Botkin: Chapter #28 Guided Viewing Urban Environments 1: The environmental focus has shifted from outside to inside

the city. Why has this happened? There are more people in cities, which have more pollution, dirt, and artificial/non-natural plants and animals. 2: How much of the worlds population live in cities? 45% How much of developed countries live in cities? 75% How much of developing (poor) countries live in cities? 38% 3: What is a megacity? How many are there? It is a huge metropolitan area with more than 8 million residents. There are about 30. 4: As of 2011, which city is the most populated in the world? Which U.S. city is the most populated? Tokyo, Japan is the most poplated in the world. New York, New York is the most U.S. populated city. 5: Why is a city considered to be an ecosystem? Energy goes in and out of it. 6: Define: Site: what you can defend (water supplies, building locations) Situation: where you are relatively located What things are considered when choosing a city location? You should consider substrate, water, and land for food. 7: What do city planners tend to do in city centers that is harmful to the environment? They replace natural with artificial. 8: What was the first large public park in the United States? Central Park. 9: What is a greenbelt? Why are they important? (Hint: Think of corridors)

Greenbelts connect the countryside to urban. 10: What is the energy budget of a city? It is through absorption and reflection of solar energy, evaporation of air, conduction of air, winds, transport of fuels into the city, and convection of water. 11: How does the climate change in a city? Explain why. 12: Why are cities called, Urban Heat Islands? Explain how this happens. There is increased heat and low rate of heat loss. 13: How are water pathways changed in the city? Runoff water goes to storm sewers which the grounds cant absorb. 14: How are soils changed in the city? Soils are no longer replenished by vegetation and water flow. 15: Why are city dwellers exposed to more pollution? There are higher toxic levels, noise pollution, and light pollution in the city. 16: What are the main sources of urban pollution? Toxic chemicals, cars, and stationary power sources, home heating and industry. 17: What are some professions that specialize in bringing nature into the city? There are urban foresters, landscape architecture, city planner, and civil engineers. 18: How can vegetation help alleviate city issues? Trees provide cool shade, absorb toxins, and provide quiet and peace time. 19: What are the 4 categories of city wildlife? 1. Species that cant persisit in urban environment and disappear 2. Tolerates urban environments but do better elsewhere 3. Adapted to urban environments and are abundant

4. Pests 20: How can city environments contribute to conservation of wildlife? We can build greenbelts and add more trees. 21: What are animal pests? What are the characteristics that they have in common? Animal pests include cockroaches, rats, pigeons, fleas, etc. 22: How are pests controlled in the city? They are control by poison. 23: How can we revitalize urban environments? We can have the support of the public and education to revitalize.