XymKcmPtbmKssh`hw ........

*
({_mWyw, tZiobX, mkn kwKoXw: ImSIkwKoXns ]mccy\nnXnbpsS Ncn{Xw)

"XyKcmPkzmanI' F ]nXr_nw_w ImSIkwKoXns Ncn{Xn CSw]nSn Ncn{Xk`sbpw AXns\ \nbn kwKoXimkv { X]chpw {]Xybimkv { X]chpamb {]`mhsfbpw hniIe\w sNm\mWv Cu {]_w {ianpXv. ]smXmw iXIn sImtfmWnb B[p\nIXbpsS k`nepw kzm[o\nepw Pohnnpw, B Ncn{Xk`s Xs IebneqsS A`nkwt_m[\ sNbv X npw, Ncn{X\nct]amb tIheXbpsS ]cnthjw XymKcmP\v ssIhsXs\ FXmWv Cu At\zjWns tI{w. B[p\nIoIcW nsbpw tZiobXmt_m[nsbpw k`w Pw \evInb "mknIe'Isf pdnpff [mcWI, Ccp]Xmw \qmns BZy]XnmpIfn ImSIkwKoXns ssIImcyImfmbn Dbph \mKcnI a[yhns temIhoWw, CtX Imebfhn ImSIkwKoXs henb tXmXn ]cnh\hnt[bamnb kmtXnI\hoIcW, ImSI kwKoXkzcq]n XymKcmP \Snb LS\m]camb ]pXpnWnbepI FnhbpsS BsIpIsb \nebnemWv ImSIkwKoXw ZntWybnse mkn kwKoXambpw XymKcmP AXns ]nXr_nw_ambpw CSw t\SnbXv Fv kwkvImchniIe\ns D]m[nIsf ]n]nsmv {]_w kanpp.
kp\n ]n. CfbnSw Atkmtjyv s{]m^ aebmfhn`mKw, kwkvIrXkhIemime,ImeSn

* (\nbXmn CsXmcp KthjW{]_a. {]mYanI t{kmXpIfn \npw sXfnhpI Isn ]pXnb \nKa\ AhXcnnpI F coXnimkv{Xkao]\w CXn ]nXpSnn. ImSI kwKoXNcn{Xspdnpw XymKcmPkwKoXns khntijXIsfpdnpw apIme ]T\fn kqNnXamb Nne Bibsf Hcp tI{{]tabntev IqnbnWpIbmWv Cu {]_n sNbvXnpffXv. e`yamb hnhcsf Hcp {]tXyI hmZKXnsb ap\nn hn\yknpp FXnte Cu {]_n\v kzIobXbpffq; CXnse hnhcsmw Rm apffhtcmSv ISsncnpp. ImSIkwKoXw tIcfn hym]Iambn BkzZnsSpIbpw ]TnsSpIbpw sNp kaImenI k`n AtXpdnpff Nne {]tab aebmfn NsNm\pff {iaw F ]cnanXamb {]kntb Cu {]_n\pffq. Cu {]_ns cN\bn \nch[n kplrp ]ehn[nepw klmbnnpv . CXns cN\bvmhiyamb ASnm\{Kfpw teJ\fpw tXSnnSnp Xpw {]_ns {]mYanIcq]w kqvaambn ]cntim[nv XncpepIfpw t`ZKXnIfpw \ntinpw ]pXnb BibmhenIfntev {iWnpw Ah Cu {ias ]npWp. kulrZs sshm\nIamb klhnXzambpw ]cnKWnv XfpsS kabhpw {ibpw CXn\mbn \onh B kplrptfmsSmw Cu {]_n\v ISmSpv. Fmhpw \n).

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XymKcmPtbmKssh`hw ........
({_mWyw, tZiobX, mkn kwKoXw: ImSIkwKoXns ]mccy\nnXnbpsS Ncn{Xw)
kp\n ]n. CfbnSw
Once or twice in a millennium the human spirit gathers itself up in a mighty upheval and a poet, a saint or a mastersinger is born. He is made of the stuff of the revolution. He contains in himself all the past and the future. His brief sojourn on earth is a benediction... He profoundly affects our destiny by giving us new eyes. The extension of consciousness by which evolution takes a leap forward is always the work of seer, the krantadarsee. Today a hundred years after his passing away, we remembe Sri. Tyagaraja with feelings of profound pride and gratitude which are tainted by no narrow considerations of patriotism or parochialism... He was tempted neither by pomp or power nor by the vanity of wealth. He strove with none; his heart was full of compassion.... Tyagaraja may well prove to be our greatest single contribution to the cause of world harmony. (XymKcmPmcm[\bpsS iXm_vZn ap\nn Zn lnp Zn\]{Xw {]knoIcn apJ{]kwKn \nv. 22.12.1946)

BapJw
`n-{]-{i-b--tfmsS XymKcmPkzmanI1Fpam{Xw hnfnp t]mcp, XymKcmP\mWv ({InkvXphjw 17671847)ZntWy kwKoXns2 ssZhXw. ]Xn\mw iXIn ]pccZmk\n \npw Bcw`npXmbn ]cnKWnsSp3 ImSIkwKoXns CXx]cyap Ncn{Xn asmcmfpw XymKcmPs\tmse kwKoXns ]ca]Zambn ]cnKWnsnn. XymKcmPt\msSmw PohnpIbpw ImSIkwKoXnse {XnaqnIfmbn IWmsSpIbpw sNppsnepw iymaimkv{Xnbpw (17621827) appkzman ZonXcpw (17751834) XymKcmPs AXpey{]`mhn\v kam\amb kzm[o\ns DSaIfsv \nwibw ]dbmw. ZntW-y kwKoXtemIs ssZhmhXmcfmbn Ah ]cnKWnsSmdn. ImSIkwKoXn\v mn ZrVXbpw imkv{Xobamb kwhn[m\nIhpw \Iphn[n tafIm]Xnv cq]w \Inb shnSaJntm4 Xmfmw AamNmcy5 apX ]m]\miw inh6 hscbp hmtbImc ]ccbnse amsneptam XymKcmP\v kam\amb ]Zhnbpw ]cnthjhpw Hcnepw ssIhnn. ZntWy kwKoXsa kucbqYnse {Klfpw D]{KlfpamWh. XymKcmP\mWv AXns tI{w. sISm kqcy{]`mhw. XymKcmP kam[nbpsSbpw XymK-cmPmcm[\bpsSbpw iXm_vZn ap\nn lnp Zn\]{Xw FgpXnb apJ{]kwKn `ym- Z - c - ] qw ]dbpXpt]mse kl{km_vZn\nSbn Htm ctm XhWam{Xw, am\hssNX\yns kmckw{Klw F\nebn ]ndhnsbSpp hnipPambmWv XymKcmP Ctm a\nemsSpXv. C{Xbpw A[rjyhpw APhpamb ]Zhnbn ImSI kwKoXtemIv asmcmfpw Cmewhsc \nesImnn.

Hcp \qmsn-epambn, Bcm[I

Atbw aXmIhpw 7 Ncn{X\nct]hpamb Ccsamcp AhXmc]Zhnbntev kzm`mhnIambn ISp\nm Ignbpwhn[w hnZqc`qXImens XnckvIcWnpne XymKcmPs PohnXw ActdnbXv . {Inkv X phjw 1767 P\nv 1847 Acn Atlns PohnXw8sImtfmWnb `cWhpw ]mmXy B[p\nIXbpsS BibmhenIfpw m]\cq]fpw Cybn CSw]nSnpXn\v kaImenIambncpp. Xmhq Pnbnse XncphmcqcnemWv XymKcmP P\nXv. B{bnse Ie F {Kman \npw ]Xnt\gmw \qmnse \mbI`cWImev Xmhqcntev IpSntbdnbhcmWv XymKcmPs apXeapd. kwkv I rX]nX\pw kv a m

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{_mW\pambncp cma{_amWv XymKcmPs ]nXmhv . 9 Ctlw Xmhq sImmcn cmambW]mcmbWn\v \ntbmKns Bfmbncpp. cma{_ns ]nXmhmb KncncmP{_w Ames henb IhnIfnsemcmfmWv. KncncmP{_w bKm\fpw thZm IhnXIfpw cNnp. XymKcmP\v Fv hbptm cma{_hpw IpSpw_hpw Xncphmdntev amdnmaknp. Xmhq cmPmhns Bm\hnZzmmcn Hcmfmbncp hoWm ImflkvXn AcpsS aIfmbncp koXbmWv XymKcmPs A. cma{_wkoX ZXnIfpsS aqmas aI\mbncpp XymKcmP. ]m]tIi, cma\mY Fnhcmbncpp XymKcmPs tPyjvTktlmZcm. CXn cma\mY sNdp{]mbns acnp. hnipNcnXfpsS ( hagiography) ]XnhpcoXnbn Zphr\pw XymKcmPs\ Gsd t{Zmln HcmfpambmWv ]m]tIi hnhcnsphcpXv . kwKoXw [\kmZ\amamWsa ]m]tIis Bhiys sNdppsImmWv XymKcmP \nkz\pw tIhe`\pambn XpSsXv PohNcn{X{K Bhnp ]dbppv. B[p\nI temINcn{Xnse almkw`hsmamWv XymKcmP\pw PohnXv. {^v hnhw \Sptm XymKcmP Ccp]ncv hbp bphmhmWv (\nbambpw Atlw AtXpdnv Adnncnphm CSbnsnepw). 1847 XymKcmP Acnptm bqtdmv hyhkmbhnh neqsSbpw AXv Pw \Inb sXmgnemfn {]tm`fneqsSbpw ISpt]mhpIbmbncpp. XymKcmPs acWn\v cphjw appXs amIvkpw FwKkpw tNv P {]Xybimkv{Xhpw Atlns acWns sXmSp hjw IyqWnv am\ns^tmbpw {]knoIcnncpp. CybnemIs Atmtgpw {_nojv `cWw ]nSnapdppIbpw sImtfmWnb/B[p\nI m]\ ]eXpw \nehn hcnIbpw sNbvXncpp. {_nojv A[n\nthiIcpambp Cybnse Ahkm\s h sNdpp\nev]n\v tijw Snpkpm IogSngnncpp. B[p\nI ]cnjvIrXnbpsS ASbmf ]eXpw ASn, ]{Xw, AtemXn, \oXn\ymbtmSXnI Fns\ \nehn hp. Cwojv hnZym`ymk ns KpW^e ssIh ]pXnb \mKcnIa[yhw aX]chpw kmapZmbnIhpamb ]e ]cnjvIcWpw apssI FSpp ImeamWXv. cmPmdmw tamldmbv {_kamPw (1828) cq]oIcnpIbpw ]pXp-Xmbn Dbp-h ]cn-jvI-c-W-k---sf-p-Sv hneyw s_n-Iv{]`p kXn \ntcm-[n-p-Ibpw (1829) sNbvXn-cp-p. k hneyw tPmkns t\XrXzn GjymnIv skmsskn m]nXamhpIbpw (1784) Ibpw t_mws_bpw e\pw DssSbp tI{fn \nv ]uckvXyhnm\ns \m\mhn`mKfns {K amIvkvap apX Nmkv hnnkpw Fv.Fv. hnkWpw hscbph {]knoIcnpsImncnpIbpw sNbvXp. shn {]`phntbpw hmd tlnwKvknsbpw apw t\XrXzn Ac-t-dnb {_nojv km{amPyXzhnIk\ntXmb Cu Ln (17851856) Xmhq (1799), kqdv (1800), ImnIv (1801) Fo \mpcmPy {_nojv CytbmSv Iqntsp. km{amPyXz hnIk\\bw IhSXmev ] cypdw CybpsS hnZym`ymk`cWtaJeIfnemsI CSs]Sm XpSn. samsf {]`p ]nevme Cym-N-cn-{Xs hgnXn- c n- p- h n hnZym`ymk\bn\pw (samsf an\pv k v 1835) Cy ]o\tImUn\pw (1837) cq]w\IpXpw Cu ImebfhnemWv. XymKcmP Pohnncp XmhqcmIs, Cm-ev ict`mPn cmas `cWn\v Iogn (17981832) ]mXykwkvIrXnbpambp ZntWybnse, Hcp]s Cybnse Xs, Ghpw henb A`napJoIcW \SnsmncnpIbmbncpp. ]mmXysshZyhpw B[p\nI icocimkv{Xhpw apX ]mmXykwKoXhpw IpXnctbmhpw hsc ]cnioenpIbpw {]mtbmKnpIbpw sNbv X Bfmbncpp ict`mPn. ZntWy kwKoXnepw Gsd Xev ] c\mbncp ict`mPnbpsS sImmckZn Ames henb kwKoX]nXm Dmbncpp.10 KmUnb DssSbp Cwojv ]{X Atlw hcpn hmbnpIbpw Xmhq sImmcn ]mmXykwKoX amXrIbn Hcp hrhmZykwLs cq]sSppIbpw sNbvXp.11 tZh\mKcn en]nbnep BZys ASnime apX ]mmXyk{Zmbnep Bip]{Xnbpw kckzXnal F {]knamb {Kmebhpw hscbp B[p\nIm]\ Atlw m]np. ImSIkwKoXw ]mmXyamb kzcmteJ\k{Zmbw (notation) D]tbmKnv tcJsSpm\p {iafpw ict`mPn \Snbncpp.12 XymKcmPs\ XncphnXmwIq sImmcntev Wn13 kzmXnXncp\m Amev Xs \mpcmPyv Cwojv hnZymebpw ]nIv sse{_dnpsamw XpSw Ipdnncpp. ]smXmw iXIns BZy]IpXnbn CybnepS\ofw {]mtZinI`mjIfn ASn {]NcnpIbpw ham\]{Xfpw B[p\nI kmlnXyhnm\ cq]fpw \nehnhp XpSpIbpw sNbv X ncpp. Ncn{Xhpw 14
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PohNcn{Xhpw apX kZvimkv{Xhpw {]IrXnimkv{Xhpw hscbp hnjb Amev {]Ncnp. XymKcmPs injymcnsemcmXs Atlns PohNcn{Xw FgpXn {]knoIcnphn[n15 Bk`qXImens ]cn[nIpnembncpp XymKcmPs PohnXw. BZyIme B[p\nIX/ A[n\nthi B[p\nIX (early/colonial modernity) Fsms ]e \neIfn ]cmainsphcp kao]`qXImens koaIpnembncpp XymKcmPs Iebpw PohnXhpw \nesImXv Fw. hkvXpXI Cs\-sbm-sbmsWnepw ZntWy kwKoX]T\nsbpw ImSI kwKoXspdnp P\Iob`mh\bpsSbpw temIn "XymKcmPkzmanI' AXoX`qXImens ]cnthjpnemWv \nesImpXv . euInIXmev ] cysfmw Ismgnv DRv O hrnbneqsS16 \nXyPohnXamw Isnb "XymKcmPkzmanI' AXn`uXnIhpw BymnI hpamb Hcp {]`mhambn ImSIkwKoXns `mh\mN{Ihmfn CSw ]nSnncnpp. tIhe `nbm am{Xw {]tNmZnXamb, A[nImcsbpw euInIXrjvWIsfbpw kqambn AIn\nnb, ssZhnI{]`mhns AhXmccq]w t]msebmWv XymKcmP Ign Hcp \qmsnepambn ZntWy kwKoXthZnbn \ndp\npXv. X\nv appw ]npw Pohn A\h[n {]Xn`I hmtbImcmcpw kwKoXimkv{Xcpw apX almKmbI hsc Ncn{Xnsbpw Ime_ fpsSbpw AXnnIpn, XmcXtay\ hn\oXhpw am\pjnIhpamb {]Xn`mhnemkns DSaIfmbn, \nesImptm XymKcmP ImemXoXamb tIheXbmbn, \ncmabamb kzmXznIm\ns BIcambn, Ncn{X_sfbpw AXpfhmnb kwLjsfbpsamw AkwKXamp \mZkzcq]ambn, Ncn{Xn\pw Imen\pw ]pdv \nebpdnncnpp. FpsImmWns\? Ienadn Hcp Imens \Sphn PohnpIbpw B IefpsS ASbmf ]e\neIfn Xs cN\Ifnepw kwKoXnepw tcJsSppIbpw sNbvX Hcmfmbncpp XymKcmP. As\sbmcm Xs Imensbpw temI_fpsSbpw Ickv]itam A\mZy hnipnbpsS ]cnthjhpambn ]nmefntev ISpIbdnbsXs\bmWv? kaImenIcmb CXc kwKoX{]Xn`Ismw apIfn, A\izcXbpsS {[phZo]vXn sNmcnbp \{X{]Imiambn ImSIkwKoXNcn{Xw XymKcmPs\ {]XnjvTnsXpsImmhpw? AYhm FmWm Ncn{X\nct] XbpsS Ncn{X]camb Aw? Cu tNmZyp Dcw kwKoXhnm\obnstbm (musicology) Hu]NmcnIamb kwKoX Ncn{Xnstbm AXncpIpn\npw Ism\msbv hcn. IemNcn{Xs kwkvImcNcn{Xsa \nebn ]cnKWnm\pw IebpsS {]tabtemIsaXpt]mse AXpfhmp A\p`qXn{]]sbpw AXns cq]mhenIsfbpw Ncn{XhXv I cnm\pw Ignbp Hcp hniIe\kaosb \manXn\v ]n]tXpv.17 A-c-sam-c-t\z-j-W-ns {]mcw`w F-\n-e-bn, mn IeI F khntijP\pns\pdnp [mcWI Cybn {]m_ey amnpIbpw AhbpsS hosSpn\mbp \m\mXcw {ia ActdpIbpw sNbv X Hcp Ncn{XknbpsS kmwkv I mcnIcmjv { Sobntepw kmaqly _eX{fntepw \mw {iXncntXpv . "XyKcmPkzmanI' F tIhe{]XoXnsb AXphgn am{Xta \apv Ncn{XhXvIcnm Ignbq.

