Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction: Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) is a method for stating and interpreting design requirements. GD&T is an international system of symbolic language, and is simply another tool available to make engineering drawings a better means of communication from design through manufacturing and inspection. Standardized Method for stating and interpreting design requirements. International system of symbolic language Tool available to make engineering drawings a better means of communication from design through manufacturing and inspection.
INTRODUCTION TO GD&T 3
History of GD&T
In use since beginning of 20. century Important at the time of 2nd World War
Introduction to Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing GD & T standards ASA-1956 (American Standards Association) ANSI Y 14.5M-1982 (American National Standards Institute) ISO 1101 1983 (International Standard Of Organization) ASME 14.5M-1994 (American Society Of Mechanical Engineers)
GD&T Rules
All dimensions must have a tolerance Dimensioning and tolerancing shall completely define the nominal geometry and allowable variation Measurement and scaling of the drawing is not allowed Engineering drawings define the requirements of finished (complete) parts No descriptions of manufacturing methods
Advantages of GD&T:
Uniformity in design practice Fewer misinterpretations Interchangeability Ensured Design requirements specified explicitly Latest gauging techniques accommodated Lower production costs Maximum tolerance allocation Higher production yields Less rework or scrap
DRIVERS OF GD&T:
Demand for Products
WHY GD&T?
Adds clarity to our coordinate system of dimensioning
In Coordinate System, a part of the designer's intent was always left to interpretation by the craftsman (i.e., dimension origin, form profile and orientation). Most significant difference between the two systems is the location of round features Coordinate system had a square tolerance zone, which allowed some good parts to be rejected
INTRODUCTION TO GD&T
GD&T BENEFITS
1) Improves Communication
GD&T can provide uniformity in drawing specifications and interpretation, thereby reducing controversy, guesswork and assumptions. Design, production, and inspection all work in the same language.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
FORM CONTROLS
Flatness. Straightness. Circularity. Cylindricity. g c
Form tolerances: Form tolerances are designed to control the form (or shape) of individual features and features of size The form tolerance family includes straightness, flatness, circularity (roundness), and cylindricity (Form tolerances control individual features and do not control the relationship of one feature to another)
INTRODUCTION TO GD&T 17
STRAIGHTNESS
Tolerance zone between two straightness lines. 0.001 Value must be smaller than the size tolerance.
STRAIGHTNESS
SYMBOL :-
FLATNESS
Tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes.
0.001
FLATNESS
SYMBOL :-
CIRCULARITY (ROUNDNESS)
a. Circle as a result of the intersection by any plane perpendicular to a common axis. b. On a sphere, any plane passes through a common center. Tolerance zone bounded by two concentric circles. 0.01
CIRCULARITY
SYMBOL :-
INSPECTION OF CIRCULARITY
CYLINDRICITY
Tolerance zone bounded by two concentric cylinders within which the cylinder must lie.
0.01
Rotate in a V
0.01
CYLINDRICITY
SYMBOL :-
INSPECTION OF CYLINDRICITY
Profile tolerances: Used to control irregular shapes such as contours and can also be applied to control coplanarity (more than one surface in the same plane) The profile family includes profile of a line profile of a surface
INTRODUCTION TO GD&T
28
PROFILE
A uniform boundary along the true profile within whcih the elements of the surface must lie. 0.005 A B B
0.001
Orientation tolerances:
Control specific relationships of one feature to another Therefore, they are always specified to at least one datum reference The orientation tolerance family includes Parallelism Perpendicularity (squareness) Angularity
INTRODUCTION TO GD&T
30
Parallelism Control
Parallelism is the condition of a surface, center plane, or axis being exactly parallel to the datum. An parallelism control is a geometric tolerance that limits the amount a surface, center plane, or axis is permitted to vary from being parallel to the datum.
PARALLELISM
SYMBOL :-
PARALLELISM
The condition of a surface equidistant at all points from a datum plane, or an axis equidistant along its length to a datum axis.
Inspection
Define Perpendicularity
Perpendicularity is the condition that results when a surface, axis, or centerplane is exactly 90 deg to a datum.
A perpendicularity control is a geometric tolerance that limits the amount a surface, axis, or centerplane is permitted to vary from being perpendicular to the datum.
