Threats to Biodiversity: An Overview Guided Viewing Name: _____Claudine Manabat___________ 1: Natural Capital: Forests Ecological Services Support energy

flow and chemical cycling Reduce soil erosion Absorb and release water Purify water and air Influence local and regional climate Store atmospheric carbon Provide numerous wildlife habitats 2: What are the 3 main types of forests? Old-growth forest: uncut or regenerated forest that has not been seriously disturbed for several hundred years Second-growth forest: a stand of trees resulting from natural secondary succession. (60%) Secondgrowth forest: a stand of trees resulting from natural secondary succession. (60%) Tree plantation: planted stands of a particular tree species. (4%) 3: What are some of the problems associated with deforestation? Decreased soil fertility from erosion Release of CO2 into atmosphere Acceleration of flooding 4: What are the methods for harvesting trees? Building roads into inaccessible forest paves Economic Services Fuelwood

Lumber Pulp to make paper

Mining Livestock grazing

Recreation Jobs

5: Clear-Cutting Forests Advantages Most efficient Higher timber yields Maximum profits in shortest time Short time to establish new stand of trees Can reforest with fast growing trees Needs less skill and planning Good for tree species needing full or moderate sunlight Disadvantages Considerable damage Reduces biodiversity Disrupts ecosystem processes Destroys and fragments wildlife habitats Leaves large opening Increases water pollution, flooding, and erosion on steep slopes Eliminates most recreational value

6: What are some solutions for sustainable forestry? Stop clear-cutting on steep slopes Grow more timber on long rotations Plant tree plantations on deforested and degraded land 7: What is the Healthy Forest Restoration Act? What are the PROS and CONS? Allows timber companies to cut medium and large trees in national forests 71% PROS clear the fire prone trees and underbrush CONS increase severe fires by removing the fire resistance trees 8: Logging in National Forests Advantages Helps meet countrys timber need Cut areas grow back Keeps lumber and paper prices down Disadvantages Provides only 4% of timber needs Ample private forest land to meet timber needs Has little effect on timber and paper prices

Provides jobs in nearby communities Promotes economic growth in nearby communities

Damages nearby rivers and fisheries Recreation in national forests provides more local jobs and income for local communities than logging Decreases recreational Opportunities

9: What are some causes of tropical deforestation? being cleared and degraded at a fast rate. Subsidies Population growth Poverty Crop and timber exports 10: Why should we care about the loss of tropical forests? There are cancer fighting plant out there from tropical trees 11: Sustaining Tropical Forests Prevention Protect most diverse and endangered areas Educate settlers about sustainable agriculture and forestry Phase out subsidies that encourage unsustainable forest use Add subsidies that encourage sustainable forest use Protect forests with debt-for-nature swaps and conservation easements Certify sustainably grown timber Reduce illegal cutting Restoration Reforestation

Rehabilitation of degraded areas

Concentrate farming and ranching on already-cleared areas

Reduce poverty Slow population growth

12: Why are rangelands/grasslands so important? -Soil formation Erosion control Nutrient cycling 13: How can we sustain rangeland productivity? What are some solutions to overgrazing? Sustain - controlling the number and distribution of livestock and by restoring degraded rangeland Solution- Replanting, herbicides, controlled burning, trampling by livestock 14: What is the 4 point strategy to restoring biodiversity worldwide? Map global ecosystems Locate and protect endangered ecosystems & species Restore as many degraded ecosystems as possible Make development biodiversity friendly 15: What is a biodiversity hotspot? How many are there worldwide? relation to the largest concentrations of rare and potentially endangered species in the U.S. worldwide 34 16: What are the top 6 hotspots in the United States? 1Hawaii 2 San Francisco Bay area 3 Southern Appalachians 4 Death Valley 5 Southern California 6 Florida Panhandle

17: What are the five basic science-based principles for ecological restoration? Identify cause. Stop abuse Reintroduce species Protect area form further degradation Monitor the area 18: Define: Preservation setting aside or protecting indisturbes natural areas from harmful human activities Remediation reparing the ecosystem that has bee destroyed Sustainability ability to survive for specified time 18: What are the eight priorities for protecting biodiversity? Immediate action to preserver hotspots Keep the remaining old growth Map the biodiversity for inventory and decision making Determine world marine hot spot Ensure that the full range of the earths ecosystems is included in global conservation strategy. Make conservation profitable. Start restoration to heal damage 19: Define: Reconciliation/Applied Ecology Establish and maintain new habita to conserve species where people interact 20: Define: Background Extinction: continuous low level of extinction of species Extinction Rate: % or # that go extinct within a certain time period Mass Extinction: : extinction of many species in a relatively short amount of time

21: What are characteristics of vulnerable species? Large size Low Reproductive Rate Feed at high trophic levels 22: What is HIPPCO? Habitat destruction, degradation, and fragmentation Invasive species Population growth 23: What can you do about invasive species? Do not allow wild animals to escape 24: What are some characteristics of successful invader species? (r-selected species) Generalists 25: How is pollution affecting species? Pesticide kill our honeybees and other endangered species 26: What is overexploitation? When over using something 27: What is the U.S. Endangered Species Act? A law that provides protection to endangered species 28: What is the CITIES Treaty? International trade of endangered animal 29: What can you do to help terrestrial biodiversity? Plant a tree Buy products that are sustainable What can you do to help protect species worldwide? Do not buy fur, tell your friends about the endangered