Hv : tZiobm[p\nIXbpw mn IeIfpw
]smXmw iXIns Ahkm\ZiI apXXs tZiob]mccyspdnpw AXns hosSpns\pdnpap BtemN\Ifpw At\zjWfpw Cybn {]_eamhppv. Hcp \qmtmfw ]gw h tImf\n`cWw hgn ]mmXym[p\nIXbpsS BibtemIhpw m]\cq]fpambn Cybnse a[yh _pnPohnI AXn\Iw henb _w m]nncpp. tImf\n`cWns tI{fmbn hn {][m\ \Kcsf Ibpw a{Zmkpw tI{oIcnv AXn\IwXs ]pXnb Hcp \mKcnI ayh_pnPohnhrw (urban middle class intelligentsia) DbphcnIbpw sNbvXncpp. tImf\n A[nImchpambn ]e\neIfn CS]gIpIbpw Hpt]mhpIbpw sNbvX kh a[yhPmXn hn`mKfn\nmWv Cu _pnPohnhn`mKw DbphXv.18 B[p\nI hyhkmbfntem, hmWnPykwcw`fntem, ImjnIhrnbntem FXnep]cn sImtfmWnb `cW\nlWns `mKamb tPmenIfnemWv Cu _pnPohnhw Gs-ncpXv. CmepXs tZiobXbpsS BibmhenIpw tZiobkzmX{yw F kev ] n\pw ]XnsbXnsb
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NndIpapfpXpSnbncpp. 1885 \nehnh Cy \mjW tIm{Kv Hcp ]cnjvIcWkwcw`ambmWv BZyw hn`mh\w sNssXnepw Hcp]Xnmn\pns AXns XmXv]cyfn amwhp. 1905se _wKmhn`P\ns\Xncmbn Db henb _lpP\{]tm`w cmPysamSpw tZiobt_m[ns AebSnIv ImcWambn. _meKwKm[cXneIs Adpw \mSpISepw, AtXpSp t_mws_bnse sXmgnemfn]WnapSv ,19 _wKmfnse \m\mXcw kmbp[hnh{ia Fns\ ]e \neIfn Ccp]Xmw\qmns BZy ]XnmpIfn tZiobt_m[hpw {_nojv hncpXbpw thcp]nSnppmbncpp. 1915 KmnPn ZnWm{^nbn \nv Cybn aSnsbpIbpw ]nmse tZiob{]m\ns \mbIXzw GsSppIbpw sNbvXtXmsS kzmX-{y-k-acns {]IrXnepw amwhp. kmam\yhXvIcWns ]cnanXnIfp snepw, KmnPnbpsS cwK{]thitmsS tZiob{]m\w Hcp _lpP\ {]m\ambn amdn Fv s]mXpsh ]dbmw. Hcp`mKv Xo{hhmZ\ne]mSpImcpw kmbp[Iem]ImcnIfpw adp`mKv ]cnjv I cWhmZnIfmb DtZymKA`n`mjI kwLhpw F \nebn Nn{XoIcnsphcp tZiob{]m\w henb ]cn- h - \ - v hnt[- b - a mbn. \nbaewL\w, AbntmmS\w, \nmW{]h\, JmZn, aZyh\w, IpSnhyhkmb Fns\ _lpapJambn hnIknph Kmnb tZiobXmhmZhpw AtXm-sSmw CS-Xp-] Ij-I-k-a-cfpw Cy PohnXns kakvXXesfbpw kv]inpIbpw Bgn ]nSnpebvpIbpw sNbvXp. tZiobt_m[ns Cu XcwKtaJebvv ]pdv kzambn \nesImp Hcp AScpw 1930Ifnse Cy kmaqlyPohnXnepmbncpn (Chandra 1998: 282-83). tImf\n`cWns \SnpImcpw AXns KpWt`mmfpamb \mKcnIayh _pnPohnhrn\pw Cu ]pXnb AebSnIsf A`napJoIcnmXncnm Ignbnmbncpp. Fm Ahv tZiobXsb {_nojvhncp kacfptStbm {_nojvhncp BibfptStbm cq]n GsSpm\pw km[yambncpp. tZiobXsbbpw tZiobmht_m[sbpw ]pXnsbmcp \nebn hn`mh\w sNtXnsbpw GsSptXntbpw BhiyIXbntev Hcn A\nhmcyXbntep Xs Cu ]pXnb k`w \mKcnI_pnPohnhn`mKs sImpsNsnp. tZiob \thmm\spdnp NbpsS k`n kpanXv km kqNnnpXpt]mse {_nojv h ncp kacfntem km{amPyXzhncp {]NmctheIfntem t\cnp ]ptNcmsX Xs tZiobhmZnIfmbn \nesImm Ignbp Hcp khntijamb {]hrnaehpw AXns {]tbmK{Iafpw Cu kmaqlyhn`mKn\v Istnbncpp. (2009: 186216) \thmm\w Fv s]mXphmbn ]cmainsphcmdp \m\mXcw ]cnjv I cWkwcw`fpsS ]mew CcsammsWv ]e kmaqlyNnIcpw hniZoIcnnpv (Panikkar 2007:133-144). {_nojv B[n]Xyw hgn cq]s ]pXnb kmaqlybmYmysf Xncndnv XfpsS PmXobamb tatmbv a \ne\npXn\mbn taPmXn kaqlfpsS apIn \S ]cn{iaSnbmbncpp Cy \thmm\w. \thmm\{]{InbsbbmsS Cs\ GImIambn kw{KlnpXv km[phmbncnnsnepw, taPmXn kaqlfpsS B`yc\hoIcWhpw ]p\xkwLmS\hpw AXns tI{Xmev]cyfnsemmbncpp FXv kwibclnXamb ImcyamWv. `mcXobIeIfpsS \thmm\ambpw ]mccyns hosSpmbpw hnhcnsphcp \m\mXcw ]cn{ia Cybn ]ebnSfnembn Actdp k`w CXmWv . `cX\mSyhpw tamln\nbmhpw IYpw IYIfnbpw apX Nn{XIebpw mn kwKoXhpw hscbp hnhn[ taJeIfn Cu \hoIcWkwcw` Actdn. cpnWn Acptens t\XrXzn `cX\mSynepw20 htmfns t\XrXzn IYIfnbnepw tamln\nbmnepw21 A_\o{\mY SmtKmdns t\XrXzn Nn{XIebnepw22 hnjvWp ZnKw_ ]epkvIdns t\XrXzn lnpm\n kwKoXnepw 23 \S \hoIcW\thmm\ {iafpsS s]mXpk`w CXmWv. CXns Xs `mKambn Iemaehpw Iemt{Xhpw a{Zmkv ayqknIv AmZanbpw K almhnZymebhpw DssSbp tZiob Iemm]\fpw Dbphp. apIfn ]cmain \mKcnI ayh_pnPohnhn`mKns ]mfnw Chbntemtcmnepw hyXykv X A\p]mX nembncppshnepw Cu \hoIcW{iafpsSbpw m]\fpsSbpw `uXnImkv]Zambn \nesIm kmaqlyhn`mKw Ahcmbncpp. ]ckv ] c]qcIamb cv ASnm\XmXv ] cyfpsS NqSn\pnemWv Cu \hoIcW kwcw`sfmwXs ActdnbXv. AXnemZytXv ^yqU {]`pXznsbpw \mSphmgn]camb
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PoXbpsSbpw ]nSnbn\nv ]mccyIeIsf tamNnnpI FXmbncpp. ayIme\mSphmgn ns t`mKemekXbpambn IqnbnWs ]mccyIeIfpsS ]ucmWnIamb hnipnbpw alnabpw hosSpv tZiobhpw DXvIrjvShpamb Hcp ]mccyns BhnjvImc{]Imc (objectifications) F \nebn Ahsb m\\nbw sNpI F XmXv ] cyw. adp`mKv ]mmXy A[n\nthinsbpw AXphgn `mcXobPohnXn CSw]nSn ]mmXyIemk{Zmbnsbpw Ien \npw `mcXobIeIsf tamNnnpI FXpw. As\ Hcp`mKv \mSphmgn PoXbn\npw adp`mKv ]mmXy A[n\nthin \npw hnSpXn t\Snb, km]cambns `mcXobamb, ]mccynsbpw AXns {]Imi\m\fmb tZiobmknIv IeIfptSbpw kwm]\ambncpp Cu \hoIcW{iafpsS eyw ( Thakartha 2004: 205). Cu ]cn{ian tZiobmknIv Iem ]mccyns A]cambn (other) Hmtcm Iemcq]s kw_npw Hmtcm hn]coX{]`mhfpw ]dpdnsp. `cX\mSysbpw tamln\nbmsbpw kw_nv CXv ^yqU {]`pXzns Ipgnbepw tZhZmknIfpsS ssewKnIXbpambncppshn Nn{XIesb kw_nv AXv chnhbpw I\nkv I q Nn{XImcmcpw hgn ]SpIbdnb AmZanIv dnbenkambncpp. IYIns\bpw 24 lnpm\n kwKoXsbpw kw_nmIs a[yIme CmanI`cWhpw sImmcPohnXhpambp IqSnecepIfmWv AhbpsS A[x]X\n\v hgnXpdsX hniZoIcWamWv {]_eambXv. Cs\ ]mmXy A[n\nthihpw CmanI`cWhpw apX AmZanIv dnbenkhpw \mSphmgnns t`mKemekXbpw hscbp \m\mXcw A]csf FXn]mccyfmbn ]dpdnpsImmWv `mcXobkbpsS Bhnjv I mc{]Imcfmbn kev ] ns mnIv Iem]mccy Ccp]Xmw\qmns BZy]XnmpIfn AcnsenbXv. IfclnXamb tZiob`qXImespdnp Cy ayh _pnPohnhn`mKns Ccw {]XoIfmWv "mn IeI' F P\pn\v Pw \InbXv. PohnXns ssZ\wZn\Xzn \nv AIp\npXpw ssieoIrXamb BhnjvImc{IafpXpw kpZoLhpw A`wKpchpamb ]mccyw AhImisSm IgnbpXpamb IeIsf IsSpv Ahsb tZiobkbpsS {]Imi\m\fpw BhnjvImc{]Imcfpsav ]dpdnpsImmWv IemNcn{Xw "mn Ie'Isf {]XnjvTnpXv (Soneji 2010:XV-XXXIV). Ccsamcp {]XnjvTm]\ns ASnm\]camb app]m[nIfnsemv Iebnse tZit`Ztfbpw AhXcWt`Ztfbpw Hgnhmn Ahbv v GIoIrXhpw m]\_hpamb Hcp B`yckzcq]w {]Zm\w sNpI FXmWv . \mKcnI ayhns _unI`mh\sb kw_nnStmfw {]mtZinIXbmtem ]mTmcfmtem ]mmXyXbmtem IfsSm hnip`qXImens, AYhm bYmhpw Ipeo\hpamb `mcXobXbpsS, AhXcWm\fpw BhnjvImccq]fpambncpp Ah. A[n\nthik`n Cy a[yhw KmlnIXsbpdnv ]penb [mcWIv kam\ambncpp mn IeIfpsS IfclnXhpw tZiobhpamb DSspdnp [mcWIfpw. 25 Amev tZiobhmZ]camb Ncn{Xhnm\ssbt]mse Cy s]mXpt_m[sbpw henbtXmXn kzm[o\nncp ]ckvXyhmZ]camb26 [mcWI taev]dXcnep Iem]mccys hn`mh\w sNpXn\pw D]bpambncpp. mknn Iem]mccyns hosSpn\pw ]cnt]mjWn\pambp GXv {iahpw tZiobXbvpw tZikwkvIrXnpw thnbp ]cn{ia Xsbmbn a\nemsp. tZiob kzmX{y{]tm`ns `mKambn tN ktf\tmS\p _nmWv Ccw Nne hosSppIv Hu]NmcnIamb XpSw IpdnssXpw ChnsS HmnmhpXmWv . 27 tZiobXbpambpw tZiob{]tm`ns Xmev ] cyfpambpw A{Xta {]ISamb \m`o\mf_w Cu ]cn{iapmbncpp. ZntWy mn kwKoXns hyXncnXsbpdnv Ccp]Xmw \qmns BZy]IpXnbn Dbns hmZv ]nnepw ]uckvXyhmZ]camb hoWp ]v hfsc hepXmWv. Hcp`mKv bqtdm]y kwKoXn\npw28 adp`mKv Dtcy kwKoXn \npw thdnp\np A\\yamb Hcp Bhnjv I mctaJebmbmWv ImSIkwKoXw ]uckvXyhmZhyhlmcfn CSw]nSnXv. ebmIXbvv (harmony) ]Icw cmKmIXbn (melody) ASnbpd kwKoXsaXmWv bqtdm]y kwKoXn \np ImSIkwKoXns hyXykvXXbpsS ASnm\san CmanI kzm[o\n\v Hpw IogvsSm hmsamgn]mccyw FXmWv Dc`mcXkwKoXn \np AXns hyXymkambn Ccw N- I - f n
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]cnKWnsXv. `mc-Xo-b-kw-KoXw hmbv]m-m-sW-n (vocal) ]mm-Xy-kw-KoXw D]-I-c-W-kw-Ko-X-amsWpw (instrumental), Im-S-I-kw-KoXw Bo-b-am-sW-n ]mm-Xy-kw-KoXw kmt-Xn-I-am-sW-pw, Im-S-I-kw-KoXw \qm-p-I-fn-eqsS hmsam-gn-bmbn ]Ip t]mcp--Xm-sW-n ]mm-Xy-kw-KoXw Fgp-X-s ]mT-sf ap\np--Xm-sW-p-ap-ff hyXym-k--fp-samw Ccw N-I-fn {]m[m-\ytmsS D-bn--sp (Weidman 2012:154). CtXm-sSmw Im-S-I-kw-Ko-X-ns aX-]-c-amb hnip-nsb- p- d n- p- f f Bi- b - fpw {]_- e - a m- b n. CmanI`cWn\v ASnsSm ZntWy kwKoX]mccyw F Bibw ]smXmw iXInse kwKoXhnNmctaJebnse {]_ekzm[o\ambncp kn.B. sU Dbnp. Xs kwKoX Ncn{X{Kn (The Music and Musical Instruments of South India and Decan - 1891) Atlw Dund Cu hkvXpX ]nmev henbtXmXn GsSpsSpIbpw BhnsSpIbpw sNbvXp. Dc`mcXkwKoXw CmanIkzm[o\w aqew sImmckwKoXambn A[x]Xntm ZnWy kwKoXw AIfhpw BymnIhpambn \ne\np F [mcWbpsS hym]\n\v CXv ImcWambn. ]uckvXyhmZ[mcWIsf ]n]nsmv, Ipeo\amb `mcXob]mccyns XIbpsS B[mctlXphmbn Cmans\ ]cnKWn tZiob a[yhw A\nmanIamb `mcXob`qXImes ]e\neIfn tXSnpSpXpw Cmev XsbmWv . AXpsImv ZntWy kwKoXns hnip]Zhnv kwKoXNcn{X]camb {]m[m\yw am{Xa DmbncpXv . aXhn`mKobXIsf adnIS kq^n kwKoXnsbpw \nch[n \mtSmSnkwKoX ]mccyfpsSbpw Ncn{XamsS XakvIcnsp. Dc`mcXkwKoXs CmanItam CmanI IepI DtXm Bb XmW kwKoXsapw ImSIkwKoXs bqtdm]yCmanv Ifv ]pdp\np ]cnipkwKoXsapap hnebncpepI CXp-hgn hym]Iambn. ZntWy kwKoXns IpessZhhpw \mZcq]hpambn XymKcmPs\ hn`mh\w sNp \hoIcW{iafpsS kz`mhhpw k`hpw CcsammWv . ]Xn\mw iXIn `P\kwKoXnsbpw apw hgnIfn\nv cq]w sImpIbpw {XnaqnIfneqsS ]pXnsbmcp Lntev ISpIbpw sNbv X ImSIkwKoXw AhXcW{IafpsSbpw BkzmZ\coXnIfpsSbpsamw Xen henb tXmXnep ]p\hn`mh\v hnt[bamIp ImebfhmWnXv . Ccp]Xmw \qmns BZyZiIfn ZntWy kwKoXns cmIXrXzw ^yqU {]`pXzn \npw B[p\nIk`Ifntev ]cnWansn. ]pXnb kmtXnIhnZybpw BkzmZIkaqlhpw 29 kwKoXns AhXcWk{Zmbsf ASnapSn DSphmp. `P\k{Zmbnsbpw `nkwKoXnsbpw hgnbneqsS P\{]nbambn Hcp`mKtpw kzc{]kvXmchpw ]hnIfpw apambn, koamb kmtXnI{]tbmKfmbn, adp`mKtpw HgpInsmncp ]gb ImSIkwKoXw IrXnIfnepw hynKXamb A\p`qXnbnepw ASnbpdp\np ]pXnb mnkwKoXambn. hnimeamsbmcn ImSIkwKoXns Ncn{Xnse hnNmcamXrImhyXnbm\w (paradigm shift) Fv hntijnnmhp ]cnh\fneqsSbmWv Cmev AXv ISpt]mbXv . Cu ]cnh\{]{InbbpsS tI{hpw ZntWy mn kwKoXns ssZhXhpambn Dbph ]nXr-_nw-_-am-bn-cpp "XymKcmPkzmanI.'

