhy
thjt. kbwhU tlbkh Mauhd jo ulh
euktk M fhy thjt. Kjyh knfutk
kjyhr ufhrd vw tlbkh ehlfij adh. j
yaK fhy tsailjJ. ehakhfS,
MthfS g ghlfis a jnyna a irjd.
ehakhf aa njthuK, Mthf aa ehyhu a
ugjK gytfhy g aafshF. ulh
etkdh Mjfgl bgUnjtdh kfhghuij ghuj
btgh vw bga j bkhahf brjh. e fygf
kbwhU Ka j ya. Mdh, jid aat bga
bjaiy. ir eldK Tl fhy brJ tsjJ.
gyt fhy fiy, fol fiy

gyt fhybjhL nfh fLg

Fj
MuthuJl bjhlaJ. ghiwfis FilJ nfh
mikF fiyia gytf bjhlitjd. uhl
fiygh gytfhy Kj bfhnl tsu bjhlaJ.
Filtiu nfhf bjhl, xiw f ujf, fLkhd
136

nfhf vd xUj gzhk tsia gytfhy fiy

fhnwh. gytfhy nfh fol fiy ehF
iyfis fhzyh.
Kjyh knfutk Filtiu nfhfis
mKfgLdh. jifa Filtiu nfhfis jeho
klfgL, knfutho, khk^, jsth}, Uuhg,
ty, akfy, UfGFw nghw lf fhzyh.
gyt fol fiy ulhtJ iy, khky u
tofgLs xiw f ujfis, klgfis Twyh.
j mjkhd fiy dfis
cUtha bgUik Kjyh eukt
kidna rhU. grghlt ujf vW
miHfgL IJ btntW nfh
mikfis bfhl ujf midtiu
ftu Toait. klgf
Rtf mHfhd gf brJ
khkyu
nfhafshf mikf gLsd.
cs ujf
klgf wghdit khRu
k klg, U_ klg, tuhA klg.
mLjgoahf

fLkhd nfhf vGggld.

bjhlf it kz ghiw
ffis bfhL flgld. fh
ifyhrehj Mya, khkyu
flfiu nfh bjhlfhy
fLkhd nfhfSF wj
vLJ fhLfshF. gyt
f i y
w F
ifyhrehj nfh
fukhf
fhu
fUjgLtJ
fh ifyhrehj MyakhF.
gytfhy fol fiy W
iyF vLJ fhlhf fhy
137

flfiu nfh

gytf
mikj fLkhd nfhfis Twyh.
fhuYs itFj bgUkh Mya, Ktu Mya,
kjtu Mya Mad Fljfit.
g fiy tsF gytf mUbjhL
Msd. nfhf fhzgL mHfhd gf ju,
khkyu tofgLs wj
bt fiy Tl mjkhd
gfis bfhLsJ. fif
j myJ mRd jt vw
mj g fh f tofgl
Xaf vW fHgLwd.
gf btgLJ Ea
fif j
fUJf aFait. ng
ghF FuF, ahidgf,
jtaW id nghwit wikF rhW gfwd.

fw milf
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhlJ.
1.

gyt njhw ga gntW fUJf

2.

gytf mua tuyhW, ngh btfS

3.

gyt MKiw

4.

gghLF gf

5.

gytfhy fol fiy

Efiyf

ir, eld, Xa nghw Efiyfis gytf

Mjjd. khk^ fbtL ir g FJ sFwJ.
FLah kiy irfbtL ir gfis, ir
fUfis g FLwJ. Mthf, ehakhf aa
ghlf gnzhL irfgLtjfhfnt cUthfgld.
eldK, ehlfK fhy tsailjd. fhy gf
eld fiy gntW totfis btgLJwd.
jdthr Xaf gytfhyij nrjit. Kjyh
knfutk fhy jz u vw Xafiy
sf bjhFfglJ. mtDF ufhu vw
UJ bgaU UjJ FljfJ.

138

139

kh dhf
I.

rahd ilia nj brf.

1.

fsufis mj gyt mur

2.

m. ZQnfhg

M. kZQ

. Kjyh knfutk

<. uh#k

th Rth fhF tUif j nghJ MUj

mur
m. Kjyh knfutk

M. Kjyh euktk

. uh#k

<. ulh etk

knfutk fLkhd nfhf fL Kiwia

mKfgLdh.

<.

itztK, irtK gyt fhy jiHnjhd.

V.

tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf.

1.

rf fhyij bjhlJ gyt fhy bjhlaJ.

2.

Kjyh knfutk bjhlf rkz rkaij

gdh.

3.

fhu xiwf ujfis Kjyh euktk

tojh.

VI.

W F vGJf (VnjD _W Ff)

1.

gytf njhw

2.

fh foif

3.

gyt - rhSa nkhjf

4.

g af

5.

gytf Efiyf

VII.

FWa il jUf. (100 thijf)

1.

Kjyh knfutk M FJ vGJf.

2.

Kjyh euk tk nghbtfis RU vGJf.

3.

gytf MKiwia Mf.

4.

gytfhy r_f thif g F vGJf.

VIII.

thd il jUf (200 thijf)

II.

nfhol lij uf.

1.

Kjyh knfutkid irt rkaF kha irt

bgah ..........

2.

thjhia mjnghJ gyt gil jsg .........

3.

khky vw Uij No bfhl mur .........

III.

bghUJf.

1.

bgUnjtdh

2.

Mthf

M. njthu

3.

ehakhf

. kjyhr ufhrd

4.

Kjyh knfutk

<. ghujbtgh

IV.

rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xW kLnk

rahdJ.

m.

gyt fhy tlbkh ailjJ.

1.

gytf mua tuyhiw bjhFJ vGJf.

M.

uh#k thjhia mJ thjh bfhlh vw

Uij No bfhlh.

2.

gytf gghL gfig kLf.

3.

gyt fiy w TWfis FLf.

m. ehyhua ugj

140

141

ghl - 12
bja muRf - II
rhSaf, uhZouTlf
fw nehff
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ.
1.

rhSa mur ulh nf rhjidf.

2.

rhSa M, r_f, fiy, folfiy

3.

uhZouTlf mua tuyhW

4.

uhZouTlf M r_fK

5.

uhZouTlf fiy, fol fiy

gytf ju, jfhz Mj nkiy

rhSaU, uhZouTlfS mua KaJt
thjtf. UtfSF bjnf uL mua
nghoahsf Ujd - gytfS nrhHfS. nkY
mtfsJ gghL gf a tuyh Fl
jfjhF.
rhSaf (.. 543 - 755)

Rkh uL whLf jfhz bgUgFia

M brjtf rhSaf. d, uhZouTlf
tik bgUaJ. nkiy rhSa ttjtf bt
iH
rhSafS,
fah
rhSafS.
nkiyrhSa kuig njhWjt Kjyh nf. thjh
myJ jfhya ghjhia jiyefuhf bfhL mt xU
a muir njhWjh.
142

ulh nf (.. 608 - 642)

rhSa ku Ka Mahs ulh nf.

#nAhny fbtL mtuJ M fhyij ga tufis
TWwJ. gdth flgfis ikN fffis vJ
nghL jdJ Mfij mt iyWdh. ff mur
Jj mtuJ nkyhikia VWbfhL jdJ kfis
ulh
nfF
kzKoJ
bfhLjh.
ekijahwfiu Atjdiu KaojJ ulh
nf kbwhU kfjhd rhjidahF. bjahit
ifgw ntL vw A vzij ijjt
ulh nf. gytfSbfuhd jdJ Kj gilbaL
mt btbgwh. Mdh, fhfU Kjyh
euktkl gLnjhia jGdh. d, rhSa
jiyefu thjh gytfsh ifgwgL mfglJ.
ulh nf M fhy dga thRth
mtdJ ehoF tUif jh vgJ FljfJ.
ulh nfF MF tjt ukhj.
mt rhSa ehil L iygL gytfis
KaojnjhL, fhia ifgdh. gytfl jdJ
jij milj njhF ukhj gJ bfhlh.
rhSa ku fil mur ulh tk. mtid
KaoJ uhZouTl muir Wat j Jf.
rhSa MKiw, r_f thif

gytf, nrhHf M KiwF khwhf, rhSa

MKiw
mfhu
ikagLjgnl
UjJ.
rhSa uhk Rah vw ngRnf liy.
rhSaf wj flgilia bfhoUjd. ulh
nf flgil W fgf Ujd. nkY, ujukhd
W gilia mtf itUjd.
ghjh rhSaf uhka Jf, UD
mtf w rkajtiu kJ eljd. ntj rka rlFfSF
143

KaJt mfglJ. rhSa kuig njhWj Kjyh

nf Fiuntia brjh. ZQ, t nghw
flsUF Vuhskhd nfhf mtfsJ fhy flgld.
nkF jfhz j rka ailJ tjJ vW th
Rth jkJ gazF Tsh. Mdh, gF rkz
rka iyahd tsia bgW tjJ. ulh nf
mit ytU, InAhny fbtil bjhFjtUkhd u
xU rkz.
fiy, fol fiy

rhSaf fiy tsF bgJ gfhsd.

fLkhd nfhfis fLtjF mtf ntru fiyghia
gd. UD, uhZou
Tl kW nAhrs M
fhyjh ntru fiygh
mj cr flij voaJ. I
nAhny, ghjh, glhlf Ma
lf rhSa fLkhd
nfhfis fhzyh. rhSa
fhy Filtiu nfhfS
m#jh Fifnfh
w
bgUjd. m#jh,
vnyhuh, eh Ma lf
rhSa Filtiu nfhfis fhzyh. ghjh Fif
nfh kW m#jh Fiff rhSa fhy Xafis
fhzKowJ. ulh nf xU ghufJ FGF
tunt mgJ nghW m#jh Xa jfgLsJ.
rhSa fhy nfhfis uL iyfshf fyh.
InAhny, ghjh Ma lfYs nfhf Kjiy.
InAhny cs vGgJ nfhf ehF kL wghf
Ffgl ntoait 1.

yfh nfh - rkjs Tiul Toa nfh

fisila klg csJ.

2.

xU j iraij nghy njhwkF Jif nfh

144

3.

A&k Fo nfh

4.

bkF vw lYs rkz nfh

ghjh cs nfhf, Ktu nfhY, nkyFo

t nfhY mt fol fiyF mHF bga
bgwit. xnulYs ehF Filtiu nfhf mt
fiyeaKs
ntiyghoF
vLJfhL. mt RtfS,
f jhF klgfS
fls kW kjf mHfhd
gfis bfhL mHTl
gLsd.
ulhtJ iy, glhlf
vw
l
fhzgL nfhf.
ghjh Fifnfh
F gJ nfhf csd ehF tla fiygh mikJsd. va MW uhl
fiyghyhdit. tl a
fiygh mikfgLs
ghgehj nfh FljfJ.
uhl fiy gh mikj
rfnktu nfh kW
Ughr Mya uL f
bgwit. fh ifyhrehj
Myaij nghnw Ughr glhlf Ughr nfh
Mya flgLsJ. ulh
ukhj muf xUtuh J fLfglJ.
fhUJ f tutiHfgL nfh flglJ
vW fUjgLwJ.
uhZouTlf (.. 755 - 975)

fdl dij nrj uhZouTlf jhbkh

fdlbkhahF. uhZouTl kuig njhWjt j
Jf. T#ufis KaoJ mtflUJ khstij j
Jf ifgdh. d, ulh tkid KaoJ
145

rhSa ehil mt ifgdh. thW, uhZou Tlf

jfhz Kjik muir cUthd.
mLJ MF tj Kjyh UZz xU bgU bt
u. fffis bt rhSaiu mt Kaojh.
vnyhuh bga ghiwia FilJ xnu fyhyhd ifyhr
Myaij mt mikjh. uhZouhTlf mLj wj
mur _wh nfhj. tla muRfSbfuhf mt gy
btfis bgwh.
d gjF tj Kjyh mnkhft (.. 815 - 880)
mWg ehF MLfhy M jh. mtuJ fhy
khstK, fftho Rju muRfshd. UD, gghL
tsF mtuJ Mfhy w bgwJ. mt rkz rkaij
gdh. dnrd mtuJ rkaFU. fnwhiu MjF
gilatuhf mt fjh. fuh# khf vw
fthj fdl iy Kjyh mnkhft giljh.
uhZouTlf jiyefuhd khbf myJ khanfj vw
efiu mt khjh.
mnkhft t njhwf Fljft
_wh UZz (.. 936 - 968). mtuJ nghbtf
Fljfit. nrhHfSbfuhf mt gilbaLJ
jnfhy vw l nrhHgilfis Kaojh. nkY bjF
neh Knda mt jrhiu ifgdh. uhnktu
tiu brw mt mjid J fhy j fLgho
itUjh. jh ifga gFf gy nfhfis mt
fLjh. uhnktu UZnztu Mya mtuh
flglJ. fh cl bjhil kly mt M fhy
KGtJ uhZouTlf fLgho UjJ. mtuJ
kiwF wF uhZouTlf ailjd.

khtl thfF ag bghWghth. mLj M

vdglJ. 50 Kj 70 uhkf Ujd.
Mahs nghfg vdglh. j mfhf neuoahf ka
murh afgld. uhk thf uhk jiytuh
eljglJ. uhk thf uhk rigf bgUgF tjd.
r_f bghUshjhu iyikf

J rka fshd irtK itztK uhZou

Tlf M brJ tsjd. UD, rkz rkaK
mur kW ca mfhf Mjuit bgW ts flJ.
jfhz kf - bjhif _ xU gFd rkzf.
fnA, nhyh, jhth nghw xU y lf jrka
FoUfS jiHUjd. gntW rkafSilna
ezf yaJ FljfJ. jfhy #
khtlYs rhynlh vw l xU f
fhy braglJ. j f Tlij g xU fbtL
thd jftfis jUwJ. brtjf mj bfhil kW
Hhf nghJ UHhfnghJ uhk kf tHa
bfhil Mat cjnahL f Wtd eljglJ.
uhZouhTl M fhy bghUshjhuK
jiHUjJ. jfhzF muhafSF ilna thg
brUjJ. mtfnshL ew bfhl uhZouTl murf
thg tsF Cfkjd.
gghL gf

uhZouTl nguuR, uhZou vw khyfshf

fgoUjJ. tiw uhZougf tjd. uhZou
xbthW gy afshf (khtlfshf) fgld.

uhZouTlf tlbkhia bgJ Mjjd.

uhZouTl murit gy mPf Ujd. er vw
iy Uuk vGdh. _wh UZzuJ M fhy
Asjh vgt fuAa vw iy giljh.
uhZouTlf mutizdh rkzrka yafS
ts bgwd. rkzuhd Kjyh mnkhft gy rkz
mPfis Mjjh. mtuJ Mauhd dnrd
ghRtehj thif tuyhiw br eil ghrtjah
vw jiy vGdh. gntW rkz Ktf thif

146

147

MKiw

tuyhWfis bjhFJ Muhz vw jiy Fzgu

vgt vGdh. mnkhf U vw yfz iy rhfjhadh
vgt giljh. uhrhah vw mfhy fjnkij
fjrhu vw iy vGdh. uhZouTlf
Mfhy fdl yaK ts flJ. mnkhft
aa fuh#khf fdlbkh vGjgl Kj fij
yhF. ggh vgt fdlbkh fPf jiywjt.
mtuJ fbgw uknrd#a. bghdh vw kbwhU
fdl fP rhuzh vw iy vGdh.
fiy, fol fiy

uhZouRlf fiy, fol fiyia vnyhuh kW

vghlh fhzyh. vnyhuh cs fbgw nfh
ifyhr nfhyhF. Kjyh UZz fhy nfh
tofglJ. UW mo sK, W mo mfy, cau bfhl
ukhlkhd f J tofgLsJ. nfh ehF
gFf csd - _ynfh, EiHth, eklg,
Kfklg. 25 mo cauKila nkilJ
nfh fukhf wJ. nkil
Kf ahidfS, ffS nkilia
jhFtJ
nghy
brJfgLsd.
_WLF fu khkyu ujfis
idgLJwJ. nfhYF gdhW
rJu f bfhl klg csJ.
mHa gfis bfhl ifyhr nfh
cik folfiy ukhl
vdyh. Jif vUJKf mufid bfhtJ
nghw g kfjhdJ. uhtz ifyhr vnyhuh ifyhr
nfh
kiyia f KagJ nghw g
FljfJ. Rtf uhkaz
fhf brJfgLsd. ifyhr nfh bghJ g
uhlfiy ghia rhjJ.

mjF vghlh vw bgaL miHjd. mF uhZou

Tlf fiy mj cr flij voaJ vdyh. vnyhuh,
vghlh gfSilna xWikia fhzKowJ. mtiw
xnu FGit nrj f cUthUf ntL.
fUtiwF EiHK cs Jthughyf iy ukhl
toyhdJ. RW Rtf eluh#, ffhju, mj ehtu,
nrhkfj vW t gy totf lgLsd. U_
cUt fbgaJ. MW l cauKilaJ. gilj, fhj,
mj vw _W bjhfis br tid mJ
uggjhf TwgLwJ.

fw milf
j ghlUJ khzt mJbfhtJ
1.

ghjh rhSaf mua tuyhW.

2.

rhSa fiy, fol fiy

3.

uhZouTl Mahsf rhjidf

4.

uhZouTlf gghL gf

5.

uhZouTl M ya ts

gghF mUYs vghlh. Kj mJ $ vW

miHfglJ. bga ahid gij fl nghRaf
148

149

kh dhf

V.

tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf.

1.

Kjyh mnkhft M fhy jfhzF th

Rth tUif jh.

2.

uhZouTlf Mfhy fdl ya

bjhlaJ.

3.

rhSaku fil mur jJf.

jnfhy nrhHfis Kaojt ah?

VI.

WF vGJf. (VnjD _W Ff)

m. ulh nf

M. Kjyh mnkhft

1.

InAhny fbtL

. Kjyh ukha

<. _wh UZz

2.

glhlf

I.

rahd ilia nj brf.

1.

InAhny fbtil btlJ

2.

m. Kjyh mnkhft

M. ulh nf

. _wh nfhj

<. jJf

II.

nfhol lij uf.

3.

vnyhuh

1.

uhZou Tlf jiyefu ..........

4.

vghlh

2.

uhZou Tl kuig njhWjt ..........

VII.

FWa il jUf (100 thijf)

3.

$F vghlh vW bgaltf .........

1.

ulh nf rhjidfis RU vGJf.

III.

bghUJf.

2.

Kjyh mnkhf t g kL jUf.

1.

m. uk nrd#a

VIII.

thd il jUf. (200 thijf)

2.

Kjyh mnkhft

M. fjrhu

1.

3.

ggh

. InAhny fbtL

ghjh rhSa fiy, fol fiy tsia

bjhFJ TWf.

4.

uhrhah

<. fuh#khf

2.

uhZouTlf gghL gfig kLf.

IV.

rahd brhbwhliu bj brf - xW kLnk

rahdJ.

m.

vnyhuh gghF mUYs .

M.

ifyhr nfh vnyhuh csJ.

vnyhuh nfh rhSa M flglJ.

<.

vnyhuh ifyhr nfh ulh nfah

flglJ.

150

151

ghl - 13

fw nehff

ngh uhZouTlfl mt njhia jGdh. Kjyh

guhjf gy nfhfis fLjh. jgu eluh#
Mya TiuF bghTiu ntjt Kjyh guhjf.
mtuJ fhyij nrj cunk% fbtLf uL nrhH
fhy ya uhk MKiw g sffis TWwJ.
KgjhL fhy ilbtF wF Kjyh uh#uh# fhy
L nrhHf fHiljd.

j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ.

Kjyh uh#uh# (.. 985 - 1014)

nguuR nrhHf

1.

Kfhy nrhHf tuyhW.

2.

Kjyh uh#uh# gilbaLfS w rhjidfS.

3.

Kjyh uhn#u gilbaLf, w rhjidf.

4.

nrhH MKiw w TWf.

5.

nrhH fhy ya, fiy, fol fiy.

rf fhy F wF nrhHf ciw

wurfshf thJ tjd. xgjh who L
mtf wgila bjhld. bjah bgUgFia
csla xU nguuir Wd. mtfsJ jiyefu
jrh. yifY knya gfgYTl mtf jfsJ
Mfij VgLd. vdnt, mtfis nguuR nrhHf
vW miHnwh. nrhH fhya MKiw, rKjha,
bghUshjhu, gghL Fj jftfis nfhf fhzgL
Mufzfhd fbtLfUJ bjJ bfhnwh.
nguuR nrhH kuig njhWjt #ahya nrhH. ..
815 M ML mt KjiuaiuaflUJ jiria
ifgdh. mF Jif nfhiy fLjh. mtuJ
jtuhd Ma nrhH mguhj gytid KaoJ gyt
MF Ko foL bjhilklyij nrhH
nguunrhL izJ bfhlh. Kjyh guhjf nrhH Kfhy
nrhH murf Fljft. ghoafis yif
Mahsiu mt Kaojh. Mdh, ff jnfhy
152

Kjyh uh#uh#, mtuJ jt Kjyh

uhn#u Ma Ut M fhyfY
nrhH nguuR f cia voaJ. Kjyh
uh#uh# ngh btf tUkhW.
1.

fhjq rhiy vw l nru kd

ghfuutkDila
flgilfis
Kaojh.

2.

ghoa mur mku#f njhfof

glh. ghoa eho nrhH M
VgLjglJ.

Kjyh
uh#uh#
iy

3.

ikN gFUj fftho, Esggho,

joifgho nghw gFf ifgwgld.

4.

yif gilbaLig mtuJ jt Kjyh uhn#u

nkbfhlh. yif mur Ijh kj
ehilL Xodh. tlF yifia nrhHf
izJ bfhld. jiyef mDuhjuUJ
bghyeUth vw lF khwgL mF thya xW
vGgglJ.

5.

vG bgWtj fah rhSaiu Kjyh uh# uh#

vJ nghL bt bgwh. rhSa mur ra$a
Kaofglh. Kjyh uh#uh# buN njhM,
gdth nghw lfis ifgdh. nrhH nguuR
Jfguh efiu tiu guaJ.
153

6.

bjYF nrhlfis KaoJ, bt maizia mj

Mahsfshd r tkDF kyhjDF Kjyh
uh#uh# L bfhLjh. jdJ kf stu
Fjitia kyhjDF kzKoJ bfhLjh.

7.

khyfSF vuhf nkbfhl flgilbaLng

Kjyh uh#uh# WgilbaLghF. khyf
ifgwgld.

Kjyh uh#uh# jifa nghbtfdh,

nrhHnguuR, jeho nru, ghoa, bjhil kly
gFfis, jfhz ffgho, Esggho, bjYF
nrhlf MgF, tlF yif, khyf nghw
gFfis
cslajhf
UjJ.
KKonrhH,
b#abfhlh, tghj nrfu nghw UJ bgafis
Kjyh uh#uh# No bfhlh. wj tgjdhf mt
sdh. .. 1010 jir uftu vwiHfgL
jir bga nfhiy foKojh. ehfgod j
klhya fLtjF mt cjfis tHdh.

4.

Kjyh uhn#u f thj gilbaL mt

tlahJ nkbfhljhF. t gy
Mahsfis Kaoj nrhH gil fif eia flJ
brwJ. tfhs mur Kjyh kghyid Kjyh
uhn#u Kaojh. jkJ tla gilbaL
btia bfhlhL j fifbfhl nrhHu
vw efiu khJ mF fthj uhn#tu
Myaij mt vGdh. mef nkFw
nrhHff vw ghrd Via btLjh.

5.

$#a vdgL fluhJ Kjyh uhn#u

nkbfhl gilbaL f w thjjhF.
mgilbaL cikahd nehf g TWtJ fod.
nehf vJthf UD, mj flgilbaL khbgU
btahf KojJ. nrhHgilf gntW lfis
Mujd. Mdh, mit jfhfkhd Mufns.
ifgwgl lfis nguuRl izJ bfhS
vz mtUiy. j gilbaLF Kjyh
uhn#u flhu bfhlh vw glij No
bfhlh.

6.

gntW fyffis xL, nrhH nguuR FiyahjthW

mt ghJ bfhlh.

Kjyh uhn#u (.. 1012 - 1044)

jdJ jij nkbfhl gilbaLf fyJbfhL

giltyikia uhn#unrhH btgLdh. MF
tjwF jij bfhiffisna g nguuir
gLJ gf <Lglh. mtuJ wFa nghfshtd:
1.

nrhHflUJ tlF yifia ifgw yif

mur Ijh kj Ka brjh. uhn#u L
mtid KaoJ bjF yifia ifg
bfhlh. jdh yif KGtJnk nrhH nguu
izfglJ.

2.

nru, ghoa M gFf L nrhH Mfij

cWgLdh.