PERPENDICULARITY
SYMBOL :-
PERPENDICULARITY
A surface, median plane, or axis at a right angle to the datum plane or axis. .00 A 2 0.002 TA . 0.002 tolerance zone perpendicular to the da tum pla ne
Inspection of perpendicularity
Angularity Control
Angularity is the condition of a surface, center plane, or axis being exactly at the specified angle. An angularity control is a geometric tolerance that limits the amount a surface, center plane, or axis is permitted to vary from its specified angle.
ANGULARITY
SYMBOL :-
ANGULARITY
A surface or axis at a specified angle (orther than 90) from a datum plane or axis. Can have more than one datum.
0.005 A
Inspection of Angularity
Location tolerances: Used to control the location of the center of size features (such as the location of the axis of a hole or pin or the center plane of a slot or square boss). The location tolerance family includes Position Symmetry Concentricity
Positional tolerance : Provides the permissible variation in the specified location of the feature or group of features in relation to another feature or datum. Applied to at least two features of which one must be a feature of size (meaning one is a datum). Because one of the features must be a feature of size, the modifier principles do apply. General Rule Two requires the designer to specify modifiers for all features, tolerances and datum's of size. The advantages of the modifiers can be used to their greatest extent with tolerances of location involving part interchangeability of mating parts. GD&T's best advantages are best realized when position & modifiers are specified.
Position :
Symbol:
Concentricity:
Symbol:
Concentricity tolerance:
Always implied and specified as RFS Diametric zone in which the axis of the controlled feature must lie. This zone must coincide with the axis (center point) of the datum feature(s). Concentricity is a very restrictive geometric control.
Concentricity :
Definition of Symmetry: Condition where a feature or part has the same profile on either side of the central (median plane) of a datum feature. Symmetry Tolerance:
Always implied to be RFS. Applied equally on either side of the controlled feature center line. Implied modifier restricts the tolerance to the specified amount only.
Chapter 8
48
Application of Symmetry:
Runout tolerances: Apply to rotating parts in order to control the coaxiality of cylindrical features to one another or the runout of end surfaces with respect to datum axes. The runout family includes circular runout total runout
INTRODUCTION TO GD&T
50
D atum axis
TOTAL RUNOUT
A 0.361 0.002 "
1.500 0.005 " 0.005 A
D atum axis
D evia tion on the total sw ept w hen the part is rotating is less than the t olerance.
P.D
S.D
T.D
Tolerance frame
The tolerance requirements are shown in a rectangular frame which is divided into two or more compartments. These compartments contain, from left to right ,in the following order (see figures 3,4 and 5) _ The symbol for the characteristic to be toleranced: _ The tolerance value in the unit used for linear dimensions. This value is preceded by the sign if the tolerance zone is circular or cylindrical: _ If appropriate, the letter or letters identifying the datum feature (see figures 4 and 5)
Figures 3
Figures 4
Figures 5
Tolerance frame(controlled)
Remarks related to the tolerance, for example 6 holes, 4 surfaces or 6x shall be written above the frame (see figures 6 and 7) Indications qualifying the form of the feature within the tolerance zone shall be within near the tolerance frame and may be connected by a leader line (see figures 8 and 9)
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Tolerance frame(controlled)
If it is necessary to specify more than one tolerance characteristic for a feature, the tolerance specifications are given in tolerance frames one under the other (see
figure 10)
Figure 10
DATUM
A datum is a theoretically exact plane, point or axis from which a dimensional measurement is made. A Datum is the true geometric counter part of a datum feature A true geometric counter part is the theoretical perfect boundary or best fit tangent plane of a datum feature.
INTRODUCTION
Here Feature of Size is used as a datum features When a diameter is used as a datum feature, It results in a datum axis When a planar is used as a datum feature, it results in a datum center plane
Describe the datum that results from a FOS datum feature
Datum identification symbol can be touching the surface of a diameter to specify axis as the datum
Datum Terminology
Datum feature A Datum feature simulator / Gauge element Simulated datum axis A Simulated datum Feature A
Referencing a FOS datum at MMC has two effects on the part gaging : The gage is fixed in size The part may be loose (shift) in the gage
Draw the datum feature simulator for an external and internal FOS datum feature (MMC primary).