cv : ImSI kwKoXw Ncn{X]cnWma

ZntWy kwKoXns ]nXr_nw_ambn XymKcmP CSw- t \SnbXns s]mcp XncnbWsan ImSIkwKoXns \mev \qmv ssZLyap Ncn{X]cnWmaneqsS \mw ISpt]mtIXpv. khntijamb kmaqlyk`tfmSv {]XnIcnpsImpw cq]`mhXefn kzbw ]pXpnWnXpsImpamWv ImSIkwKoXw, atsXmcp kmwkv I mcnI hyhlmchpsaXpt]mse, Ccp]Xmw \qmntev FnsXv . Ccw {]XnIcWfpsSbpw B`yc \hoIcWfpsSbpw ASbmf ]etmgpw Atbw ]tcmambmWv Im-S-I-kw-KoXns kzcq]nepw `mhkwkvImcnepw DtnpXv. AXp-sIm-p-Xs {]mNo\XbpsSbpw aXmIXbpsSbpw ]cnthjn\Iv \nesImm ImSIkwKoXn\v s]mXpsh Ignbmdpv. ImSIkwKoXns Ncn{X]cnWmasf thdnmcmv AdntbnhcpXns Imc-Whpw asm. (]Xn\mw iXIw apX ]smXmw iXIns Ahkm\w hscbpff Imebfhn ImSIkwKoXnepmb ]cnh\sfbpw AXns ]cnWma{]{Inbsbbpw hniZoIcnm XpSphcp `mKv (Fv apX ]phsc ]pd) ev a n kp{_aWys {Knse
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BibsfbmWv apJyambpw B{ibnncnpXv (Subrhmanian 2006: 28-45).30 AXpsImv Cu `mKv {]tXyIw ]cmaikqN\I \ev I nbnn. CXc KthjIcpsS Nne Bibfpw CtXmsSmw kzoIcnnpsnepw taev ] d ]cnWma {]{Inbsb hniZoIcnp ASnm\ NqSpw Bibfpw evan kp{_WytXmWv). efnXambn ]dm aqv khntijLsfnepw ]nnmWv ZntWy kwKoXw Ccp]Xmw \qmntev FnbXv . {]mtZinIamb AhXcW{IafpsSbpw kwKoXkwkv I mcfpsSbpw kw{Klsa \nebn, ImSIkwKoXw Fv {]tXyIambn t]cnphnfnmhp Hntep ]cnh\ZibmWv BZyLw. kwKoXcXv\mIchpw31 ]pccZmk\pw Cu Ls sskmnIambpw {]mtbmKnIambpw {]Xn\n[oIcnpp. ]pccZmk\n \npw {XnaqnI Fv ]nevmev hntijns (Cu hntijWw 1930IfnemWv \nehn hsXv AaZm sshUvam) XymKcmP, appkzman ZonX, iymaimkv{Xn FnhcptSbpw ict`mPn cmatbpw Imentep kpZoL kmcns ImeamWv cmw Lw (]Xn\v]Xns\v \qmpI). ]Zw, hw, Io\w, kzcPXnI, IrXnbpsS {]mcw`cq], 72 tafIm ]Xn Fns\ ImSIkwKoXns AkvXnhmcfmbn ]cnWan anhn`mKfpw \nehnhcpXv CmemWv. {XnaqnIfn, {]tXyInpw XymKcmP\n, CXv Dmbnbnsepp Fp ]dbmw. XymKcmP F AXoX_nw_s ImSIkwKoXns tI{ambn {]XnjvTn mnIvhXvIcWns LamWv aqmatXv. ]smXmw iXIns ]IpXn apXep Hcp \qmmWv (GItZiw {InkvXphjw 18501950) aqmw Lns Imebfhv. ]gb ImSIkwKoXw a{Zmknse \mKcnI a[yhns t\XrXzn mn kwKoXambn DbnsgptXv Cu ImebfhnemWv. IrjvWm \Znpw Imthcnpw CSbnep {]tZins kwKoXsa \nebn ImSIkwKoXw `mcXobkwKoXns imJIfnsemmbn \nesImpp FXmWv s]mXphnep [mcW. kwKoXcXv\mIcns {]apJ hymJymXmhmb Io\mYs ({InkvXphjw 15mw iXIw) A`n{]mbn `mcXobkwKoXns ZmnWmXyimJbmWXv. Fm \nehnep kwKoX{]tbmKfpsS sXfnhpI ap\nn BtemNnm {]mtZinIamb kwKoXcoXnI IqSnev ZntWy kwKoXns s]mXpcq]w ssIsmp Fp IcpXm\mWv IgnbpI FmWv ]nevme ]TnXm IcpXpXv. Xtiobamb Bcm[\m]mccyfpw ]nme sshZnIaXhpw Xnep CSIecemWv ImSIkwKoXw F hIt`Zn\v hgnXpdsXmWv KthjI s]mXpsh IcpXpXv . kwLImes ] 32, ]mWm Fnhbpw ZntWy `n{]m\hpw ssih]mccy nse tXhmcw IrXnIfpsamw {]Xn\n[oIcnp {ZmhnUkwKoXns hn`n[mcIfpw {Inkv X phjw Av Ggv \qmpIfnse ]hNmeqIy `cWImev {]m_eyamn kwkvIrXsshZnI ]mccyhpw Xnep hn\nabfnemWv CXn\v \mnIpdnsXv. amtZin t`Z {InkvXphjw Ggmw iXIw apXte ]cmaihnt[bamhppv. kwkvIrX\mSIw hgnh ]mTfpw kwKoX{]tbmKfpamWv am]mccyambnosXn {]mtZinIamb Km\coXnIfmWv tZin]mccyn\v ASndbmbXv. {InkvXphjw H]Xv]{v \qmpIfnse tNmf`cWImev amtZin t`Zsf ap\np kwKoXkwkv I rXnbpw {]tbmKfpw Um taJebn \ne\npt]mXmbn Ctm IcpXsSppv ; Ahsbpdnp kp\nnXamb kqN\I e`yasnepw. tNmf`cWns XIbvv tijw {InkvXphjw ]Xn\memw iXItmsS \nehn h hnPb\Kc `cWImemWv ZnW`mcXtmSv `qanimkv{X]cambn tNphbvmhp kp\nnX kz`mhap Hcp kwKoX]Xn cq]wsImpXv. Um taJebnse hn`n PohnXkmwkvImcnI ]mccy hnPb\Kc`cWn (13401565) IqnbnWsp. Cmev sXepv `cW`mj Xsbmbn amdn. Xangv `nIhnXbpw hnPb\Kcnse sXepv{_mW kwkvIrXnbpw Xnep hn\nab ]pXnb cN\mcq]pw cwK{]tbmKpsamw Pw \In. ]Xn\memw iXIn Pohnncp hnZymcWys (P\\w 1320 F.Un.) kwKoXkmcw Cu ]pXnb k`ns kwKoXimkv{X]camb kw{KlamsWv hniZoIcnsSpp. hnPb\KcImemWv ImSIkwKoXnse {]apJ hn`mKambn {]_w DbphcpXv. lnpm\nbnse {Zp]Znsbpw ImSIkwKoXnse IrXnIfpsSbpw ]qcq]w F \nebnemWv {]_w hnhcnsSpXv . Amev \nehnep kwKoXcq]fn\nv hyXykv X ambn
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{]_n kmlnXy]mThpw kwKoX{]tbmKhpw Xnep tN IqSpX {]_eambncpp. AXpsImpXs cmKXmf{]tbmKv IqSpX {]tbmKaX ssIhcnm\pw hnImkamnm\pw Ignbp kwKoXhn`mKfnsemmbn {]_w amdn. {Kmaw 33, aq\ 34 XpSnbhsb tI{oIcnpsImpff apIme{]tbmK{Iafn \nv ]pXnb cmKtaf {Iantep kw{IaWns Lambn CXns\ ImWmw. hfsc sshImsX {Kmaaq\I A{]XyamIpIbpw ImthcnIrjv W m XSfnse kwKoXsa \nebn cmKtaf]mccyw DbphcnIbpw sNbvXp. Cu ]cnh\{]{InbbpsSbpw DZv{KY\nsbpw kw{Klm\ambmWv ]pccZmk(14841564) Ctm hnebncpsSpXv. ImSI kwKoXm`yk\n\p {Ia NnsSppIbpw KoX, A`ymkKm\ XpSnbhsbmw cNnpIbpw sNbvX ]pccZmk ImSIkwKoXns ]nmePohnXntep hgn cq]sSppXn henb ]mWv hlnXv. ]nme ]mccynse Ghpw \nmbIamb m\ambn Atlw amdnocpIbpw sNbvXp. kp\nnXamb {]tbmKhyhIpw ]mT]mccypapn \nebpdnpsImpXs ss\knIamb at\m[{]tbmKfntev hnIknm\p, ImSIkwKoXns auenIkz`mhns BZys aqoIrXcq]sa ]Zhn ]pccZmk\v AhImisXmsWv kwKoX ]TnXm A`n{]mbsSppv . ]pccZmk\nseptXmsS {IaoIrXhpw NnsXpamb Hcp ]mccynsbpw {]tbmKnsbpw Xentev ImSIkwKoXw ]cnWansn. hnPb\Kckm{amPyns inYneoIcWn\v hgnXpd Xfntm bphpw (1565) AXns\pSv \nehn h Xmhq, a[pc, Ctcn XpSnb taJeIfnse \mbI`cWhpw ImSIkwKoXns Ncn{X]cnWmanse ASp \nmbIk`amWv. Cu {]hniyIfnse, {]tXyInpw Xmhqcns, `uXnImSnm\w XmcXtay\ ]cnanXhpw ]Stbm hgn ]pXnb taJeI ISm\p km[yXI IpdXpambncpXn\m ChnSs `cWm[nImcnI kmwkv I mcnI ]mccyfpsS kwcWnepw ]cnt]mjWnepw Gdnb {i sNepn. cLp\mY \mbIv (16001634), hnPbcmLh \mbIv (163373) XpSnb Xmhqcnse `cWm[nImcnI IhnIfpw kwKoXcpambncpp. {]_fpw \mSIfpw cNnpIbpw sXepv sImmc`mjbmbn DdnpIbpw sNbvX ChcpsS `cWImev Xmhq IebpsSbpw sshm\nIXbpsSbpw {]apJ tI{ambn amdn. tKmhnZonXcpsS kwKoXkp[35bpw shSaJnbpsS NXpZn{]IminIbpw (Ipdnv 3 ImWpI) cNnsSpXv ChcpsS kwcWn\v IognemWv . t{iWoIrXamb Hcp kwKoXkwkvIrXnbpsS ZrVoIcWw Cmev kw`hnXmbn evan kp{_Wy ]dbpp. Hcp `mKv sImmcw tI{oIcnv kwKoXimkv{Xcpw Hu]NmcnIambn kwKoXw A`yknpIbpw {]tbmKnpIbpw sNp ]nXmcpw. adp`mKv t{Xsf tI{amn \nesIm kwKoX\r {]mtbmm. Cu CcpXpInSbn \nesImpIbpw sImmcn\pw t{Xn\panSbnse hn\nabm\fmbn {]hnpIbpw sNbv X tZhZmknI aqmasXmcp`mKv. Cs\ XpXncnXpw t{iWo_hpamb Hcp kwKoXkwkvIrXnv ]Xnt\gmw \qmnse \mbI`cWw Pw \In. Xmhqcnse \mbI`cWn\pta admbvv ssIh hnPbhpw X^eambpmb ]pXnb kmwkv I mcnIhn\nabfpw ta]d kwKoXkwkv I rXnsb ]e\neIfn ]pXpnWnXp. k{ZmbkwKoXw Cmev hyhsSpIbpw AXns cmKXmf {Ia IqSpX \nbmaIXzw ssIhcnpIbpw sNbvXp. sImmchpw kwKoXcpw Xn Hcp`mKpw kwKoXcpw `kaqlhpw Xn adp`mKpw \S hn\nab Zqchym]Iamb ^efmWv DfhmnbXv . kwKoXm`yk\nsbpw NnsSpensbpw AhXcWnsbpw imkv{X\nnXnbpsSbpsamw Xe henbtXmXn hnIknpIbpw sImmcw Chbnsemw \nmbIkzm[o\ambn {]hnpIbpw sNbvXp. `cWIqSns ]npWsImv Hcp`mKpw k{ZmbcoXnbn adp`mKpw hnIkzcamb kwKoXkmwkvImcnImcow A\h[n kwKoXpw hmtbImcmpw Pw \In. {XnaqnI Fv ]nmev hnfns, ImSIkwKoXnse hmtbImcm XymKcmP, appkzman ZonX, iymaikv{Xn Cu Imebfhns krjvSnIfmWv. Cmev, ict`mPn almcmPmhns `cWImev Xmhqcn ImSIkwKoXw ]eXcw ]cnh\fneqsS ISpt]mbn. ]mmXykwKoXnepw B[p\nIk{Zmbfnepw Gsd XXv]c\mbncp it`mPnbpsS t\XrXzn kzcm\w ( notation ) DssSbp Imcy ZntWy kwKoXn ]conpt\mm\p {ia \Sppv. adp`mKv {XnaqnIfpsS, {]tXyInpw XymKcmPs, kwKoX{]Xn`bn\npw ]ndhnsbSp cN\I Amewhsc \ne\n kwKoX]mccys
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henbtXmXn \hoIcnpIbpw tXpan\ppIbpw sNbvXp. ]pccZmk apXemcw`npXmbn hniZoIcnsphcp kwKoX]mccyn\v mn ZrVXbpw hym]vXnbpw ssIhcpXv ChcpsS CSs]StemsSbmsWv ]dbmw. hyXykvXsanepw ]ckv]c]qcIamb \nebnemWv sImmckwKoXhpw {XnaqnIfpsS hynKXamb cN\Ifpw ]smXmw iXIns BZy]mZfn \nesImXv Fw. Xmhq sImmcw tI{ambn Actdnb kwKoX]cnjvIcW{ia Nne P\ppIsfbpw cN\mcoXnIsfbpw B[nImcnIambn ]cnKWnpIbpw Ahsb imkv { Xob kwKoX]Xnbnse ASnm\cq] F \nebntev DbnsmphcpIbpw sNbvXp. ict`mPnalmcmPmhns t\XrXzn \S kzcm\ns (notation) {]m[m\yw hyamIpXv Cu k`nemWv. ict`mPnbpsS hyn\njv T amb B`napJy FXn\pdw ImSIkwKoXns mnIv hcWntep \nmbIamb ]cnh\Zi Xsbmbn CXns\ ]cnKWntXmWv . "\n[nNme kpJam' Fme]nv sImmcku`mKyfpsSbpw kZvkarnbpsSbpw Wfn \nv AIp\ntmgpw kwKoX]cnjvIcWfpsS Cu ]pXnb k`tmSv XymKcmP\pw {]XnIcnmsX t]mbn. {]mYanIamb Nne kzcm\ Atlhpw Xs cN\Iv \ntinXmbp hnizmks Cu {]IcWnthWw hnebncpm. ]mmXyamXrIbnep NnsSpepI \SnhcppI FXn\pdw Xs hynKXamb ssienbpsS B[nImcnIXbpw A\\yXbpw tcJsSpm\p {iaambn CXns\ ]cnKWnWsav evan kp{_Wy A`n{]mbsSppv (2006:11). XymKcmPs ]nmeXeapdsbbpw injy]ccsbbpw kw_nv CXv ]ca{][m\ambncppXm\pw. ssieo]cambn sImmckwKoXnse Aemcpw A`ymkanIhn\pw ]pdmWv XymKcmPkwKoXw \nesImXv. kmlnXy]cambn AXv efnXhpw kpKahpambncpp. AtXkabw kwKoX]camb hymJym\pw at\m[pw Atbw CSw\Ip Hmbpw XymKcmPIrXnI \nesImpp. ]hn, A\p]hn, NcWw Fns\bp aqp`mKfn kwKXnIfpw cmKkmcnse A\amb km[yXIfpw knthinns XymKcmPIrXnI Hcp`mKv cmKmIXbpsS kqtijnsbbpw adp`mKv hyn]camb A\\yXbpsS ap{ZIsfbpw Dsmphbmbncpp. sImmckwKoXns cq]]camb NnIsf am\nmXpw ]etmgpw Ahsb AnadnpXpambncpp XymKcmPkwKoXw. {]`pXzns kwcWssbt]mse {]`psImmc]mccyns kwKoX{Iasfbpw IsmgnpsImmWv `nbnepw hynKXamb kmIXbnepw thtcmSn\np kwKoXn\v XymKcmP cq]w \InbXv. B[p\nIamb sshbnIm\p`qXnIfnepw ]ccmKXsav tXmnnp `nbnepw thcpd ]pXnb kwKoXambncpp AXv. Cu \nebn a\nemnbm \nehnep ]mccyns AXnnIsf hn]peoIcnpsImpw ]pXnb kwKoXhn`mKsfbpw {]tbmKsfbpw AXntev hnfntpsImpamWv ]Xns\mw iXIn Xmhqcn ImSIkwKoXw \nesImXv Fv hyamhpw.36 B[p\nIXbpsS {]mKvcq]w Fv hntijnnmhp ]e kz`mhkhntijXIfpw AXv Cmev ssIhcnXmbn ]TnXm IcpXpp.37 {XnaqnIfn Ds Hmtcmcpcpw XmmfptSXmb \neIfn CXn\v henb kw`mh\I \IpIbpw sNbvXp. asmcp\nebn ]dm Cu \hoIcWhn]peoIcW {]{Inbbvv \Inb kw`mh\IfmWv Ahsc {XnaqnI F ]Zhnbntev (AXn ]nmes a{Zmknse tZiobhmZaXmI XmXv ] cyv henb ]psnepw) DbnbXv . sImmckwKoX\mb tkmn shnScaWbpsS injy\mbncppshnepw XymKcmP sImmcnse ]mpImc\mbn. `n`mh\sbbpw kwKoXsbpw Bgn hnfntv kwKoXs hyn]camb A\p`qXnIfpsS {]Imi\m\w F ]Zhnbntev Dbm XymKcmP\v Ignp. AtXkabw Xs ]gb `P\kwKoXs ]pXnb "imkv{Xob' kwKoXntev DZv{KYnm\pw Atln\v Ignp. XymKcmPt\m F{Xtbm GdnbtXmXn ]pXnb\mKcnI kwKoX{]tbmKfpambn kwhZnXv appkzman ZonXcmWv . kwKXnIfneqsS at\m[kwKoXs Iem]camb kqv a km[yXIfmWv XymKcmP hnIknnsXn ZonXcptSXv sImmc]mccyw hnIknnsSp kwKoXimkv{Xns IWnihpw imkv{Xobhpamb {]tbmKfmbncpp. XymKcmP\pw apw ]n]nb tKmhnymNmcycpsS38 ]Xntbm shSaJnbpsS tafcmK]Xnsb Xs Atlw ]npSp. sImmchpambp _w appkzmanZonXsc ]mmXykwKoXhpambpw ]cnNbnemn. "t\mpkmlnXyw' Fv hnfnsphcp A ]mmXyamb kwKoXkmlnXyn\pw AXns {]tbmKn\pw Atlw cq]w \IpIbpw sNbvXp.39 Fm iymaimkv{XnbpsS kwKoXPohnXw CXn\npw Ipdsms hyXykvXamWv. Xmhqcn
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ict`mPn cmas sImmcw kwKoX\mbncp tKm]mecn \npw kwKoXw ]Tn iymaimkv{Xn kwKoXsbpw sshZnIm\pjv T m\sfbpw tNp\nnb Hcmfmbncpp. ]mccyambn ]ptcmlnXhrnbntes Hmbncpp iymaimkv{XnbpsS IpSpw_w. XymKcmPt\mfw ka iymaimkv { XnbpsS cN\I. AtXkabw kzc{]tbmKsfbpw Xmf{]tbmKsfbpw AXykqv a XtbmsS tImnWnb cN\Ifmbn iymaimkv { XnIfpsS IrXnI Ctm ]cnKWnsSpp-apv. Cs\, ]smXmwiXIns BZy]IpXn ]nnSptmtgpw ImSIkwKoXw cN\mtiJcns Imcynepw {]tbmKk{ZmbfpsS Imcynepw Akm[mcWamb hn[n kambngnncpp. Hu]NmcnIambn sImmcn\v ]pdmbncpsnepw {XnaqnIfpsS kzm[o\w sImmckwKoXapssS ImSIkwKoXs ASnapSn ]pXpnWnbpIbpw sNbvXp. sImmcnepw ]pdpambn kwKoX{]tbmm htXmXn s]cpIn. AtXkabwXs {_nojv B[n]Xyw kwKoXn\v e`nncp ]gb cmP{]`p ]cnt]mjWs ZpeampItbm ]etmgpw CmXmpIXstbm sNbv X p. Xmhq DssSbp sImmcfn\nv sImtfmWnb `cWtI{amb a{Zmntev ImSIkwKoXns tI{w amdpXv Cu ]menemWv . 1850I apXt sImmcfn\npw {]`pancfn \npw KmbI ]XnsbXnsb a{Zmntev \onpSppv . 1870 CXv iamhpIbpw a{Zmkv \Kcnse DtZymKhrns ]npWtbmsS ]pXnsbmcp kwKoXPohnXk`ntev Ah FnsSpIbpw sNbvXp. `mjyw Amsctmep {]K`cmb A`n`mjI, Znhm _lZq cLp\mYdmhphns\tmep DX DtZymK XpSnbhscms ImSIkwKoXns ]pXnb cm[nImcnIfmbn. "Kmb kamPv', "Xmhq kwKoXhnZymalmP\kwLw' XpSnb m]\ \nehn hcnIbpw taev]dh DssSbp [mcmfw t] kwKoXkwhmZfn ]mfnIfmhpIbpw sNbvXp. CXn\pap]pXs Xmhq, a[pc, cma\mSv, Fb]pcw, ssakq, a{Zmkv Fo tI{fneqsSbp kwKoXhn\nab XmcXtay\ GIoIrXhpw GImIhpamb Hcp kwKoXkwkvImcn\v Pw \Inbncpp. XymKcmPs injy]cc Cu {]{Inbbn \nmbIamb ]v hlnpIbpw sNbvXp. lcnIYmImet]w t]mep ]pXnb kwKoX{]tbmKcq] Cmev {]m_eyamnp. ImSIkwKoXns AXyw P\Iobamb {]tbmKm\fnsemmbncpp AXv. Cs\ Hcp `mKv P\{]nbcq]fneqsSbpw adp`mKv kwKoXk`IfneqsSbpw ImSIkwKoXw ]smXmw\qmns Ahkm\tmsS ]pXnb Hmbnop. ssat{Imt^m DssSbp kmtXnI koIcWfp sSbpw, k`Ifnse s]mXp BkzmZIkaqlnsbpw cwK{]thiw Cu ]cnh\{]{Inbbv v KXnthKw h[n-npIbpw sNbvXp. Xmhqcn\npw a{Zmkv \Kcntepw ssakq, Fb]qcw, cma\mSv , XncphnXmwIq XpSnb sImmcfntepap ImSIkwKoXns hym]\tmsSmw ]pXnb Hcp BkzmZIkaqlns cwK{]thihpw Dmb Imcyw kwKoX]TnXm {]tXyIw ]cmainppv. ]smXmw \qmns Ahkm\ ZiIfn taev]d tI{fn, {]tXyInpw sImtfmWnb `cWtI{amb a{Zmkv \Kcn, ]pXnb a[yhhn`mKw {]m_eyw t\Snbncpp. ap]v kqNn-n--Xpt]mse sImtfmWnb hnZym`ymknsbpw `cWkwhn[m\nsbpw KpWt`mmfpw apJyambpw taPmXn khhn`mKfn\nv hhcpambncpp Ah. IetbmSpw kwkvImc]mccytmSpw hyXykvXamb \ne]mSpIfmWv Ah hp]penbncpXv. IeIfpsS kwcIcmbn \nesIm apIme `cWm[nImcnIfn \nv hyXykv X ambn IqSpX sshImcnIhpw hyn]chpamb B`napJyamWv kwKoXtmSv Ch ]penbncpXv . XfpsS kzXzkwm]\ns D]m[nIfnsemmbmWv Cu A`nPmXa[yhw mn IeIsf ]cnKWnXv Fp]dbmw. tImf\nhmgvNbpsS k`n, A[n\nthins ISm{IaWv hnt[bamIm hniphpw B[ymnIhpamb Hcp A\p`hm\ambncpp Chv kwKoXw. ]mmXyhnZym`ymkhpw B[p\nI hynt_m[hpw ]mccyspdnp ]pXnb [mcWIfpw IqSne BkzmZ\k`hpw `mhpIXzhpamWv Cu A`nPmX a[yhw ]phncpXv . injy]cc hgnbp XymKcmPkwKoXns hym]\w Cu a[yhns BkzmZ\nepw A\p`qXnbnepw henb kzm[o\w sNepn. sImtfmWnb \KctI{fn ]mpdnpIbpw ]mmXy hnZym`ymkamnpIbpw ]pXnb `cW]ZhnIfntev \opIbpw sNptms XfpsS "IfclnXamb' khkmwkvImcnI]mccys, {]tXyInpw AXns DamhnjvImcambn Ah ]cnKWnncp ImSIkwKoXs, Cu A`nPmXa[yhw DbnnSnp. XymKcmP kwKoXambncpp Ahsc
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kw_nnStmfw Cu ]pXnb A\p`qXntemIns tI{fnsemv. A[nImcn\pw kn\pw `uXnImknIpw IogvsSpm\mhm hnipm\p`qXnbpsS {]XoIhpw {]tbmKhpambncpp Ahsc kw_nnStmfw XymKcmPkwKoXw. apIfn kqNnnXpt]mse, ]smXmw \qmns Ahkm\tmsS mn kwKoX nsbpw \rnsbpw ]ccmKXamb cm[nImcnXzn henb amfmWpmbXv. ]gb {]`pancfn \npw cmPkZpIfn \npw ]pXnb k`Ifntev kwKoXw \onpSnbtXmsS ]pXnb Hcp BkzmZIkaqlhpw Dbphp. ChcpsS apIn \nehnh AhXcWBkzmZ\ {Ia ]mccyns hosSpv F \nebn IqSnbmWv ActdnbXv. ImSIkwKoXns B[p\nIcq]w ]mccynsbpw B[p\nIcq]ambncpp Fw. 1927 a{Zmn tN tIm{Kv ktf\ns `mKambn kwLSns ayqknIv tIm^dkpw XpSv 1928 m]ns a{Zmkv ayqknIv AmZanbpw Ccnep ]pXnb ]mccy\nnXnbpsS Ncn{Xnse ]cnkam]vXnaplqfmWv Fp]dbmw. kwKoXhpw \rhpw Ipesmgnemnb ]ccmKX hn`mKfn \nv CXns\Xnsc henb hnai\fpw FXnpIfpsamw Dbphncppshnepw Ahsbmpw Imcyamb ^eapfhmnbn. hn]pehpw a[yhmSnm\nepXpamb tZiob]mccyns Bhnjv I mcsf \nebn Cu FXnpIsfsbmw adnISpsImv , mn \rkwKoX]mccyw ]p\\nNnsSpIXs sNbvXp. Ccsamcp ]p\\nN\n\v hgnXpdp sImSpp hn[n, Ccp]Xmw \qmns {]mcw`ZiIfn, kwKoX{]tbmKnsbpw kwKoXmkzmZ\nsbpw Xesf henbtXmXn ]pXpnWnbm t]m Nne kmtXnI ]cnh\ ActdpIbpmbn. ssat{Imt^mWns hchmWv AXn ]ca{][m\amb Hv. ImSIkwKoXns {]IrXsbmsS CXv amnadnXmbn Ctmgs {]apJ ImSIkwKoXcnsemcmfmb Sn.Fw. IrjvW ]dbpp (2013: 404). Hcp`mKv ]mpImcpsS kwKoXmIX (musicality)sbbpw adp`mLv BkzmZIcpsS A\p`htemIsbpw CXv Hcpt]mse amnadnp. efnXambn ]dm ]mpImv AhcpsS kz`mhnI i_vZnepw mbnbnepw ]mSm ssat{Imt^m hgnXpdp sImSpp. Dmbnbn, apgph t{imXmpw tIm\mhphn[w ]mSpXn\v IqSpX {i \evInbncp ]gb Bem]\coXnbn \nv KmbI hgnamdn. CtXkabpXsbmWv sImmc{]`pancfn \nv \KctI{fnse k`Ifntev kwKoXmhXcWthZnbpw amdnhXv. Ccw k`Ifnse BkzmZIkaqlw ASnm\]cambn ]gb BkzmZIkaqln \nv hyXykvXcmbncpp. A`nPmX \mKcnI a[yhneps ChcpsS [ym\mIhpw GImhpamb BkzmZ\hn`hamIm t]m hn[nepff Bem]\coXnv ssat{Imt^mWns hchv hgnXpdp sImSpp. a[ymbnbnepw a{mbnbnepw t{imXmfpambn KmVhpw hyn]chpamb sshImcnI`mh ]phbvp Ctmgpff Bem]\hpw BkzmZ\hpw ]pXnb kwKoXk`ns kz`mhambn. ]gbanepff Dmbnepff Bem]\w ]etmgpw kwKoXmkzmZ\n\v hnLmXambn ]cnKWnsSm XpSn. ssat{Imt^mWns cwK{]thitmsS ImSIkwKoXns i_vZkwkvImcnepmb ]cnh\tfmSv Hpt]mIm ]mXmWv \mKkzcs Hcp A{][m\ hmZyamn amnbsXv kwKoX]TnXm IcpXppv (\Ipam: 1997). Fmbmepw taPmXn hn`mKfnse (A`nPmX\mKcnIa[yhw) AwKfmb hynIfpsS BkzmZ\hn`hambpw AhcpsS kzXzkwm]\ns D]m[nbmbpw ImSIkwKoXw amdno (AtXmsSmw \rkwKoXtaJebnse ]ccmKX hn`mKv AXv ssItamiw hXnsbpw) Cu ]cnh\ {]{Inbbn ssat{Imt^mWns kmn[yw {][m\ ]mWv hlnXv. CtXmsSmw, Ccp]Xmw \qmns BZy]XnmpIfnepmb sdtmUnwKv CUkv{SnbpsS hym]\hpw i_vZteJ\ kmtXnIhnZybpsS hfbpw ImSIkwKoXs kzm[o\npIbpmbn. a\pjyi_v Z ns ]p\cpev ] mZ\aX, Imens Npcpw Fnh apX ]ccmKXamb Kpcpm\s {Kmat^mWpIfpw sdtmUpIfpw sImv ]Icwhbv pXp hscbp h]cnh\ CXns ^eambn DmIppv. i_vZteJ\nsbpw {]t]Wnsbpw kmtXnIhnZy ]ccmKXamb kwKoXm[yb\sbpw Bhnjv I mck{Zmbsfbpw tIhnioesfbpsamw amnadnp. kwKoX AhXcWfnse apJmapJ_ Hgnhmbn FXmWv CXns BZy^ew. kwKoXpw BkzmZIpanSbn Amewhscbpmbncp ]ckv ] c_w inYneambn. CtXmsSmw kwKoXmhnjv I mcfpsS KXnthKw htXmXn hnpIbpw sNbv X p. sdtmUnns kmtXnIXbmWv , ]mpImcpsS ssh`ha,
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kwKoXmhXcWfpsS Imehpw KXnthKhpw \nbnpXn {][m\w Fphp (Weidman 2012:155). ]mccysbpw hnipnsbbpw Ipdnp [mcWIsfbmsI s]mfnp]Wnbm t]mXmbncpp Cu ]pXnb k`w.40 C{X Xstbm, CXnt\mtfsdtbm ]ccmKXt_myfn Denepmnb asmcp {]tabw kwKoXtemInse Kpcpkev ] ntXmWv . kmtXnIhnZybpsS A`mhamWv ]ccmKXamb hnipnbpsSbpw hnizkvXXbpsSbpw B[mcambncpXv. i_vZteJ\w Cu hnizkvXXsb amnadnp. khntij k{ZmbtfmSpw Ie ]mccytmSpap hnizkv X X F ]gb t_m[yw kmtXnIambn ]p\\nNnsp. s]mXpthZnIfn AhXcnnsSpIbpw i_v Z teJ\w sNsSpIbpw sNp kwKoXw ]mccynsbpw hnizkvXXbpsSbpw hgn \nbnm XpSn.41 Kpcphns m\w {Kmat^m Imfm XpSpIbpw hnizkvXX kmtXnIambn \nbnsSphm XpSpIbpw sNbvXp Fw. `mcXobkwKoXns B[p\nIoIcWhpambn _s Ghpw \nmbI {]iv\fnsemm bncpp CXv. Ccp]Xmw\qmns BZyZiIfn lnpm\n kwKoXnepw ImSIkwKoXnepw Actdnb B[p\nIoIcW{ia {]mYanIambpw kwKoXs kzcm\w (notation) sNm\p {iafptSXmbncpp. lnpm\n kwKoXthZnbn hnjv W p\mcmbW `Sv J msbpsSbpw ImSIkwKoXthZnbn Nnkzman apXenbm apX kpcmaZonX hscbphcpsSbpw {ia ]mmXyamXrIbn kwKoXs tcJsSppI FXneqnsmmbncpp. CtXkabpXsbmWv kwKoXns i_vZteJ\hpw {][m\ NmhnjbamIpXv. Ch cpw ImSIkwKoXns B[nImcnIXsbbpw hnipnsbbpw CmXmp LSIfmbn Amev a\nemsSppv . i_v Z teJ\hpw kzcm\hpw Cy kwKoXns lrZb`mjbv v FXncmsWv iambn hmZnsp. {Kmat^m sdtmUpIsfbpw kzcm\sbpw ap\nnbp ]mccy \jvS`oXnbpsS Ghpw anI BhnjvImcfnsemmbn 1909 B\Ipamckzman FgpXnb teJ\s sshUvam NqnmWnpp. `mcXobkwKoXs CXc kwKoX]mccyfn \npw `namp ASnm\ hkvXpXbmbn Ipamckzman ]cnKWnXv KaI{]tbmKsfbmWv.42 AXv FgpXsSmhp kwKoXa. KpcpapJp\npw injys sNhnbntev ]Ip Inptmtg AXv B[nImcnIamhq. `mcXobkwKoXs `mcXobamp ASnm\LSIamWv KaI{]tbmK kzcm\w (notation) hgn \jv S sSpsXv B\Ipamckzman IcpXn. AXpt]mse KmbIcpsS ssPhicochpambn _anm Ir{Xnai_vZamWv {Kmat^mWpIfn\npw e`npXv. Ghpw ]cn]qamb kwKoXw am\pjnIamb i_v Z neqsS hn\nabw sNsSpXmWv . KmbIcpsS ssIhnckv ] iw Ghpa[nIap X{nhmZyfnemWv ( string instruments ) D]IcWkwKoXw Ghpa[nIw alnXambncnpXv . ]nbmt\mbnepw lmtamWnbnepsamapXv XmWXcw kwKoXamWv . `wKntbdnb {Kmat^mWpIpw bm{nIamb hben\pIpw XcwXmW lmtamWnbn\psamw ]ndsI t]mhp ]p {]`phw `mcXobkwKoXs \innpIbmsWv B\Ipamckzman IpsSpn (1981:191). Cu \ne-bn ]pXnb kmtXnIhnZybpw ]mmXykwKoXk{Zmbfpw Cy kwKoXns hnip]Zhnsbbpw A[ymaqeysbpw XIpIbmW iamb hnai\w \ne\nssbmWv a{Zmkv ayqknIv AmZanbpsS cq]oIcWhpw ImSIkwKoXnse kzcm\hpw ]pXnb Itcn k{Zmbns cwK{]thihpw Fmw \SXv . 1904 kpcmaZonX {]knoIcn kwKoXk{Zmb{]Zin\n ImSIkwKoXs ]mmXyamXrIbn imkv{Xobambn tcJsSpp Xn\p henb {iaambncpp. 43 1928 ayqknIv AmZan \nehn hXpapX kzcm\k{Zmbs AmZan iambn ]npWbv ppv . B[p\nI kwKoXk`Ipw BkzmZIkaqln\pw CWp an AcnbpSn cmam\pP Am ]pXnb Itcnk{Zmbn\v cq]w sImSppXpw CmemWv. Ccp]Xmw\qmns BZyZiIn (19001910) am{Xw {Kmat^m I\n (]nmev His Masters Voice - HMV) \membncne[nIw sdtmUnpI \SpIbpw AsXmw ]pdpsImphcnIbpw sNbvXp. ]mccyipnsbpdnp DXvIWvTI {]_eamhp k`n Xs kXekv ] inbmb ]cnh\fneqsS ImSIkwKoXw ISpt]mIppmbncpp Fw.
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B[p\nIoIcWns Cu khntijkz`mhhpw AXnept kwLjfpw ImSI kwKoXns Ncn{Xn AXphscbnm Hcp ]pXnb knKv mhbv v Pw \In. B[p\nIoIcnsSptXmsSmw Xs ]mccyipn \ne\nWsa XmXv]cyw IqSpX IqSpX {]_eambn. ]ccmKXhpw aXmIhpamb Hcp hniptemIambn kwKoXs ]cnKWnphm\p XmXv]cyw Gdntbdnhp. ]pXnb `uXnIXmXv]cyfm ASnapSn kzm[o\nsSptmgpw `uXnI XmXv ] cyfpsS Iffn \nsmw AIp\np Hcp hniptemIamIm ImSIkwKoXthZn XmXv]cysp. a{Zmkv ayqknIv AmZanbpsSbpw AmZan tPWensbpw \ncc{iafneqsS hnIknph ImSI kwKoXNcn{Xw {]mYanIambn Du \InbXv AXns ]cnipnpw CmanI kzm[o\n\v ]pdp AXns \ne\nev]nepw XsbmWv. apow kzm[o\n\v hnt[bamImsX \nesIm Um taJebpsSbpw hnPb\Kcnsbpw kmwkv I mcnIamb A\\yX Cu NIfn \nccw Dbnsp. ZntWy kwKoXkwkv I mcns \nnXnbn hnPb\Kcn\p m\w ImSIkwKoXNIfpsS tI{{]tabambn. khntijamb Hcp kwKoXssienbmbn hnIknphXnt\msSmw ImSIkwKoXw `nkwKoXnsbpw sImmckwKoXnsbpw kwKam\ambnop FXn\v Cu Ncn{XhnNmcfn henb {]m[m\yw ssIhp. Cu kwKoX]XnbpsS imkv{Xobhpw kmtXnIhpamb ASnm\w shSaJnbpsS tafcmK]XnbmsW Imcyhpw ]dpdnsp (Subrahmanian 2006: 88). Cs\ khntijamb Nne ASnm\fnemWv Ccp]Xmw\qmns BZyZiIfn ImSIkwKoXw ]SppbsXv . `n]mccyw, A\nmanIX, A\\yamb kmtXnIimkv{Xob kzcq]w XpSnb ASnm\kev] ImSIkwKoXspdnp ]nme[mcWIfpsS B[mcambnop. Ccw [mcWIsf ap\nn ImSIkwKoXw, lnpm\n kwKoXn\nv hyXykvXambn, amn ]mccyntXmsWv {]Jym]nsp. Cu amn]mccyns ASnm\ambn ]dpdnsXv shSaJnbpsS tafcmK]Xnbmbncpp. 1930 a{Zmkv ayqknv AmZan ktf\n \Snb A[y{]kwKn ap`mKhX Cmcyw FSpp]dbppv . H\h[n kwKoX]nXmcpw KmbIcpw hmtbImcmcpw tafcmK]XnbpsS Cu {]amW]Zhnbn kwibmepfmbncpp FXmWv hmkv X hw. ImSIkwKoXns cmKmIkzcq]s kw{Klnm Ccsamcp ]Xnv Ignbn FmWv Ahcn ]ecpw IcpXnbXv . Fm ImSIkwKoXns A\\yXbv pw LS\m]camb ZrVXbvpw (structural solidity) thnbp tZiobhmZ]camb XmXv]cyw Cu FXnkzcsf IogSn. ImSIkwKoXs kmhmZ]chpw aXmIhpamb NqSn\pn DdnsSppXn Cu k`hpw hyhlmchpw henb hnPbw ssIhcnpIbpw sNbv X p. Cu hnPbk`nse \mbI_nw_ambncpp XymKcmPkzmanI.