3.

nkiy rhSa mur b#akid L Kaojh.

nrhH-rhSa viyahf Jfgiu e mff
glJ.
154

Kjyh uhn#u kiwjnghJ nrhH nguuR mj cr

flij voUjJ. Jfgiu tlF viyahf UjJ.
ghoa, nfus, ikN gFf, yif Matiw
cslajhf nrhH nguuR
UjJ. jdJ j
mkfhnjia bt rhSa sturDF kzKoJ
bfhLj Kjyh uhn#u jdJ jij VgL brw
kzcwfis bjhlJ filojh. Kobfhlh, fif
bfhlh, flhubfhlh, gojnrhH vd gntW UJ
bgafis Kjyh uhn#u No bfhlh. jijia
nghynt wj tgjdhf mt fjh. a jiyefuhd
fifbfhl nrhHu thya xiw vGdh. mj
MyaJF jhuhskhf khafis mjh. jgu eluh#
155

MyaF bfhilfis tHdh. itzt, j rka

flK mt r jikl elJ bfhlh.

nrhHf

ahjtf
rfunfhl

nk.rhSaf
fah
khbf

fh

uh#K

fjgf
tfhs Flh

tdth

mu fl

be

fftho

jnfhy
fh
cunk%
ciw

kJiu
bfhif

a bgUfl

156

fifbfhl nrhHu
jrh

Kjyh uhn#uDF wF, Kjyh Fnyhjf,

_wh FnyhJf nghw Mahsf fhyY nrhH
nguuR f bgW saJ. Kjyh uhn#u kf
mkfhnj thrhf cjtnd Kjyh FnyhJf.
mt nrhH nguurdhf gjnawjh bt ehL nrhH
nguuRl izjJ. Mdh, mtuJ M fhy yif
Ljiy bgwJ. d, bt ikNU nkiy rhSauh
ifgwgld. Kjyh FnyhJf 72 tff mla
J FGit dhF mD itjh.
$#a muRl eYwit mt nkbfhoUjh.
_wh FnyhJf M fhy nrhH nguuR etila
bjhlaJ. fhltuhaf nghw FWy jiytf vG
bgwd. nrhH nkyhikF ghoa vG bga
rtyhW. W nrhH nguuR ailjJ. fil nrhH
mur _wh uhn#uid ulh #lhtk Rjughoa
Kaojh. nrhH ehL ghoa nguuRl izJ
bfhsglJ.
nrhH M Kiw
ka murhf

nrhHf wj MKiwia bgUjd. MF

nguur jiyik tjh. nrhH nguu gu, brtK mtuJ
mfhuij, kig cad. jir, fif
bfhlnrhHu nghw bga jiyefufS, ukhlkhd
muritfS, MyafSF m tHa y bfhilfS
nrhH mur mfhuij btgLJtjhf csd. M
tyikia czJtjfhf nrhH murf mtnghJ mur
gazfis nkbfhld. bgUjd, Wjd vW
miHfgl mfhu tf MF bghW tjd.

157

tUth thf

khfhz M

nrhHfhy y tUthJiw eF uikfgoUjJ. mJ

utizfs vW miHfglJ. midJ yfS
Kiwahf msfgL, tifgLjgL, t kLf
bragld. uhk FoU gFf C ej vdglJ.
gF, MyafSF jhdkhf tHfgl ygF
tyF bgUjd. y tiaju, XlUJ kbwhU
lF bghUfis bfhL brtjfhd
RfK
tNfglJ. gntW bjhfSF tfgld.
Ukz, rlFf nghw ff nghJ t
tNfglJ. kwf fgl mguhjfS
kbwhU tUthahF. lf fhyf tyF
mfglJ. Kjyh FnyhJf tyF mjh
vgjfhf Rf jj nrhH vw UJ bgaiu
Nobfhlh. mur, murit, uhQt, fggil, rhiy
guhk, ghrd Vf, fhthf mikj nghwit
mu brydfshf Ujd.

nrhH nguuR klyfshf, kly gy

tsehLfshf, tsehL, gy ehLfshf fgoUjd. ehL
vw gF gy jdh bgw uhkf Ujd.
klyf thfij mur Fyij nrj MSef
ftJ tjd. tsehil bga ehlhU, ehL gFia
ehlhU tjd. efu thfij efujh vw mit
nkbfhlJ.

uhQt thf

ahidgil, Fiugil, fhyhgil, fggil vw

fis bfhl iyahd gilia nrhHf bgUjd.
fbtLf Rkh vgJ gilf FlgLsd.
mur jgil ifnfhs bgUgil vW miHfglJ.
mjFnsna muriughJfhF wfht uf
ntisfhu vdgld. uhQtF Kiwahd g
msfglJ. uhQt Kfhf flff vW miHfgld.
nrhHf flgil guhk jftd brYd.
jHf flgil Mw nrhHf fhy fF
saJ. kygh, nrhH kly flfiu Mad mtfsJ
fLgho Ujd. tfhs Flh nrhH Vahfnt yfhy
UjJ.

158

uhk rigf

rigfS, rigFGfS bfhl uhk jdhKiw

fhyfhykhf jeho gzhk ts bgW tjJ. nrhH
M fhy mJ Vw bgW saJ. Kjyh guhjf
nrhH M fhyij nrj cunk% fblLfgl
uL fbtLf uhk rigf eltoiff g
twd. mj uhk KgJ FL myJ thLfshf
fgoUjJ. xbthU thoUJ uhk rigfhd
u bj braglh. uhk rig cWduhtjfd
jFfS zfgoUjd. mit ahtd :
m.

Fiwjgr fhnt
itUf ntL.

M.

brhj y FoUf ntL.

KgJ taJF
UfntL.

<.

ntjf Fj mit bgUf ntL.

nkY

ykhtJ

vGgJ

brhjkhf

taJFS

UD, ah ah jFawtf vgJ mf

btLf bjthf FlgLsJ. mit m.

flj _W MLf bjhlJ uhk rig

cWduhf gahatf.

M.

uhk rigFG cWduhf gah rtu

fzFfis mfhjtf.
159

grkh ghjffis brjtf

<.

w bghUfis fsthoatf.

thW bj bragltf bgafis gid

Xiyf vG xU FlF L Wt myJ W
xUtiu L vLf brt. jF Flnthiy Kiw vW bga.
thW KgJ thLf cWdfS bj bragLt.
d, KgJ ng bfhl uhkrig MW tha FGfshf
J bragL. rtru tha, Vtha, njhl tha,
grthu tha, bgh tha, ut tha vgnj mj MW
thaf. MWj bghWfis mit iwntW. j
cWdf tha bgUkf vdgld. nfh myJ
kuH To khdf iwntwgld. tha cWdf
vif FGf vif uhkF uhk
ntWgoUjJ.
r_f, bghUshjhu thif

nrhH fhy #hKiw gutyhf gwglJ.

uhkzfS, aU gntW rYiffis bgUjd.
nrhH fhy gFia nrj fbtLf tyif,
lif rh f g Ff fhzgLwd. UD,
gntW #hdUilna xWik fhzglJ. gntW is
#hfS Ujd. kf iy Kndw VJiy. mur
FLgjhilna r vw clfilnaW tHf UjJ.
nfhfSl izfgoUj ehoa kf mla njtjh
Kiw nrhH fhyjh njh tsjJ.
nrhH fhy itztK, irtK
jiHjd. nrhH murf, muf
Mjudh
Vuhskhd
nfhf
vGggld. nrhH fhy nfhf
bghUshjhu eltoiff ikafshf
fjd. klfS brthF bgUjd.
ntshik bjhY wJ sd.
fhLf UjgL isyfshf
160

uh#uh# jf
ehza

khwgljhY, ghrd Vf btlgL Kiwahf

guhkfgljhY ntsh bjh ts bgwJ. ber
bjh, Fghf fh gL ber fbgW saJ.
nfhfY, L cgnahfF bgU njit Ujjh
cnyhf bjh eF tsailjJ. thg RWRWl
eilbgwJ. thf FGf bragld. thf bgUtf
eF guhkfgld. jf, bt, br Matwhyhd
btntW kyhd ehzaf HfUjd. nrhH nguuR
fhy dh, Rkuh, #hth, mnuah nghw ehLfnshL thg
cwf brjd. Fiu gilF njitahd mu ehL
Fiuf bgUks wFk bragld.
f, ya

nrhH fhy fF KaJt mfglJ.

nfhf, klf ju gntW f TlfS fia gu
tjd. vzhu, UKTl, Utid Ma lf
cs nrhHfhy fbtLf mF bragLtj ff
ga tufis vLJiuwd. ntjf, fhrf ju,
fj, kUJt nghwit j f Tlf
gWfgld. j Wtdfis elJtjF Vuhskhd
y bfhilf tHfgoUjd.
j ya ts nrhH fhy mj crnf
brwJ vdyh. Ujfnjt vGa tfjhk kW
Flynf vw f .. gjh whil nrjit.
fg vGa bga uhz myJ Ubjhluhz nrhH
fhy gilfgl wj yhF. Kjyh FnyhJf
ff gilbaLig tgJ b#abfhlh vGa
ffJgu. xlTj _tUyh _W nrhH kdfis
gajhF. fnH yt esbtghit giljh. j
yfz fshd fyhldh fyhl vw Y, rkz
Ktuhd mjrhfu gilj ahbgUfyK, gte Kt
e}Y, ju gilj unrha vw Y nrhH
fhyij nrjitna!
161

fiy, fol fiy

fw milf

uhlgh fiy, fol fiy

nrhH fhy Vw bgwJ. nrhHf
Vuhskhd nfhfis vGsd.
nrhHfhy nfh jw mj
khdkhF. Kfhy nrhHf
Myafis Jnfhil khtl, ehjh jir uftu
kiy, bfhLghq kW Uuhg
nfh
khtl thre Ma lf
fhzyh. Kjyh uh#uh#dh jir vGggl jir bga
nfh bja folfiyF kKo nghwjhF.
mnfh khd, mj klg, kfh
klg,
e
kg vw Ka
gFf csd.
fif
bfhl
nrhHu
,
Kjyh uhn#u
nrhHdh vGg
gl
thya
jhuhRu gf
nrhHfhy nfh
folfiy
nrhHfhy eluh#
btfy iy wF kbwhU Ka
rhwhF.jir
khtlYs jhuhRu Iuhtnj tu
Mya, Utd fhgAtu Mya Ma
Myaf fhy nrhHf fol
fiyF vLJfhlhf Twyh.
g fiy tsF nrhHf
kfjhd gfig brJsd. jir,
fif bfhl nrhHu Mya Rtf
fhzgL Vuhskhd gfS, bga
cUtfS wj ntiyghLf iwjit.
nrhH fhya br Unkf cyf f
bgwit. eluhr iy mt F
ljfJ. jir, ehjhkiy nfh
Rtf nrhH fhy Xafis fhzyh.
162

j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

nguuR nrhHf vG.

Kjyh uh#uh# MSik kW ngh btf.
Kjyh uhn#u nrhH rhjidf.
nrhH fhya uhk MKiw mj w.
nguuR nrhHf gghL w.

fifbfhl
nrhHu nfh
163

bjF yifia Kjyh uh#uh# jkJ nguuRl

izJ bfhlh.

<.

Kjyh uhn#u M fhyJF yif

Rjuij mJ bfhlJ.

M. ulh uh#uh#
<. Kjyh guhjf

V.

tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf.

1.

jir jklhya fLtjF Kjyh uh#uh#

cjf brjh.

m. gte

M. ju

2.

Kjyh uhn#unrhH $#aij ifgdh.

. fnH

<. xl Tj

3.

Kjyh FnyhJf ff gilbaL FJ

b#abfhlh ffJgu twJ.

kh dhf
I.

rahd ilia nj brf.

1.

jnfhy ngh njhailj nrhH mur

m. Kjyh Mj
. #ahya

2.

u nrha vw Ma

II.

nfhol lij uf.

1.

fhjq rhiy flngh .......... M fhy

eilbgwJ.

VI.

W F vGJf (VnjD _W Ff)

1.

Uftu

nrhH ff vw ghrd Via ............. vw l

............ M btLfglJ.

2.

fif bfhl nrhHu

3.

Flnthiy Kiw

4.

nrhH fhy f Tlf ts

VII.

FWa il jUf (100 thijf)

1.

nguuR nrhHf fhy r_f - bghUshjhu iyikfis

t.

2.
3.

Flnthiy Kiwga tuf bfhl fbtL ..........

vw l csJ.

III.

bghUJf.

1.

cunk% fbtLf

m. Kjyh uh#uh#

2.

Rf jj nrhH

M. Kjyh uhn#u

2.

nrhHf fhy j ya tsia g vGJf.

3.

Kobfhlh

. Kjyh FnyhJf

VIII.

thd ila (200 thijf)

4.

b#abfhlh

<. Kjyh guhjf

1.

Kjyh uh#uh# rhjidfis Mf.

IV.

rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xW kLnk

rahdJ.

2.

Kjyh uhn#u ngh btfis kLf.

m.

Kjyh uh#uh# $#aJ gilbaLjh.

3.

nrhH M Kiw w TWfis t.

M.

Kjyh uh#uh# fifbfhl nrhHuF jkJ

jiyefiu khdh.

164

165

ghl - 14
Ma ehLf a gghL guj
fw nehff

fblLfgLsd. nfhlh, fhZf nghw lf a

ggho ikafshF. mF, gy tlbkh fS, jrka
klhyafS fblLfgld. mgF vlh
whLtiu a ggho jhf bjhlJ fhzglJ.
ka Mah tahf dh, bg nghw ehLfSF a
gghL guaJ.
ah dh

j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ

1.

ka Mah a gghL guj.

2.

dh, bg, yif Ma ehLf a

ggho jhf.

3.

bj HF Mah a gghL.

4.

ah - ahk ilna gghL bjhl.

5.

bjHF Ma ehLf fiy, fol fiy.

a ehffK, gghL Mah w gFfSF

gua tuyhW wfjhF. gHfhy ah w
ehLfnshL thf bjhlfis nkbfhoUjJ. jdh,
a bkhf, rkaf, fiy, fol fiy, jJtf,
eiff, gHf tHff mehLf gud. J
jfKoahj fthF. bjHF Mah xUy
gFf gila a mua Mtyf J muRfis
Tl mikjd. UD, jfhyij nghy fhy Mfnkh,
Vfhga nghnfh fhzgliy. khwhf, a gFf
jheho fLghoUJ Rjukhfnt bragld. Mdh,
mt gghL TWf jhf kL fhzglJ.
ka Mah

Jt rfhj bjhlf whLf ka Ma

gF a ggho ikakhf fjJ. Mfh
jhd HF gF Vuhskhd gghL df
166

ka Mah tahf ytjlK, gkh tahf fl

tjlK a gghL dhF bry ngUjahf
Ujd. .. Kjyh who j rka dh guaJ.
ghah, th Rth cl gntW d gaf
ahF tjd. kWw, Fzgu, t{ungh, jknjt,
jkFj cl Wfzfhd j rka Jwf
ahUJ dhF brwd. d nguurf
ntLnfhSF zf, a mPf tlbkh fis
bkh bgajd. knfhaf dh jfsJ nguuir
VgLa g_wh whoTl dhldhd j
bjhl ojJ. d fiyY a fiy jhfij
fhzyh.
ah bgJ

VHh whoUJ bgJl ah gghL cw

bfhlJ. fhngh vw jrka mur yhrh efiu W mF
j rkaij mKfgLdh. a mPf JiznahL
bga vGJf totikfgld. d, bg yhkh
nfhghL WtgLtjF a mPf cjd. gndhuh
who tfhs Mahsfshd ghyf bgJl
beUa cw bfhoUjd. tfhs K gilbaLF
MshdnghJ, gy j rka Jwf bg jr Fjd.
ah yif

ntWgl mua tuyhiw yif bfhoUjhY

a ggho jhf mF btgLtij fhzyh. j
167

rka J FGd jfsJ rka fUJfis

kL mF gugiy; khwhf gghL
TWfis vLJ brwd. fny gfis
toF Kiw ahUJ yifF
brwJ. .. Ijh who jnfh
yifF brW A&dahd j rka it
mF iy Wdh. mFs ah ah Xa
Xaf m#jh Xaf jhfij
fhzKowJ.
bjHfhah a gghL

njh-dh, knyah csla bjHfha gF

a gghL bgU jhfij VgLsJ. tfhs
FlhF mgh it mikJsd. ytsK ftsK,
iwj gF afis f ftjJ. nkY, ah
HF flfiu vzw JiwKff mikUjd.
vdnt, af ygFfSF mofo gazfis
nkbfhld. jf vw bghUgL RtzF
tff gaz nkbfhljhf a gugiu fijf
TWwd. Rtz vw brh bghJthf iHehLfis
FF brhyhF. Fjf M fhy Hfhah
af Fonaw bjhld. gytf fhy mJ nkY
Cf bgwJ. a Fonaf mF bgU muRfis
cUthd. mt xUy muRf Mu MLfSF
nkyhf M brYd. gy gFf, a bgafisila
mur Fyf M jd. gidjh who yh
tUif jj fhy tiu a gghL gF nfhnyhaJ.
fnghoah (fhngh#)

.. Kjyh who fnghoah af

Fonad. bfkf vwiHfgl mk ikjfJ
gghL jhfij VgLd. mtfsJ murFy
fhngh#f vW, ehL fhngh# myJ jfhy fnghoah
vW miHfglJ. bjhlf mF itztK irtK
jiH njhd. yhnth, ah, gkh xU gF, knyah
168

gfg Matiw cslajhf fhngh# nguuR xU

fhyfl fjJ. mF Mj murfg vzw
tlbkh fbtLf tufis jUwd. ntjf,
uhkhaz, kfhghuj, gh yfz, J jJt
sfiuf nghw J ya gilfis fnghoa
kf mUjd.
gyt murfisnghy, fnghoa murfS jfis `tk
vW miHJ bfhld. anrhtk, ulh Na tk
Ma UtU ff murf. bja gh nfhf
flgld. vzw tlbkh fbtLf mt
fhzgLwd. m nfhf f f bgwJ jiyefuhd
mfh vw l ulh Natk vGa ZQ Mya
khF. J mfh th (th
vwh nfh vW bghU) vW
gutyhf miHfgLwJ. js
nkTiu mnfh vGg
gLsJ. xbthU jsY
vzw fgf fhz
gLwd. uhl fiygh
mfhth nfh
flgLs nfh uhkhahz,
kfhghuj fhf gfshf jfgLsd. gidjh
whojh fhngh# muR ailjJ.
rgh

rgh myJ bjF mdh fnghoahF Hnf

mikJsJ. .. ulh who $khw vgtuh
mF KjyhtJ J murFy WtglJ. Vuhskhd tlbkh
fbtLf rgh tuyhiw TWwd. guL a
muR Fyf rgh Mjd. g_wh who
rgh, fnghoahl izJ bfhsglJ. J murf
M fhy, rgh J rka, gghL, gHf tHff
mKfgLjgld. irtK itztK jiHnjhd. j
rkaK tsailjJ. J jJt, yfz, Efiyf,
n#hl Fj gntW f vGjgld.

169

ah myJ jhyhJ

ah gF gntW muRf a gghL

gwglJ. a mPf cjl jh ttot
cUthfglJ. jk rhuf mogil meho
giHa rlf vGjgoUjd. ghfh ef cs nfhf
uhkhaz, kfhghuj fijfis ugF gf
fhzgLwd.
Rkuh kW #hth

ahF u HF MahF xU iz
ghykhf knyah gfg saJ. mF .. IJ Kj
gidjh whLtiu gy J muRf M jd. Rkuh
Uj f wghd J muR $#a vgjhF. VHh
who mJ xU thf, fyhrhu ikakhf fjJ.
d, $#a xU fl rh thg rahf cUbtLJ
irnyu nguurhf f vaJ. mUUj fshd #hth,
gh, nghnah kW fnghoahJ mJ Mf brYaJ.
irnyu Mahsf kfhahd j rkajtf. jeho
nrhHfSlD, tfhs ghyfSlD mtf eYwit
nkbfhoUjd. irnyu mur khw #nahJf tk
ehfgod j klhya mikgjF nrhH mur uh#uh#
nrhH cjfis tHdh. Mdh, mtuJ kf uhn#u
nrhH irnyu muir J fhy ifg itUjh.
d, mtf Ljiy bgwd. .. gbdhwh
whLtiu irnyu nguuR oUjJ.
.. ehfh whonyna #hth xU J muR
WtglJ. kah #hth gF vG bgw klhu vw muR
J rka, fyhrhu ikakhf fjJ. irnyuf d
mjid ifgdh. xgjh whLtiu #hth irnyu
nguuRl izUjJ. d LjiyailjJ. irnyu
M #hth fiyJiw fG bgh bgW
saJ.

170

.. 750 - 850 MLfSilna irnyufsh flgl

nghnuh njh-#hth fiyia btgLJ dkhf
fwJ. xU FJ mJ mikJsJ. m xgJ jsf
csd. jiy c k
totyhd

cUthf
gLsJ. mYs gofLf 2000
a fgf csd. j
thif
rgtfis
mit
jwd. gF myfhu
ntiyghLfSlD,
nkgF
nghnuh
gf csd. f
idd
tofgl fha vW nghnuh
gf nghwgLwd. cy fwj mjkhd j
mJthF.
gulh who HF #hth gF fh
efiu jiyefuhf bfhL #hth muR vG bgwJ. #hth
ggho bghfhy vW fUjgL g_W, gdhfh
whLf #hth nguu jiyefuhf k#hgh saJ.
a fiy yaK ntbwY fhzKoahj msF
mF ts bgwd. Wfzfhd nfhf ijfS,
tlbkh Xiy RtofS W #hth fhzgLwd.
uhkhazK, kfhghujK W kfilna brthF bgW
fwd. bghkyhl fiy ika fUjhf sFwd.
k#hgh nahL #hth fiyJiw eltoiff
KoF tjd.
gh

Mwh who gh J muR Fyf fLgho

tjJ. VHh who mF j rka guUjJ vd
FLsh. mFs fbtLf kW brngLf
af mF brW Fonaaij FLwd. d,
gh #hth mu fLgho tjJ. WTl gh kf
J fshfnt fwd. #hKiw gw gLtUwJ.
171

kh dhf

ahk

jnghJ ahk vwiHfgL gkhF

ahF ilyhd cw mnrhf fhyUnj
bjhlFwJ. j rkaij gutjfhf mnrhf gkhF
FGfis mDitjh. gkh gy J muRf M
Jsd. g_wh whL tiu gh tlbkh
gkh bkhfshf Ujd. ga kf kfhahd, A&dahd
j rka fis gd.
knya gfg, njhdh Ma gFf ljl
1500 MLf J murf MJsd. a
rkafS gghL mF thj kfilna gu ehff
cF mtfis L brwd.

I.

rahd ilia nj brf.

1.

ehfgod irnyuf klhya mikf cja

nrhH mur

2.

m. #ahya

M. uh#uh#

. FnyhJf

<. uhn#u

Rkuh Uj J muR
m. fhngh#

M. $#a

. rgh

<. mdh

II.

nfhol lij uf.

fw milf

1.

yhrh efiu Wat .........

j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhlJ.

2.

HF #hth jiyef .........

1.

ka Mah ah jhf.

III.

bghUJf.

2.

ahF dhF ilna gghL

bjhlf.

1.

mfh th nfh

m. irnyuf

2.

nghnuh

M. yif

3.

ah yif

3.

ah

. bjF mdh

4.

bj Hfha ehLfY njhdhY

a gghL guj.

4.

rgh

IV.

rahd brhbwhliu bj brf. xW kLnk

rahdJ.

m.

njh-#hth fiy wj d nghnuh.

M.

nghnuh xU itzt Mya.

irnyuf irtf.

<.

uhkhaz fhf nghnuh tofgLsd.

5.

bjHfhah J nfhf - fol fiy.

172

<. ulh Natk

173

V.

tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf.

1.

rgh Kj J muir Wat $khw.

2.

gh muR j rka jhfij bgwJ.

VI.

W F tiuf (VnjD _W Ff)

1.

mfhth

2.

nghnuh

3.

ah-ahk gghL cwf

4.

ah gh

VII.

FWa il jUf (100 thijf)

1.

ah - dh ilna ya gghL bjhlfis

t.

2.

njh - #hth fiy g F tiuf.

VIII.

thd il jUf (200 thijf)

1.

bjHfhah a gghL guaij t.

2.

Ma gFf a ggho jhfij kLf.

ghl - 15
Kija ilfhy ah
fw nehff
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ.
1.

u#f ga RUfkhd tuyhW.

2.

Jit muha ifgajfhd fhuzfS

isfS.

3.

f KfkJ gilbaLf.

4.

nfh KfkJ gilbaLf.

5.

J muRf njhfhd fhuzf.