Draw the datum feature simulator for an FOS datum feature (MMC secondary with virtual condition)
Datum axis secondary (MMC) , Datum centre plane tertiary (MMC) (Contd)
When referencing the datums with the face primary, diameter secondary (MMC), and slot tertiary (MMC), the following conditions apply: The part will have a minimum of three points of contact with the primary datum plane The datum feature simulators will be fixed size gage elements. The datum axis is the axis of the datum feature simulator
Datum axis secondary (MMC) , Datum centre plane tertiary (MMC) (Contd)
The datum axis is perpendicular to the primary datum plane Depending upon the datum feature's actual mating size, a datum shift may be available. Second and third datum planes are to be associated with the datum axis The tertiary datum center plane is the center plane of the tertiary datum feature simulator
Draw the datum axis when using a pattern of FOS as a datum feature (MMC secondary)
Datum sequence
Panel-A
Explain how changing the datum reference sequence in a feature control frame affects the part and gauge
Panel A
An adjustable gauge is required. No datum shift is permissible on datum feature A The part is oriented in the gage by datum feature A Datum feature B will have a minimum of one point contact with its datum feature simulator The orientation of the holes will be relative to datum axis A
Panel B
Panel B
Datum feature B will have 3- point contact with its datum plane The part is oriented in the gauge by datum feature B The orientation of holes will be relative to datum plane B An adjustable gauge is required and no datum shift is permissible on datum feature A
Panel C
Virtual condition=10.2
FEATURES
A feature is a general term applied to a physical portion of part, such as a surface, hole or slots,tabs. An easy way to remember this term is to think of a feature as a part surface.
FEATURES
Features
Feature Of Size
Non-Feature Of Size
External
Feature Of Size
Internal
Feature Of Size
FEATURE OF SIZE
This is one cylindrical or spherical surface, or set of two opposed elements or parallel surfaces associated with size dimension which has an axis, center line or center plane contained within it. Features of size are features, which do have diameter or thickness. These may be cylinders, such as shafts and holes. They may also be slots, rectangular or flat parts, where two parallel flat surfaces are considered to form a single feature.
FEATURE OF SIZE
Internal FOS is comprised of part surfaces (or elements) that are internal part surfaces.
like hole diameter or the width of a slot.
Example:
The Actual Mating Envelope (AME) of an external feature of size is a similar perfect feature counterpart of the smallest size that can be circumscribed about the feature so it just contacts the surfaces at the highest points with in the tolerance zone.
MODIFIERS
M Maximum material condition Regardless of feature size L Least material condition MMC RFS LMC assembly (implied unless specified) less frequently used maintain critical wall thickness or critical location of features.
MATERIAL CONDITIONS
A geometric tolerance can be specified to apply at the largest size, smallest size or actual size of a feature of size. Maximum Material Condition (MMC) Maximum material condition is the condition in which a feature of size contains the maximum amount of material everywhere within the stated limits of size.
MMC
RFS applied only to size features, such as hole, shafts, pins, etc.; feature which have an axis, centerplane or centerline. Symbol : S
Each material condition is used for different functional reasons. Geometric tolerances are often specified to apply at MMC when the function of a FOS is assembly. Geometric tolerances are often specified to apply at LMC to insure a minimum distance on a part. Geometric tolerances are often specified to apply at RFS to insure symmetrical relationships.
MODIFIERS
Modifiers communicate additional information about the drawing or Tolerancing of a part. There are nine common modifiers used in geometric tolerancing.
Nine modifiers
DIAMETER MODIFIER
The diameter symbol is used two ways: inside a feature control frame as a modifier to denote the shape of the tolerance zone, or outside the feature control frame to simply replace the word "diameter.
Reference modifier
The modifier for reference is simply the method of denoting that information is for reference only. The information is not to be used for manufacturing or inspection. To designate a dimension or other information as reference, the reference information is enclosed in parentheses.
Reference Example:
RADIUS MODIFIER
Arcs are dimensioned with radius symbol on drawings. A radius is a straight line extending from the center of an arc or a circle to its surface. The Symbol for a radius is "R. When the "R" symbol is used, it creates a zone defined by two arcs. The part surface must lie within this zone. The part surface may have flats or reversals within the tolerance zone.
Radius modifier
Controlled Radius
The symbol for a controlled radius is "CR. it creates a tolerance zone defined by two arcs. The part surface must be within the crescent-shaped tolerance zone and be an arc without flats or reversals.