`mKw aqv : XymKcmPkzmanI F ]nXr_nw_w

Ccp]Xmw iXIns {]mcw`ZiIfn ImSIkwKoXns AhXcW BkzmZ\{Iafnepmb ]cnh\ kwKoXk`I tI{oIcnp ItcnIsf ImSIkwKoXns, {]tXyInpw ImSIkwKoXns ]pXnb tI{ambncp a{Zmn, {][m\ AhXcWk`ambn amdnop. sImmcsfbpw {]`pancsfbpw t{Xkn[nIsfbpw tI{amnsmp ]gb {]tbmKk`fmsS CmXmbnsnepw ({]tXyInv t{Xsf tI{oIcnp kwKoX]cn]mSnI) s]mXphn AhbpsS tatmbva Ahkm\np Fp]dbmw. kwKoXns cmIXrXzw cmPmmcn \npw {]`pmcn \npw s]mXpkaqlntev \on. ImSIkwKoXs kw_nnStmfw Cu s]mXpkaqlns Ghpw {]_eamb BhnjvImccq]ambncpp kwKoXk`I. kwKoXmhXcWthZnI FXn\pdw kwKoXns aqeyhnNmcnsbpw KpWtZmjhnNn\nsbpw thZnIfmbpw Ch m\w t\Sn. Cu ]pXnb AhXcWBkzmZ\ k`hpw AXns kmwkvImcnIcmjv{Sobhpw ImSI kwKoXthZnbn ]pXnb Nne t{iWohyhIv Pw \InbXmbn AaZm sshUvam ]dbppv. Nne hmtbImcm aphscm {][m\nIfmbnoXpw Xmfn\ptase cmKw DbphXpw FgpXs cN\Iv (compositions) at\m[{]IS\sfm (improvisations) {]m[m\yw ssIhXpw Cu ]pXnb k`nemsWv Ah Nqnmpp (2006:97). aWnqdpI \ofp ]hnIpw
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AXphgnbp at\m[{]IS\pw ]Icw ]e cmKfnepXpw AXnZoLamXpamb IrXnIfntev ItcnIfpsS ASnm\LS\ ]cnh\sSpXv CmemWv . 44 ZoLamb cmKhnkv X mcfneqsSbpw kzc{]kv X mcfneqsSbpw ebkwKoXneqsSbpw KmbI XfpsS sshZKvyw {]ISnnp ]gb coXnv ]Icw Iev]nXkwKoXn\v IrXnIpw Io\pw {]m[m\yw \Insmv AcnbpSn cmam\pP Am ]pXnb Itcn]Xnv cq]w \In.45 kmam\yambn ]dm Hcp htmsS Bcw`npXmWv AcnbpSnbpsS Itcn. XpSv Gsd hnkvXrXam cmKmem]\tmsSbpw \nch, Iev]\mkzc46 FnhtbmSpw IqSn hyXykvX cmKfnep GXm\pw IrXnI, ]noSv cmKwXm\w]hn (Nnetm AXns m\w X\nbmh\w DssSbp Hcp XymKcmPIrXnbpsS AhXcWw Imfnsbv hcmw), ]nmse tXhmcw, XncppKgv, Xncpmssh, ]Zw, Pmhfn, Xnm\, tmIw XpSnb XmcXtay\ efnXamb C\fn NneXns AhXcWw. AtXmsS Itcn Ahkm\npp (Cncmtat\m 2012 :89). X\nbmh\w Hne[nIw XhW DmhpIbpw sNmw. ccaqv aWnqdn, Hcp kmbmthfbn XpSn cm{Xn Gsd \ofpwapt] Ahkm\nnmhp \nebn, ]pXnb s]mXpP\k`IfpsS Bhiyn\pXIp \nebnemWv, AcnbpSn Xs Itcn]Xnv cq]w \evInbXv.47 kmtXnIambn ]dm 1930ItfmsS ImSIkwKoXItcnbpsS tI{w at\m[n \npw cN\Ifntev (compositions) Fnsp. KmbI Be]np IrXnIfmWv , AmsX AhXcWthfbnse at\m[{]IS\f kwKoXmhXcW efnXkwKoXamtWm imkv{Xob (mn) kwKoXamtWm Fv thXncnsSpXns ASnm\w Fphp. KmbIcpsS at\m[{]IS\v ]pdv , Ahsb B{ibnmsX cN\Isf apJyambpw IrXnIsf ASnm\amn \nesImffpXmWv ImSIkwKoXw F ]pXnb t_m[yw Cu ]cnh\k`ns krjv S nbmWv . B[p\nIoIcWns k`w ImSIkwKoXn epfhmnb hnNmcamXrImhyXnbm\ns ASnm\fnsempw CXpXsbmsWv AaZmsshUvam ]dbpp (2006: 9798). Cu khntij k`nemWv "{XnaqnI' F kev ] w ImSIkwKoXn thcp]nSnpXv. ZntWy kwKoXNcn{Xnse Fa hmtbImcmpta XymKcmP, appkzman ZonX, iymaimkv{Xn Fnh AXns XymKcmP {]mamWnI]Zhn Imfm XpSn. ImSIkwKoXns lrZbambn ]cnKWnspXpSnb cN\IfpsS Im F \nebnemWv Ch Cu ]Zhnbntev DbcpXv . AXns kwKo- X m- - I hpw kmlnXobhpw BymnIhpw aXmIhpamb `mhXo{hX Gdn\n IrXnIfpsS AhXmcI F \nebn XymKcmPs m\w IqSpX IqSpX hepXmbn.48 XymKcmPs IrXnI, {]tXyInpw Atlns ]cXv \ IrXnI, ImSI kwKoXthZnbnse alnX]mTfmbn. Ccp]Xmw\qmns Ahkm\saptmtgpw ImSIkwKoXtcnbnse Hgnhmm C\fnsemmbn AXv amdnop. FpXsb, ]cXv\IrXnIfpsS Bem]\n\v apt]m AXn\v ]nmsetbm D at\m[{]IS\ XymKcmPt\mSpw BkzmZIkaqltmSpap Ahtlf\w t]mepambn ]cnKWnsSm XpSnsbv AaZm sshUvam Nqnmppv (2006: 99). 1940Ifn Ccw at\m[{]IS\ F{Xbpw kzm`mhnIambncppshn CtmgXv A\mhiyhpw A\mimkyhpambn ]cnWanncnpp.49 XymKcmPIrXnIfpsS hyXykv X ]mTsfpdnp BtemN\I {][m\amIpXv Cu {]IcWnemWv . {]mYanIambn hmsamgnbmbn ssIamw sNshbmWv XymKcmPIrXnI. XymKcmPs injy\mbncp hmemPtv IrjvWkzman `mKhX am{XamWv ChbpsS kzcsSpnb cq]w XymKcmPs PohnXImev tcJsSpnhnpXv. AXpt]mepw cmKfpsSbpw XmffpsSbpw Imcyn\pdw B[nImcnIX AhImisSmhphb. ]nmev ImSIkwKoXns BkzmZ\AhXcW {Iafnsemw hptN hyXymk Cu cN\IfpsS {]IrXnemsI amw hcpn. cmKw, Xmfw, kmlnXy]mTw Fnhbnsemw Ccw ]cnh\ ActdpIbpw AXv XymKcmP Io\fpsS ]mTt`Zv ImcWamhpIbpw sNbvXp.50 XymKcmPIo\sfpdnp NIfn \nccambn CSw]nSnp HmWv Cu hyXykvX ]mT]mccyhpw AXv Pw \Inb B[nImcnIXm{]iv \ fpw. hmemPmtv , Dabm]pcw, Xnssm\w Fo injy]ccI hgnbmWv XymKcmPIrXnIfpsS hn`n]mT
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\ne\npt]mcpXv . ]smXmwiXIns Ahkm\n XymKcmPIrXnI NnsSpn {]knoIcn NnkzmanapXenbm (Oriental Music in European Notation - 1892) Xs XymKcmPkwKoXw \nch[n ]cnh\v hnt[bambngn Imcyw, taev ] d ]mt`Zsf ap\nn, NqnmWnnpv. Xnssm\w \cknwl`mKhX 1908 {]knoIcn {io XyKcmPIo\ep F IrXnbnepw hmemPmtv cmakzman`mKhX cNn {io XymKcmtPm]\njvepw (1937) CtX ]cmXn BhnsSppv . CXpt]mse a{Zmkv ayqknIv AmZanbpsS ktf\fnse cmKcmKeW NIfnse {][m\ {]tabfnsempw XymKcmPIo\ Xsbmbncpp (Rajan 2010:93). XymKcmPkwKoXns h{IoIcWns\Xncmb hnai\ Ccp]nsbmmw \qmnepw XpScpp F hkvXpX (The Hindu Feb 21 & 28 : 2010 domcmP DcnpXv) Hcp \qmne[nIw ]nnnpw XymKcmPIo\fpsS ]mTt`Zspdnp Ahkm\nm DXv I Wv T IfpsS sXfnhmbn ]cnKWnmhpXmWv. hmkvXhn Cu {]iv\w cv Xefn ]cntim[nstSXpv. AXnemZytXv hyXykvX ]mTv hgnhbvp hn[nep XymKcmPkwKoXns {]IrXhpw DhhnImk]cnWma fpamWv. cmatXpw Hcp]t IqSpX \nmbIhpamb Imcyw Cu ]mTt`Zsfpdnp ]nme XmXv ] cyv ]nnse t{]cWIsfv FXmWv . Ccp]Xmw \qmn ImSI kwKoXns ssZhXambn XymKcmP CSw]nSnXn\v ]nnse kmaqlnIhpw cmjv { Sobhpamb LSIfntev shfnw hoim Cu {]tabsfpdnp BtemN\Iv Ignbpw. \nXy]qPbpsSbpw DRvOhrnbpsSbpw `mKambmWv XymKcmP Xs IrXnI Be]nsX mWv s]mXpsh hnizknsSpXv. XymKcmP XymKcmPkzmanIfmbn amdnb ]nme PohNcn{X \nmWfpsS ^eamhmw Cu ssZhnIAym _ns hnfntsev kmaqlyimkv{X ]cnt{]yneqsS Cmcyw ]T\hnt[bamphv IcpXmhptXbpq. AXnse hmkvXhw FpXsbmbmepw XymKcmPs kwKoXw, Amev \ne\nncp `P\kwKoXtmSmWv ASpw
51 ]pepXv F hkvXpX \ncknm\mhn. XymKcmPIo\fpsS ASnm\kz`mhambn hniZoIcnsSp ]eXpw BhnXkwKoXw, hnhn[ k`fn Dtncnp a[yaImekwKXnI, XmfII XpSnbh `P\kwKoXns kw`mh\bmbn NqnmWnsSpp. (Rajan 2010:96). ]e XymKcmPIrXnIfpsSbpw `P\cq]nep efnXamXrII Ctmgpw e`yamWpXm\pw. 52 ItcnIfn \mantm tIpXv AhbpsS ]p\x{IaoIcn s ]nme]mTfmWv. XymKcmPs PohnXImepXs henb {]Nmcw ssIh Cu cN\I Ccp]Xmw\qmtmsS ImSIkwKoX ItcnbpsS Ahn`mPy`mKambn. imkv{XobkwKoX]XnbpsS aIpSambn ]cnKWnsSp cmKw Xm\w ]hnv ]Icw\nm t]m C\ambnt]mepw XymKcmPIrXnI amdn. hnkvXcnp cmKmem]\w, \nch, Iev]\mkzc, X\nbmh\w Fnhsbmw DsSp Bem]\ cmKw Xm\w ]hnv kZriamb kwXr]vXnbpw \ndhpw KmbIv \InpSn ( Rajan 2010: 97). AtXmsSmw `P\kwKoXns kwLt_m[hpw sshImcnIXo{hXbpw {Xmkhpw ]Icphbmbpw XymKcmPIrXnI amdnop.