AuJ kiwF, Rkh IJ whLf tl

ah mua xWik Vgliy. ehL gntW muRfshf
jWL ljnjhL, xUtUbfhUt nghl tz
Ujd. fhZ, fhjhu, J, F#uh, fndh{, M{,
khst, tfhs, m[h Mad tl ahUj Ka
muRf. vlh who KgF fhZ Mf
brYaJ. d, tl ah uAhuf Mf
VgLtiu tfhs ghyf M J tjd. Mdh,
gjh who jfhzij nrj uhZouTlf tl
ah jfsJ nkyhfij gLj KaW njh
fld.
u#u muRf

VG kW vlh whLf vG bgw u#uf

gulh who K gilbaL tiu tikl
fjd. mjF dU, gy u#u muRf l fhy
174

175

iyUjd. K MunghJ, J rkaij

gghil fhJ wtf u#ufnsaht.
u#uf njhw FJ gy fUJf ywd.
ma gilbaLghsf kW a uf Mnah
ttjtf vW fUjgLwJ. ma gilbaLghsf
a kakhfgL a rKjha ulw fyjd.
u#uf ga gy gHfijf fUij Mjgjhf csd.
Mfnt, u#u Fy gntW TWf fyng vW TWyh. fy
kzf _ykhf, bghJthd gHf tHffis g
tjjhY mtf xnu Fykhf cUbtLjd. ngh bjhiy
mtf gw bjhld. UD, tfK
ntshikTl brjd. efuf eilbgw tf kW
brt ts g muha gaf FLsd. gy thj
nfhilfis mtf fo bfhld.
u#u muRf fhyjh KijaJ T#u ufhu
murhF. A ru mj Ka jiyt. uh#jd guj
y gFfis ifga mt kh efiu jiyefuhf
bfhL M brjh. T#uf gy d Ujd. xU
F#uhY, kwJ mtY M jd. tfhs
ghyfSlD, jfhz uhZouTlfSlD mtf
nghld. u#u dnyna uftfshd brsff
M{ M jd. mtf jiywj mur
uAuh#. mt blia ifgdh. vdnt, nfh
KfkJ Kf gilbaLJ tjnghJ brsff
mtfis vbfhs ntoajhW. fhya kbwhU
Ka u#u d gukhuf. mtfsJ wj mur
ngh#. mtuJ nghbtfS gghL gf u#u
tuyh wl bgWsd.
bjhlj
nghf
fhuzkhf
u#uf
tikHjd. nkY, mtf bghJ vF vuhf xUnghJ
mtFJ fiy. mua bjhiynehF mtfl
fhzgliy. cgif nknyhUjikah, mtf K
gilbaLghsfSF vuhf xW nrJ nghl jtd.
176

Jit muha ifgWj (.. 712)

mnuahYs bkfh ef wjJ yh. Wat

KfkJ e. Mdh, bkfh efiu nrj brtjf mtuJ
nghjidfis vjd. vdnt, mt .. 622 M ML
bkdhF brwh. mj MoUJjh K
rfhjkhd uh bjhlFwJ. K ehfho
bjhlFwJ. vL MLfSF wF KfkJ e jdJ
lfSl bkfhF Udh. .. 632 mt kiwjh.
KfkJ e lf fhf nguuir VgLd.
cikaJfS, mghJfS fhf vd miHfgld.
mtf gilbaLf _y jfsJ M gFia gL,
yha rkaij gu tjd. .. 712 M ML cikaJf
mu giljiytuhd KfkJ fh J gFJ
gilbaLjh. J mu Mahsuhd jh vgtUl
fL nghL mtiu njhfoJ bfhwh. J jiyefu
mnuh ifgwglJ. nkY Knda fh Kjhid
ifgdh. J MKiwia fh uikjh. J
thj JfSF f vwiHfgL ghJfhfgL
kf vw ulhju mjJ tHfglJ. UD,
mkf mwhl thif vj jiypL iy.
brhJf VJ gKj bragliy. d, fh
fhdh UaiHfglh.
UD, J muha fLghonyna bjhlJ
UjJ. nkah tikahd uAhu muR M brJ
tjikah, Kfdh ahF jfsJ Mfij
gLjKoaiy. muha Jit ifgaij
bjhlJ, cldoahf K gilbaLf VJ eilbgwiy.
vD a gghL nkiy ehLf gutjF mJ t
tFjJ. gy muha gaf JF tUif jd.
mtf _ykhf a v Kiw InuhghF brwJ.
muhanguu xU gFahf J sajh, ah
m bjhF btehLfSF ntfkhf guaJ.
177

f KfkJ gilbaLf

.. xgjh who Ko
mghJf muR ailjJ. JUa
Mahsf Rju muRfis VgL
bfhld. fh bgausnf Mf
brYdh. mjifa Mahsf
xUtjh fia jiyefuh bfhL
Mj myo. mLJ MF tj
mtuJ kUkf ro tlnkF tahf,
ahit ifgw Udh. b#aghyl
UJ bghtiu mt ifgdh. Mdh
f KfkJ
mtuJ gilbaLf oj isfis
VgLjiy. mLJ MF tjt KfkJ.

KfkJ kJuh efiu Niwahodh. fndh{ J jhFj

bjhLjh. fndhi# L Xoa mj mur uh{a ghy iu
wjh. bgUj bfhis bghUSl frh tahf KfkJ
U brwh. mtuJ mLj gilbaL F#uhF
vuhdjhF. 1024 M ML KjhUJ wgl KfkJ
uh#jdij flJ, nrhy mur Kjyh knjtid
Kaojh.
mth
NiwahlglJ.
d,
nrhkehju ff Mya jhfglJ. Jghiytd
tahf, KfkJ ehL Udh. Jnt, mtuJ fil
gilbaLghF. .. 1030 M ML KfkJ wjh.

mjF KfkJ ah J nkbfhl gilbaLf

ah brt iwj efufis nfhfis jh
bfhisaogijna nehfkhf bfhoUjd. 1018 M ML

f KfkJ btW bfhisfhudhf Ufiy.

Hnf grh Kj nknf fha fl tiu, tlnf
rhkf Kj bjnf F#uh tiu guUj xU bgU
nguuir mt cUthUjh. fnguuR, ghuf,
ouhrhahdh, Mfhjh, grh Ma gFfis
cslajhf UjJ. jiyikgig, Xyhj
ciHig bfhoUj fhuzjh mtuh jifa
rhjidfis bra KojJ. KfkJit yh ehaf vW
ilfhy
tuyhwhaf
nghsd.
fiy,
yaij mt Mjjh. mtuJ mitia myfj
mbgU ff jh-- vw ah ga iy
vGdh. KfkJ, Kjhid grhig ifgajh
ah mua iyik khwf Vgld.
JUafS, MfhafS ahJ bjhlJ
gilbaLf, vj neuY fif rkbttiu brY
thig KfkJ gilbaLf ttFjd. nkY, mtuJ
bjhlj gilbaLfdh, ah bghUshjhu tik
kj ts MwY t nghd. ah vfhy
muaYF J fhf KojJ. magilbaLghfSF
vuhf ah th muzhf wJ J rh murhF.
KfkJ mjid mjh. a viyw ghJfhgW
lglJ. f nguu grh MfhjhD l
bgUjjh mLJ tj K gilbaLghsf g
vjhW.

178

179

f KfkJ (.. 997 - 1030)

f KfkJ ahJ gndG Kiw gilbaLJ

tjh vd TwgLwJ. mfhy tl ah gy J
muRf MUjd. ah viyw, grh Kj
fh tiuyhd gF J rh muR UjJ. fndh{,
F#uh, fhZ, neghs, khst, gnlf nghwit
tlahUj Ka muRf. KfkJ bjhlf
gilbaLig J rh mur b#aghy vbfhlh. 1001
b#aghy Kaofglh. njhailj b#aghy FJ
ciu khJ bfhlh. mLJ MF tj mdjghy
KfkJit vJ nghlh. Mdh, 1008 M ML
bghtUF mUUj J rh mu jiyefuhd it
vw l eilbgw ngh mt njhW nghdh. ngh
mdjghyUF Mjuthf fndh{, uh#jh Mahsf
Ujd. it btF wF KfkJ grh bgU
gFia jkJ M bfhL tjh.

nfh KfkJ

f muRF goUj nfhf, f KfkJ

kiwF wF Rjukiljd. f nguu F
, KfkJ nfh vW miHfgl bkhR KfkJ fia
jkJ fLgho bfhL tjh. f jdJ ghJfhig
cWgLbfhl KfkJ nfh ahJ jdJ
ftdij brYdh. f KfkJitngh myhk, nfh
ahit ifg mF nguuir gLj Udh.
1175 M ML KfkJ nfh Kjhid ifgdh. mLj

gilbaLnghJ J gF KGtij jkJ fLgho

bfhL tjh. 1186 grhig jh FUkh vgtlUJ
grhig ifgdh. grhig mt izJ bfhljh
ry{ e tiu mtuJ nguuR Hnf tiljJ. mLJ
brsff J ngh bjhLgjF J ttFjJ.
jbu ngh (1191 - 1192)

mrij vbfhoUj tlah J murf

Uuh{ brsf jiyik xU Toizit VgLd.
.. 1191 M ML eilbgw Kjyh jbu ngh Uuh{
brsf KfkJ nfhia Kaojh. njhdh, KfkJ
nfh jkF jiyF Vgljhf fUdh. vdnt, jFj
gyo bfhLF nehfJl xU yrJ Ugjhu u
bfhl bgUgilia uodh. mgill KfkJ nfh
bght, Kjh tahf yhTiuailjh. jkJ nkyhikia
VW bfhSgo yha rkaF khLgo
Uuh#DF J mDdh. Mdh, j nfhifia Vf
kWj Uuh{ brsf L gilbaLghsiu vbfhs
Ko brjh. _W yr Fiuf, _whu ahidf,
Vuhskhd fhyhgil ufis bfhl bgUgilia
uodh. gy J murfS, wurfS mtUl
izjd. 1192 M ML eilbgw ulhtJ jiu
ngh KfkJ nfh Uuh#id Wahf KaoJ,
ifg bfhwh.
180

ulhtJ jbu ngh xU

bjthd Koit bfhLj nghuhF.
u#ufSF mJ khbgU njhia
bfhLjJ. mtfsJ mua brthF
rjJ.
brsff
muR
gilbaLghs fhyo ljJ. thW
ah Kj K muR M{
WtglJ. ah xU a rfhj
bjhlaJ. jbu ngh bgw khbgU
btia RkJ, KfkJ nfh fF uh{ brsfh
Udh. ah btbfhl
gFfis giljsg F Igtr L brwh. bl, u
nghw gFfis MuJ bfhl Ig jdJ iyia
tYgL bfhlh. 1193 M ML nfh KfkJ mLj
gilbaL fhd Majfis brJ bfhLjh. gilbaL
fhjthyh mu Mahs b#aruDF vuhdjhF. KfkJ,
b#a ru gilfis jLbghoahdh. rjht nghUF
wF Kf fndh{ ehil ifgd. jbu nghU,
rjht nghU ah JUa M WtgLtjF
ttFjd.
J muRf njhfhd fhuzf

J muRf njhfhd fhuzfis tuyhW ahf

M brj ntL. mtfSilna xwikyhjnj
njhF mogil fhuzkhF. gy mfshf mtf J
ljd. jfSilna nghL bfhoUj u#uf
tikHJ fhzgld. ulhtjhf, gy J muRf
ailJ bfhoUjd. mtfsJ uhQt Kiwf f
gHikahdit. Kf gilfisl ju Fiwjit.
af ahidfisna bgJ eUjd. Mdh
Kf iuthf bryToa Fiugilfis
bfhoUjd. K uf wikY mik Y
cathfnt fhzgld. mtfSUj rka cz, a
brtJ bfhoUj Mir mtfSF bgUj crhf
181

mgjhf Ujd. Jfilna af vw xU

tFd kLnk nghL flikia bgUjd. nkY,
Jf vnghJ jfhfhfnt nghL tHfij
bfhoUjd. J tik Fiwj iy btghlhF.

kh dhf
I.

rahd ilia nj brf.

1.

ulh jbu ngh eilbgw ML

fw milf
jghlUJ khzt mJ bfhlJ.
1.

tl ah u#u muRf ga tuyhW.

2.

Jit muha ifgaJ mj isfS.

3.

ah f KfkJ
fhuzfS isfS.

gilbaLfhd

2.

m. 1190

M. 1191

. 1192

<. 1292

jh-- vw Ma
m. bjs

M. guh

. KfkJ

<. mbgU

II.

nfhol lij uf.

KfkJ fh gilbaLnghJ J mur

4.

nfh KfkJ a gFfis ifgWj.

1.

5.

K gilbaLghsfSbfuhf J muRf
njhwjfhd fhuzf.

2.

ah Kj K muR Wtgl l ..........

III.

bghUJf.

1.

T#u ufhuf

m. fndh{

2.

uh{aghy

M. k

3.

nrhyf

. mnuh

4.

jh

<. mth

IV.

rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xW kLnk

rahdJ.

m.

mtfSilna xWikyhikna J muRf

njhfhd Ka fhuz.

M.

KfSF
vuhf
af
Fiugilfis bgUjd.

K gilbaLfSF vuhf u#uf xWgL

wd.

<.

f KfkJ jkJ a gFfis Ig tr xgiljh.

182

............

183

wikf

ghl - 16

V.

tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf.

1.

nfhf bjhlf
goUjh.

2.

Kj jbu ngh Uuh{ brsf nfh KfkJit

Kaojh.

VI.

W F tiuf (VnjD _W Ff)

fw nehff

1.

KfkJ fh

j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ

2.

ulh jbu ngh

1.

bl Rjha mua tuyhW

3.

T#u uAhuf

2.

moik tr - Ig, JZ, uah, ghg.

4.

mbgU

3.

f - myh rhjidf

VII.

FWa il jUf. (100 thijf)

4.

1.

Jit muha ifgaj isfis kLf.

JsFf - KfkJ Js - mtuJ

eltoiff.

2.

u#u
muRf
btgLJf.

5.

nuh Js M

6.

iraJfS nyhofS

Mahsfl

fhd

fhuzfis

3.

K gilbaLfSF vuhf J
njhailjikfhd fhuzfis Mf.

VIII.

thd il jUf (200 thijf)

1.

f KfkJ gilbaLfis bjhFJ vGJf.

2.

nfh KfkJ gilbaLfis Mf.

bl Rjha

muRf
ahJ Kf ela gilbaLf
isthf blRjha WtglJ. mJ .. 1206 Kj 1526
M MLtiu ojJ. IJ btntW trf- moik, ,
Js, iraJ, nyho-bl Rjhaij M brjd. tl
ah KGtij ifganjhL fhk, mtf
jfhzY bjahY EiHjd. ah
mtfsJ M, r_f, M Jiw kW gghL
iyikf bgUj khwfis VgLd.
moik tr khY tr vW miHfgLwJ. khY
tr vw FM brhYF moik vW bghU. .. 1206 Kj
1290 M MLtiu moik tr bl MjJ.
fhy _W kuf VgLjgld. mit,
1.

184

F Ig Wa F ku (1206 - 1211).
185

2.

JZ Wa Kj gh ku (1211 - 1266)

3.

ghg Wa ulhtJ gh ku (1266 - 1290).

F Ig (1206 - 1211)

nfh KfkJl moikahf Ujt F Ig. nfh

KfkJ mtiu a gFfSF MSeuhf ajh. blF
mUYs uuj vw l Ig jdJ uhQt
iyaij mikJ bfhlh. nfh
thehnyna Ig xU iyahd gilia
uoanjhL, tl ah jkJ
Mfij iygL bfhlh. 1206
M ML nfh wjl, Ig jdJ
Rjuij mJ bfhlh. nfh
muRldhd midJ cwfis JoJ
F Ig
bfhlh. thW, moik trF
bl RjhaF Ig monfhdh. Rjh vw
glij No bfhl mt yhTiu jiyefuhdh. mtuJ
M ehF MLfns ojJ. K vGjhsf Igif
yh gZ vd miHwd. mtfSF jhuskhf bfhilfis
tHajh mthW miHfglh. Ar rh vw wj
mPiu Ig Mjjh. N~Jw Fth#h F gah
vgt bga mt FJdhiu fl bjhldh. d
mJ JZ fhy fo KofglJ. 1210 M ML
Fiu nghnyh isaho <LgoUjnghJ Ig jt GJ
wjh. mLJ mtuJ kf Mu gZ M bghWngwh.
vL khjfSF wF JZ mtiu mfL bl
Rjhdhf gjnawh.
JZ (1211 - 1236)

mtiu Ftha jhjh gjY

mkdh. 1211 JZ Mu gi
uoL
Rjhdhf
gjnawh.
yhTUj jiyefiu mt blF
khdh. mtuJ M Kj gJ
MLf jkJ maizia nghoahs
flUJ ghJfhJ bfhtnyna
fjJ. jil, knfhaf
jiytdhd brfh vW midtuhY
FJdh
miHfgL bjK ka MahJ
gilbaLig bjhlUjh. mF
Fthr Mahsuhd #yhY kfg vgtiu Kaojh.
J eia flJ ahF Xotj kfg
Jl fl nflh. knfhalUJ ahit
fhghWtjfhf kfgF fl bfhLf JZ
kWjh. ey ntisahf, brfh ahF
gilbaLJ tuhk U brwh. JZ ga
wikahd knfha bfhifah, ah brfh
NiwF jaJ.
tfhs, fh J gilbaLj JZ mF jkJ
fLghil cWgL bfhlh. J,
Kjh gFfis bl RjhaJl
izjh. u#uf sfis
xLa mt, uhj, #hnyh, M{,
Ftha nghw muRfis L
ifgdh. khst gukhufSF
vuhf mt nkbfhl gilbaL
gydfiy.

gh Fyij nrjt JZ. vdnt mtuJ muR

Fy gh Fy vdglJ. mtuJ xWl rnfhjufsh
Igl moikahf fglt JZ. Ig jkJ kfis
mtUF Ukz brJitJ kUkfdh bfhlh. d,

JZ wj Mahs. 1229 M
ML fhl UJ mDkguij
brfh
bgW mt ah rl Kiwahd
Mahsuhdh. d jkJ thrhf uah vw jdJ kfis
mt ajh. bl RjhaF gugiu thR Kiwia
thW JZ bjhl itjh. mtuJ M fhy

186

187

ahF tj mPfis
N~ Jwfis JZ
Mjjh.
A{-c-uh{,
jh#&, rh c K KfkJ
b#d, kh F Ar, gU
J bt
K <rh nghnwh mtuJ fhy
jhfh ehza
thJ mtuJ mitia myfj
mPf. ah f caj folkhd (238 mo)
FJdhiu foKoj mt M{ mHa kN xiw
fodh. ah muha ehza Kiwia mKfgLat
JZ. 175 uh vilbfhl bt jhfh vw mtuJ
ehza ilfhy ah KGtJ VfglJ. jfhya
%ghF mtuJ bt ehzank mogil vW Twyh. tik
thj ehgJ gil jiytf bfhl ehgkFG xiw
JZ cUthdh.
uah (1236 - 1240)

JZ jdJ j uahit maizF thrhf

aUjh. Mdh bl fh kW th UtU
UDJ nuh vgtiu maiz mkd. Kjh
eilbgw fyfij xLFtjF UD brwh.
mjUzij gagL bfhl uah bl mf
MjunthL maizia ifg bfhlh. ma
moikahd ahT vgtiu Fiu gil jiytdhf
ajh. MQil jJ murit uah mkjh.
ntilF brtJ, gilelJtJ cl brafY uah
<Lglh. jid fL JUa caFod btFld. 1240
M ML mah vw golh MSe uahbfuhf
sLglh. uah jhnd gilel brW sia
eRf Kglh. Mdh, mah ahTij bfhW uahit
iwgLdh. jil JUa caFod J
kbwhU kfdhd gu vgtiu maiz mkd.
iwUj uah mah mig bgW mtuJ
JiznahL bl neh brwh. Mdh, uah
njhfofgL bfhyglh.
188

uah ehgk FG vGF ttFjJ.

mLj MW MLf gu kW kN UtU blia
Mld. RjhfSF caFodUFilna rf
njhd. 1246 ghg J isa kfdhd eU
KfkJit Rjhdhf ajh.
ghgdJ Mfhy (1246 - 1287)

cYfh vwiHfgl ghg Rjh eU

KfkJ eha myJ muruahf braglh. jdJ kfis
RjhDF kzKoJ bfhLJ mtuJ tikia bgU
bfhlh. MJiwia ghg jkJ fLgho
itUjh. UD murit mtUF gyj v
UjJ. mtiw mt rhkakhf Kaojh. 1266 eU
KfkJ thR VJ wJlnt ghg maiznadh.
mur uahf bragl mDgt ghgDF bl
Rjha uidfis Jbfhs VJthW. ehgk
FGUj caFodnu jkF vf vgij mt
czUjh. Rjh mfhuij, kig TLtj
_ynk uirfSF fhz Ko vd mt edh. ghgdJ
fUJgo mur iwtdJ H nghwt, iwtdh F
mD itfglt. vdnt, ghg ukhd murit
eilKiwfis mKfgLdh. Rjh K koL tz
fhiybjhL KjLj vw tHfij gw brjh.
jdh, ca Fodiul Rjh cajt vgJ
czjglJ. jdJ brtij tikia caFodUF
kfSF vLJfhL j enuh vw ghuf
UHhit Mlgukhf mt bfhlhodh. JUa
caFod ey ehLgtuhf mt fjh. w caFodUl
mfhuij gJ bfhs jahuhf iy. a KfSF
murhf Ka gjfis mt tHfiy. caFod
eltoiffis ffhgjF xwfis ghg ajh.
JUa caFod l bgUj ehgk FGit
xf mt Kobrjh. jdF gojtfis kL
189

LL wiu xJ fodh. gJth khfhz MSeuhd

kh gg vgtiu mtuJ gahsfis JWdh vw
fhuzfhf bghJ l itJ rfo bfhLjh.
mnah MSeuhd nAgfh FonghijUjtid
bfhwh vw fhuzJfhf jojh. golh MSe
bfh itJ bfhyglh. ghg jdJ muir
gLJtjF g rl xGif iyehLtnyna mf
ftd brYdh. th m vw uhQt Jiwia VgL
uhQt thfij uikjh. nktho vw bfhisafsh
bl wef gFf mofo Niwahlgld. ghg
mtfSbfuhf fL eltoif vLJ bfhisfis
jLjh. bfhisaf <uf bfhygld. jdh
gaz brnthUF rhiyf ghJfhfjhf fjd.

kd giljt. ghg kUkfdhd kh r{#& vgtiu

fhuh MSeuhf bjhlJ Uf mt mDkjh. mtuJ
jhuskdij r{#& jtwhf J bfhlh. r{#& fyf
wanghJ, fyfij xLa #yhY mtiu kf
brjh. jff ehil bfhisaoJ tjd. mtfis
ifga Rjh vrJ, kJ, Ljiy brjh. 1292 kh
r{#& ulh Kiwahf sLglnghJ mtiu L,
jdJ kUkf myh ia fhuh MSeuhf ajh.
1296 myh njtJ gilbaLJ Vuhskhd
brtJl fhuh Udh. mnghJ mtUF mfgl
tunt fyJ bfhl khkdhU RjhDkhd #yhY ia
rbrJ bfhWL myh bl maiza
ifgdh.

1279 M ML tfhs MSe Jfh ghgDF

vuhf s <Lglh. ms xLfgL mtuJ jiy
JofglJ. tlnkF ah knfhaf L
gilbaLJ tjd. ghg jdJ kf stru KfkJ
jiyikyhd gilfis knfhaUbfuhf mD itjh.
Mdh, KfkJ ngh bfhyglh. f ghgDF
Jauij bfhLjJ. 1287 ghg wjh. bl
Rjha vGF ghg Ma gF kfjhdJ.
Koah tikia mt bgUdh. UD knfha
gilbaLfUJ ahit mtuh KGikahf fhghw
Koaiy.

myh (1296 - 1316)

ah K nguuR mj crflij bjhlJ

f M fhyjh. trij Wat
#yhY . MF tjnghJ mtUF taJ vGgJ. fUiz

blF tj myh jik

btWj
caFodUF,
bl
mfSF Vuhskhd brtij th
bfhLJ mtfis jgf rhJ
bfhlh. va vghsfis fLikahf
jojh. caFod eltoiffis
xGF gLJtjF mt Kiwfis
tFjh. mtflUj mstw brt,
caFodUilna fhzgL kz
cwf, wikaw xwKiw, kJ mUJj
myh
nghwitna sfSF mogil
fhuzf vW myh fUdh. vdnt, mt ehF
mtru Mizfis wjh. caFod brhJf gKj
bragld. xwKiwia brikahf uikjh. ca Fod
ufa eltoiff midJ cldoahf Rjh ftdF
tUgo brjh. kJ gid, nghij kUJ jil bragld.
Rjh mDk HhfS nfiffS elJtjF
jilfgld. jifa fL eltoiffdh mtuJ M
fhy sf jfgld.