CONTROL RADIUS
BETWEEN SYMBOL
COUNTERSINK SYMBOL
DEPTH SYMBOL
SQUARE SYMBOL
GD&T
DIMENSION ORIGIN:
NTTF
Chapter2
156
GD&T
SPHERICAL DIAMETER:
NTTF
This term is abbreviated as SD, the symbol is S Spherical diameter is specified for round features. The abbreviation or symbol is specified either before or following the round feature size (Figure 2-14.)
Chapter2
157
GD&T
SPHERICAL RADIUS: Abbreviation = SR (No Symbol) Applied to round features
NTTF
Chapter2
158
GD&T
NTTF
ARC LENGTH: Used to describe the length of a curved surface. No abbreviation. Symbol is placed over the dimension (See Fig) Specified when it is required to measure along the actual part surface. Then a linear measurement across the arc is not permitted. In the past, TRUE
Chapter2
159
GD&T
CONICAL TAPER:
NTTF
No abbreviation
Symbol is There are 3 methods of specifying a taper
Chapter2
160
GD&T
SLOPE:
NTTF
No abbreviation Symbol is Primarily specified to control flat tapers. Not specified as degrees A ratio of height differences from one end of the flat taper to the other end. See Figure 2-21.
Chapter2
161
GD&T
COUNTERBORE / SPOTFACE: Symbol Abbreviations Counter bore / SF See Figure 2-22.
NTTF
O0.315 0.250
Anything wrong?
Chapter2 162
GD&T
COUNTERSINK: Abbreviated as Counter Sink or specified with the symbol See Figure 2-26.
NTTF
Chapter2
163
GD&T
DEPTH / DEEP: Symbol Abbreviation DP See Figure 2-24
NTTF
Chapter2
164
GD&T
DIMENSION NOT TO SCALE:??? The current practice is to use a heavy straight line under the dimension. See fig 2-25
NTTF
Chapter2
165
GD&T
NUMBER OF PLACES: No abbreviation Symbol is an x . See Fig 2-27
NTTF
Chapter2
166
GD&T
NTTF
STATISTICAL TOLERANCING: Symbol, Indicates that a tolerance is based on statistical tolerancing. No abbreviation. When a tolerance is a statistical geometric tolerance, the symbol is placed in the feature control frame following the stated tolerance and any applicable modifier (see Figure 2-28).
Chapter2
167
GD&T
NTTF
BETWEEN: There are designs where the tolerance for the feature applies to only a portion of the feature. In these instances, the designer has the between symbol available. There is no abbreviation. The arrowheads may or may not be filled. An example of the between symbol is shown in Figure.
Chapter2
168
GD&T
NTTF
SQUARE: Square features may be identified with a symbol. There is no abbreviation. This symbol may be specified on a drawing like Figure 2-36 to indicate the feature is a square
Chapter2
169
Virtual Condition (VC): is a worst-case boundary generated by the collective effects of a feature of size at MMC or at LMC and the geometric tolerance for that material condition.
The VC of a FOS includes effects of the size, orientation, and location for the FOS.
Inner Boundary (IB) is a worst-case boundary generated by the smallest feature of size minus the stated geometric tolerance (and any additional tolerance, if applicable).
Outer Boundary (OB) is a worst-case boundary generated by the largest feature of size plus the stated geometric tolerance (and any additional tolerance, if applicable).
Worst-Case Boundary (WCB) is a general term to refer to the extreme boundary of a FOS that is the worst-case for assembly. Depending upon the part dimensioning, a worst-case boundary can be a virtual condition, inner boundary, or outer boundary.
TECHNOTE If a feature control frame is applied to a feature (a surface), it does not affect its WCB. If a feature control frame is applied to a FOS (an axis or centerplane), it does affect its WCB.
In the case of an external FOS, such as a pin or a shaft, the VC (or WCB) is determined by formula:
In the case of an internal FOS, such as a hole, the VC (or WCB) is determined by formula:
VC = MMC Geometric Tol.
In the case of an external FOS, such as a pin or a shaft, the VC is determined by the formula:
VC = LMC Geometric Tol.
In the case of an internal FOS, such as a hole, the VC is determined by the formula:
VC = LMC + Geometric Tol.