XymKcmPkwKoXns Cu khntij{]IrXw ImSIkwKoXns Ncn{Xn ASnm\]camb hgnncnhn\v Xs ImcWambn. kmtXnIXbpw AhXcW]camb anIhpw tassI t\Snbncp ImSIkwKoXthZnsb IrXnIfntepw AhbpsS `mhXo{hXbntepw AXv hgnXncnphnp. ]nmehmtbImcamscsb, XymKcmPs kaImenIcmb appkzmanZonX, iymaimkv { Xn FnhcpsS kwKoXsbpssS AXv kzm[o\npIbpw sNbv X p. ]nev mev AcnbpSn cmam\pP Am ]pXnb Imen\pw kZn\pw CWp a Itcn]Xn NnsSpnbtmsgt]mse, ImSIkwKoXns Ncn{Xnse \nmbIamb hgnncnhmbncpp AXv . AcnbpSnbptSXv kmtXnIamb ]p\x{IaoIcWambncppshn XymKcmPtXv kzIobhpw auenIhpamb kssh`hns ]n_ewsImp \hoIcWambncpp F ]ca{][m\amb hyXymkapv. Cs\ a\nemnbm XymKcmPIo\fpsS Dhk`n \npw Gsd hyXykvXamb \nebnemWv AXns ]nevmePohnXsav hyamhpw. Hcp`mKv `P\kwKoXns `mhXo{hXbpw kwLcoXnbpw \ne\nptm Xs XymKcmPIrXnIfpsS ]nevmePohnXw AhbpsS ASnm\{]IrXs ]pXpnWnbpIbpw sNbvXp. kwKoXk`I hgn cq]s ]pXnb BkzmZI
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kaqln\v Io\kwKoXns `mhXo{hX IqSpX kzoImcyambncpp. kmtXnIm\ tmfp]cn B[p\nIamb emhWyt_m[hpw sshbnIamb BkzmZ\{]IrXhpw Dhcmbncpp ]pXnb tIhnkaqlnse AwK. Cu tIhnkaqlns kwKoXambmWv XymKcmPkwKoXw Ccp]Xmw\qmntesnbXv . B[p\nIamb A\p`qXntemItmSv IqSpX IqSpX tNpt]mIm Ignbp `mhtemI AXn Dbp\np. CtXkabw, B[p\nIXtbmsSmw cwKsnb NnsSpepI XymKcmPIo\fnepw \Sppmbncpp. ImSIkwKoXns Ipe]Xnbmbn XymKcmP Bcm[nsp XpSnbtXmsS XymKcmPIrXnIfpsS hn`n]mT Hcp {]iv\ambnpSn. XymKcmPs cN\IfpsS ]mTt`Zsfpdnv Nnkzman apXenbm XpSn DbptIp ]cmXnI, hmkvXhn Ccsamcp k`ns krjvSnbmWv. GIIrIhpw AJhpamb Hcp hnip]mccyambn XymKcmPs\ DdnsSptXv Cu ]pXnb k`ns Bhiyambncpp. `P\kwKoXn \npw XymKcmPkwKoXntev ISpIbdnb _lpkzcmIhpw P\Iobhpamb kwKoXkwkvImcs sacpnsbSpv GImIamb ]mTfmbn NnsSppXn\nSbnse sshcpyfmWv XymKcmPIrXnIfpsS ]mTt`Zsfpdnp ]cmXnIfpw NIfpw ]cnlmc\ntifpambn DbptIXv Fw. ]mTt`Zsf AwKoIcnptmt]mepw AhbpsS {]m[m\yw IpdpImWm\mWv anhmdpw ]TnXm {ianpXv FXpw CXpsImpXs. ChnsS XymKcmPkwKoXnsbpw B[p\nI ImSIkwKoXnsXsbpw ASnm\ khntijXbmbn ]cnKWnsSp cmKmIXbpsS kmwkv I mcnIcmjv { Sobw {]tXyI]cnKW\ Alnppv. Xmfn\pta cmKn\v ssIh tatmbvabmWv AcnbpSnhgn DZvLmS\w sNs Itcn]XnbpsSbpw kwKoXk`IfneqsS kwm]nXamb B[p\nI ImSIkwKoXsbpw auenIamb khntijX. arZwKw, LSw, t[meIv, Knd, tamknv, sImtm 53 Fns\ kev ] nmhp hmZysfsbmw Dsmp, eb{][m\amb "^ps_v ' ItcnI 1930ItfmsS A{]Xyambn. Ccp]Xmw\qmns BZyZiIfn Chsbmw ItcnbpsS Ahn`mPy`mKambncpp. Fm apXpItfmsS Ccw hmZyfpsS apgp\ofkmnyw ItcnbpsS imkv { Xob (mn) kz`mhn\v Ipdhv hcppXmbn hnebncpsSm XpSn. "kwKoX sIme]mXIw' Fpt]mepw Ah A]lknsp. 54 ImSIkwKoXn ]pXpXmbn tass t\Snb cmKmIXbpsSbpw hyn\njv T hpw [ym\mIhpamb BkzmZ\nsbpw Acon\v hnLmXapmp HmbmWv Ch hnebncpsXv. Ccsamcp ]cnh\n\v ]nn kucymIhpw A\p`qXn]chpamb LSIpdp Nne {]tabfpw CSw]nSnnpsv ]nme]TnXm Nqnmppv. ImSIkwKoXthZnbnse Xmfscp ASnm\]cambn _sncpXv s]cnbtafw, Nntafw Fnhbpambn tNp {]hn A{_mW]mccytfmSmWv. Ccp]Xmw iXIns BZyZiIfn cmKmIkwKoXhpw kwKoXk`I hgnbp {_mWoIrXamb BkzmZIkaqlhpw {]m_eyw t\SnbtXmsS taev ] d XmfhmZy kwKoXthZnbn\nv ]nhmm \n_nXambn.55 kwKoXthZnbn CSw]nSnt hmtZym]IcW GsXmsapw kwKoXthZnbn \npw \mw tItsXmsapw Xocpam\n Hcp hyhlmc LS\bvpnsbmWv FmWv kwKoXsapw BcmWv KmbIs\pap tNmZypw Dcw Xocpam\nsXv (Weidman 2006: 102). ImSIkwKoXns \mZkzcq]ambn XymKcmP hn`mh\w sNsXv kwKoXimkv{X]cw am{Xamb ]cnKW\Isf ap\nnbs hkvXpXbmWv ChnsS hyamIpXv. \qmpI ]nn Hcp ]mccyn \npw Hcp alm\mb hmtbImcs\ IspI FXn\pdpff ]e LSIfpw AXneptncpp. Hcp `mKv B[p\nIamb hyn`mh\bpsSbpw [ym\mIamb BkzmZ\nsbpw temItfmSpw adp`mKv {_mWoIrXamb kucymIbpnItfmSpw HnWw t\Snb Hcp hyhlmcLS\bvpnemWv XymKcmP F IpessZhXw Dcphw sImXv Fw. XymKcmPkwKoXns B[p\nIamb kzoImcyXbv v ImcWamb hkv X pXIfn NneXv Atlns Znhy\maIo\sfpdnp BtemN\Ifn \nv shfnspInpw. ]gb `P\kwKoXns Xmhgnbn s]Sp cN\IfmWv Znhy\maIo\. BZyLn imkv{Xob kwKoXns `mKambn AXv ]cnKWnsncpn. `nsb kwKoXns tI{amnb XymKcmP
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DRv O hrnbpsS IqSn `mKambmhWw Znhy\maIo\ cNnXv . efnXambn ]dm Cuizc\mafpsS AhXcWamWv Znhy\maIo\. {]knamb hnjv W pkl{k\maw hnjvWphns\ Bbncw t]cpIfn kvXpXnp \mako\amWv. `P\kwKoXn\v kwKoX]camb {]m[m\yhpw angnhpw ssIhXv XymKcmP\neqsSbmsWv ]dbmw. `{ZmNecmaZmkns `P\IfpsS \nghoWpInSpXmbn NqnmWnsSppsnepw (cho{\mYv 1984:168) XymKcmPs Znhy\maIo\ ImSIkwKoX Ncn{Xnse hgnncnhns\ kqNnnp HmWv. cv \neIfnemWv CXv {]m[m\yalnpXv. AXphsc kwKoXnse cv ssIhgnIt]mse \nesIm kwKoXhnZzmmpw `mKhXmpw CSbnep hnShv XymKcmPt\mSpIqSn Ahkm\nXmbn ]n. kmw_aqn ]dbppv. kwKoXhpw `nbpw Xnep kqamb GIo`mhw ZntWy kwKoXn\v ssIhcp k`w CXmWv . ]nev mev ZntWy kwKoXns ASnm\kz`mhambn ]cnKWns `n`mh\bpsS ASnbpdXpw ChnsShmsWpw ]dbmw. C{XXs {]m[m\yap asmcpImcyw Znhy\maIo\fpsS P\{]nbXbmWv. efnXhpw kpXmcyhpamb ssienbn Ghpw P\{]oXnbmn cmKfnemWv Znhy\maIo\ NnsSpsnpXv. hcmfn HgnsI asmcp hnhmZntafhpw Chbn ImWpn.56 imkv{Xobamb cmK]Xnsb IWniambn ]npScpXn\v ]Icw X\nv ]cnNnXamb CuWsfbpw hgsfbpw D]tbmKsSppIbmWv XymKcmP sNbvXsXv ]dbmw. efnXamb kwkvIrXnepw sXepnepambn cNns Znhy\maIo\ hn]peamb Hcp BkzmZIhrs/`hrs kwKoXhpambn tNp\nn. Cuizc\mafpsS Bh\pdw `nbpsS XmznIam\sf A`nkwt_m[\ sNp kmlnXyamWv XymKcmPs cN\IfnepmbncpXv. [ym\mIw (contemplative) Fv hntijnnmhp Hcp A\p`hm\tp W]{Xfmbncpp Ah ( Sankar 2009:1-17). kv X pXnIpdw Bmt\zjW]camb DSw Znhy\maIo\v \IpXn\mbn khntijamb Hcp cN\mcoXn XymKcmP ssIsmXmbn Znhy\maIo\sfpdnv hn]peamb ]T\w \Snb Znhyi A`n{]mbsSppv . Xs Adp]tXmfw Io\fn XyKcmP Aw`nkwt_m[\ sNpXv kzw a\ns\sbmWv. Bem]\thfbn Bobhpw hynKXhpw Bmt\zjW]chpamb Hcp A\p`hXew A\bnse ]mfnIv CXphgn ssIhcpp. ]etmgpw kmlnXyns [z\nt`Zv Du \Imt]m hn[nep kwKXnI Atlw Chbn AhXcnnpIbpw sNbv X p. Htc CuWn Xs ]mSptmgpw NcWv kwKoX]chpw kmlnXy]chpamb khntijXbpw A\\yXbpw ssIhcpXn\v CXv ImcWamIppv. CXphgn ayIme kaqlnse `P\kwKoXs B[p\nIk`tmSv CWntmIp hynKXamb BkzmZ\hn`hambn Dbm XymKcmP\v Ignp Fp]dbmw. Cs\, Amewhsc hncptemIfmbn \nesIm A\p`htaJeIsf Znhy\maIo\fneqsS CWn\nm XymKcmP\v Ignp. ]mnXyhpw `nbpw Xnepw, ]nXmcpw `mKhXmcpw Xnepw, hynKXamb BkzmZ\hpw `P\kwKoXhpw Xnepw, [ym\mIXbpw kwLmhnjv I mchpw Xnepw \ne\npt]m sshcpyv IpdpsI \opXmbncpp Znhy\maIo\fneqsS XymKcmP DZv L mS\w sNbv X kwKoXm\p`hw. XymKcmPt\mSpIqSn ZnW`mcXn `P\bpsS Ncn{Xn Hcp ]pXnb Aymbw Bcw`nXmbp kmw_aqnbpsS A`n{]mbn\v ]nnse bmYmyhpw asm. XymKcmP\neqsS hnImkw t\SpIbpw ]qX ssIhcnpIbpw sNbvXXmbn ]ecpw IcpXp "IrXn' F kwKoXP\pns khntijXIfpw XymKcmPkwKoXn\v AXphgn ssIh auenIXbpw ChnsS ]cnKWntXmWv. "IrXn' F ]Zw XymKcmP\v ap]pw [mcmfambn D]tbmKnpImWppv. Io\fpw ]Zfpw {]_fpw PmhfnIfpw apw DsSp cN\Isf IrXnI Fv kmam\yambn hntijnnpt]mcppv. Xmfmw AamNmcybpw ]pccZmk\pw DssSbph XfpsS Nne cN\Ifn "IrXn' Fp]tbmKnpXpw taev]d AnemWv. B[p\nI kwKoX Ncn{XImcm IrXnIfpsS bYm {]tbmmhmbn IWmp XymKcmP Xs Xs cN\Ifn taev]d kmam\ymn "IrXn' Fp]tbmKnnpapv.57 Fm khntijamb Hcp Km\hn`mKw F \nebn ImSIkwKoXnse IrXnIv Nne hyXncnXI Dv. qeamb An IrXnIpw Io\pw Xn hyXymkansnepw (]hn, A\p]hn, NcWw Fns\bp hn`P\{Iaw Io\fpw IrXnIfpw Hcpt]mse ]npScpp) AhbpsS kqv a kzcq] Xn KmVamb hyXymkw \ne\nppv . Io\n \nphn
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Km\cq]amWv IrXnIsfpw Io\w {InkvXphjw 1600 Xs \nehn hncppshpw IrXn F IqSpX DXvIrjvShpw hyXykvXhpamb cq]t`Zw {InkvXphjw 1800t\mSSpmWv \nehn hsXpw kwKoX]nX IcpXpp.58 Io\n\npw IrXnIsf thdnp\np Nne hkvXpXI kwKoXimkv{XImc\mb shSkp{_Wy A \ntinpXv ChnsS {imlamWv. Io\w kmlnXy{][m\amsWn IrXn kwKoX{][m\amWv FXmWv BZyhyXymkambn Atlw ]dbpXv. Io\n kwKoXw kmlnXyn\v XpWbmhpIbmsWn IrXnbn kwKoXns am[yaamWv kmlnXyw.59 Io\kmlnXyw s]mXphn tZhkvXpXnIfmbncnpw. Fm IrXnbnse kmlnXyw kmlnXobXbpsS ]e]e km[yXIsf Dsmpp. XzNnm]ctam kmtcm]tZi]ctam hW\m]ctam kzm\p`hmhXcW]ctam Hsbmbn IrXnbnse kmlnXyw ]cnWanmw. Io\n NcWv [mXpt`Zw ImWnsn IrXnbn (Hne[nIw NcW Dtm) [mXpt`Zw DmImw. Io\n cmKns kmam\ykmctf ImWm\mhq. cmK`mhw kqvakpcambn CX hnSphcmhp \nebn cmKns A]q{]tbmKfpw [z\nt`Zfpw {]ISamhpXv IrXnIfnemWv. kwKXnI, Nnkzcw, a[yImew, sNmsv, baIw, bXn XpSnb Aemc{]tbmKsfmw hym]IambnImWpXpw IrXnIfnemWv (shSkp{_Wy 1990: 132). CtXmsSmw Io\ kwLKm\mem]\n\mWv D]bpamhpsXn IrXnI hynKXamb Bem]\n\p D]m[nIfmWv F Imcyhpw Ch Xnep hyXymkambn NqnmWnmdpv (kp\n 2012:157). XymKcmPkwKoXns auenIkz`mhambpw XymKcmP ImSIkwKoXn\v \Inb auenIkw`mh\bmbpw ]cnKWnsSp "kwKXn'Ipw Cu k`n {]m[m\yapv . XymKcmP\p apv "kwKXnI' F Km\memcw ImSIkwKoXns tI{{]tabambncpn. Hcp IrXnbpsS GsXnepw hcnI (anhmdpw ]hn) ]mSptm AXn\v IqSpX cq]`wKnbpw `mhZo]vXnbpw \Imthn ]Sn]Snbmbn hfnsmphcp amfmWv "kwKXnI' Fv AdnbsSpXv . Bh\w tXmdpw [mXphn ]Sn]Snbmbpw Atbw kucymIambpw hptNcp amfmWXv . kwKXnIsf AXnkqv a ambn hnIknnsSppIbpw hyhsSppIbpw sNbvX XymKcmP AXns\ ImSIkwKoXns lrZbXzamn amn FpXs ]dbmw. Htckabw cv A\p`htaJeIfpsS kwKam\fmWv kwKXnI. Hcp`mKv Bh\w hgn ssIhcp ZmVyhpw adp`mKv Hmtcm Bh\thfbnepw hcpp kqv a hyXnbm\ sImpmIp A\\yXbpw. Ansbpw A\p`qXnbpsSbpw kqvat`Zv Pw \Insmv cmKinev]s ZrVoIcnpIbmWv Ah sNpXv. cmKn\v A\kmyXIfpw Ombmt`Zfpw \Insmv, Bem]\neqsS CXhnSphcphbmWv kwKXnI. AtXkabw Xs Ah cmKns hyhm]nXamb NqSpIpns \nesImpIbpw sNpp. AXphgn Hcp`mKv, Znhy\mako\fpsSbpw `P\kwKoXnsbpw kwLt_m[tmSpw adp`mKv, B[p\nIamb sshbnIm\p`qXnItfmSpw hn\nabfntesSm Ignhp Hmbn ImSIkwKoXw amdnop. ]pdtav cq]]camb \hoIcWw FptXmmsanepw B[p\nIamb BkzmZ\nsbpw A\p`qXnIfpsSbpw temItfmSv ImSIkwKoXs Ghpa[nIw tNp\npXv kwKXnIfmWv . A{]XonXamb A\p`htemIfntev BmZ{]lj apX [ym\mIXbpw Bmt\zjWfpw hscbp A\p`htaJeIfntev BkzmZIsc Hmtcm Bh\nepw sImpt]mIm kwKXnIv Ignp. XymKcmPkwKoXn kwKXnIp asmcp khntijkz`mhhpw ChnsS ]cnKWnt XmWv . hmkv X hn, kwKXnI BZyambn {]tbmKnXv XymKcmP XsbmtWm FXv kwibIcamWv . Cmcyn ]TnXm kwibw {]ISnnppv . XymKcmP\v apv ]hn ]mSptm cmKmem]\n\v kZriamb coXnbn at\m[kwKoXw t]mse, kwKXnI D]tbmKsSpnbncnmw. Fm XymKcmP kwKXnIfpsS {]tbmKs hyhm]nXampIIqSn sNbv X p. XymKcmPIrXnIv Atlns AXnhn]peamb injy]ccbneqsS ssIh hym]v X naqew Cu hyhs ]mTpw {]tbmK{Iapw ImSIkwKoXns B[p\nIZibn henb {]m[m\yw ssIhcnIbpw sNbv X p. Hcn ImSIkwKoXn\v mn ZrVXbpw sshbnIamb A\p`qXnbpsS temIfpw Hcpanp ssIhXv IrXnIfnepw kwKXnIfnepw XymKcmP \Snb CSs]SepI hgnbmWv. ]mccyn \nv X\nv ssIh cq]sfbpw ktXsfbpw B[p\nIamb HcmkzmZIkaqln\pw k`n\pw D]bpamIp