190

191

ghg kiwjl mtuJ nguf xUtuhd ifFgh

bl Rjhdhf afglh. mtdJ ehF tUlfhy
wikaw MF 1290 M ML bl maizia
#yhY ifgdh.
tr (1290 - 1320)

myh Ujf

myh
nguuR

fh
bght

Kjh
mnah

bl

mthuh

uahif

f
tfhs

bjsyjhgh
mu fl

thuf
tfhs Flh

Jthu rKu

kJiu
a bgUfl

192

myh iyahd bgUgilia itUjh.

gilufSF Ca muR fUyUJ gzkhf
brYjglJ. bgZlh TWgo myh 4,75,000
Fiu ufis g mkUjh. FiufSF jh
vdgL NLnghL Kiwia mt mKfgLdh. A&ah
vw gil uf goaY jahfglJ. mfgr wikia
cWgLJ bghUL, uhQt mik mtnghJ
UaikfglJ.
gil ufSF Ca gzkhf mfgljh
bghUf iyfis xGFgLj ntoajhW. jdh
mfho Ujfis myh nkbfhlh. bl
mt ehF jj mfhofis Wdh - 1. jhaf
2. Jkf, rfiu, cyj gHf, vbz tiff
3. Fiuf, moikf, ML khLf 4. gyjkhd bghUf.
xbthU mfho rAhdh--ko vw ca mfh
fLgho braglJ. jhaf jFjil ilF
j muR jha lFf ngha U itfglJ.
midJ tif bghUfSF iy za brJ mf
btlgld. mjbfd th ahr vw jJiw xW
VgLjglJ. eha--ahr vw mfh mJiw
braglJ.
xbthU
tfU
mJiw
g
brUfntL. j mfhof bragL j g RjhDF
ufa miffis mDtjF Kahf vw ufa
Kftf Ujd. gntW bghUf iy kW vilia
rghgjF Rjh jdJ moik Wtfis mfhofSF
mD bghUfis thtu brtJ tHf. mfho
Kiwfis gwhjtfSF fLikahd jlidf
tHfgld. filfhu mf iyF whnyh, vil Fiwthf
Ujhnyh fLikahd jlid fglJ. gr fhyfTl
xnu iy vgJ cW braglJ. bl eilKiwUj
mfho Kiwf khfhz jiyefufY, w efufY
eilKiwgLjgljh vW bjaiy.
193

mfho Ujf ju ytUth thfY

myh ftd brYdh. y msitF VghL brj
KjyhtJ bl Rjh mtnu. bgU yRthjhfS yt
brYJtUJ jg Koaiy. gilufSF Ca tHf
trahf, yt bgUghY gzkhfnt tNfglJ.
tUfhy bh, mg nghnwh nkbfhl ytUth
UjfSF mt Kndhoahf fjh.
gilbaLf

knfhaUbfuhf myh MWKiw gilfis

mD itjh. Mdh, _whtJ gilbaLnghJ
knfha jiyt Fth#h bltiu Knddh. UD
jiyefUF EiHahk jLfglh.
mLj gilbaLf _Y knfhaf
Mu fz bfhygld. tlnkF
viyw nfhilf flgld. mF
ghJfhfhd gilf W itfgld.

myh jfhz
gilbaL bja btfS
Fljfit. bj ehF Ka
muRf Ujd. njt ahjtf,
thuf fhfaf, Jthu rKu
nAhrsf kW kJiu ghoaf.
njt mur uhkru njtUF vuhf
kh fhiu myh mD
miy jthrh
itjh. mogj mehL mur
Vuhskhd brtij iwahf brYdh. 1309 kh fh
thufJ gilbaLjh. mj mur ujhg Uunjt
Kaofglh. Vuhskhd brt ifgwglJ. kh fh
mLj yF Jthu rKu mur _wh utyhs. mtD
njhfofgL bgUj brt ifgwgL blF mD
itfglJ. kh fh d kJiuJ gilbaLjh. jiyef
kJiuiaL ughoa jnahodh. fh bgU brtij
ifg vLJ bfhL bl Udh.

F#uh, nkth, jfhz Mat

J myh nkbfhl gilbaL
f Fljfit. 1299 Eufh,
cYfh Utiu F#uhij ifgWgo
mDitjh. kdU mtuJ kfS
jl nghY, mu kL ifJ
uh g
bragL blF mD itfglh.
F#uh gilbaLnghJjh fh vw m ifgwgL
blF bfhL bryglh. mtDF kh eha gj
tHfglJ. 1301 myh uhjUF vuhf ngh
bjhLjh. _W khj KWifF mJ jJ. u#u
bgf #A vw tHfgo FJ khld.
myh mLj yF . uh#jh tikahd muR
mJ. uh#h ujF mtdJ ufS uJl nghld.
Mdh mogjd. uh g cl u#u kf
Fjd. g fijia gkht vw b#a mHfhf
ssh.

1316 myh wjh. mt vGjyhjtuhf

Uj nghY, m FU, m Ahr nghw fPfis
Mjjh. a jiyef kW fthj EiHthyhd
miy jthrh vw folij mt fodh. myh
ia bjhlJ Kghu h, FUh UtU MF
tjd. g MSeuhd fh kh, FUhit
bfhWL 1320 ahR Js vw glJl bl
maiznadh.

194

195

Js tr (1320 - 1414)

ahR Js trij Wat. mt jdJ kf

dhfh vgtiu thufYbfuhf gill mD
itjh. ujhgUuid KaoJ bgU bghUSl dhfh
ehL Ual jdJ jijia r brJ bfhWL 1325
M ML KfkJ Js vw glJl maiznadh.
ahR jdJ M fhy blF mU Jsfhgh
efUF monfhdh.

KfkJ Js (1325 - 1351)

ilfhy a tuyh jwghd Fz

bfhltuhf KfkJ Js sdh. mtuJ nguthf
lfS a gnrhjidfS bgU njhailjd.
Vbd mit mfhyF xthUjd. rka tfhuf
r jiklndna mt elJ bfhlh. vJ, dh, <uh
nghw bjhiyu ehLfSl mt mua cwfis
itUjh. gntW ey gaF jhus Ujfis mt
mKfgLdh. Mdh, mtuJ midJ UjfS
njhnyna Kojd. mtuJ rkfhy vGjhsfshd <rh,
guh, g gjh nghwtfTl Js MSik FJ
bjthf Fliy. Mdh, wj ya, rka kW
jJt f nff nj bgUj xnu bl Rjh
KfkJ Js.
jiyef khw

KfkJ Js, njtia jdJ ulhtJ jiyefuhf

Udh. bjahJ fLghil cWgLJtnj mtuJ
nehf. 1327 M ML mjfhd thd VghLfis
nkbfhlh. murit, cnykhf, N~Jwf blUJ
l bgatjF Majf nkbfhsgld. njtF,
bjsyjhgh vW bgalglJ. a jiyefUF bry
kWjtfJ Rjh fLikahd eltoiffis vLjh.
jdh, bl kf bgU JgfSfshd. U
lfSF ilgl u 1500 nyh lfshF. nfhil
fhy nkbfhl fLikahd gaz gyiu g bfhlJ.
uL MLfSFwF Rjh bjsyhjhghij ifL,
L midtiu blF
UkhW gjh.
milahs ehza

MLf KfkJ
Js milahs ehzaij
1329 - 30

196

KfkJ Js
br ehzaf

mKfgLdh. gdhfh who cyf KGtJ

btF jLghL VglJ. milahs ehza vgJ ajy.
Vfdnt dh Fshfh fhj gzij btoUjh.
mnj Kiwjh, Js bt jhfh ehzafSF g
br ehzafis btlh. Mdh, ngh ehzafis
jilbra mt eltoif vLfiy. bghbfhyf bgUj
ms ngh ehzafis cg brjd. jdh,
mfhof a ehzafis thf kWjd. Wahf, KfkJ
Js milahs ehza btLtij WL, br
ehzafis bt ehzafshf muR fUy kh
bfhsyh vd mjh. jdh fUy fhahW.
guh TWgo Jsfhgh bjUf br ehzaf
Fa Fayhf fhzgld.
njh M gF t

Rjh eilKiwgLa uL lfS

gLnjhailjd. mtuJ bfsut ghfglnjhL,
fY VglJ. vdnt, KfkJ Js njhM gF
Foahdtf ytia cadh. (njh M vgJ fif aKid efSF ilgl ygFahF). mnghJ, bfhoa
grK mgF jiy jhoaJ. vdnt, t Rikia
jhfkhlhj Foahdtf yfis LL Xl
bjhldhf. Mdh KfkJ Js mtfis ifg
fLikahf jojh. fytu xLfglJ.
ntsh Ujf

thuz eltoif tHFtJ, ntshikia

KndWtJnk uidF thf Uf Ko vgij Rjh
jhkjkhfnt czjh. Foahdtf ijf thf
ntshikia bgUf jfh flf tHF lij
Rjh mjh. th nfh vw ntshJiw xiw
mt VgLdh. vGgJ yr %gh muR bry 64 rJu ik
gu kh giz xiw mt cUthdh. l
nuh Js fhy nkY gLjglJ.
197

sf

KfkJ Js M gF caFodU
khfhz MSefS gntW lf sf <Lgld.
kJiu Ar h s brJ Rju kJiu Rjhaij
Wdh. 1336 #aefu nguuR njhWfglJ. 1347
gh muR WtglJ. mnah, Kjh, J Mat
MSefS sf <Lgld. F#uh j
nkbfhoUj sia mlf brw KfkJ Js
_W MLf mtid uLt brytjh. jdh,
nehthgl mt 1351 wjh. kflUJ RjhD,
RjhlUJ kfS Ljiy bgwjhf gbjs
FLsh. guh vw vGjhs mtiu Kuf bkhj
fyit vW kLsh. bl Rjha mtuJ M
fhyUJ ma bjhlaJ.
nuh Js (1351 - 1388)
1351

KfkJ Js kiwj nuh Jsif

caFod bl Rjhdhf mku itjd. bjYF uhkz
Kkhd fh--#Ah kgh vgtiu th (Kjyikr)
gjF nuh Js ajh. mtuJ Mnyhridgo Rjh
M el Rjha bgUikia ghJfhjh.
gilbaLf

bl Rjha jlhk fhghWtnj nuh

Js jiyaha flikahf UjJ. jfhzY bj
ahY Rjhaij gLJtijl, tlah mj
Mfij iyWjnt Kajh. tfhsbfuhf mt
nkbfhl uL gilbaLfS bt Koaiy. bl
Rjha oUJ tfhs eGaJ. #{ef (jfhy
xrh) J gilbaLJ brw nuh h bgU brtJl
Udh. ehf nfhJ gilbaLJ mj Mahsiu iw
brYJgo brjh. mgilbaLnghJ #htyK Mya
yfUj 1300 tlbkh Rtofis bfhL tjh. mtiw
198

ghuf bkh bkh bgaf brjh. d, J

gFUj jlh vw l eilbgw sia xLdh.
M Jiw Ujf

nuh Js M gntW M Jiw

Ujf nkbfhsgld. M elJt cnykhf
Mnyhridgo elJ bfhlh. caFodiu Mjj mt,
mtf jfsJ brhJfis gugiu thRfSF tHf
mDkjh. jh Kiw L bfhL tuglJ.
thRfSF mit brWnru ttFfglJ. yha
rlgo mt tfis jh.
K myhjtfJ ah t flha fglJ.
ghrd t j Kj Rjh mtnu. mnjrka
ghrdJfhf gy fhthfis zWfis mikJ
bfhLjh. ry{Kj Ah tiu 200 nyhl sF
mikfgl fhthna mt f skhdjhF. aKdh Kj
[h tiu kbwhU fhth btlglJ. bl mij
RUj Rkh 1200 gHnjhlfUJ muRF ey
tUth iljJ. yha rl l iy vgjh 28
bghUfJ fgoUj w tfis Rjh uJ
brjh. ffhdhf vwiHfgl mukidF
njitahd bghUfis cg br bjhrhiyfis mt
VgLdh. mt Mufzfhd moikf ntiy
brjd. mtuJ M fhy KWF nkgl efuf
Wtgld. bl brnfhilF mUnf mikfgl
nuhrhgh efu f fJ. mJ jfhy nuh h nfhyh
vdgLwJ. kh kN, FJdh nghw giHa dfis
mt brglh.
mdhijf kW ifbgf eyDfhf th ifu
vw a Jiw xW cUthfglJ. ytr kUJtkidfS,
ViH KfSF Ukz Mnyhrid ikafS
VgLjgld. guh, m nghw mPfis nuh Js
Mjjh. cnyhkhf ngir kJ elj mt ah
199

Kfis, N~ Jwfis rka r jikl

elj jtdh. Jfis ulh ju Fokfshfnt fU
ah tia flhakhdh.
jko mt tUfhy fj nyho, muf
MnahUF tfhoahf fjh. njhfofgl ufis
moikfshajh, mtuJ MnghJ moikf
vif xU yrJ vgjhuij jhoaJ. 1388
nuh wjnghJ, RjhDF caFodUFilyhd
rf L jiybaLjd. nuh Js cUtha
moikf sia mtUF tj Mahsf
vbfhs ntoajhW.
mLj y MLf bl Rjha ijjJ. khst,
F#uh nghw khfhzf Ljiyia mJ bfhld. 1398
M ML eilbgw ij_ gilbaL iyikia nkY
nkhrkhaJ. blF ij_ EiHjnghJ vgjF
vtUiy. _W ehf blia Niwahoa ij_
Mufzfhd kfis bfhW Vuhskhd brtij
bfhislh. 1399 mt ahit lfwh. ij_
gilbaL Js tr MF ngoahf mikjJ.
iraJf (1414 - 1451)

nyho Mahsf _t fj nyhona (1489 - 1517)

fft. fh KGtij mt jkJ fLgho
bfhLtjh. gy u#u jiytfS mtuh Kaof
gld. tfhsij jh mj Mahsiu moga brjh.
grh Kj fh tiu jkJ muir fj nyho gLdh.
mt wj MahsUTl. rhiyf gy mikfgld. ghrd
trf nkgLjgld. jifa eFzf thj mt xU
rka btauhf Ujh. JfJ gntW fLghLfis
jh. UD, nyho Rjhf tik mfhuK bgW
fjt mtnu.
fj nyhoF wF MF tj mtuJ _j kf
uh nyho Mztft. muritnyna caFodiu mt
mtkjh. fyf brjtf bfhygld. mtuJ wgh
myh fyf <Lglh. grh MSeuhf Uj
bjsyfh nyho uh nyhoah mtkfglh. kd
btWj bjsyfh nyho ahJ gilbaLJ tUgo ghgUF
miH Ljh. blF vuhf gilbaLJ tj ghg 1526 M
ML ghgL ngh uh nyhoia KaoJ bfhwh.
Mfhaf muR vGg IJ MLfns ojJ.
fw milf

ij_ ahit L brYK, fh vgtiu

Kjh MSeuhf aUjh. 1414 fh blia
ifg iraJ kuig njhWjh. bl Rjhaij L
iygLj mt Kawh. Mdh Koaiy. 1421 mt
kiwj mtuJ jt Kghu h MF tjh. mLJ
MF tj KfkJ h jkbfuhd rfis Kaognyna
fhy fjh. mikr gY nyho Mia ojh.

j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhlJ.

1.
2.
3.

nyhof (1451 - 1526)

iraJfis mLJ MF tj nyhof Mfhaf.

bl Kj Mfha Mahs gY nyho. mtUF
K M brj midtU JUaf. 1489 mt kiwj
mtuJ kf fj nyho MF tjh.
200

4.
5.
6.

Kj 1526 tiu bl Rjha mua

tuyhW.
moik tr Rjhf - Ig, JZ, uah,
ghg - mtfsJ rhjidf.
ku - myh ngh btfS,
UjfS.
Js ku - KfkJ Js rhjidf
MJiw eltoiff.
nuh JsF mtuJ M.
iraJf, nyhof, bl Rjha M.

1206

201

kh dhf
I.

rahd ilia nj brf.

1.

jhfh vw muha ehza Kiwia ah

mKfgLat

2.

m. myh

M. JZ

. KfkJ Js

<. nuh Js

myh fhy bja gilbaLF

jsgahf Ujt
m. myh

M. F Ig

. kh fh

<. #yhY

II.

nfhol lfis uf.

1.

uhkru njt ............ Mahs.

2.

gkht vw Ma ...........

3.

#htyK Mya yfUJ tlbkh Rtofis

vLJ brwt ..........

4.

bl Rjhad fil Mahs ..........

III.

bghUJf.

1.

KfkJ Js

m. mur gj Fj fUJ

2.

myh

M. Ar rh

3.

ghg

. mfho Ujf

4.

F Ig

<. milahs ehza

202

IV.

rahd brhbwhliu bj brf. xW kLnk

rahdJ.

m.

myh th--nfh vw ntsh Jiwia

Wdh.

M.

miy jthrh EiHthiy foat KfkJ Js.

mdhijfSF ifbgfSF Mjutf thfu

vw a Jiwia nuh Js VgLdh.

<.

ca
Fodiu,
kfis
tfgjfhf
ghufUHhthd besu UHhit JZ
mKfgLdh.

V.

tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf.

1.

tfhs MSe Jfh ghgDF vuhf s

<Lglh.

2.

m FU nghw ytfis nuh Js Mjjh.

3.

ghgiu ahJ gilbaLFgo bjsyfh nyho

miH Ljh.

VI.

W F vGJf. (VnjD _W Ff)

1.

uah

2.

ehgk FG

3.

milahs ehza

4.

iraJ fh

5.

nyhof

VII.

FWa il jUf. (100 thijf)

1.

F Ig rhjidfis kLf.

2.

myh mfho Ujfis Mf.

3.

kh fh bja gilbaL g F vGJf.

203

VIII.

thd il jUf. (200 thijf)

1.

J rhjidf g xU kL jUf.

2.

ghg M kW mur gj Fj mtuJ fUij Mf.

3.

KfkJ Js MSikia kLf.

4.

nuh Js Ujf g fLiu tiuf.

ghl - 17
bl Rjha ah
fw nehff
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ
1.

bl Rjha MKiw

2.

bl Rjha bghUshjhu

3.

r_f thif

4.

fiy, fol fiy

5.

ya ts

bl Rjha WtgL, eF tiljnghJ

tik, wik f M Kiw tsu bjhlaJ. bl
Rjha mj cr fl UjnghJ mj Mf
bjnf kJiu tiu UjJ. bl Rjha ailj
wFTl, mj M Kiw TWf uha muRfY. d
Kfyha M KiwY fhzgld.
yha rkaij mogilahf bfhl xU yha
murhf bl Rjha saJ. bl Rjhf jfis
fhf ufshf fU bfhld. Fgh vw tghL
rlnghJ, ehzafY fh bga l bgwJ.
ghg jik fl H vW T bfhlhY,
ehzaf fh bgaiu bghf jtwiy. JZ,
KfkJ Js, nuh Js Mnah fhlUJ
mDk fojfis bgwd.
M Kiw Rjh gj f KaJt thjJ.
uhQt, rl kW mua eltoiff mtnu W
204

205

Kofis vLjh. mfhy bjthd thRik Kiw

fhzgliy. midJ MkfS maizF
nghold. J Z jdJ jtfis LL kf
uahit jdJ thrhf ajh. Mdh, thRfS,
thRfhd adfS caFod xjiy bgw
ntoUjJ. maizF thRfis ag y rkaf
cnykhfS Ka gF tjd. UD, uhQt tikna,
thRik nghonghJ Ka fhuahf UjJ.
ka murhf

M Jiw RjhDF cjahf gntW JiwfS

mfhfS Ujd. eha vw gj Fj
mfhuKsjhF. Rjhid nghy midJ mfhufis
bgW sa eha midJ Jiwfis jkJ bghJthd
fLgho itUjh. mtUF mLj iy th
rhu vw JiwF bghWghd th vw mfh
Ujh.
uhQt Jiw th m vd miHfglJ. m-Kkh vw mfh mj jiyt. gilufis nrgJ,
uhQtJiwia tgJ mtuJ bghWghF. mt gil
jsg my vgij FlntL. Rjhnd gilF jsg
Mth. ghg M fhyjh gilJiw cUthfglJ.
gil vif _W yrij jhoa myh
M fhy mJiw nkY gLjglJ. FiufSF
NLnghL Kiwia, ufSfhd Caij gzkhf tHF
Kiwia myh mKfgLdh. bl
Rjha Fiu gilF KaJt mfglJ.
th rhy vgJ rka tfhuf Jiw. mj jiyt
rj vw mfh. kNf, fyiwf kW kjurhf
fLtjF, guhkgjF mj Jiw khafis tHaJ.
Jiw jiytuhf jiyik fh Ujh. Rjha
gntW gFfY fhf myJ gf af
goUjd. cika Fj tHFf yha j eg
206

rl myJ hah gwglJ. JfSF mtfsJ

j rl tHUjJ. mtfsJ tHFfis bgUghY uhk
grhaJfns J itjd. d rlfis
bghWjtiu, mtnghJ Rjhf btL MizfS,
KiwfS rlfshf gwgld. th h vgJ
nghFtuJ Jiw. MahsUF mfhfSF
ilyhd foj nghFtuJfis mJ ftJ tjJ.
csh thf

bl Rjha khfhzf jhf vdgld.

bjhlf mit caFod fLgho Ujd. Mdh,
khfhz MSef Kf myJ th vW miHfgld.
rl, xGif guhkgJ, yt tNgJ mtfsJ Ka
gahF. khfhzf xbthW jh vw
khtlfshf, jh xbthW gy gfhdhfshf
fgoUjd. jh Mahs vdglh. gfhdh
xbthY gy uhkf Ujd. uhk jiyt m.
M mogil myF uhk. uhk fzf gth
vgtuhth.
bghUshjhu

ah jfsJ Mia xUizj wF, bl

Rjhf y tUth thf Ujfis bfhL
tjd. yf _W tiffshf fgld.
1.

jh - mfhfSF CaF gyhf mfgl

khaf.

2.

fhrh - Rjh neuo thf Uj yf.

mUJ bgwgl tUth murit brydfSF
gagLjglJ.

3.

dh - rka jiytfSF - rka WtdfSF

tHfgl yf.

207

bghJthf isr _ xU gif Foahdtf

tahf brYd. y rka isr rghTl
tNfglJ. ntW gy tfis mtf fl ntoUj
jh tWik iwj thifiana mtf thH ntoajhW.
mofo njha grfsh mtfsJ iyik nkY
nkhrkiljJ. UD, KfkJ Js, nuh Js
nghw Rjhf ghrd trfis brJ bfhLJ jfh
flfis tH ntsh cgia bgUf Kajd.
ghF g nfhJik nghw cajuf gfis gLgo
mtf Foahdtfis CFjd. nuh njhl gfis
CFjh. KfkJ Js, th nfh vW jahf xU
ntsh Jiwia VgLdh.
Rjhaf fhy efu kakhf nkY NLojJ.
Vuhskhd bgUefufS, efufS tsailjd. yhT,
Kjh, nuh, mthuh, ybds, bjsyjhgh, bl,
#h vgit mt Fljfit. iH cy bl
fbga efukhf saJ. mfhya thf ts g
rkfhy vGjhsf tJsd. ghuf tisFlh gF,
nkF Mah, bjHF Ma ehLf nghwtWF Vuhskhd
bghUf VWk bragld. Kjhf kW Mfha
Kf flflj thfij fLgLd. F#uh
khthfS, K nghuh tffS cehL thg
wJ sd. rhiyf mikfgL eF guhkfgljh
nghFtuJ br bjhl vikahf Ujd. Fghf, mur
bgUtf ey Kiw Ujd. bgUt jlf gaf
isghWtjfhf
Mfhnf
jF
LfS
mikfgoUjd.

Rjh kW mtuJ FLgF njitahd bghUf

murUF brhjkhd ffhdhf (bjhrhiyf) cg
bragld. jf, btahyhd iyaj bghUfS jf
MguzfS mF cgahd. Rjhfis g
caFodU Mlgu th <Lgld. mtfSF mf
Ca tHfgljh, brtij Vuhskhf nrjd.
bl Rjha M fhy ehza Kiw eF
ts bgwJ. JZ gytifahd bt jhfhfis
btlh. f fhy xU bt jhfh vgJ 48
lhfis bfhljhF. Js M fhy mJ 50
lhfshf UjJ. myh bja
gilbaLF wF, dh vdgL jf ehzaf fbgW
sd. br ehzaf f Fiwthf, njf
fhzgLwd. KfkJ Js milahs ehza Kiwia
gnrhjnjhL jf, bt ehzafis btlh. mit
vL btntW jfrhiyf thfgld. FiwjJ 25
tifgl jf ehzaf mtuh btlgld.
r_f thif

bl Rjha fhy J rKjha mik xUy

khWjf fhzgld. rKjha uhkzf caj l
tj gugiu #hKiw tHfUjJ. kf moikfshfnt
eljgld. r tHfK eilKiwUjJ. ca tf
bgfilna gjh vw Kfiu m tHfK,
jUF tHfK fhzglJ. ah muhaU,
JUaU gjh Kiwia mKfgLd. d,
tlah ca#h J bgfilna mtHf guaJ.

mfhy gU kW gL Jf cg ts
bgwJ. gL G ts ah mKfgLjgljh w
ehLfUJ frhgL wFk brtJ FiwjJ. fhj
cg tsjJ. 14 kW 15 whLfUnj fhj
bgUks gagLjglJ. njh bghUf, cnyhf bghUf,
fgs f nghw w bjhfS eF tsailjd.