RFS inner and outer boundary When a geometric tolerance that contains no modifiers (RFS default per Rule #2) in the
In the case of an external FOS, such as a pin or a shaft, the OB (or WCB) is determined by the formula:
In case of an internal FOS, such as a hole, the IB (or WCB) is determined by the formula: IB = MMC Geometric Tol.
On complex industrial drawings, it is common to have multiple geometric controls applied to a FOS. When this happens, the feature of size may have several virtual conditions.
Panel B shows the virtual condition those results from the perpendicularity control. This control produces a 10.3 dia. boundary relative to the datum plane A.
Panel C shows the virtual condition that results from positional control. This control produces a 10.4 dia. boundary relative to datums A, B and C.
The bonus tolerance concept applies to any geometric control that uses the MMC (or LMC) modifiers in the tolerance portion of the feature control frame.
The maximum amount of bonus tolerance permissible is equal to the difference between the MMC and the LMC of the tolerance FOS.
TECHNOTE-BONUS TOLERANCE
GD&T Examples
A fixed fastener assembly is where the fastener is held in place (restrained) into one of the components of the assembly. Often, the holes in one component of the assembly are clearance holes and the holes in other component are threaded holes (or a press fit, like a dowel pin). This type of assembly is called a fixed fastener assembly because the fastener is "fixed" in the assembly.
H = F + 2T or T = (H F)/2
Where: T = Position tolerance diameter H = MMC of the clearance hole F = MMC of the fastener
Floating Fastener Assemblies Floating fastener assembly is where (two or more) components are held together with fasteners(such as bolts and nuts), and both components have clearance holes for the fasteners.This type of assembly is called a floating fastener assembly because the fasteners can float (move) in the holes of each part.
T = H-F
where: T= position tolerance diameter(for each part) H=MMC of the clearance hole F= MMC of the fastener
Floating Fastener Assemblies For the above two types of assemblies The formula used in both condition ensures that the part will assemble. This results in a No interference , No clearance condition when the components are at MMC and located at their extreme position. MMC(worst condition of assembly) modifier is used to arrive the TOP. This allows additional position tolerance as the holes depart from MMC.
Shapes of Things
Now an arbitrary profile can be identified as a datum. If that profile follows the caliper test then material modifiers can be applied. Imagine extruded shape profiles, key holes, splines, or other unusual shapes now being able to be considered a datum.
Movin Out
New Datum Translation Symbol is a triangle on its side like a pointer. This overrides the basic dimension for locating a position of a tolerance zone. This only makes sense if you have a couple of geometric tolerances on a single feature and you want one of the datum callouts to move with the limits if the tolerance and one of the datum callouts need to be absolute in space.
No Equal
New Unequally Disposed Profile Symbol is a U in a circle. This concept has always been in the standard but required you use chain lines and basic dimensions to determine the distribution of a profile tolerance zone other than 50%-50% (practice still allowed). In the feature control frame you add the symbol and the value of how much material you want to add. 0.5 U 0.5 means it is all added 0.5 U 0 means it can only remove material
0.5 U 0.1 means it can be 0.1 added material and no more than 0.4 removed.
Independent
New Independency Symbol is an I in a circle. Previous standard required you write out Perfect Form at MMC (or LMC) is not required. Example: If you say a shaft is toleranced at MMC then it must be straight but size may be all that is important to you so you can This choice of symbol and wording baffles me If would have gone Old School Ghostbusters and made a circular no symbol with a slash through it and PF inside.
Spot faces -
SF
Spot faces now have a new symbol that is a counter bore symbol with "SF" inside the symbol.
-Previously it was the same as the counter bore with no depth specified.
Spot faces used to use the same symbol as a counter bore with only the depth missing.
Now you can also add a radius to the edge of the counter bore as well as the main diameter.
"CONTINUOUS FEATURE" - CF
There is a new symbol for this as well, the letters CF in an irregular hexagon. A Continuous Feature is two of more features of size that are not contiguous (touching) but wish to be treated as a single surface.
Example: A shaft with grooves cut into it. The main shaft could be called a single continuous feature.
We have always been able to place a circle around the jog of a callout to change it to the All Around requirement without the note.
This means it only applies to the surfaces in the view called out.
We can now place a double circle around the jog of a callout to change it to All Over requirement.
This means it apples to all the surfaces of the part. Can not be placed on an isometric projection not sure why.