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an ]p\x{IaoIcnm XymKcmP\v Ignp.60 Cu IgnhmWv ]nmes mnIvhXvIcWns Ln, ImSIkwKoXns \mbI_nw_ambn XymKcmPs\ Dbnsmph kwKoXimkv{X]camb ASnm\ hkvXpX. IrXnIfpsSbpw kwK- X n- I - f p- s Sbpw taev ] d khntijXI ap\nn BtemNnm B[p\nIamb HcmkzmZI kaqlns XmXv]cytfmSv Hcp`mKpw mn F \nebnep hyhm]\coXnItfmSv adp`mKpw Hpt]mIm\p AhbpsS tijn hyamIpw. tIhekvXpXnIp ]Icw PohnXns \m\mhnXm\sf A`nkwt_m[\ sNp {]tabsf ({]tXyInpw hynKXamb A\p`htemIsf Dsmp {]tabsf) GsSpm\p Ignhv, cmK`mhsf CXhnSnsbSpp Bem]\coXn hgn hynKXhpw [ym\mIhpamb BkzmZ\ns hn`hambncnm\p tijn, kwKXnIfpsS kmnyw hgn kwKoX{]tbmKn\v ssIhcp kqv a kucyw, kwLkwKoXn\v ]Icw hyn\njv T amb AhXcWn\pw BkzmZ\n\pw \Ip CSw Fnh hgn B[p\nIamb kzImcyhyn kev]tmSpw AXv Pw \Inb [ym\mIXtbmSpw tNpt]mIm IrXnIv Ignp. Io\ ]Icp ] (kwL) t_m[n\v ]Icw Hbv s mcmfpsS A\p`qXn{]]sbmWv IrXnI A`nkwt_m[\ sNpsXv ]dbmw. B\nebn B[p\nI]qLn \npw B[p\nI Xbntep ImSIkwKoXns ]cnh\s kw{Klnp kwKoXhn`mKamWv IrXn F ]pXnb P\pv.61 cq]s, DudnqSn\np DSw (sedimented content) Fv Ccp]Xmw\qmnse kwkvImc]TnXmfnsemcm hntijnnXv62 IrXnIsf kw_nnStmfw \qdpiXam\w km[phmWv Fw. ImSIkwKoXs AXns a[yIme `P\Io\ ]mccyn \nv ]pdpsImphv "mn' F B[p\nIkev]n\v A\ptbmPyamb Hcp P\pmbn ]cnh\sSppXn IrXnI \nmbIamb ]mWv hlnXv. ]mccypSbpw ssieoIrXhpw hyhm]nXhpamb AhXcW{Iahpw PohnXns ssZ\wZn\Xzn \np hnSpXnbpw [ym\mIamb BkzmZ\ns hn`hambncnm\p Ignhpw ssIh Iemcq]fmWv B[p\nI k`n mn IeIfmbn ]cnKWnsXv. AtXmsSmw Ah tZiobhpw km]chpamb Nne aqeyfpsS BhnjvImc kzcq]amsWpw hniZoIcnsp. Ccsamcp mnIv ]Zhnbntev ImSIkwKoXs tNp\nm Ghpw D]bpamb P\pmbncpp IrXnI. kwKXnI hgn ssIhcp Aemckm[yXIfpw kqv a kucyhpw \ne\nptm Xs inev ] `{Zhpw kpLSnXhpw ssieohXvIrXhpambncpp Ah. a[yIme aXmIt_m[w Gdn\np `P\/Io\pw irwKmc]qamb ]Zpw kmtXnIX sXgpp\np ]hnIpsamw Apdtv ISv A`nPmXhpw kpZrVhpw B[p\nIhpamb kucym\p`hns B[mcambn \nesImm IrXnIv Ignp. Ncn{X]cambncnss Ncn{X\nct]sa {]XoXnbpWm\pw ssieoIrXamb inev ] ZmVyw sImv ]mccypSsb kw{Klnm\pw Ign IrXnI ImSIkwKoXns mn ]ZhnbpsSbpw ASnm\ambn amdn.63 Ccp]Xmw \qmns XpSnectdnb IrXnIfpsS NnsSpentbpw ]p\x{]Imi\ntXpamb k`n Ghpw \nmbIamb {]m[m\yw ssIhXv XymKcmPIo\pw IrXnIpamWv . atsXmcp hmtbImct\mfpa[nIw cN\I XymKcmPtXmbn Atm e`yambncpp FXmWv Hcp ImcWw. ]smXmw iXIns cmw ]IpXn apXt XymKcmPIrXnI htXmXn D]tbmKnsSpIbpw ZntWy kwKoXns tI{]Zhnbntev hspIbpw sNbvXncpp. {XnaqnIfn Ds av cv t]cpapssS, ZntWy kwKoXNcn{Xn \mw Ipapp asmcp hmtbImc\panm AXnhn]peamb injy]cc XymKcmP\pmbncpp. 64 ]smXmw \qmns\mSphnXs Ahcn Nne XymKcmPIrXnI ASnnv {]Ncnnm {iaw \SpIbpw sNbvXncpp. CtXmsSmw XymKcmP shdpsamcp kwKoX FXn\pdw ]ccmKX aqeyfpsS Da{]Xn\n[n F ]Zhnbntev DbsSpIbpw sNbvXncpp. XymKcmPs PohNcn{XcNbnXhmb hneyw PmIvk ]dbpXpt]mse ZntWysbbmsS ]pXpnWnX ]cnh\tfmSp {]XnIcWhpw B ]cnh\sf Dsmffm\p {iafpsS `mKhpw F \nebn XymKcmPIo\fpsSbpw IrXnIfpsSbpw Bem]\w a{Zmknse taPmXna[yhhn`mKnSbn Cmev ]Sp]nSnncpp (Jakson 1994: 130). {IacmlnXynsbpw i_v Z tImemlefpsSbpw cmjv { SobkmaqlnI k`n
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{]imXbpsSbpw ]mccyhnipnbpsSbpw \mZcq]ambn XymKcmP a\nemsSpIbpw kzoIcnsSpIbpw sNbvXncpp. AXpsImv XymKcmP cN\IfpsS IrXyhpw hyhm]nXhpamb ]mTfpsS AhXcWw a{Zmkv ayqknIv AmZansb kw_nnStmfw ]ca{][m\ambnop65 (Subrahmanian 2006:91). Cs\, ]mccy_hpw AtXkabw Xs B[p\nIhpamb Hcp Bhnjv I mccq]w F \nebnemWv IrXnI ]Xns\mw iXIns Ahkm\tmsS hnIknphXv . XymKcmP kwKoXnemIs Ah kwKXnIfpsS kmnym cmKmIXbpsSbpw sshbnIamb AhXcWnsbpw amXrImcq]ambn amdn. ImSIkwKoXns Ncn{Xnse Ghpw henb hgnncnhntbpw \hoIcWntbpw tI{ambn XymKcmP amdnocpXv ChnsS hmsWv ]dbmw. CtXmsSmw ]smXmw iXIns BZy]IpXnbn Xmhqcnectdnb ]cnh\fpw IrXnIsf A\nhmcyamnbnpsv kwKoXNcn{XImcm ]dbppv . sImmcnsbpw {]`pkwcWnsbpw XpW \jvSspXpSnbtXmsS ]gban ZoLamb hn{iathfI Bhiyap, kmtXnI{][m\hpw Aemc]qhpamb kwKoX{]tbmKfpw kwKoXcq]fpw IqSpX IqSpX AkzoImcyambn. 66 hynKXhpw kpZrVhpamb ]pXnb cq]inev ] A\nhmcyambn. `P\kwKoXns `n`mhs DsmpXpw sImmckwKoXnse kmtXnI{]tbmKsf kzmwioIcnm IgnbpXpw AtXkabw hynKXamb [ym\mIXtbmSv tNpt]mIpXpamb Hcp kpZrVcq]s hnIknnsSptXv Ncn{X]camb Hcmhiyambncpp. Ncn{X]camb Cu Bhiyn\v Xs IrXnIfneqsS Dcw \Im XymKcmP\p Ign-p. XymKcmPkwKoXs B[p\nIamb `mhpIXztmSpw BkzmZ\k`tmSpw CWntpXn AXns kmlnXobamb DffSn\pff khntijXI IqSn \mw CtXmsSmw ]cnKWntXpv. sXepv `mjbnse Ghpw henb IhnIfnsemcmfmbmWv XymKcmP Ctm ]cnKWnsp hcpXv.67 atsXnepsamcp hmtbImc, XymKcmPs\tmse Xs `mjbpsS ImhyNcn{Xnse \nmbI m\fnsemmbn ]cnKWnsnn. kwkv I rXnepw kwkv I rXhpw sXeppw CSIenbpw XymKcmP IrXnI cNnnpsnepw Atlns cN\Ifntednb ]pw kcfamb sXepv `mjbnemWvv. sXepv Hsms kwkvIrXhXvIcns Hcp `mjbmbXn\m (aebmfwt]mse) ]etmgpw kcfamb sXeppw AtXmsSmapff efnX kwkv I rX]Zfpw tN XymKcmPs cN\I sXepv `mjbv pdtv kpKaambn kcnpXmbn XymKcmPIrXnIfpsS kmlnXy]camb khntijXIsfpdnpff Nbn hneyw PmIvk ]dbppv (1999: 143). sslhkwkvImcw Pw \evInb alm{]Xn`I hmevaoInbpw ImfnZmk\pw XymKcmP\pamsWv A`n{]mbsSp KmbI\pw kwKoX\pamb Sn.hn. kpdmhphpw (XymKcmP\v ssIh aXmI]Zhnsbbpw Cu ]cmaiw kqNnnppv) XymKcmPIrXnIfpsS kmlnXobamb kqv a Xsbbpw alXzsbpamWv tcJsSppXv (sI.]n.Fkv . tat\m DcnpXv 1984: 15). XymKcmP kwKoXns kmlnXobamb auenIXsbpdnpff Ghpw {itbamb \ncoWfnsemv Ccp]Xmw \qmnse ImSIkwKoXns Ncn{Xnse \nmbI m\fnsemmb Pn.F. _mekp{_WyntXmWv . Cwojv kmlnXyn HmtWgv k v _ncpZapff, _ntYmhns kwKoXhpw tjIvkv]nb kmlnXyhpw BkzZnm Ignhpmbncp, Hcmfmbncpp Pn.F. _n. HmIvkvt^mUv Cwojv UnWdnbnse ]nghv Nqnmn Xncpn Bfmbncpp Atlsapw Cncmtat\m ]dbppv . XymKcmPs kmlnXobamb auenIX Pn.F._n. tcJsSpnbnpv: XymKcmPs IhnX kznt_Wnsbpw Iovknsbpw IhnXbpsS kzcam[pcnsbpdnv \s Hmnnpp. Hw sjnbpsS NnbpsS kZo]vXnbpw AXn ImWmw (Cncmtat\m DcnpXv 2012: 17374). CXn {itbamb Imcyw B[p\nIamb `mhpIXzns B`napJyfpambn XymKcmP\v ssIhcp tNbmWv. Nnm]camb KK\Xbpw sshbnIhpw [ym\mIhpamb BkzmZ\nsbpw (Bem]\nsbpw) hn`hambncnm\pff Ignhpw XymKcmPIrXnIfpsS kmlnXobXbn Dtncpp. Ccp]Xmw \qmnse (B[p\nIamb) BkzmZ\k`fn Cu LSIw henb {]m[m\yw ssIhcnpIbpw sNbvXp. \ntbmmkn ]mnXyns hnebncpen XmcXtay\ kmlnXyaqeyw Ipdhbmbn ]cnKWns cN\Ifmbncpp XymKcmPtXv F Imcyw IqSn ChnsS HmnmhpXmWv . kn. Xncpae\mbnUphns\bpw A\IrjvWisbbpw t]mepff BZyIme ]nXm XymKcmPtXv
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kmlnXyaqeyanm cN\IfmsWv tcJsSpnbnpv ( Jackson 1999: 144 ). 1920 Ifn XymKcmPIrXnI kamlcnv {]knsSpm NpaXesSps sI.hn. {io\nhmkm Ahbn ]eXnepw cN\m]chpw hymIcW]chpamb ]nghpI IspIbpw XncpepI \ntinpIbpw sNbvXnpv. {Kmayamb ]Z{]tbmKfpw hymIcW`wKfpw ]cnlcnv ]e IrXnIfpw Atlw {]knoIcnpIbpw sNbvXp (Jackson 1999: 160). ]ccmKXamb Bem]\coXnv hgpn FXn\m Cu XncpepI KmbIkaqltam BkzmZIkaqltam kzoIcnpIbpmbn. Fm B[p\nIamb Hcp BkzmZ\k`hpw `mhpIXzhpw \nehn htXmsS XymKcmPIrXnI Db kmlnXyaqeyapffhbmbn hnebncpsSm XpSn. hynKXhpw [ym\mIhpamb A\p`qXn{]]hpw kcfamb `mjbpw kpXmcyamb {]tabtemIhpw XzNnm]camb B`napJyfpw AXnkqvaamb kwKoXmIXbpw HptN XymKcmP IrXnI B[p\nIamb `mhpIXztmSv Atbw kwhmZtijnbpff Hmbncpp. Hcn kwKoX]cambn XymKcmP ssIhcn anIhpIsfsbmw kw{Klnp hn[n XymKcmP IrXnIfpsS kmlnXobX Ccp]Xmw \qmtmsS Dbp hp Fp ]dbmw. XymKcmPkmlnXyn\v ssIh Cu khntijamb AwKoImcw 1940 Ifn ImSI kwKoXmem]\ns BcnIbpnIsfbpw Hcfhphsc kzm[o\np FXmWv hmkvXhw. apkncn kp{_WycpsSbpw apw Bem]\n kmlnXobX henb {]m[m\yw t\Sn. ]mccyambn {]Ncnp hcp Bem]\{Iaw IrXnbpsS kmlnXyaqeys `RvPnpXmbn A\p`hsSp k`n Bem]\{Ian amw hcpm Xs apkncn {iannpv. tXmUn cmKnepff "FpZmKn\mtSm' F XymKcmPIrXnbn A\p]hnpw NcWn\pw CSbnse Nnkzc kmlnXy`wKnv tNcpX FXn\m apkncn AXv ]mSmdnmbncppshv Cncmtat\m tcJsSppp (2012: 44). AXpt]mse "\Kptamap' F {]knamb IrXn Be]nptm "KK\m\n IneIp _lpZqcw _\n\mtSm' F hcnbnseptm Iev]\mkzc Dt]nv NcWns cmas hcnbn tI{oIcnpsImmWv apkncn ]mSnbncpXv . CXphgn "KK\m\n' F ]Zn\v Nppw Hcp hnImc{]]w Xs apkncn ]SppbpXmbpw Cncmtat\m kqNnnppv. IcpWckns BhnjvImcn\v DXIp an ipss[hXn\v ]Icw NXp{ipXnss[hamWv apkncn D]tbmKnXv. Cu IrXnbpsS sshImcnI Xo{hXsb apkncnsbtmse ampw BhnjvIcnm\mImXpsImmImw Cu cN\ ]etmgpw Atlns t]cn AdnbsSp nXnt]mepw DmhpIbpw sNbv X p (Cncmtat\m 2012: 44). kmlnXobamb `mh`{ZX Ccp]Xmw \qmnse ImSIkwKoXthZnbnse {][m\ ]cnKW\mhnjbambnop FpXsbmWv CsXmw hyampXv . Cmev XymKcmPkwKoXn\v ssIh ]pXnb ]Zhnaqeyn\v Cu kmlnXobambpw KmV_apv. XymKcmPIrXnIfpsS `mjm]camb khntijXI AhbpsS kmlnXobXbpambn henb _w ]peppF hkvXpXbpw \ncq]I FSpp]dbppv. kwkvIrXhXvIcnsXmsWnepw kwKoXmIamb `mjbmWv , XymKcmP Xs IrXnIfntednb ]pw cNn, sXepv . kzcfnehkm\np i_vZkzcq]amWv sXepv ]ZfptSXv. AXpsImpXs kwkvIrXaSapff `mjIfnse Iiamb i_vZkbn \nv thdnp\npXpw ebmIhpamWv sXepv `mj. bqtdmn Cmenbs\Xpt]mse ZntWybn Ghpw kwKoXmIXbpff `mjbmWv sXepv FmWv hneyw PmIv k tcJsSppXv (1999: 143). AtXkabwXs henbtXmXn kwkvIrXoIcns `mjbpamWXv. CXv Hcp`mKv ]ZtImins ImcynepssS sXepns\ kamnsbn adp`mKv `mjm]camb khntijXI AXns\ Atbw kwKoXmIampIbpw sNbvXp. sXepns\ Xs apJy`mjbmbn kzoIcnpIhgn kwkvIrXns BVy]cnthjs Ismgnbm\pw `n{]m\IhnIsf Hmnnp an {]mtZinI`mjbpsS kqvaXIsf Xs cN\Ifn knthinnm\pw XymKcmP\p Ignp. `mhKm\]camb HXphpw hntamlIamb emfnXyhpw \ntiIamb EPpXzhpw Bkkz`mhhpw XnI `mjbnemWv XymKcmP Xs IrXnI cNnXv ( Jackson 1999: 143 ). \thmm\Imev Cybnse {]mtZinI`mjIv ssIh HmPpw `nkmlnXyns sshImcnIZo]v X nbpw Ahbnepmbncpp. IrXnIfpsSbpw Ahbn Xm \Snemnb kwKXnIfpsSbpw kwKoX]camb khntijXIsf kmlnXobamb DffStmSv IqnbnWn AXpeyamb Hcp kucym\p`hw ]nevImen\v ]Ip \evIm XymKcmP\v Ignp. AXpsImpXs Ccp]Xmw \qmns BZyZiI apX Cy Pw\evInb Ghpw alXz]qamb ImhykwKoX PohnXfnsemmbn
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XymKcmP a\nemsSpIbpw sNbvXp. Cu khntijk`tmsSmw XymKcmPs ]nmeNcn{Xs \nbn asmcp {][m\ LSIw Atlns AXnhn]peamb injy]ccbmWv . {XnaqnIfn ampanm injy]mccyns DSabmbncpp XymKcmP. ]smXmw \qmns Ahcn Nne Atlns hnipNcnX FgpXpIbpw XymKcmPIrXnIfpsS ]XnpI [mcmfambn ]pdpsImphcnIbpw sNbvXp. ASnbpsS hym]\tmsS XymKcmPIrXnIfpsS kzcsSpnb ]mT htXmXn ]pdphp. Ccp]XmwiIXnepS\ofw XymKcmPs PohNcn{X hymJym\fpw68 XymKcmPIrXnIfpsS ]e ]e ]mTfpw69 {]knoIcnspsImncpp. XymKcmP injy]ccbmIs AhbpsS Nns cq] ]mSn DdnpIbpw sNbvXp. As\ acWtijw Hcp \qmv Ignbptmtgpw iXm_v Z fpsS Ncn{Xap ImSIkwKoXnse A\mZnbmb ]nXr_nw_ambn XymKcmP CSw]nSnp. Cu \nebn a\- n- e mnbm ZntWybn kwKoXNcn{Xnsebpw kwkv I mc Ncn{Xnsebpw \nmbIamb ]cnh\ZiIfnsemn, B ]cnh\sf \nbn \m\mXcw {]`mhfpsS kwKam\sa ( convergence point ) \nebnemWv XymKcmP ImSIkwKoXns tI{ambn DbphXv Fv hyamhpw. tZiobhmZ]camb `qX`mh\, AXns `mKambn Actdnb ]mccyIeIfpsS mnIvhXvIcWw, \mKcnIa[yh_pnPohn hn`mKns kmaqly]ZhnbpsS kn-Kv[-kz-`mhw, ]uckvXyhmZw Pw \Inb Aym kev]w, \mSphmgnnsbpw cmP`cWnsbpw XI, CXn\p]nmse a{Zmkv tI{ambn hnIknph kwKoXk`I, i_vZteJ\nsbpw ASnbptSbpw hym]\w, hynKXhpw [ym\mIhpamb A\p`qXntemIn\v ssIh tassI, ]pXnb Itcn]Xnbpw AXv ImSIkwKoXthZnpw BkzmZIkaqln\pw \Inb A`nPmXhpw {_mWnIhpamb kzXz]Zhn, cmKmIXbpsS kmwkvImcnIcmjv{Sobw, sImmckwKoXhpw `P\kwKoXhpw Xn Xmhqcn \S \m\mXcw hn\nab, IrXnI F kwKoXhn`mKns {]mamWnIX, kwKXnIfpsS kmtXnIhpw A\p`qXn]chpamb khntijXI, B[p\nIamb hynkev]tmSpw AXns [ym\mIamb kucy`mh\tbmSpw HnWapff XymKmPIrXnIfpsS kmlnXobaqeyw, injy]ccbpsS kpLSnXamb {]h\... Fns\ kmaqlnIhpw kwKoX]chpamb \nch[n LSI HptNv Pw \Inb Ncn{X]camb A\p`qXnbpsSbpw A\\yXbpsSbpw t]cmWv "XymKcmPkzmanI'. PohnX{]`mhfpsS B AXpeyamb tbmKssh`hamWv AeuInIamb \mZcq]ambn ]cnWanv ZntWy kwKoXns ]nXr_nw_hpw Ime\nct]amb tIheXbpambn cq]w ]IXv . A- s \, Ncn{Xw kzw ASbmfsfmw ambv N p- I - f - b p A\\ykm[mcWamb Hcp Ncn{X_nw_ambn XymKcmP amdnoncnpp. 70 ""XymKcmPtbmKssh`hw.''