Rjha fhy rKjha gntW dfshf J

ljJ. JUa, <uha, Mff, a Kf jj
jgl milahsfis jfitJ bfhld. mtfS
ilna fy kz eilKiw iy. rhUJ
Kfshf khatf rk mjJl eljgliy.
K caFodUF mfgl ca gjf J

208

209

caFodUF kWfgld. Jf f myJ

ghJfhfgl Fof vd fUjgld. mtf ah tia
flha brYj ntoUjJ. bjhlf ytl nrJ
ah t tNfglJ. nuh Js mij jahf J,
#ah tia jahf tNf eltoif vLjh. y rkaf
uhkzfSF ah tUJ yF mfglJ.
fiy, folfiy

bl Rjha fiy, folfiy, a

ghUJ khWgoUjJ.
tisf, Fkhlf, caj
nfhuf myJ dhuLf
muha vGJfshyhd myfhu
totikf
nghwtiw
JUaf mKfgLd.
a f wikfis
mtf
eF
gagL
Fth c yh kN
bfhld.
f,
kr
wfshyhd gF ffis, kzghiwfis gagL
folfis mtf gy tzf mikjd.
bjhlf nfhfis w folfis cilJ
mtiw kNfshf khaikjd. vLJfhllhf, bl
FJdhUF mUYs Fth c yh kN gntW J
kW rkz nfhfis mJ mj bghUfis bfhL
flgljhF. Mdh, d a folfis mtf
fl bjhld. g_wh whil nrj f
uhkhlkhd fol FJdh. mJ Igfh bjhlfgL,
Jh fo KofglJ. vGgbahU l cauKs
mj nfhu N~ Jw F gah fh vgtuJ
idthf vGgglJ. folUJ rW btna lgLs
ghitahs khlf mfhy fol fiy wF rhwhf
fwd. d, FJdhUF myh miy jthrh
vw EiHthiy mikjh. mj Fkhl ma tkhf
cUthfgLsJ.
210

tisfS FkhlfS fyJ flgl fol

mikfis JsFf cUthd. iy FiwthdJ vjhf
ilf ToaJkhd rhg y ghiw ffis mtf
gagLd. ahR Js fhy Jsfhgh mukid
tshf, mjD mikJs mHa V Mad mikfgld.
caj nkilJ ahR fyiwia KfkJ Js
mikjh. blYs nfhyh nfhil nuh Js
gilghF. nyhof fol fiyF vLJ fhlhf
blYs nyho njhlfis Twyh.
ir

rhu, ugh nghw a ir fUf mfhy

mKfgLjgld. nfhuh, rhd nghw gy a uhffis
m FU mKf brjh. J kW <uha Kiwfis
xizJ Fth vw a tif bkirfis mt
cUthdh. jh ir fU mtuJ fLong vW
TWt. nuh Js M fhy uhfjg vw a
ir ghuf bkh bkh bgafglJ. nghj
vw N~Jw mfhya ff irnkijf xUt.
Fthaiu nrj uh#h k wj ira. k
fJf vw ir bjhFfgLtjF mt bgU
Cfkjh.
ya

bl Rjhf f, yaij
ngh tsjd. mtf gy muha
kW ghuf bkhfis negtfshf
Ujd. ghufUJ gy mPf
ahF tjd. Mahsf ghuf
bkhia bgJ CFjd. rkaa,
fij ju tuyhW vGtij mtf bgJ
Mjjd. xUy Rjhf murit
tuyhW mPfS l bgUjd.
Ar rh, A{-c-uh{, ah
211

m FU

guh, A-uh{ m Mnah mfhya ff tuyhW

mPf. Js tr tuyhiw guh, jh nuh h
vw bga vGdh. 1260 ML tiuyhd K mur
Fyf tuyhiw jghf--erh vw bga A{-cuh{ vGdh.
mFU mfhy thj wj ghuf mP.
Vuhskhd ghlfis vGs mt, gntW fij totfis
gnrhJ, rgh-- vw a ghyhd ghuf
fij totij cUthdh. y ghlfis mt
vGsh. m FU myh btfis TW
fhbr-c-~% vw iy vGsh. mtuJ fbgw
yhd Js ehkh ahR Js vGia twJ.
tlbkh, ghuf bkh bl Rjha iz
bkhfshf fjd. tlbkh fijf gytiw ghuf
bkh KjKj bkh bgajt e . JJ ehkh myJ
bkh vw fbgw JU bkhY d gntW
Inuha bkhfY bkh bgafglJ. fhZ mur
b#Dyhg M fhy fAz uh#juia
giljh. gntW kUJt kW ir bjhlghd fS
ghuf bkh bkhahf bgwd.

fw milf
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ.
1.

bl Rjha ka, khfhz M Kiwf.

2.

bl Rjha M kf bghUshjhu
thif.

3.

r_f iy a rKjha K M
jhfK.

4.

bl Rjha fiyfol fiy.

5.

ghuf kW w bkh mPfS mtfsJ

gf.

mg% vGa jh-c- muha bkh

gilfgl fbgw yhF. uha bkhfS mfhy
tsailjd. r guho mfhya wj fP.
tfhs yaK tsailjJ. Eu h kfhghuij
tfhs bkhbgagjF cWJizahf Ujh. F#uh
kW kuh bkhf tstjF g af ttFjJ.
#aefu nguuR bjYF kW fdl bkh yaf
tsF cjaJ.

212

213

kh dhf

V.

tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf.

I.

rahd ilia nj brf.

1.

bl Rjha Jiw th rhu vdglJ.

1.

bl Rjha khfhz MSef vthW

miHfgld?

2.

yhd uhfjg tlbkh bkh bgafglJ.

3.

Jf f vW miHfglJl ah t
brYJkhW flhagLjgld.

VI.

W F vGJf (VnjD _W Ff)

blYs nfhyh nfhilia mikjt

1.

th rhu

m. nuh Js

2.

bl Rjha ehzaf

3.

mkFU

2.

m. jf

M. Kf

. gthf

<. brsf
M. JZ

. myh .

<. fj nyho

II.

nfhol lij uf.

4.

FJdh

1.

bl Rjha gil Jiw .......... vd miHfglJ.

VII.

FWa il jUf. (100 thijf)

2.

nfhuh kW rd nghw a uhffis mKfgLat.

1.

bl Rjha csh thf FJ vGJf.

III.

bghUJf.

2.

bl Rjha bghUshjhu iyia sFf.

1.

A{-c-uh{

m. uh#ju

VIII.

thd il jUf. (200 thijf)

2.

mFU

M. jghf--ehr

1.

bl Rjha MKiwia Mf.

3.

fAz

. jh-c-

2.

bl Rjhf gghL gfig kLf.

4.

mg%

<. rgh--

IV.

rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xW kLnk

rahdJ.

m.

CaF <lhf mfhfSF tHfgl y jh

vdgL.

M.

fhrh y uhk mfhf neuo fLgho

Ujd.

dh vgJ ngh gFbgw ufSF mfgl

y.

<.

th nfh vgJ ytUth JiwahF.

214

215

ghl - 18

N~ af

ilfhy ah g af
fw nehff
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ
1.

ah g af njhwK gujY.

2.

ah N~ af ts

3.

rfu, uhkhD# cl g afjiytf

4.

uhkhdj, f, FUehd - mtfsJ nghjidf

5.

tfhs, kfhuhZou gFf g af

6.

g af KaJt

yha rkaF njha jhuhs Uj afnk

N~ afkhF. ghuf njha N~ af
gbdhwh who ah guaJ. yhTiu nrj
n kh vw Kj N~ Jw jdJ fUJfis gug
bjhldh. ah N~Jwfnyna f ft
Fth#h bkhD . mt M{ j jdJ fUJfis
gutjh. mtuJ lf mikd vW
miHfgld.
kbwhU N~Jwahd fh Ruht vgtuJ
fUJfsh <fglt gfh rfhah. mtuJ lf
Ruht mikid VgLd. mikig nrj
kbwhU N~Jw rhK mah. mt kfilna wj
Mf fUJfis gu tjh. jifa N~Jwfis,
W Tl Kf kLkyhJ Vuhskhd JfS tgL
tUw. mtfsJ fyiwf U tFdU j gaz
nkbfhS lfshf fwd.

VG kW vlh whLf jeho njha g

tghL g Vfdnt mJbfhnlh. irt rka
ehakhfS, itzt MthfS gyt, ghoa, nrhH
M fhyf g czit gudhf. Mdh,
ilfhy a g af jik
ntWgljhF. ah yha rka
guajh Vgl isf gadhf vGjnj
ilfhy g af. xU flbfhif,
rkJt,
rnfhjuJt,
rlFfis
wfj
nghwit
yh
jikfshF. jifa yha fUJf
mfhy rka jiytfilna Mj jhfij
VgLd. nkY, N~JwfS g af
Ujthfshd uhkhdj, f, ehd
Fth#h
nghwtf jidfis jobaGd.
bkhD

iwtid cztjF m gnk wj tf vW

N~fUJf tWJwd. kj Fy J m
fhLtj _ynk flJ m brYj Ko. vdnt, kj
FyF nrit brtj_ynk flSF nritahw Ko vd
N~f ed. fl g mJ bfhs Ra xGf f
tWjglJ. itf Kf w xGfij tWa
ntis, N~f mf xGf gaid vLJiujd.

216

217

rlFfis eUj itf KfSF gyhf

N~f m gnk KF tf vd ciujd. Mf
tsF FU tfhLj Ka vd N~f Td.
rjik mtfsh tWjglJ. ahd,
ebraf, ghtfSF tUJj, tghL elJj,
jgazfis nkbfhSj, jhdfis brj, Jwf
eilKiwfis g Mirfis Jwj nghw fUJfS
N~ Jwfsh vLJiufgld.

jifa itfjikaw jhuhs

fUJf mla N~jJt g
af bgahfilna Mj jhfij
VgLd. fhy, Kfyha nguur
mg N~ nfhghLfis ghuhodh.
mtuJ
rka
nehF
kW
rkabfhiffis mit cUthd.
N~ af ah gu bfhoUj
mnj ntis Jfilna g af
rfu
ntfkhf gu bfhoUjJ. m kW
Matiw
Raey
fythj
g
mogilahf bfhl U affS uL tFd
xWikF ttFjd.
g af

xgjh who rfu J rka kWkyF

L J rkaF xU a khfij fhodh.
nfushYs fhyo wjt rfu. mtuJ nfhghlhd
mitj rhkha kj mF vlToajhf iy.
nkY, mitj nfhghlhd Fz ukF vuhf
rFzuk vw fUJ njhaJ. (Fz uk - fl
Fzhrafswt. rFz uk - fl Fzhafis
cilat.)
gulh who, bridF mU $bgU
wj uhkhD#, jdJ Zlh
itj vw nfhghilgudh. mtuJ
fUJgo fl rFzuk myJ Fzh
rfisilat. gil, gilfgl
bghUfS cikahdit, rfu Taij
nghy khia my vgJ mt thj. vdnt,
fl, Mkh, bghU midJ cik fns.
Mdh fl kdJf csJ. kwit
midJ mtuJ Fzhraf. uhkhD#

uhkhD#

218

ug khfij myJ fl K ru miltij nghjh.

jhjgl kfis itzt rkaij gWgo uhkhD# miH
Ljh.
g_wh who fehlfhit nrj kJt thkh,
gukhkhit csla itj jJtij gudh. mjgo cyf
khia my, cik. fl, Mkh, bghU xbthW wghdJ
bjYfhdh gF ghf, tyghrha itzt gia
gud. tyghrhah tl ah brW mF UZzgia
gudh. mt Nufis jkJ lfshf bfhoUjh.
uhgh wj UZz gijahffjh. mtuJ uhg#f
uh#jh u bgwit. Jsjhr uhkgjuhf sdh.
uhkhaz bkh totkhd uh rkd vw fbgw iy
Jsjhr giljh.
gdhF kW gidjh whLf uhkhdj, f,
ehd Ma _tU g af fshf sd. jkF
Kija bgnahflUJ mtf gzit bgwd.
Mdh, kfSF a tfis fhod. fhyfhykhf
gwgLtj _leiffis blhJ gbeia
filoJ K bgWkhW mtf rhkha kfis nfL
bfhld. Kija fhy Ujthfisnghy, xU Fl
rkaij mtf rhUfiy. rlFfY rujhafY
eif bfhoUfiy. gy fl bfhifia rhoa mtf,
xU fl nfhghil tWd. iy myJ cUt
tghil mtf fjd. g be_ykhf kLnk K
L vW mirfKoahj eifia mtf bfhoUjd.
midJ rkaf mogil xWikia mtf tWd.
uhkhdj

uhkhdj myfhgh wjt. bjhlf mt

uhkhD# luhffjh. d, mtuJ jit W
gdhu, Muh nghw lf jkJ fUJfis gudh. mt
uhkiu tglh. KjKj uha bkh fUJfis
guat mtnu. vikahd tghil mt mKfgLdh.
219

gila rh rlfis jfbjjh. uL g

afF mt mj bfhilfshF. rh Kiwia rhoa
uhkhdj jkJ lfis midJ fYUJ
njbjLjh.
mtuJ Ka lf tUkhW :

m) f - xU K berth
M) uhjhr - brUijF bjhyh
) nrdh - Ko UJgt
<) rhjdh - khr btLgt
c) jdh - #hd Foahdt
C) euA - bghbfhy
v) g - uh#u stur
f

uhkhdj lfnyna fft f. gdhu ef

xU uhkz jitF kfdhf wjh. Mdh xU K
jgduh tsfglh. mtf
berbjhiy brJ tjd. gFj
Mw f mt, J rka kW yha
rka FJ eF mJ bfhlh. J,
K jJtfis mtUF vLJiujt
uhkhdj. J Kfilna xWikia
VgLJtnj f mogil nehfkhf
UjJ. iy tghil foj mt,
fl K kj midtU rk
vWiujh. midJ rkafS xnw
f
vW JfS KfS xnu
fkzh tofgl ghufns vW vLJ Tdh.
uhk, myh UtU mtUF xnw! nfhY kN xnw!
vd tWdh. flJ g brYJtnj KF wj
t vW Tdh. jF a jaij bgUgJl
220

bfhLnfhik, ehzaik, nghntl, flik jtWj

nghwtiw yf ntL vW Tdh. mtuJ lf
fgf vW miHfgld.
FUehd

ilfhy thj kbwhU rkajiyt FUehd.

mt a rkaij Wdh. bjhlf f luhf
sdh.
yhTUF
mUYs
jhtho vw l FUehd wjh.
#h ntWikfis rhoa mt, j
ef uhLtJ nghw rlFfis
fjh. mtuJ rka fUJf
xGfij tWJtjhf, mnj rka
eilKiwF cfjjhf Ujd.
Raey, bghik, ngh ntl nghw
tiw blhFkhW mt kfis nfL
bfhlh. cik, neik, m
Matiw bfhL thifia filoFkhW
tWdh. mRjf iwj y Rjkhf Uf
vgJ mtuJ ff thrff xwhF. J, K
xWikfhfnt mt jdJ thehis mgjh. mtuJ
lf af vW miHfgld.
FUehd

tfhs UZz gia gua irja kbwhU g

be gua Ujth. Jwtw l mt ehblF R jkJ
fUJfis gud. kj rnfhjuJtij mt vLJiujh.
rka, rh mogilyhd ntWghLfis mt rhodh. mig
mikia tWa irja, JggL kfl g
fhodh. Fghf ViHflK tik FnahlK fUiz
fhodh. m, g, Ml, ghl _y flis fhzyh vd
mt edh. midJ tFdiu jkJ lfsh bfhlh.
WTl tfhs irja nghjidfis kf g
tUwd.

221

g_wh who kfhuhZou g afij

guat ehknjt. mtuJ fUJf kfhuhZou jk
vdglJ. gft ijF sf TW PhndZt vw iy
mt vGdh. ntW gy kfhfS ilfhy gbeia
gu tjd. Phdnjt m beia nghjh.
iytghil nuhj Kiwia mt fojh. rh
Kiwia rhodh. gdhwh who thj Vfehj rh
ntWghil rhoanjhL, jhjgl rhdUF fUiz
fhodh. Vuhskhd irghlfis vGsh. mtuJ
g#fS jidfS fbgwit. kuhoa th rk
fhyjtuhd Jfhuh kfhuhZouij nrj kbwhU g
beahs. kuhoa nja njhWtjFa y mtuh
VgLjglJ. r_f ntWghLfis mt vjh.

fw milf
j ghlUJ khztf mJ bfhlit
1.

ilfhy ah gbe njhw - ts

2.

N~jJt - kW Ruhtho mikf

3.

rfu, uhkhD# nghnwh gua bjhlf fhy g

be.

4.

uhkhdj, f, ehd nghnwh nghjidf

5.

tfhs, kfhuhZou g af

6.

g af w

g af w

g af w FljfjhF. gntW
nghjidahsfS jj uha bkhfnyna vG ng
tjd. vdnt, , kuh, tfhs, fdl nghw bkhf
tsailtjF g af CfkjJ. bkhf
thyhf, mtf jfsJ fUJfis neuoahfnt kfSF
vLJ Td. rh Kiwia g af jiytf xUj
Fu rhoajh, jhjgl kf iy catjF g af
ttFjJ.
g af bgfSF rk KaJt mjikah
rKjha mtfsJ iy cau mJ ttFjJ. nkY,
fyw va rka tia g af kfSF vLJTaJ.
flJ u g brYJkhW kf mWjgld.
bfhilFj thif, kj FyF nrit nghw a
fUJf njh tsjd.

222

223

kh dhf

V.

tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf

I.

rahd ilia nj brf

1.

rhK mah, mikig nrjt

1.

uhkhdj f wj l

2.

irja kfhuhZou ff g beahs

m) f

M) uhkjh

3.

uhkhD# jJt Zlhitj vdgLwJ.

) ehknjt

<) irja

VI.

WF vGJf (VnjD _W Ff)

kJt jkJ fUJfis gua bkh

1.

mik

m) j

M) tfhs

2.

uhkhD#

) fdl

<) kuh

3.

FUehd

II.

nfhol lfis uf

4.

1.

M{iu ikakhf bfhL fUJfis gua

N~Jw .....................

VII.

FWa il jUf (100 thijf)

1.

ah N~ jJt guaij t.

ghfU, tyghrhahU jkJ fUJfis .........

gF gud.

2.

ilfhy ah g af wig TWf.

VIII.

thd il jUf (200 thijf)

1.

ilfhy ah g af njh, guaij t

2.
3.

Jfhuh.......... rkafhyjt.

III.

bghUJf

1.

rfu

m) myfhgh

2.

uhkhD#

M) fhyo

3.

ehd

) $ bgU

4.

uhkhdj

<) jhtho

IV.

rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xW kLnk

rahdJ.

m)

tfhs g afij njhWjt Phdnjt

M)

mt vGa Phndt gft ijF sfiuahF.

mt th rkfhyjt

<)

mt FUehd l
224

225

ghl - 19
#aef, gh muRf
fw nehff
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ.

g gjh

ulh
njtuha
$uf
brngLf nghw brngLf #aefu mur
mtfsJ
tnjhwf
kW
rhjidfis TWwd. A oghLfS
w dfS #a efu Mahsf
gghL gfig bt gLJwd.
mtf btLs vzw ehzaf
fhzgL cUtf kW brhbwhlf
UJfis rhjidfis vLJ
TWwd.

1.

#a efunguuR ga rhWf.

2.

#a efu nguu mua tuyhW.

mua tuyhW

3.

M Kiw r_f thif.

4.

bghUshjhu iy kW gghL gf.

5.

gh mu tuyhW.

rfk kuig nrj AAuU fU 1336M ML #a

efuij Wd. Vfdnt, mtf thuf Mahsfshd
fhfafl gahtjd. wF fhF brwd. mF
K gilbaLghsfsh iwgLjgL yha
rkaF khwgld. d, ahua vgt
Kaah J rkaF Ud. jfsJ Rjuij
mJbfhl mtf Jfgiu e bjfiu xU
a efuij Wd. bt efu vw bghUbfhl
#aefu vW mJ tHfglJ.

#a efu nguuR
rhWf

a tuyh #aefu nguu tuyhW xU Ka

lij bgWsJ. ehF kuf - rfk, rhSt, JSt, MuL
- .. 1336 Kj 1672 tiu #a efiu Mjd. ya,
bjha, ehza vd #a efu tuyhWfhd rhWf
gtifgL. UZz njtuha MKj khaj, ffhnj
vGa kJuh#a, myrh bgjzh kDrj
nghwit #aefu rkfhy fshF.
#a efu nguuRF gntW maehL gaf
tUifjd. mtfsJ FfS gaDs rhWfshF.
bkhnuhfh ehil nrj g gjh, bta ga
nfhnyh o nfho, ghufga mJ urh, nghRa
ga nlhnfh ga nghw gaf #a efu fhy r_f
bghUshjhu iyikf g jfsJ gaz Ff
tJsd.
226

nAhrs mu , AAuU fU jfsJ muir

gL bfhtjfhd Kafis vjhaJ. 1346M
ML th nAhrs muRgF KGtJ mtfsJ
fLgho tjJ. #aefuF kJiu RjhaF
ilyhd r ehgjhL fhy ojJ. Fkhu fhgz
kJiugilbaL FJ kJuh#a vw tukhf
TwgLsJ. mt kJiu Rjhaij mjh. jdh,
#a efu nguuR uhnktu cl bjah KGtij
cslajhf tiljJ.
#aefu nguuRF gh muRF ilyhd rY gy
MLf ojd. UZzh, Jfguh efSilyhd
gFahd buN njhM gFia fLgLJtJ, UZzh
227

nfhjht bllh tskhd yfis ifgWtJ

nkhjYF mogil fhuzkhf mikjd. rfk ku wj
mur ulh njtuha. Mdh, mtuhTl gh
Rjhfis KGtJkhf btbfhs ayiy. mtuJ
kiwFwF rfk ku tikHjJ. mLjjhf,
rhSteuk rhSt kuig njhWjh. j ku f
FWa fhynk (1486-1509) MUjJ.
UZz njtuha (1509 - 1530)

ueukuh JSt ku njhWf glJ. #aefu

f wj nguuruhd UZz njtuha JSt kuig nrjt.
mt wj ngh Mw ft. fukhd njhw bfhl mt
mthw
ftuhf
fhzglh.
gilbaLJ tU gh gilfis jLJ
WJtnj mtuJ mnghija Kj flikahf
UjJ. mrka, gh muR kiwJ mF
jfhz Rjhaf WtgoUjd. th
vw l eilbgw ngh UZz
njtuha K gilfis Wahf
Kaojh. jdh, # RjhDl nkhj
UZznjtuha
VglJ. mnghJ # Rjh kh
mo h, UZz njtuha mtiu KaoJ, 1520 buN
efiu ifgdh. d, lh J gilbaLJ mij
ifgdh.
UZznjtuha xrh gilbaL bt KojJ.
f#g ku muruhd ujhgUuid mt KaoJ bjYfhdh
gF KGtij ifgdh. nghRafSl mt
ewitna nkbfhlh. UZznjtuha mitF mf
jdJ Jtfis mDitjh.
UZznjtuha jh itztuhf UjnghY, midJ
rkafis kJ eljh. fiy, ya utyuhf mt
fjh. vdnt Mungh# vW mt miHfglh.

228

mZlf#f vw vL wj mPf mtuJ mitia

myfjd. mtf Kjikahdt myrh bgjzh.
Mufjhjhkf vW mt fHglh. mtuJ Ka gilf
kDrj kW Afjhrhu vgjhF. f Nuzh, bjdh
uhkUZzh UtU wj mPfshffjd.
MKjkhaj vw bjYF bkh iy, #hgt fahz,
chgza vw tlbkh fis UZz njtuha
ash.
bjah bgUghyhd nfhfis mt
brglh. #aefu lyRth kW AruuhkRth
Myafis mt vGdh. jdJ glju ehfyhnj
idthf mt ehfyhu vdw a efiu khjh. nkY,
Vuhskhd uhanfhufis mt fLjh.
UZznjtuha kiwFwF mRjnjt, btfl
Mnah maiznad.
uhkuha Mfhy, #, mfkJef,
nfhbfhlh, lh Ma muRf TLgilf 1565 ML
jiynfhilngh mtiu Kaojd. mngh uh[jhfo
vW miHfgLwJ. uhkuha ifgwgL bfhyglh.
#aefu mfglJ. #aefu nguuRF rhk moj
nghuhf J fUjgLwJ. UD, #aefu muR MuL
kud M mLj whLf iyUjJ. Ukyh,
$ufh, ulh btfl Mnahmku Ka murf.
#a efu mu fil mur ulh $uf.
M Kiw

#aefu nguu MJiw eF uikf

goUjJ. thf, , rl Ma tfhuf mur KG
mfhu bgW sdh. gugiu thRik tHfUjJ.
yrka maizia ifg bfhS f eljJ.
rhSt euk rfk kuig KoJL Mia ifgdh
vgij Vfdnt fnlh. murUF mwhl M
cjtjfhf mikruit UjJ.
229

nguuR gy klyfshf, kly gy ehLfshf, ehL

gy jyfshf fgoUjd. jy vgJ gy
uhkfis bfhoUj thF. kly mSe
klnytu myJ eha vW miHfglh. #a efu
Mahsf csh mikfSF M KG
mfhufis tHUjd.
yt ju, iwf, gRf Matiw wurfS
giljiytfS mtnghJ nguuRF mD tjd.
JiwKff tNfgl Rf, gntW bjhyhsf jhd
tf Mait murhf tUthahf Ujd. isr
M xU gF ytahf tNfglJ. mur jgl
bryf, mt mF bfhilf, uhQtfhd bryf
nghwit mu Ka brydfshF. Jiwia
bghWjtiu cl cWfis ijj, ahidfhyh lWj
nghw bfhLikahd jlidf FwthfSF tHfgd.
#a efu uhQt wikahd Kiw uikfgoUjJ.
Fiugil, fhyhgil, ugil, ahidgil vd ehF
Ka fis mJ bfhoUjJ. maehL tflUJ
cauf Fiuf uhQtfhf thfgld. uhQt ca
mfhf eha myJ ghisafhu vW miHfgld.
mtf MW gF <lhf yf tHfgld. yf
mku vW miHfglJ. gil ufSF Ca bghJthf
gzkhfnt tHfglJ.
r_f thif

uhkz, a, ita, Nu vw ehF

#hf #aefu r_f Ujjhf myrh
bgjzh jkJ kDru FLsh. #aef
thdsha folf kW Mlgu r_f thif g
maehL gaf FLsd.

vuhskhd gahsf ga tufis ga FLsh.

moikf g nfhnyh o nfho jdJ Ff Tsh.
eld, ir, kj, Njhl, nrt ril nghwit xU y
bghGJnghFfshF.
rfk kud irtfshffjd. Ugh
mtf Fybjt. kw kuig nrjtf itztf.
uhkhD# $itzt kfilna fbgW saJ.
Mdh, vyh murfS w rkaf J r jikl
elJ bfhld. kf midtU rka Rju cl
midJ cikfis bgWfjd vd nghnghrh
FLsh. thf KfS lbgUjd.
kNf fobfhL bjhGif elj mtf
mDkfgld. gntW Hhf eilbgwd. fhrfS
uhzfS kfilna ugykhf Ujd.
kf iy Kndw fhzgliy. xU y kLnk
fwJ sd. Fkhu fhgz kid ffh nj
kJuh#a vw iy vGdh. Adkh, Ukykh UtU
mfhy f thj bgytf.
Vuhskhd bgf mukidf gbgfshf
ehoa kfuhf, gyF Rkgtfshf Ujd vd
TWwh. MyafSF nrit brj ehoa kfU
Ujd. njtjh Kiw tHfUjjhf ga FLsh.
mur FLgf gy jhukz tHfUjJ. r tHf
bgUikahf fUjglJ. mJg tukhf Tsh.
bghUshjhu iy

gL kW gU Milfis kf mjd.
thridbghUf, kyf, mfyf nghwtiw kf
gagLd. brtjf mHfhd Lf mt gj

mfhy cy brtf gFf xwhf #aefu

nguuR saJ vw bria maehL gaf
Ff bjwd. kf Ka bjh ntshik.
ghrd trfis brj bfhLJ #aefu Mahsf
ntshik tsF nkY Cfkjd. a Vf
btlgld. Jfguh nghw ef FWnf jL
mizf flgld. fhthf mikfglij g

230

231

Tsh. gntW bjhfS wJ sd. mit

xbthWF fHff Ujd. cnyhfbjh brnthU
w ifidPfS mfhy jiHnjhd. f,
mdj khtlf ituRuff Ujd. #aefu xU
ff tjf ikakhf saJ. Ka jf ehza
tuhf vgjhF. Mdh, vilfS msitfS lJF l
khWgoUjd. cehL, maehL tjf bgUajh eho
bghJthf brt br fhzglJ.
kygh flfiuy gy JiwKff Ujd. mt
FljfJ fz} JiwKfkhF. muhah, ghuf, bj
Mfh, nghRf nghw nkiy ehLfSlD thfbjhl
yaJ. gU kW gL Jf, eWkz bghUf, m,
bto, rfiu nghwit Ka VWk bghUf.
Fiuf, KJf, br, gtH, ghjur, dJgL,
btbtJf nghwit wFk bragld. fg fL
bjhY tsailjJ.
gghL gf

#a
efu
W
A
oghLfshf
fhajhY
mFs nfhf #a efughF
wJ
vLJfhL
fshF.
lyRth kW Aru uhkRth
Myaf uL Fljfit.
#a efu nfh folfiy
ukhlJF vLJ fhlhf
fhuYs Vfhguehj kW
tujuh# Myafis Twyh.
Uzhkiy kW jgu Ma
lfYs uha nfhuf #aefu
tujuh# bgUkh
fhy fiH giwrhWwd.
nfh
HF nfhu
d, ehaf fhyY jifa
fiyg bjhljJ. Ug fhzgL UZznjtuha
kW mtuJ muf cnyhfgokf #a efu fhy
cnyhffiyF vLJfhlhF. #a efu murfsh
ir eldK MjfglJ.