IpdnpI
1. Xs PohnXns Ahkm\Imev XymKcmP k\ymkm{iaw kzoIcnXn\memWv XymK cmPkzmanI Fv Atlw ]cmainsphcpXv FXmWv CtXpdnp s]mXphniZoIcWw. CwojnsegpXs {Kfnepw {]_fnepw XymKcmP ]etmgpw Saint Thyagaraja FmWv ]cmainsSpXv . 2014 P\phcn 3 \v The Hindu {]knoIcn A`napJnepw {]ikv X kwKoXbmb kp[mcLp\mYv XymKcmPs\ Saint Thyagaraja Fv hntijnnpXv ImWmw. 2. ZntWy kwKo- X w, Im- S - I - k w- K oXw Fo cp t]cp- I fpw Cu {]_- - n
s]mXphmbn D]-tbm-Kn-p-t]m-n-p-v. Cy D]-`q-J-ns sXp`mKs kmwKo-X-s-p-dn-m D]-tbmKnp t]cv FmWv ImS-I-kw-Ko-Xs {]ap-JkwKoX ]n-X-\mb ]n.-kmw-_-aq-n hnh-cnp--Xv. lcn]m-etZhs kwKo-X-kp-[m-Icw ({In-kvXp-hjw ]{mw iX-Iw) apXevt Cu {]tbmKw \ne-hn-ep-sv kmw_-aqn Nqn-m-p-p-v. kmcwKtZhs kwKo-X-c-Xv\m-I-c-ns hymJym-Xm-hmb Iev]n \mY Imthcn \Znbvpw IrjvWm-\-npw CSbn-ep {]tZis kwKoXw F \ne-bn-emWv Im-S-I-kw-Ko-X-s-p-dnv ]c-aminp-Xv (sambamoorthy 1984 : 303).
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3. Im-S-I-kw-Ko-Xm-`y-k\ ]-Xnv B[m-c-amb kzcm-h-en-I, Ae-m-c-, KoXw, Tmbw XpSn-b-h-sbmw cNn-Xpw kqfm-Zn-k-]vX-Xm-f- {]Nm-c-n sImp-h-Xpw {]mcw-`-]-T-\-n\v ambmam-f-h-Ku-f-cmKw \S-n-em-n-bXpw ]pc--c-Zm-k (14841564) Bb-Xn-\m ImSIkwKoXw ]pccZmk apX Bcw`npp Fv kmam\yambn ]dbmdpv.Fnepw ZntWy kwKoXNcn{Xnse {][m\nIfmb Xmfmw AamNmcy (P\\w 1408), XncppKgns Imhmb AcpWKncn\mY (P\\w 1450) Fnhscms ]pccZmk\pw apt PohnpIbpw kwKoXNcn{Xnse \nmbIamb ]e hgnncnhpIpw XpSw IpdnpIbpw sNbvXhcmWv. 4. {Inkv X phjw 1620 {]knoIcns shSaJnbpsS NXpZn{]IminI bmWv ImSIkwKoXns ASnm\hymIcWambn ]cnKWnsSpXv . Ctm hym]Iambn AwKoIcnsp 72 tafIm]Xn AhXcnsXv B {KnemWv. jUvPw, ]aw Fnhsb (k, ] Fo kzc) {]IrXnkzcfmbpw Ej`w, Kmmcw, a[yaw, ss[hXw, \njmZw Fnhsb (cn, K, a, [, \n Fo kzc) hnIrXnkzcfmbpw Iev]n Atlw Ahbvv ipEj`w, NXp{ipXnEj`w, jUv{ipXn Ej`w, ipKmmcw, km[mcW Kmmcw, Ac Kmmcw, ipa[yaw, {]Xna[yaw, ip ss[hXw, NXp{ipXn ss[hXw, jUv{ipXn ss[hXw, ip\njmZw, ssIinIn \njmZw, ImIfn \njmZw Fo hIt`Z \ntinpIbpw sNbvXp. shSaJnv apv hnIrXnkzcsf Xo{hw, tImafw Fv am{Xta XcwXncnncppq. "kcnKa][\n' F {Ian Hcp mbnbnep taev]d 16 kzcsf amn amn cmK krjvSnm BsI 72 cmK Dmmsapw (cmKmwicmK P\IcmK) Cu ASnm\cmKfnse Nne kzc Hgnhmnbpw A\ykzc Ienbpw kzc{]tbmKfn hyXymkw hcpnbpw F{Xsbnepw ]pXnb cmK (P\ycmK) Dmmsapw shSaJn IspIbpmbn. ImSIkwKoXn\v imkv{Xobamb Nnbpw {Iahpw {]Zm\w sNbvX Cu kao]\ns AhXmcIs\ \nebv v ImSIkwKoXs ]mWn\nbmbn shSaJn hnhcnsSmdpv. \yq KpcpXzmIjWknmw BhnjvIcnXn\v kam\amb {]m[m\yamWv ImSIkwKoXs kw_nStmfw shSaJnbpsS tafcmK]XnpXv FmWv Hcp kwKoXNcn{XImc A`n{]mbsSpXv (cho{\mYv 1984:76). 5. ]Xn\mwiXIn XncpXnbn Pohnncp sXepv {_mW\mWv Xmfmw AamNmcy. ]hn, A\p]hn, NcWw Fo `mKtfmSpIqSnb Io\ BZyw cNnXv AamNmcycmsWmWv IcpXsSpXv. `P\]XnbpsS D]mXmhmbn ]cnKWnsSpXpw CtlamWv. AamNmcycpsS aI\mb XncpaemNmcycpw sNdpaI\mb Nnbpw tN {XnXzs Xmfmw hmtbImcm Fv hnfnpt]mcppv. 6. Hcn ImSIkwKoXNcn{Xnse {]mamWnIcmb hmtbImcmcn Ahkm\s BfmWv ]m]\miw inh (18901973). Xmhqcn\Spv t]mfIv P\n Atln\v Hcp Ah[qXs ]cnthjw ssIhncpp. Aqdncw IrXnI cNn ]m]\miw inhs\ a{Zmkv ayqknIv AmZan kwKoXIem\n[n ]pckvImcw \evIn BZcnp. 7. XymKcmPs PohnXn\pw kwKoXn\pw ssIh Atbs aXmIaqeyw \nanw Atlw Acnp FXn\v ]Icw kam[nbmbn FmWv km[mcW kwKoXNcn{Xfpw kwKoX imkv { X{Kfpw ]cmainmdpXv . tIcfnse kIemimeIfnse _ncpZ_ncpZm\c kwKoXhnZymnIfpsS ]T\mhiys ap\nn 1974 Xmdmnb Fkv . shnSkp{_WyAcpsS kwKoXimkv { X{]thinI apX (1990:249)2012 ]pdph hn.Sn. kp\nens kwKoX\nLphnhsc (2012:318) Cu "kam[n'{]tbmKw ImWmw. XymKcmP hmoInbpsS AhXmcamsWpw 24000 IrXnI cNnspsamap sFXnly kwKoX\nLp Bhnppv . Fmbmepw 750Hmfw IrXnI am{XamWv XymKcmPtXmbn CXx]cyw e`yambnpXv. 8. XyKcmPs P\\Znhkspdnv BZyLn Nne AhyXI \ne\nncpp. CtX pdnp Ghpw hniZamb N \SnbnpXv Fw.Fkv. cmakzman AcmWv. (Thiagaraja : A Great Musician Saint F {Kw1927). Fnepw cmakzman A \ntin PaZnhkw sXmbncpp. ]nevmev IsSp XmfntbmePmXIs ap\nn ]n. kmw_aqnbmWv 1767 sabv 4 F P\\obXn \ntinXv. Cv ImSIkwKoX]nXnSbn s]mXpkXnbpXv CXn\mWv. XymKcmPs NcaZn\w 1847 P\phcn 6 BWv. NcaZn\spdnv Ccw Xsfmpw Dmbnn.
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9. XymKcmPs kvam{_mW ]mccyn\v ImSIkwKoXns ]nevme Ncn{Xs kw_nnStmfw henb {]m[m\yapsmWv PohNcn{XImc\pw XymKcmPIrXnIfpsS ]cn`mjI\pamb hneyw PmIv k ]dbpXv . \ntbmKn, sshZnIn Fo cv sXepv {_mW]mccyfn BZyhn`mKm XmcXtay\ aX\nct]amb hoWn\pSaIfpw sImmc{]`pancfnse IWpkqnpImcpambncpp. cmas hn`mKw kwkvIrX]mnXyaphcpw ]ptcmlnXhrn ssIsmhcpamWv. XymKcmP cmatXmb sshZnIn hn`mKneps {_mW\mbncpp. kvarXnIsfmw Iiambn ]npScm {ian kvam]mccyw ZrVhpw AXn`uXnIhpamb PohnXZi\sbmWv ]n]nbXv (Jackson 1999:31). 10. XymKcmPkwKoXns alnasbpdnv tIdn ict`mPn almcmPmhv Xs sImmck`bnse AwKamIm Atls Wnpshpw Fm cma`ntbm Ihn ku`mKysfmpansv IcpXnb XymKcmP B Ww \ncknXmbpw hym]Iambn hnizknsSpp. Cu k`s ap\nnbp Atlns cN\bmWv IeymWncmKnep "\n[nNmekpJam' F IrXn. 11. 1803- ict`mPn almcmPmhv Xs ssk\yns ]YNe\kwKoXw (marching tunes) F \nebn Nne C\ NnsSppIbpmbn. ssk\yns NSpehpw aKXnbnepXpamb \ov CWp hyXykvX C\fmWv Atlw ssk\nIkwKoXn\v (military band) thn NnsSpnbXv. XmcXtay\ A{]kamb Hcp hkv X pXbmsWnepw ]mmXyamXrIbn Cybn kwKoXw tcJsSps BZyk`w F \nebn CXv {][m\s Hcp LamsWv evan kp{_Wy tcJsSppp (2006:4). 12. ]smXmw \qmns BZy]mZfn (17981832) Xmhq `cnncp ict`mPn cma {_nojv DtZymKmcneSw Bcyw P\nn hynXzambncpp. Cwojv ASap \nch[n `mjIfn Db ]mnXyapmbncp Atlw {]_pXmbpKns (enlightenment) BibmhenIfm {]tNmZnX\mbncpp. ]Xns\mw iXInse bqtdm]y kmlnXy hnm\{KfpsS Cybnse Ghpw henb kamlmcw ict`mPnbptSXmWv. B[p\nIimkv{Xhpw ]mmXykwKoXk{Zmbfpw apX icochnm\hpw B[p\nI kkytiJcWhpw hscbp taJeIfn ict`mPn XmXv ] cyw ]pen. sImtfmWnb B[p\nIXbpambp Cy apJmapJns Ghpw anI Bhnjv I mcambmWv ict`mPnbpw Atlns `cWImes Xmhqcpw hnebncpsSpXv (Nair : 2012) . ]smXmw \qmns BZy]mZfn Xmhqcnepmbncp _njv sdPn\mUv sl_ Cwnep hnav tlm\v Ab Iv ict`mPn cmas\pdnp sImtfmWnb hnebncpens sXfnhmWv. "" I have been passing the last four days in the society of a Hindo prince; the Raja of Tanjore who quotes Fourcroy,
Lavoisier, Linnaeus and Buffon fluently, has formed a more accurate judgement of the political merits of Shakespeare than that so felicitously expressed by Lord Byron; at the same time, he is much respected by the English officers in his neighbourhood as a real good judge of the horse, and a cool, bold and deadly shot at the tyger. The truth is that he is an extraordinary man who having in early youth received such an education as old Schwartz, the celebrated missionary could give him, has ever since continued, in the midst of many disadvantages preserve his taste for and extend his knowledge of European literature while he has ever neglected the active exercises and frank soldierly bearing which become the descendant of the old Maratha conqueror and by which only in the present state of things, he has it in his power to gratify the prejudices of his people and prolong his popularity among them (cited in Subrahmaniam: 2006: 8).