#a efu M nfhfL eltoiff nkY

mfjJ. uhanfhuf vdgL EiHth nfhuf kW
nfh tshff gfis bfhl fahz
klgf Mad #aefu
folfiy w mrfshF.
klgf tof gLs
gf fiyeafit. j
gf bgUghY Fiu
cUtf lbgUjd. bga
Myaf Wfh klg
fS, Mufh klgfS ahid uj - A oghLf
vGggld. UHhfhyf
iwtid mF bfhLtJ itJ tgLtJ tHf. Vfdnt
flgl Myaf RWufhu mkDF vd j
Myaf mfhy mikfgld.

tlbkh. bjYF, fdl, j nghw bkhf

mjjgFf fbgUjd. tlbkh kW bjYF
ya #a efu fhy kfjhd ts bgwJ.
UZznjtuha Mfhy ya ts cr
bgwJ. mtnu tlbkh kW bjYF bkhf yik
bgUjh. mtuJ mit ytuhd myrh bgjzh
bjYF ya tsF mUbjhlhs. vdnt,
#a efu Mahsf gghL bjhL gKfjik
bfhljhf wilajhf fjJ.

232

233

gh muR
1347M ML gh muir Wat myh ghkh

mt Ar fF vdW miHfglh. mj jiyefu Fgfh.

gh muir bkhj gdhF Rjhf Mjd.
mtf, myh ghkh, Kjyh KfkJ h, nuh h
Mnah w thjtf. d mfkJ thh vgt jiy

efiu FgfhUJ lhUF khdh. _wh

KfkJh Mfhy gh mu fmj cF
brwJ. muhafl bjhl tfhs Flh tiu gh muR
tiljJ. nk nfhth Kj ggh tiu oUjJ.
H fhehlh Kj UZzh e KfJthu tiu
guUjJ. KfkJ h btF Ka fhuz mtuJ
mikruhf sa KfkJ fht vgt MnyhridfS
nritfSnkahF.
KfkJ fht

nfhbfhlh nfhil
oghLf

KfkJ fht tfhLjyh gh muR mj f

cia voaJ. mt xU ghuf tf. jdJ ehg
ulhtJ ta ahF tj mt gh mu
nrit nrjh. jdJ jgl MSikdh mt gh
Rjha Kjyikruhdh. gh muRF Rthrkhf mt
Ujh. va thifia eltj mt bgUjik
bfhltuhf fjh. faftuhf Uj mt
fj nkijikl sdh. lh xU fia
fLtjfhf mt bfhilfis tHdh. ghuf fol
fiygh mj f flglJ.

fw milf

nghJiwY mt tytuhf sdh. #a efu,

xrh kW muhfl flbfhisafSF vuhf mt
nghf bjhLJ bt bgwh. bfhfz, nfhth, UZzh,
nfhjht gsjhF nghw mtuJ btfdh gh muR
tiljJ.

fhy khfhz MSef

jfsJ Rjuij mJ
bfhld. 1526 M ML
th gh muR IJ Rju
Rjhafshf jWld.
mfkJ ef, #, uh,
nfhbfhlh, lh vw IJ
jfhd Rjhaf vW
miHfgld.

j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhlJ.

1.

#a efu nguuR g mj bfhs cj rhWf.

2.

#a ef ehF kuf - UZz njtuha

rhjidf.

3.

#a efu nguu MKiw, r_f thif.

4.

#a efu nguu bghUshjhu.

5.

#a efufhy, fiy, folfiy, ya.

6.

gh muR KfkJ fht rhjidfS.

KfkJ fht UjfS wghdit, ca Fod

kW khfhzfis fLgLJtnj mtuJ FnfhshF.
jfhf xbthU khfhzY mur mfhf af
gld. bgUghyhd nfhilf mtfsJ fLgho
Ujd. flikjtW caFodUF rYiff Fiwfgld.
vdnt, fhtDF vuhf jf caFod rl xiw
od. mjgo Rjhid oL fhtDF
Fjlid thbfhLjd. KfkJ fht
kiwFwF gh muR ailabjhlaJ.
KfkJhF wF wikaw Rjhf MF tjd.
234

235

kh dhf
I.

rahd ilia nj brf

1.

rfk Mahsf Fybjt

2.

gh mu jiyefu lhUJ FgfhF

khwglJ.

<)

gh mu jiyefu uhUJ FgfhF

khwglJ.

m) Jif

M) lyh

V.

tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf.

) Ughr

<) uhk

1.

Fkhufhgz kJuh#a vw iy vGdh.

2.

myrh bgjzh xU fdlbkh mP.

3.

UZznjtuha MKjkhaj vw iy bjYF

bkh vGdh.

KfkJ fht vj ehL tf

m) mnuah

M) bkhnuhnfh

) nghRf

<) ghuf

II.

nfhol lij uf

VI.

WF vGJf (VnjD _W Ff)

1.

UZz njtuha ..... kuig nrjt

1.

rfk ku

2.

Aruh uhk nfh ........ vw l flglJ .

2.

#a efu mu khfhz thf

3.

gh muir njhWjt .......

3.

Ar fF

III.

bghUJf

4.

#aefu nguu kf iy

1.

mJ urh

m) bt

VII.

FWa iljUf (100 thijf)

2.

g gjh

M) ghuf

1.

3.

nlhnfh ga

) bkhnuhnfh

#a efunguuRF tUifjj maehL gaf g

F tiuf.

nfhnyh o nfho

<) nghRf

2.

4.

#a efu mu ya tsia Mf.

rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xW kLnk

rahdJ.

VIII.

IV.

thd il jUf (200 thijf)

1.

UZznjtuha rhjidfis kLf.

m)

gh mu jiyefu FgfhUJ uhUF

khwglJ.

2.

#a efu Mahs gghL gfig Mf.

3.

KfkJ fht g kL brf.

M)

gh mu jiyefu FgfhUJ lhUF

khwglJ.

236

237

ghl - 20
Kfyha nguuR
fw nehff
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ
1.

Kfyhanguu mua tuyhW

2.

ghgU mtuJ rhjidfS

3.

ckh uridf - Nku ilbt

4.

mgU mtuJ rhjidfS - rkabfhif

5.

#Ah, h#fh

6.

muf kW mtuJ rkabfhif

7.

Kfyha nguu fhd fhuzf

mua tuyhW
ghg (1526 - 1530)

ngh btf

ghg gilbaLjnghJ ah IJ Ka K
muRfS - bl, F#uh, khst, tfhs, jfhz, uL
Ka J muRfS - nkth uhz rfh kW #a efu
nguuR Ujd. 1525M ML, fhUJ ghg L ah
jhd gilbaLig bjhljh. yhT MSeuhf Uj
bjsyfh nyhoia v KaoJ mgFia
ifgdh. d, bl neh Knddh. 1526 M
ML Vu 21M eh eilbgw Kjyh ghgL ngh ghg
uh nyhoia Kaojh. ngh nyho bfhyglh.
ghglUj Fiu gil ugilnk mtuJ btF
ttFjd. blia ifga ghg jdJ kf ckhid
MuhitifgWtjfhf mDitjh. ghg jik
Jjhd nguur vW mJ bfhlh.
uhzh rfh kW Mfhaf J mt bfhl
btf mtiu ah cikahd Mahsuhd.
nkth uhzh rfh xU wj uh#u u. mt ghgUF
vuhf ngh bjhLjh. 1527M ML MuhF mU
eilbgw fhDth nghy ghg mtiu Kaojh. j
btF wF ghg fh vw glij No bfhlh.
M ML kbwhU uh#u Mahsuhd nk
uh vgtlUJ ghg rnjia ifgdh. mjfLj
Mo fh eilbgw nfhuh ngh ghg Mffis
Kaojh. j btfdh ghg ah jkJ
Mfij iygLdh. 1530 jkJ ehg VHhtJ ta
Muh ghg kiwjh.
1528

ah Kfyhanguuir Wat
ghg. mtuJ abga rhU KfkJ.
jdJ jij t ij_UF, jh t
brfhDF cwd. ghg jdJ jij
ghg
ck n rh gfhdhF thrhf
bghWngwh. Mdh mtuJ uJ cwd xUtuh mJ
jogfglnt ghg jdJ M gFia Hjh. J fhy
ehnlhoahf j mt, jdJ khkf xUtlUJ fhiy
ifgdh. d, ahit ifgW Miria tsJ
bfhl ghg, 1519 Kj 1523 tiuyhd fhy ehF
gilbaLfis nkbfhlh.
238

ghg ga xU kL

ghg xU wj Mahs. iyj rhjidfis

fat. mu kW ghuf bkhf yik ft. JU
bkhna mtuJ jhbkh. JR ghg vw mtuJ
idFf JU bkh vGjgljhF. ahit
239

ga tUzidf m l bgWsd. vj cikia

kiwfhk, jh bgw njhfis mt m FLsh.
aifia uF csjtuhd mt ah jhtuf
kW yFf gTl jkJ id Ff
tJsh.

eilbgwJ. J fndh{ ngh vd miHfgLwJ. ngh

bfh ckhid L Kaojh. ehoHj ckh mLj
gidJ MLf ahF btna thH nejJ.

ckh (1530 - 1540)

Nkuig njhWjt bh. mtuJ abga g.

fhYs rrhu vw gF #hjhuhd Arfh vgt
kf. d, g fh Mfha Mahsl gjh.
g u braiy ghuhona mj Mfha Mahs
bfh vw glij mjh. bfh brsrh ngh
ckhid njhfojh vgij Vfdnt fnlh. 1540
bfh bh vw glnjhL bl Mahsuhdh.

ghg _j kf ckh. ckh vwh eth

vW bghU. Mdh, Kfyha nguu
ethfis bgwhj kduhf mt Ujh.
ckhDF fuh, mfh, lh vw
_W rnfhjuf. ckh nguuir jdJ
rnfhjufSF gJ bfhLjh. Mdh,
mJnt mtUF bgU nrhjidahf KojJ.
fh kW fhlAh Mahsuhf fuh
afglh. rhg kW Mth gFf
mfhF lhYF mfgld.

ckh

H ckh Mffis vJ
nghL bfhoUj nghJ, F#uh gf h blneh
gilbaLJ tU br mtUF oaJ. vdnt,
Mfhaf jiytuhd bfhDl (tUfhy bh)
mtrukhf xU clgoifia brJ bfhl ckh F#uh
neh wglh.
ckh gfhlUJ F#uhij ifg jdJ
rnfhju mfhia mF MSeuhf ajh. Mdh, gf
h mfhia uoL L F#uhij ifg
bfhlh. jil, ckh mtubfuhf L ngh
bjhLjh. 1539 M ML eilbgw brsrh ngh bfh
Kfhyhagilfis eRdh. ckh nghfsUJ j
MuhF brwh. mUjgona jdJ rnfhjuf
cjia ckh ehodh.
Mdh, rnfhjuf xJiHf kWfnt, ckh L
jahfnt bfhid vbfhlh. 1540 uh ngh
240

N ilbt (1540 - 1555)

bh N (1540 - 1545)

bh, uh#ufSl gyKiw

nghL jdJ nguuir gL bfhlh.
grh, khst, J, Kjh, gnlf
nghwit mtuh ifgwgl gFf
mlF. m[h, neghs, fhZ, F#uh ju
Vida tl ah KGtij bfhljhf
bh nguuR saJ.
bh M Kiw

bh N

FWa IJ MLfns MUjhY, bh xU

wj MKiwia cUthUjh. ka mu gntW
Jiwf Ujd. murUF cjahf ehF Ka mikrf
Ujd.
1.

th rhu - th vW t miHfglh.

tUth kW thf

2.

th m - gilJiw

3.

th u[y - maYwJiw

4.

th h - jft bjhlJiw
241

bh nguuR ehgnaG rfhfshf f

goUjd. xbthU rfhY Kjik jh (rl xGF),
Kjik K ( tHFj) vw uL Ka mfhf
Ujd. xbthU rfhU gy gfhdhfshf f
goUjd. jh (uhQt mfh), m (ytUth),
bghnljh ( fUy mfh), fTf (fzff) Ma
mfhf gfhdh thfij ftJ tjd. nguu jh
vwiHfgl thffS Ujd.
bh Mfhy ytUth thf eF
uikfgoUjJ. yf ftdkhf msfgld.
isyf midJ eyit, eLjukhdit,
nkhrkhdit vd _W tiffshf fgld. rhjhuzkhf
rhuhr cg _ xU gF ytahf tNfglJ.
gzkhfnth myJ is bghUshfnth yt bgwglJ.
bh ytUth Ujfdh eho tUth
bgUaJ. jh vw a bt ehzafis bh
mKfgLdh. mit 1835M ML tiuTl
HfUjd.
ehF Ka bgUt rhiyfis mikJ nghFtuJ
trfis bh nkgLdh. mitahtd : 1. nrhdhfh
Kj J tiu 2) Muh Kj Ah tiu 3) n#h Kj
tiu 4) yhT Kj Kjh tiu. gaf trfhf
bgUt rhiyf Mfhnf jFlfS mikfgld.
fhtJiw f wikahd uikfgoUjJ. mtuJ
M fhy Fwf f Fiwthfnt fhzgld.
gilJiw thfK wikahd Kiw mikf
goUjJ. myh FiufSF NLnghLj nghw
eilKiwfis bh gdh.

242

bh ga xU kL

bh xU gf Kkhffjh. bghJthf, w
rkafis rjikl eldh. JfSF
Ka gjfis mjh. fiy, folfiyia mt
Mjjh. blF mU aKid efiu bh xU a
efuij khjh. m, jnghJ uhz yh vw giHa
nfhil mjD xU kN kLnk vsd. rrhu
xU fyiw khlij mt fodh. a fol fiy
mikf wjt xwhfmJ fUjgLwJ. fnwhiu
bh Mjjh. mtuJ Mfhy kh KfkJ b#a
vgt fthj yhd gkht vw iygiljh.
bh kiwFwF mtuJ thRf 1555M ML
ckh L ahit ifgW tiu M bjhljd.
ckh (1555 - 1556)
1540 M ML ahUJ wgl ckh JF
brY t Ajh ghD ngf vgtiu kzjh. mtf
mknfh vw l xU J muruhd uhzhurh vgtuJ
Mju thJ tjnghJ 1542 mg wjh. d, <uhDF
brw ckh mehL Mahsl cjnfh bgwh. fuh,
mfh vw uL rnfhjufis ckh Kaojh.
jil ah N kud M ntfkhf
FiyjJ.

M ML Mffis KaoJ ckh L

Kfyha maizia ifgdh. MWkhj fhyF wF, 1556 ckh jdJ yfgofo jL GJ cjh.
ckh xU wj giljsgahfnth, ngh uuhfnth
iybawhY, m fUiz mtl FobfhoUjd.
fkhdhf mt fjh. fj, thd a, n#hl
Mat yik ft. Xafiy mtUFoj xW .
ghuf bkh mt fijfis idjh.
1555

243

mg (1556-1605)

ah jiywj nguurf
mgU xUt. jdJ jij ckh
kiwFwF mt maiznadh.
MdhY, blia Mff ifg
bfhljh mtuJ iy Mgjhdjhfnt
UjJ. Mff giljiyt bAK
mg
bliaj tr itUjh. 1556 M
ML eilbgw ulh ghgL ngh, bAK bt
tiu brWlh. Mdh, mtuJ f xU m
ghjjh kafkhdh. jiytyhj mtuJ gil j XoaJ.
mZl mg gf Ujjh, mtuJ bt cW
gLjglJ.
mg Kj IjhL fhy MnghJ iguhfh
mtUF muruahf braglh. Kfyha nguuir
xUizj bgUik iguhfhndna rhU. IjhL
fSFwF, murit rf isthf mg mtiu
gjUJ , bkfhF brYgo gjh. Mdh,
bkfh brY tnyna Mf xUtdh mt bfhyglh.
mguJ uhQtbtf gy. Muh Kj F#uh tiu,
d Muh Kj tfhs tiu vd tl ah KGij
mg jkJ fLgho bfhLtjh. tlnkF viy
wij mt tikgLdh. d, mtuJ ftd
jfhz gfK UaJ.
uh#ufSl bfhoUj cwf

mg uh#ubfhif FljfJ. mt
uh#u stuahd uh#h ghukAh kfis kzJ
bfhlh. Kfyha tuyh mj f xU UKidahF.
uh#uf ehF jiyKiwf KfyhafSF nrit
ahd. gy giljsg gj tiu gntW gj cafis

244

245

bgwd. mguJ M, uh#h gfthjh, uh#h k

MnahUF Ka gjf mfgld. xUt xUtuhf
uh#u muRfS mg nkyhikia VW bfhld.
Mdh, nkth uhzhf kL, gyKiw njhfis
jGa nghY, moga kWjd. 1576 M ML Ahfh
vw l eilbgw ngh k jiyikyhd Kfyha
gilf uhzh ujh if Kaojd. nkth njhF
wF, bgUghyhd uh#u Mahsf mg
nkyhikF mogjd.
mguJ uh#u bfhif mtuJ guj rka
bfhifia jGna UjJ. jgaztia, d
ah tia mt uJ brjh. mg uh#u bfhif
Kfyha nguuR, uh#uf UrhuUF rhjfkhfnt UjJ.
f wj nghuf nrit KfyhafSF iljJ.
kWw, uh#jh gF mik yaJ; Kfyha g
nrj uh#uf cagjfis miljd.
rka bfhif

tuyh VLf mg Ka lij oUgjF

fhuz mtuJ rkabfhifnaahF. mg rka
fUJfSF gntW fhuf Jizjd. bjhlf
fhy mt N~JwfSl bfhoUj cwf, mtuJ
Mrh mJ y nghjidf, uh#u bgfis mt
Ukz brJ bfhlJ, n Kghu kW mtuJ jtfshd
m bg, m gr nghw mPfSl mtuJ bjhlf,
Jjhdy xU nguuir Wt ntL vw Mir nghwit
mtuJ rka fUJfSF mogilahf mikjd.
mg bjhlf xU flik jtwhj Kkhfnt
Ujh. Mg ehL stu n#hghia kzj d mt
j gaztia uJ brjh. 1562 ah tia uJ
brjh. jdJ J kida Ugngh jfsJ flsiu
tgl mDkjh. d, mt yha rka J Iw
bfhlh.
246

1575, mg jdJ a jiyefuhd gnj ghj

fhdh vw tghL Tlij mikjh. J rka, rkz rka,
Jt rka, b[huhoa rka nghw midJ rka
mPfis mF miHJ thf brjh. mua
tfhuf K cnykhf jiyLtij mt
btWjh. 1579 mg jtWglh Mizia btL jkJ rka
mfhufis cWgLdh.
1582 mg yh myJ iweif vw jkJ
a rkaij mjh. mJ xU fl nfhghoJ
eif bfhljhF. midJ rkaf ey fUJ
fis cslajhf mJ fhzglJ. gFjnt mj
mogil. _leiffis mJ Mjfiy. gntW
rkafSilna fhzgL ntWghLfSF xU ghykhf mJ
mikjJ. UD, mguJ a rka njhna flJ.
mtuJ kiwFwF mJ ijJnghW. mguJ thehny
Tl gh cl gidJ ngfns mnfhghil
gd. mg jdJ a nfhghil VFgo vtiu
tWjiy.

ytUth thf

uh#h njhlkh, mguJ Mfhy ytUth

thf y Mfis nkbfhlh. mguJ ytUth
Kiw # myJ gnjhgJ Kiw vd miHfglJ.
uh#h njhlkh mjid nkY uikjh. mjF jhAhrhyh
Kiw vdbga. 1580 mJ iwntwglJ. mKiwgo,
njhlkh xnukhahd y msitia mKfgLdh. flj
gjhL fhy isr ruhria mogilahf bfhL
ytUth zfglJ. yf ehF tiffshf
fgld- nghy{ (ML njhW glgL y), gbus
(uL MLfSF xU Kiw Kiw glgLtJ) rrh (_W
myJ ehF MLfSF xU Kiw glgLtJ) kW grh
(IJ myJ mjF mfkhd MLfSF xU Kiw
glgLtJ). yt bghJthf gzkhfnt brYjglJ.
247

krjh Kiw

mguJ M Kiw krjh Kiw Ka l

tjJ. Kiw xbthU mfhF xU jFiy
tHfglJ. Fiwjjgr jFiy krjh10 vgjhF
mfgr jF krjh 5000. J ca FodUF kLnk
tHfglJ. murFyij nrjtfSF mjF nkyhd
jFiyf zfgld. kr jFiyf r kW
rht vd UtifgL. r vgJ xUtuJ jgl mjij
FgjhF. rht vgJ xUtitUfntoa Fiu
uf vif mogilyhdJ. xbthU rhtU
Fiwjgr uL FiuufisahtJ bgUfntL.
kr jFiyF thRik ilahJ. akdf gj
caf, gjff midJ neuoahf muruh
nkbfhsgld.
#Ah (1605- 1627)

mg kiwFwF, 1605 M ML
stur r #Ah (cyif btwt) vw
glnjhL MFtjh. mtuJ M
fhy gntW fyff eilbgwd. mtuJ
kf F% fyf <Lglh. Mdh,
KaofgL iwlglh. mtiu
Mjjjfhf IjhtJ a FUthd FU
m#& unrj braglh.
#Ah

#Ah

1611 M ML IAh bkAUrhit

kzJ bfhlh. mt #Ah (cy
x) vW miHfglh. #Ah jij
kbjsyh xU gghs. mtUF jiyik
th gj juglJ. #Ah
#Ah
FLgijnrj gyUF cagjf
tHfgld. mtuJ _j rnfhjh MrfhDF ca
248

FodUF kLnk tHfgLw fh--rhk gj

tHfglJ. 1612M ML Mrfh kfshd mk ghD
ngf (fhy Kjh{) vgtiu #Ah _whtJ kf
stur Fu (fhya Ah#fh) kzJ bfhlh.
#Ah #lh vw xU Mjuths FGit mikJ
bfhL bragljhf, jdh Kfyha murit uL
nfhZof cUthdjhf ytuyhW mPf TWwd.
#Ah KY jdJ kid #Ah fLgho
UJ bragljhjh 1622 Ah#fh jdJ jijF vuhf
s <Lgljhf TwgLwJ. Mdh, j fUJF
w tuyhW mPf clgLtiy. #Ah nehthgL
tik FW fhytiu mtnu midJ mua Kofis
vLJ tjh vgij mtuJ Rarj btgLJwJ.
UD, #Ah mur FLg Mf brY
tjh. ghuf gghL KiwfisbfhLtjh. murit
ghuffiy gghL mtuh CFfgld.
#AhUl beUa cwit vnghJ mt bfhoUjh.
ntilnghJ Tl mtUlndna brtJ tHf. Ah#fh
vG mtuJ jgl Mtyh lgljhF. jik
fhlhAhUF brYkhW gj jijia vJ mt
s wdh. msah Kfyhanguu
eltoiff
ehfhLf
irkhd. 1627 #Ah kiwj
wF, caFod kW uhQt
MjuitbgW Ah#fh Muhit
miljh. #AhDF Xa
mfglJ. mLj gbdL
MLf #Ah cthjh.
Ah#fh (1627-1658)

fhlAh kW w f
h#fh, Kjh{
gFfis ifgWtjfhf Ah#fh
tlnkF viygF bjhlJ gilbaLfis eldh.
249

1639 Kj 1647 tiu eilbgw bjhl gilbaLfdh 5000

Kfyha uhf kojd. d, Ah#fh jdJ vzij
ifL mF nghLtij Wdh
mtuJ jfhz bfhif btfis njojjJ. mfkJ
efiu KaoJ Kfyha nguuRl izJ bfhlh.
#U nfhbfhlh nguurnuhL xgj brJ bfhld.
fhnjZ, fh, bjfhdh, bjsyjhgh vw ehF
kfhzfis h#fh jfhz cUthdh. mtiw, jkJ
kf muf fLgho lh
thRikngh

xsuf nguuR

fh
bght

ghg
#hLf

bl

Muh
uhruf
myfhgh

h#fh ehF jtfSilna - jhuh &nfh

(glJ stur), #h (tfhs MSe), muf ( jfhz
MSe) kW _u g (khst, F#uh MSe) - mtuJ
Mfhy W gyj thRik ngh _lJ. 1657M
ML W h#fh rW nehthgL d njdh.
Mdh, sturf ehtU Kfyha maizfhf
nghlJtd. ngh muf bt bgW Muh
nfhilF EiHJ jhuhit uoaojh. h#fhid
moga brjh. Muh nfhil mjwgF
h#fhid iwitjh. Mdh, muf jkJ jijia
nkhrkhf eljiy. mLj vL MLf h#fh jdJ
kf #fdhuh mghd nrit fhyij fjh. 1666
h#fh wjh. mtuJ cl jh{kAh Kjh fyiwF
mUnyna mlf braglJ.
muf (1658 - 1707)

wikf Kfyha murf muf

xUt. mt My myJ cyif btgt
vw glij No bfhlh. Kj
gjhLf mt nkbfhl gilbaLf
ah bt Kojd. WW sfis mt
eRdh. Mdh, mtuJ M fhy
250

ghdh
nfhLthdh
il
Kig
kuhaf
mu fl
tfhs Flh

nfhth

nfhnfhL
bfh

ghisafhuf

a bgUfl

muf
251

gF bgU ffis rf ntoUjJ. #hJf,

rehaf kW afSTl mtUF vuhf
sbjGjd. msfah muf fLikahd
rkabfhif visfnsahF.
jfhz bfhif

Kfyha jfhz bfhif mg M

fhyUnj bjhlFwJ. fhnjZ, uh Matiw mg
ifgdh. mfkJ ef kh MgUl #Ah nghlh.
h#fh Mfhy jfhz MSeuhf Uj muf
ukhd jfhz bfhifia gdh. Kfyha nguuruhf
bghWngwl muf jkJ Mfhy Kj
UgiaJ MLf tlnkF viygF ftd
brYdh. mjUzjh kuhoa mur th tlF kW
bjF bfhfzgF jdbfd xU j muir
VgLbfhlh.
kuhoa gutU brthif xLF nehfJl
muf #, nfhbfhlh J gilbaLjh. #
Rjh fj hit KaoJ mgFia izJ
bfhlh. d nfhbfhlh J jhFj bjhLJ FJ
h kuig nlhL mJ mj muir izJ
bfhlh. jfhz muRfis mjJ muf khbgW
mua jtwhF. KfyhaUF kuhoaUF ilgL ehlhf
mit Ujd.
muf eltoif KfyhaUF, kuhoaUF
ilna neuo nkhj cUthf ttFjJ. nkY mtuJ
jfhzgilbaLf Kfyha fUyij fhbrjd. n#.v.
rfh TWgo jfhz Fl mufig mjJ.

gLJtjbfd Kjhf vw ca mfhu gilj mfh

fis bfhl xU j Jiwia muf VgLdh. kJ
mUJtJ jilbraglJ. gh vw jhtu gLtJ
gagLJtJ w nghij bghUfS jilbragld.
Kfyha murit ir jfglJ. jnuhfh j vw
nguur kkhl kf KnjhW rlif mt
blhjh.
jruh
HhF
jilfglJ.
muritUj thda kW n#hlfiy mPf
gjf bragld.
bjhlf muf jhf J nfhf
fLtij giHa nfhf JfgLtij jilbrjh.
d J nfhfis mf Kglh. kJuh, bgdhu
nghw lfUj fbgw nfhf ijfgld. 1679
mt ah kW jgaz tfis jh. yha
rka w diuTl mt rJbfhsiy.
bkhAu goif bfhlhlgLtjF jilf
glJ. jfhz RjhafJ mt gilbaLjikF
Kjikfhuz ah tFdJ mt bfhoUj
btWngahF. afis mt btWjh. xgjhtJ a
FUthd nj{ gf mtuh lglh. jdh, a
rkajtf Mjnkj bjhld.
muf rka bfhifah, u#uf,
kuhoaf. af KfyhanguuRF vuhf Udh.
kJuhUj #hJfS, nkthUj rehafS
sf <Lgld. vdnt, Kfyha nguu F
muf fhuzkhdh.
muf MSik kW Fzey

muf jdJ jgl thif xU itf

Kkhf fjh. ahit xU yha murhf
khaikgnj mtuJ bfhif. xGfbefis eilKiw

jgl thifia bghWjtiu, muf fL

ciHghs, xGfy, cz kW cil nghwt f
vikia filojh. Fuhid gobaLJ mtiw W
tU gz jkF ntoa bryfis brJbfhlh. kJ
mUJ tHf mtUiy. fwthsuhd mt, muha kW

252

253

rkabfhif

ghuf bkhf nj bgW sdh. jff mtUF

ojkhdit. jdJ rkaF cikahdtuhf elJ bfhl
muf d IJntis bjhGif eljjtw khlh. urh
nehid flhakhf mDrgh.
mua Jiwjh muf bgUFwfis
iHjh. kuhoa mu cikahd jikia jtwhf J
bfhl muf mtfis gifJbfhlh.
nkY, kuhoa rYF xU Koit mt
fhzjtdh.
ah
tFig
nrj
jfhz
RjhaflK mt jtwhd bfhifiana filojh.
mtuJ rkafUJfis Kf myhj rKjhaJ
flhakhf f mt nkbfhl Ka njh KojJ.
K myhjtfis gifJbfhljh, Kf
midt Mjuit mt bgwh vW TwKoahJ. khwhf,
Kfyha nguu mua vf vif bgUwJ.

fw milf
jghlUJ khzt mJ bfhlJ.
1.

ghg Kj muf tiu Kfyha mua tuyhW.

2.

ghg rhjidfS, ckh lghLfS.

3.

N ilbt - bh M Kiw

4.

mguJ M - M Kiw, krjh Kiw, rka

bfhif.

5.

#Ah, h#fh, thRikngh.

6.

muf jfhz bfhif, rka bfhif

7.

Kfyha nguu

Kfyha fhd fhuzf

muf kiwFwF, Kfyha nguuR ntfkhf

ailjJ. Kfyha muritUj ca FodUilna
ngho FGf kjd. 1739 M ML ehh Kfyha
nguuriu iwoJ blia NiuahoanghJjh nguu
gyd btglJ. Kfyha nguu fhd fhuzf
gytifglit. muf jfhz kW rka bfhiff
F ttFjd. wikaw tnjhwfS Kfyha
gilf xGfnfLfS mj F ld. guj
nguuir fofhgJ fodkhf UjJ. bjhlJ eilbgw
nghfdh iyik nkhrkhaJ. ah
Inuhaf Fonawfis mikf bjhlanghJjh,
Kfyhal tikahd flgil yhikia czubjhld.
ehh, mfkJ h mjh nghnwh gilbaLfS
nguu tikia Fiwjd. vdnt, Kfyha nguu
F mua, r_f, bghUshjhu TWf xL bkhj
braghLfns fhuzfshf mikjd.
254

255

kh dhf
I.

rahd ilia nj brf

1.

ghg JR gh iy vGa bkh

2.

m) ghuf

M)

) muha

<) JU

h#fh abga

muf jfhz K Rjhafis Mjjh.

<)

muf K myhnjhiu gifJ bfhljh

midJ KfS mtiu Mjjd.

V.

tUttiw rah, jtwh vW TWf.

1.

fh eilbgw nfhuh ngh ghg u#ufis

Koaojh.

2.

# Kiwia njhlkh nkY nkgLdh.

m) r

M) Fu

3.

h#fh xgjhtJ a FU nj{gfiu lh.

) jhuh &nfh

<) g

VI.

WF tiuf (VnjD _W Ff)

II.

nfhol lij uf.

1.

JR gh

1.

Mo brsrh ngh ........... F ......... F

eilbgwJ.

2.

N ilbt

Afh ngh ......... jiyikyhd Kfyhagil ....... I

KoaojJ.

3.

uh#h njhlkh

2.

4.

yh

3.

h#fh Wfhy mtuJ kfshd ....... mtiu

fl ftJbfhlh.

5.

#Ah

VIII.

FWa il jUf (100 thijf)

III.

bghUJf

1.

ghg rhjidfis TWf.

1.

Afh ngh

m) 1540

2.

2.

ulh ghgLngh

M) 1539

h#fh Mfhy W eilbgw thRik

nghiu g F vGJf.

3.

brsrh ngh

) 1576

3.

Kfyha nguu fhd fhuzfis Mf.

4.

uh ngh

<) 1556

VIII.

thd il jUf (200 thijf)

IV.

rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xW kLnk

rahdJ.

1.

bh M Kiw w TWfis bjhFJ vGJf.

2.

mg rhjidfis kLf.

m)

mg jfhz bfhif Kfyha nguu F

lJ.

3.

muf rka bfhifia kLf.

M)

muf rka bfhif Kfyha nguu fhd

fhuzf xW.

..............

256

257

ghl - 21
Kfyha ah
fw nehff
jghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ
1.

Kfyha nguu bghUshjhu kW r_f

thif

2.

Kfyha ca FodU mtf thif Kiw

3.

ntshik kW tf

4.

gghL ts - fiy, folfiy

5.

Kfyhafhy Xaf, ya

bghUhsjhu, r_f thif

mtf bgUghnyh ahnyna FoakJ

ahitna jh ehlhf tJ bfhld. a r_fY
gghoY ulw fyjd. mnj rka jfsJ xU y gHf
tHffis Llhk gtjd. mg fhy
bjhl, JfS, Fghf uh#ufS, caFod
tf nrJ bfhsgld. vLJfhlhf, uh#h
k, uh#h gh, uh#h njhlkh nghnwhiu Flyh.
d. kuhoafS Kfyhal g nrJ ca Foduhf
Vw bgwd.
Kfyha caFod mf Cafis bgw nghY,
mtfsJ bryfS mfkhfnt Ujd. ca Fod
xbthUtU, Vuhskhd gahsf, Fiuf, ahidf
nghw gthufis guhkf ntL. Kfyha nguurfis
nghynt mtfS Mlgu thifia elj Kajd. caj
tif Milfis mjd. gHfTl wFk brJ
jd. iyaj mfyfis M, bg UghyU
mjd. nguurfSF iyaj gR bghUfis
mtnghJ tHd.
uhkw kf

Kfyha fhy eilbgw r_f, bghUshjhu tsf

Fljfit. mfhy, gy Inuha gafS
tffS ahF tjd. ah ya r_f,
bghUshjhu iyikf g mtf Vuhskhd jftfis
L brWsd. bghJthf, mtf ah brt
brig, brtjf Mlgukhd thifia
tJsd. kWw, Foahdtf, ifidPf nghw
rhjhuz kf tWikia mtf gl Jaufis Tl
vLJ Tsd.
Kfyha caFod

Kfyha fhy caFod gy rYiff bgW thj

tfduht. mtf bgUghnyh JUa kW Mff
nghw ma ehod. Mdh, mfhy KGtJ mtfSilna
fLrf yd.
258

brtkhf gL kW gU Milfis mjd.

Mdh, ViH kf cLf cil, Fiwjgr cilnyna
fhy fjd. FfhyfTl mtfSF nghJkhd
cilf Ugiy. jfhz thj kf
fhynaJ fhzgljhf o vw maehLg
FLsh. njhbghUf cajiyna mjF
fhuzkhf UUfTL. m, id, gU tiff
nghwit rhjhzkf Ka czthF. flfiugFf
cz jhuskhf iljJ. be. vbz iy kthf,
c, rfiu iy mfkhf Ujd. uhkw kf
Vuhskhd fheilfis tsJ tjikdh, gh kW
ghbghUf jhuskhf iljd.

259

ntshik

gndHh who bjhlf ah kf

bjhif 125 adhf UUfntL vd xU kL
TWwJ. gLtjF Vuhskhd yf Ujikah
ntshik jiHUjJ. nfhJik, be, gU tiff, gh
nghw gy tifgf rhFgo bragld. gU, m, fU,
vbzJf nghw tf KaJt thj gfS
rhFgo bragld. gndHh who ifiy,
kfhnrhs
vw
uL
a
gtiffS
mKfgLjgld. cUisHF, f sfh gbdlh
whojh mKfkhd. Mdh, fhy a ntsh
bjh Egf VJ mKfgLjgliy. UD,
ahdh m, rfiu nghw cz bghUfis mil
ehLfSF Vk bra KojJ.

tfhsUJ rfiu, m, bka k Jf

kW gL VWkahd. nrhH kly flfiu #
cgikakhf fjJ. m kW cz jhaf F#uh
tahf tl ahUJ VWk bragld. fhZ
rhitf, fgs f nghw Mlgu bghUfSF
F#uh nahf ikakhf saJ.
fha, br nghw y cnyhff, ngh Fiuf,
jj nghw Mlgu bghUf nghwit Ka wFk
bghUfshF. jf, bt Matiw wFk
brjj_y tf bryht <LflglJ. maehL
thf bgUajh, jf, bt wFk gndHh
who mfJ. mj who F#uhJF tj lR
kW Mnya tff, a tff rhkakhf,
RWRWlD fhzgljhf FLsd.

thg ts

Kfyha gghL tsh

ahUJ gntW tftfd ehL KGtJ

guUjd. mtf caj bjhyit bgUjnjhL
mik ahf bragLtjd. nr kW nghuh tff
bjhiyu tjf <Lgld. cgF tff gh
vdgld. grhuhf vW miHfgl kbwhU tf
d bkhj ahghu <Lgld. vUJf J
bghfis V bfhL bjhiyu brWTl mtf
tjf brjd. MWf glFf _ykhf bkhj
ahghuJfhd bghUf vLJ brygld. tff xU
Fl tFig myJ rkaij kLnk rhjtfshf
Ufiy. F#uh tff Jf, rkzf,
Kf Mnah Ujd. Mthf. knfZtf,
mfthf midtU uh#jh khthf vW
miHfgld. Kjhf, ff, Mfhf ka
MagFfSl thf
bjhl
itUjd.
bjah nrhH kly flfiugF broahfS
kygh flfiu gF KfS Ka tf
duhffjd.

Kfyha M fhy wghd, guJgl gghL

eltoiffis fhzKowJ. fiy, fol fiy, Xa, ir,
ya nghw Jiwf mJ eF btglJ. jifa
gghL ts, aghugaK Kfyhafsh
ahF bfhLtugl JU - <uhagghL xW
fyjd.

260

261

fiy, fol fiy

ukhlkhd nfhilf,
mu kidf, bghJ folf,
kNf, fyiw khlf nghwit
Kfyha fol fiy Ka
mffshF. UWf iwj
njhl fhfis mikg
Kfyhaf
f
Mt
bfhoUjd.

uhzyh

fhZ cs gh, yhT cs hkh gh,

grhYs gnrh njhl fh nghwit WTl
iyUwd.

gnj cs n#hgh mukid, IJ

mLFf bfhl gh kfh nghwit
Ka folfshF.

bh M fhy fh rrhu vw l
mikfgl fyiw khlK, blF mUYs uhzyh
flgld. ilfhy ah ajF folfshf
uL dfS fUjgLwd.

blYs ckh fyiw mguJ

M fhy flglJ. mj Fif khl
gdh MdJ. jh{kfhYF Kndhoahf
mjid fUjyh.
M u h F
m U Y s
gh kfh
fjuh
m g
fyiwia #Ah fo Kojh.
Muh jdJ jij k
bjsyh fyiwia #Ahd
y jthrh
fosh. btis gF
ffsh mJ mikfgLsJ.
mj Rtf iy cahj ff gfgl ntiy ghLf
bragLsd.
tif
myfhu ntiyfSF auh
ouh vW bga. h#fh
foa jh{ kAh tif
myfhu ntiy ghLfis
Vuhskhf fhzyh. jh{kfh
fol fiy kkFl khf
fUjgLwJ.
Kfyhaf
tsbjLj
midJ
tifahd
folfiygh
jh{ kfh
fS m fhzgLwd.
jh{kfh Ka wng mj bga FkhlK ehF bka
ca nfhufSkhF. myfhu ntiyghL f Fiwthfnt
fhzgL wd.

mguJ MfhyUJ
Vuhskhd folf mikFg
bjhlaJ. mt fos gy
nfhilf MuhYs nfhil
f thjJ. mJ f kz
ghiwfshyhdJ.
yhT
kW
myfhgh mguJ w nfhilfis
th fh
fhzyh. h#fh M fhy
nfhilfis fL g mj cia bjhlJ. blYs
brnfhil, m mikJs u kfh, th M, th
fh nghwit mtuJ gilfns.
mg, MuhUJ 36 nyh l bjhiyYs gnj
(bt efu) vw l
mukid nfhil xiw
vGdh. mj tshf
F#uh kW tfhs
ghyhd gy folf
mikJsd. F#uh gh
folfis mg mtuJ
u#u
kidaUfhf
mikUf TL. mFs
gnj
#&kh
kN
f
ukhlkhd folkhF.
mj kN EiHth y jthrh myJ caj
EiHth vdgLwJ. mj cau 176 moahF. F#uh
mg bgw btia bfhlhLtjfhf mJ vGgglJ.

h#fh fhy kN flgLtJ mfjd.

Muh flgLs KJ kN KGtJ btisw gF

262

263

ffsh MdhjhF. blYs #&kh kN brw

ffshdit.
Kfyha folfiy bjhl gbdL kW
gbjhgjh whLfY fhzglJ. khfhz muRfY
mj jhf btglJ. mr cs bghnfh
Kfyha folfiy TWfis fhz KowJ.
XafS ir

XafiyF Kfyhaf Ms bjhL

kfjhdjhF.
ckh
ghuf
jUj
nghJjh
Kfyhafhy
XafiyF eybjhU bjhlf VglJ.
mt ahF UanghJ iraJ
m, mJ rkJ vw uL Xafis
miHJ tjh. mguJ Mfhy
U XafS fbgW fjd.
gntW ya kW rka fSF
cUtf _y sfkF gia mg
bjhlitjh.
eho
gntW
Kfyha fhy
iyj f
gFfUJ Vuhskhd Xaf mtuJ
Xa
mitF tutiHfgld. JfS,
KfS g <Lgld.gth, dh, jt
Mnah mguJ muritfiyPfshf Vw bgwd.
ghuf bkh vGjgoUj kfhghuj, uhkhaz
Ma fhafSfhd sfglf E xafshf
lgld. mg Wa fiyTl gntW a
fijfS E Xa sfglfshf tiuagld.

#Ah M fhy Kfyha Xafiy mj

cia bjhlJ. mAr, jh, kJ, Md,
nfhtj, cjh kN nghw Vuhskhd Xafis mt
gykdh. ntilahLj, ngh ff, muritf
nghw fhfisju, cUtglfS, yFf glfS
Xakhf lgld. vGJfiy, Xaf Matiw
bfhl gy brUnfLfS (Mg) Kfyha fhy
cUthfgld. fhy Inuha Xagh jhfij
fhzKowJ.
Kfyha fhy irfiy eF tsailjJ.
Fthaiu nrj jhnr vw ghlfiu mg Mjjh.
jhnr gy uhffis cUthdh. #Ah, h#fh
MnahU ir <LghL bfhoUjd.
bkh, ya

mguJ MfhynghJ Kfyha nguuR KGtY

ghuf bkh gutyhf tHUjJ. mfhy wj
mPuhf, tuhwhauhf mghr sdh. mt
VgLa ciueilgh gy jiyKiwfhy bjhlJ
gwgL tjJ.
mfhy gy tuyhWgilf cUthfgld. m
mg, mg ehkh Matiw m ghr vGdh. mtuJ
rnfhjuuhd m bg mfhya Kd fP. mtuJ
nkghitjh kfhghuj ghuf bkh bkhahf
braglJ. c, eh UtU kw ghuf bkh
fPfsht.

Kfyhafhy Xaf, mg ehkh cl gntW

tuyhWgilfS fUJUfshf l bgUjd. mt
KakhdJ Arh ehkh. m 1200 Xaf Ujd. a
tzfshd k fGJy, a f nghwtiw
Xaf gagLj bjhld.

#Ah Rarjkhd JR #Ah mj cdj

eilF bga bgwjhF. ah bg, ehfh, akJyh
nghw mPfis #Ah Mjjh. ghJh ehkh vw
iy vGat mJ AJ yhnAh. h#fh ehkhit
giljt dhafh. j Ut cl gy
vGjhsfis, tuyhW mPfis h#fh ngh
Mjjh. h#fh jt jhuh&nfh gftij,

264

265

cgljf Matiw ghuf bkhahf brjh. muf

MfhyY gy tuyhw gilf cUthfgld. ghuf
bkh fthj mfuhf Kfyha fhyjh
bjhFfgld.
tfhs, xah, uh#jh, F#uh nghw tlhu
bkhfS Kfyha fhy ts bgwd. uhkhaz,
kfhghuj cl gy ggilfS tlhu bkhf
bkhahf bragld. mg fhy bjhl fPfS
Kfyha mit lbgwd. uhkhaz totkhd
uh rkd vw iy gilj Jsjhr xU ff
fPuhth.
fw milf
jghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ.

kh dhf
I.

rahd ilia nj brf.

1.

gh kAh cs l

2.

m) bl

M) Muh

) yhT

<) gnj

jhnr vgFia nrjt?

m) ghuf

M) F#uh

) M{

<) Ftha

II.

nfhol lij uf.

1.

Arh ehkh vgJ ............ mla bjhF

2.

mg Mjj irnkij..........

III.

bghUJf.

1.

m ghr

m) ghJh ehkh

1.

Kfyha fhy r_f, bghUshjhu iy.

2.

caFod r_f, bghUshjhu thif - uhkw

kf thif.

3.

Kfyha ntshik, tf - Ka VWk,

wFkf.

2.

dhafh

M) mg ehkh

3.

mJ AJ ynAh

) kfhghuhj ghuf bkhahf

4.

Kfyha fhy gghL ts.

4.

m bg

<) h#fh ehkh

5.

fiy, folfiy, mukidf, nfhil, kNf,

Kfyha njhl fhf.

IV.

rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xW kLnk

rahdJ.

6.

Kfyha fhy Xaf ts mj w.

m)

Kfyha fhy a ntsh Kiw mKfgLjglJ.

7.

bkh kW ya ts.

M)

ifiy, kfhnrhs nghw a g tiff gndHh

who mKfgLjgld.

Kfyha fhy c rfiu kthf UjJ.

<)

m, gh, gU tiff Mad tf gf.

266

267

ghl - 22

V.

tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf

1.

Kfyha caFodUF brhg Cank tHfglJ.

2.

Kfyha fhy gh, gh bghUf Vuhskhf

iljd.

VI.

W F tiuf (VnjD _W Ff)

1.

Kfyha caFod

2.

gnj

3.

m ghr

1.

kuhoa vG.

4.

guh ouh

2.

th thif rhjidfS.

VII.

FWa il jUf (100 thijf)

3.

th M Kiw.

1.

Kfyha fhy uhkw kf bghUshjhu iyikia

TWf.

4.

ngZthf vG.

2.

Kfyha fhy cehL, maehL tjf g F

vGJf.

kuhoaf
fw nehff
jghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ

VIII.

thd il jUf (200 thijf)

1.

Kfyha fhya gghL tsia bjhFJ vGJf.

2.

Kfyha fiy, folfiy wTWfis Mf.

3.

Kfyha M fhy bkh kW ya tsia

tiuf.

268

kuhoa vG

gdhW, gndHh whLf gntW TWf gadhf

kuhoaf vG bgwd. kuhoa njr a TWf
mtfSnfa xU wghd Fzij njhWjd.
kiyghfhd gFfS, mlj fhLfS mtfis
uftfshf, bfhyhngh Kiwia gWgtfshf
cUthd. kfhuhZou gua g af mtfilna
xUj rka czit CoaJ. Jfhuh, uhkjh, thk go,
Veh nghw Mf jiytf r_f xWikF ld.
thah mua xWik VglJ. jfhd Rjhafshd
#, mfkJ ef nghw muRf gilJiwY, M
JiwY kuhoahf Ka bghWfis tJtjd.
nkhnuf, ghff nghw brthF Fj gy kuhoa
FLgfS Ujd. Mdh, tik thj kuhoa muir
cUtha bgUik hnghny kW mtuJ jt th
Utiunk rhU.
269

th (1627 - 1680) : thif gilbaLfS

th

th 1627 M ML nd vw
l wjh. mtuJ jij h
nghny. jh gh. 1637 jdJ
jij #huhd dhit th bgwh.
1647 th ghJfhtyuhd jhjh
bfhlnj kiwj wF th jdJ
#h KG Mahsuhdh. mjF Kng,
uhfh, nfhldh, njhdh Ma
lfis # MahslUJ th
ifgUjh.

xU kuhoa jituhd rhjhuh nkhnulUJ #h

vw gFia mt ifgdh. jdh, khyh gF
Mahsuhdh. 1657, th # muir jh bfhfz
gFUJ gy nfhilfis ifg bfhlh. thia
Kaogjfhf # Rjh mrfhid mDitjh.
Mdh 1659 th f Jryhd tif mrfhid
vbfhL jh bfhiybrjh.
th j ngh btSFwF kuhoa gF kf
mtiu xU khudhf nghw bjhld. mtuJ gil nrJ
gahw gy Ktjd. th jiyik kuhoa vG
bgWtUtij Kfyha nguur muf mrJlndna
ftJ tjh. mt jfhz MSeuhf Uj bZlhfh
vgtiu thbfuhf mDitjh. Kfyha gilfsh
njhfofgl th L xU Kiw Jryhf bragL
bZlfh dh uhQt KfhJ muojhFjiy el
mtuJ kfid bfhwJl mtiu fhagLdh.
th j Jr eltoifah bZlfh
fGF GF VglJ. muf mtiu Ug miHJ
bfhlh. 1664 th, Kfyha Ka JiwKfkhd Nu
JiwKfij jh mij Niwahodh.

270

Kiw muf thF vuhf Mg ehL uh#h

b#if mDitjh. b# gilfis eF jah brJ
bfhL th FLgK, fUyK Uj uj
nfhilia KWiflh. ntW tyhj iy, th,
b#Fl ngRthijF clglh. 1665 M ML
UtUF ilna uj clgoif ifbaGjhaJ.
ml goifgo, th jlUj 35 nfhilf 23
nfhilfis Kfyhal xgiljh. Kfyha nguuRF
Rthrkhf Uf, nritahw ntL vw gjid
ng vUj 12 nfhilf thlnk lgld. #
muRF brhjkhd xU y gFfis itUF cik
thF mfglJ. KfyhaUF jhnk neuoahf nrit bra
ntL vw gjidia yFkhW th nfL
bfhljh, mtuJ WtaJ kfdhd hghF kr 5000
vw jFiy tHfglJ.
1666 th MuhF brwnghJ, Kfyhauh
iwofglh. Mdh, iwUJ jukhf ja th
mLj ehF MLf jdJ gilfis tikgL
bfhlh. d, KfyhaUbfuhd nghiu L
bjhldh. 1670 Nu JiwKf L thah
NiuahlglJ. jdJ gilbaLf _y Hj
gFfisbayh th lh. 1674 uhfh th
KoNo bfhlJl rug vw glij
Nobfhlh. d, mt fdhlfgF J
gilbaLJ br, nt Matiw ifgdh.
btbgW Ua th 1680 kiwjh.

th M Kiw

th xU wj Mahsuhf fjh. xU wj
MaikF mt monfhdh. murhf ikakhf mur
braglh. murUF cjahf vL mikrf bfhl
mZlujh vw mikruit UjJ. UD xbthU
mikrU thnf neuoahf bghW thjthfshf
Ujd.
271

1.

ngZth - kW bghJ thf. d, ngZth ujk

mikruhf braglh.

2.

rh--nehg myJ nrdhg - gil jsg

bfsutgj

3.

mka - fzF nkyhs

4.

the - cs Jiw, mr kW mukid thf

5.

r - jft bjhl

6.

mkjh - rlFf

7.

ahaZ - Jiw

8.

gojuh - mwbfhil kW rka thf

th nkbfhl bgUghyhd MJiw Ujf

jfhz Rjha gwgLtj eilKiwfisna
mogilahf bfhoUjd. vLJ fhlhf, ngZth vgJ
ghufJ glkhF.
th ytUthKiw mfkJ ef kh Mg
Fa eilKiwia xona UjJ. fh vw msnfhiy
gagL yf msfgld. betaf, njhl yf,
kiyghfhd yf vd yf _W tiffshf
fgld. Vfdnt thf mikUj njZKFf,
Fff Ma mfhf mfhuf Fiwfgld.
fTf vW miHfgl jdJ tUthJiw mfhfis
mt ajh.
brs kW rnjZK vw tf kuhoa eho
tNfgliy. mit, KfyhaUF kW jfhz
RjhafSFgl mikgFf tNfgl
tfshF. kuhoa gilbaLfUJ jfis fhgh
bfhtjfhf yt eh xU gFia brhJ tahf
mgFkf brYd. kuhoaf jf gugiu
cikFgl lfshf fUa gFf thj kf
brYa yt gJ rjj TLj tna rnjZK MF.
272

th gilJiw thf nkjik bgWfjh.

mtuJ gilf eF uikfgoUjd. mtuJ iyahd
gil 30,000 Kj 40,000 tiuyhd Fiu uf
lbgUjd. Fiugil Ajhf nkghit
UjJ. ufSF iyahd Ca tHfglJ. kuhoa
Fiugil uL f Ujd. 1. gf-mu
nkghit neuoahf guhkfglJ. 2. yhjhf caFod guhk Ujit. fhyhgil khyh
fhyh gil uf Ka gF tjd. th xU fggil
itUjh.
kuhoa uhQt eltoiff nfhilf Ka
gfhd. th M fhy W Rkh 240
nfhilfis mt bgUjh. xbthU nfhil rk jF
thj _W mfhf fLgho lgld. Jnuhf
braiy jgjfhfnt rk mfhu tHfglJ.
th xU Mf tkhd nkij. kuhoaUfhd xU ehil
cUthat. #hjhuhf UJ rugahf mt Vw bgwJ
ufjfJ. kuhoaiu xizJ Kfyha nguuRF xU
bgU vahf mt sdh. mt xU Jryhd u,
MwF Mahs.
th t njhwf

th kiwF, mtuJ jtfshd

hghF uh#huhKF ilna thRikngh eilbgwJ.
hgh m btbgwh. Mdh, d mt Kfyhafsh
iwgLjgL lglh. mLJ uh#uh MF
tjh. Kfyha uLjYF ma mt br
jrFjh. rjhuh mt kiwjh. mtuJ kid
jhuhghia muruahf bfhL kf ulh th
MF tjh. mLJ MF tjt hF. mtuJ M
fhy ngZthf mfhuij ifgd.

273

ngZthf (1713 - 1818)

ghyh ghuh (1740 - 1761)

ghyh teh (1713 - 1720)

jdJ gbjhgjh tanyna jijFwF ghyh

ghuh ngZth gjykjh.

xU a tUthJiw mfhahf gF nrj ghyh

teh 1713 ngZth gjF gogoahf Knddh. ngZth
gj mt jdJ iyia nkY tikgL bfhlnjhL,
mgjia thRik gjahf khdh. cehL ngh
Ka gF tj mt Wahf hFit kuhoa muruhf
ajh. hFF Mjuthf midJ kuhoa jiytf
Mjuit nfhbgwh.
1719 ,

ghyh
teh
Kfyha
nguur
g%ahlUJ y cikfis nfh bgwh. Kfyha
nguur hFit kuhoa muruhf mfjh. nkY, fehlf,
ikN cl jfhzUj MW Kfyha khfhzfY
brs. rnjZK tfis tNJ bfhS cikia
nguur hFF tHdh.
Kjyh ghuh (1720 - 1740)

ghuh, ghyh teh _jkf. jkJ UgjhtJ

tanyna jij tj gjahd ngZth gj mkjh.
mtuJ fhy kuhoaf f mj cnf brwJ.
kuhoa jiytf mla Toiz xiw mt
VgLdh. mjgo, xbthU kuhoa jiytU jkF
xJfgl M gF jdh cikfis bgW
Mbra ttif braglJ. mj isthf,
kuhoajiytf y fHljd. ah btntW
gFf jfsJ Mfij VgL bfhld.
gnuhlh bf th, eh nghny, nAhf,
Ftha ah, dh ngZth vd kuhoa jiytf
mjj gFf brthFl sd.

274

1749 kuhoa mur hF thR VJ wjh. thrhf

afgl uhuh{ vgtiu ghyh ghuh rjhuh
iwitjh. kuhoa muR KGtJ ngZth fLgho
tjJ.
1752 ngZth Kfyha nguuRl xU xgj brJ
bfhlh. mjgo cehL, maehL vflUJ
Kfyha nguuriu ghJfhgjhf ngZth cWajh.
mjFgyhf, tlnkF khfhzf brs, rnjZK
tfis, Muh kW M{ gFf bkhj tUthia
ngZth tNJ bfhs nguur mDkjh.

mjdh, mfkJ h mjh ahJ gilbaLJ

tjnghJ ahit ghJfhF bghW kuhoaUF VglJ.
1761M ML eilbgw _wh ghgL ngh mfkJ h
mjhia vJ kuhoaf uJl nghld. Mdh,
njhailjd. gy kuhoa jiytfS, Mufzfhd
ufS ngh kojd. j nrhfij fL
mailj ngZth ghyh ghuh wjh. nkY, j ngh
kuhoaUF kuz moahf mikjJ. kuhoa jiytfS
ilna Vgl crfdh kuhoa ToizY r
GjJ.
Kfyha nguu F wF, kuhoaf ah
xU bgU rahf vG bgwd. Mdh, mtfsh oZ
Mf iyehlglij jLfKoaiy.
kuhoajiytfshd nAhf, ah, nghny
nghwtfSilna ya xWikikna mtfsJ
fhd fhuzf KjikahdjhF. nkY, mtfsJ
gil, nghL KiwfS nkgL Ujjh, W
ohnu bt bgwd.
275

kh dhf

fw milf
jghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ.

I.

rahd ilia nj brf

1.

th wjJ

1.

kuhoa vGfhd fhuzf.

2.

th sikfhyK ngh btfS.

m) rjhuh

M) dh

3.

th kuhoa MKiw w TWf.

) nd

<) #

4.

ngZthf vG, _wh ghgL ngh

KaJtK.

276

2.

uj clgoif brJ bfhsgl ML

m) 1660

M) 1665

) 1670

<) 1675

II.

nfhol lij uf

1.

th ghJfhty ......

2.

thF mLJ MF tjt ......

3.

_wh ghgLngh ....... Mo ..... F .... F

ilna eilbgwJ.

III.

bghUJf

1.

ngZth

m) Ftha

2.

ah

M) dh

3.

nAhf

4.

nghny

<) eh

IV.

rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xW kLnk

rahdJ

m)

th tUth mik nrhHuJ mikig xoajhF

M)

fh vw ms nfhyh yf msfgld.

kuhoa fhy
fgld.

yf

277

ehF

tiffshf

<)

Vfdnt gjUj tUthJiw mfhfSF th

nkY mfhu tHdh.

V.

tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf.

1.

mfkJ h mjh gilbaLjnghJ mtiu Kfyha

nguur vbfhlh.

2.

_wh ghgL ngh eh h kuhoagilfis

Kaojh.

3.

nkhnufS ghffS kuhoa FLgij

nrjtf.

VI.

WF tiuf (VnjD _W Ff)

1.

ghl - 23
Inuha tUif
fw nehff
j ghlUJ khztmJ bfhtJ.
1.

ahF nghRa tUif.

2.

uj clgoif

ah lR, uR, Mnya,

tjfikaf WtgLj.

3.

mZl ujh

fdhlfgF Mnya - uR Mf ngho.

2.

4.

th fhya tf

tfhs oZ M WtgLj.

3.
4.

_wh ghgL ngh

VII.

FWa il jUf (100 thijf)

1.

kuhoa vGfhd fhuzfis TWf.

2.

ghyh teh g F tiuf

VIII.

thd il jUf (200 thijf)

1.

th thif kW rhjidfis t.

2.

th MKiw fhzgL w TWfis

FLf.

3.

ngZthf vG kW rhjidfis Mf.

278

nlZ

ahF InuhghF ilyhd tjf cwf

f gHikahdit. mit, Mr gsjhF, myJ ah
myJ vJnghw ygFf tahf VgLjglit.
Mdh, 1498 M ML thnfhl fhkh edif Kid
tahf xU a fl tia fLojh. mjwF gy
tjf Wtdf ahF tJ
jfsJ tjf ikafis VgLd.
tffshf ahF tj mtf,
fhyngh a mua <LgL
Wahf jfsJ Fonawfis
mikJ bfhld. InuhafS
ilna ya tjf ngho mua
Mffhd nghoahf khaJ.
W, ah jfsJ Mia
mikj_y oh mngho
thnfhl fhkh
btbgwd.

279

nghRaf

M ML nk 17 M eh nghRa gaahd
thnfhlfhkh f nfhil JiwKfij tjiljh. f
nfhil Mahs rhk mtiu ml tuntwh. mLj
Mnl mt nghRf Udh. 1500 bgnuh mt
fhu ahF tjh. 1502 thnfhlfhkh ulhtJ
gazij nkbfhL ah tjh. fnfhil,
fz}, bfh Ma lf nghRaf jfsJ
thf iyafis W bfhld.
1498

ah Kj nghRa MSeuhffjt
uh o mklh. d, 1509 M ML mf MSeuhf
afglh. 1510 mf # MahslUJ
nfhthit ifg bfhlh. mjd, ahUj
nghRa gFf jiyiklkhf nfhth fjJ. mf
kyhfh kW yifia ifgdh. fnfhil xU
nfhilia mikjh. a bgfis kzJ bfhSkhW
mt jkJ ehltiu crhfgLdh. ah
nghRafis f tikahd rahf kha mf
1515 kiwjh.
mLJ MSeuhf tjtf nkF flfiu lhk,
rhr, ggh Ma lfY HF flfiu
bridfU rhnjh, tfhs A& Ma lfY
nghRa FoUfis VgLd.
UD, gdhfh who W ah
nghRa Mf ailabjhlaJ. mLj
who nfhth, il, lhk ju Vida gFf
midij mtf Hjd.
lRfhuf

lf FoUfis Wd. gndHh who mtf

nghRaiu bt bfhL, Hnf Inuha tf
tik bfhL sd. ah lRfhuf Ka
ikakhf fh myJ gHntfhL UjJ. d, ehfgod
jiyiklkhW.gndHh who ilgF
Mnyaf bga Fonaw rahf vGbgwd. Mnya
- lR Mf ngho Rkh vGgJ MLf ojJ. mnghJ,
lRfhuf jfsJ Fonawfis xbthwhf ohl
Hjd.
Mnyaf

M ML Mnya Ha tfFG
VgLjglJ. mjfhd gla yhJ mu vrbg
ifbaGlh. Nu xU Mnya tf ika mikgjF
mDk nfh 1609 M ML nfl Ah #Ah
mitF tjh.
1600

Mdh nghRa Ljdh, Kfyha nguur

MnyaUF mDk kWjh. d 1612 M ML #Ah
MnyaUF gk myJ mDk foj tHdh. 1613
mtf Nu tf iyaij Wd.
yhJ mur Kjyh n# Jtuhf 1615M ML
r jhk nuh ahF tjh. ah gntW gFf
Mnya tf iyafis mikgjF mt #Ahl
mDk bgwh.
1619M ML th Muh, mfkjhgh, gnuhlh, nuh
Ma lf Mnyaf tf iyafis Wd.
yhJ muruhd ulh rhylUJ gghia Mnya
Ha tfFG bgwJ.
1639 M

1602 M ML lR Ha tfFG
VgLjglJ. lR tff ahF tJ kNgod,
fh, Nu, fhiufh, ehfgod, Ruh, fhgrh Ma

ML uh nl vgt brid efiu

Wdh. mF br #h{ nfhil flglJ. 1690 M
ML #h rheh vgt Rj vw l kbwhU
Mnya tf iyaij VgLdh. d, mJnt
ffjh efukhf tsailjJ. mF a nfhil

280

281

flglJ. fhy, ffjh oZ ah

jiyefuhf saJ. thW, ah Mnya
Fonawf ggh, brid, ffjh vw _W khfhz
jiyefuf Wtgld.
uRfhuf
1664 M ML gdhfh kd mikruhd
fhg vgtuh uR Ha tf FG VgLjglJ.
uh nfu vgtuh Nu ef KjyhtJ uR tf
iya WtglJ. d bkfhuh vgtuh
kNgod xU tf iya mikfglJ. uhfh
kho 1673 ghonria Wdh. ru ehT, kh,
fhiufh nghwit ah Wtgl kw uR tf
iyafshF. uhfh kho ghonr KjyhtJ
MSeuhth. ah uR FonawfSF jiyiklkhf
ghonr fjJ.

nlaf

ah blkh ehL tf iyafis WaJ.

1620 jufgho nlZ tf iya VgLjglJ.
kbwhU Ka nlZ FoU tfhsUj uh.
uh ah mtfsJ jiyiklkhF. ah
mtf jfsJ iyia tYgLjiy. 1845 jfsJ
a Fonawfis ohUF Wld.
Mnya - uR Mfngho

ah jfsJ nkyhfij iyehLtjfhf

MnyaU uRfhuU gbdlh who
KgFUJ nghol bjhld.
ah Kfyha nguuR ailjij bjhlJ
ya mua FHgij gagL bfhl mtf a
cehL mua jiyld. fdhlf gFY tfhsY
Mnya - uR Mf ngho eF btglJ.
282

fehlfnghf

Kfyha nguu FwF, rh c K

jiyik jfhz jdJ Ljiyia mJ bfhlJ.
fehlfK jfhz xUgFahF. fdhlf Mahs
rh nkyhikia VW bfhoUjh. 1740 Inuhgh
Ma thRik ngh bjhlaJ.
mngh yhJ uhR
vbu m Ujd. vdnt
ahY UtUilna ngh
_lJ. 1746M ML gho
nrUj uR MSe ons
Mnya J jhFj bjhLjh.
Jnt Kj fehlfngh (1746-48)
bjhlfkhF. Mnyaf fehlf
ethghd mth%l cj
ons
nfhd.
Mdh,
mtuJ
nghoahsuhd rjhrhl uRfhuf clgoif
brJ bfhld. bridfU eilbgw milahW ngh
Mygilf uRfhufis njhfojd. jil
Ma thRik ngh 1748 M ML I-yh-rng
clgoifgo KoF tjJ. mjdh Kjyh fehlfnghU
KoF tjJ.
Mdh ah cehL mua MnyaU
uRfhuU vbu iyfis vLJ tjd.
mjdh ulh fdhlfngh (1749-1754) njhaJ.
iAjuhgh rh gjF tuUa K[g # vgtiu
ons Mjjh. MfhL maiziaifgw Ua rjh
rhl ons Vfdnt e bfhoUjh. _t
gilf Kjyh fdhlfngh MnyaUF gf gykhf w
mthUgilfis Kaojd.
1749 M ML eilbgw M ngh mth%
bfhyglh. mj bt isthf K[g # rhgjia
283

Vwh. rjhrh MfhL eth gj mkjh. mthU

kf KfkJ m UF jnahodh. mtUF Mjuthf
Mnyaf y JUfis mDitjd. jil
oZ giljsgahd uhg is Mfhil ifgdh.
fhntghf vw l uRgilfis Kaojh. rjh
rh ifgwgL jrh unrj braglh.
ngh dil Vgljh ons UaiHfgL
mtUFgyhf nfhlh uR MSeuhf af glh.
1754M ML ghonr clgoif go ulh fdhlf
ngh KoF tjJ.
Inuhgh VHhLngh (1756 - 1763) btojnghJ _wh
fehlf ngh (1758 - 1763) bjhlaJ.
uRgilf jiytuhf foyh vgt Ujh.
1760 M ML oZ jsg r ma T mtiu tjth
Kaojh. mLj Mo Mnya gilf ghonria
ifg mefiu mjd. 1763 M ML gh cl goifgo
VHhLnghKoF tjJ. _wh fehlfnghU KojJ.
ghonr, fhiufh, kh, Vdh gFf kL
uRfhuf jf eltoiffis kLgL bfhtjhf
xbfhld.
Mnya - uR Mf ngho Mnyaf bt
bgwd. uRfhuf njhailjd.
uRfhuf njhfhd fhuzfis tUkhW
bjhFJ Twyh.
1.
2.
3.

Mnya thf kW flgil tik.

uR mu cjilfhik.
uRfhuf jfhz Mjuit eUjd.
Mdh, MnyaUF tfhs tYthd mojs
UjJ.

284

4.

ffjh, ggh, brid Ma _W Ka Jiw

Kffis Mnya bgUjd. uRfhufl
ghonr kLnk UjJ.

5.

uR jsgfl xWikiy.

6.

Inuha nghf yhJ bgw bt ah

uRfhu vfhyij zgjhf mikjJ.

tfhs Mnya Mf WtgLj

ah tsf, brtf gFf xwhf tfhs

fjJ. ah Mnya M gutjF, tfhs
mthf VgLa Mfnk mogilahf
mikjJ. tfhs eth uh{ c bjsyhF
MnyaUF ilna bjhla r
1757 M ML 23 eh eilbgw
shngh KojJ. oZ JUf
jsgahd uhg is eth gilfis
KaoJ bt uuhf vG bgwh.
eth giljsgahd #hg Jnuhf
brany Mnya vjhd btF
fhuzkhf mikjJ. UD, sh ngh
uhgis
Mnya bgw bt ah Mnya
M Wtglij Fgjhf mikjJ.
1764 M ML Mnyaf L xU Kiw mnah
eth, Kfyha nguur, tfhs eth Mnah TLgilfis
grh ngh Kaojd. Mnya giltik Kothf
iyWjglJ. 1765M ML tfhs MSeuhf uhg
is afglh. mnj Mo myfhgh clgo if
ifbaGlglJ. mjgo, Mnya Ha tf
FGF Kfyhanghuur th cikfis tHdh. thW,
ah Mnya Mf eF iy ehlglJ.

285

kh dhf

fw milf
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhlJ
1. ah nghRaf ts .
2. ah
lR, uR, Mnya,nlZ
Fonawf
3. Mnya - uR Mf ngho fdhlf
nghfS.
4. tfhs Mnya Mf WtgLjY
sh nghU.

286

I.

rahd ilia nj brf

1.

ah KjyhtJ nghRa MSe

2.

m) thnfhlfhkh

M) mbklh

)mf

<) uhfh kho

shngh eilbgw ML
m) 1767

M) 1757

) 1764

<) 1747

II.

nfhol lij uf

1.

nfl Ah ..... mitF tUif jh.

2.

uh ..... tf ika.

3.

gh clgoif
bfhLtjJ.

III.

bghUJf

1.

#h rhdh

m) jufgho

2.

nlaf

M) ffjh

3.

uh nl

) ghonr

4.

uhfh kho

<) brid

IV.

rahd brhbwhliu nj brf. xW kLnk

rahdJ

m)

Ma thRik ngh _wh fdhlf nghUF

ttFjJ.

M)

VHL ngh ulh fdhlf nghUF ttFjJ.

uhg is shngh bt bgwh.

<)

fdhlf nghf isthf

uRfhuf btnad.

.....

287

fdhlfnghiuKoF

tfhsUJ

V.

tUtdtiw rah, jtwh vW TWf

1.

rjhk nuh ulh rhy Jtuhf ahF

tjh.

2.

onsFwF nfhl uR MSeuhdh.

VI.

WF tiuf (VnjD _W Ff)

1.

thnfhlfhkh

2.

mf

3.

ah lR Fonawf

4.

sh ngh

VII.

FWa il jUf (100 thijf)

1.

ah nghRa vG kW ia t.

2.

tfhs oZ Mf vG g F tiuf.

VIII.

thd il jUf (200 thijf)

1.

ah Mnya - uR Mf nghoia bjhFJ

vGJf.

fhynfhL
.. 1500 Kj .. 1600 tiu

1 myF = 10 MLf

1500

1510 - nghRaf nfhthit ifgaJ

1520

1526 - Kj ghgL ngh

1530 - ghg w

288

289

1575 - ghj fhdhit mikj

1540 - fndh ngh

1580
1582 - yh

1550

1590

1555 - ckh kiw

1556 - ulh ghgL ngh

1560

1600

1565 - jiynfhil ngh

1570

290

291

fhynfhL
.. 1600 Kj .. 1700 tiu
1myF = 10 MLf
1600 Mnya Ha tf FG WtgLj

1639 - uh nl kjuh efuij cUthFj

1640

1605 - #Ah maiznaWj

1608 - nfl Ah ah tUif

1650

1610

1615 - r jhk nuh ah tUif

1660
1620

1665 - uj clgoif

1627 - th w

1670

1630

292

293

1674 - th KoNobfhs

1680

1690

1700

294