13. kzmXnXncp\mfns kZntev XymKcmPs\ WnpXn\mbn sN jUv I metKmhnamcmcpsS kwKoXssh`hn kw{]oX\mbmWv {iocmKnepff "Ftcm alm\p`mhep' F ]cXv\IrXn XymKcmP Be]nsXv hnizknsSpp. 1842emWv Ccphcpw Xnep IqSnmgvN \SXv. 14. ]smXmwiXIns BZyn AD 1818 k Pbnwkv an cNn History of British India bmWv BZys "B[p\nI CymNcn{X'ambn ]cnKWnsSpXv. {]mtZinI`mjIfnepw ]smXmw iXIns cmw]IpXntbmsS B[p\nImnep Ncn{XcN\m{ia Actdppv . XncphnXmwIqdn ]mpaqXpw (1867) ipntat\m\pw (1878) Cmev Ncn{XcN\m{iafn
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tesSppv. 15. 1781 P\nv, XymKcmPt\msSmw ZoLImew Pohn shScaW`mKhXcmWv BZyambn XymKcmPs PohNcn{Xw FgpXnbXv. Atlw 1874 Acnp. shScaW `mKhXcpsS aI\mb IrjvWkzman `mKhXcpw (P\\w 1824) XymKcmPs PohNcn{Xw FgpXpIbpmbn. cv IrXnIfpw cNnsXv sXepnemWv. ChbpsS cN\mImew IrXyambn Adnbnsnepw XymKcmP Acnv (1847) Gsd sshImsX Ah cNnsp FmWv IcpXsSpXv. 16. \nXyPohnXw \ndthpXn\mbn Acnbpw ap `WhkvXpfpw Zm\ambn kzoIcnpsImv \mSpNpp k{Zmbw. injytcmsSmw Io\fme]nv DRvOhrnbntesmWv XymKcmP PohnXamw IsnbXv . ]nmev XymKcmP\v ssIh ]cn{hmPI]cnthjn\v ASndsbmcpnb Imcyfnsemv CXmWv. 17. kwKoXhniIe\n\mbn ]pXnb Hcp Asshm\nI kao]\w kzoIcnWsav \ntinp Pqen U_m kwKoXhpw kwkvImchpw F cv hn]pehyhIfpsS ]T\ambn AXv amdnocWw Fv hniZoIcnpp. Xmfw (harmony), cq]w (form), \mZns hmb (timbreor characterestic quality of sound that distinguishes one voice from another), cmKw (melody), ebw (rhythm) Fo LSI DsSp kwKoXhyhbpw hnizmkhyh- I, s]cpamcoXnI, ]mccyw, Ncn{Xw, aqeykev ] Fnhbpsmp kmwkv I mcnIhyhbpw Xnep hn\nabambn kwKoXm\p`hw ]TnsSWsav Ah \ntinpp. harmony rhythm timbre music form melody behaviour culture history values (Dunbar 2011:8) 18. 1880-s Cwojv hnZym`ymkw t\Snb CymmcpsS Fw Acew IhnncpXmbn kpanXv km Nqnmpp. 1887 CXv 2,98,000 Bbn DbcpIbpw 1907 Av ew IhnbpIbpw sNbvXp. 188384 Imebfhn _wKmfn tImtfPv hnZym`ymkw t\Snbhcn 84.7 iXam\hpw aqv `{ZtemI PmXnhn`mKfn \nmbncpp F Imcyw A\nkoens\ DcnpsImv Atlw hyampp. a{Zmkv, t_mws_, ]q\ FnhnSfnepw nXn kam\ambncpp (Sarkar 1999: 67-68). 1894- a{Zmkv \K-cn _ncp-Z-[m-cn-I-fm-bn-cp--h-cn 68.8 iX-am-\hpw {_m-W-cm-bn-cp-p-shpw Fm B ka-bv Ah a{Zm-knse P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 3.1 iX-am\w am{Xta hcp-am-bn-cp-p-f-fq-shpw A\nko hy-amp-p-v. tImf-\n-h-XvI-c-W-n-sbpw B[p-\n-Io-I-c-W-n-sbpw {][m\ KpW-t`m-m--fm-bn-oXv kh taPm-Xn-hn-`m-K--fmWv Fw. Im-S-I-kw-Ko-X-ns mknIvhXvIcW-n\v ASn-d-sbm-cp-n-bXpw Cu kma-q-ly-hn-`m-K-am-Wv. 19. _meKwKm[cXneIs Adn {]Xntj[nv t_mws_bnse sXmgnemfnI ]WnapSnbXns\ ap\nn Cybnse sXmgnemfnhn\v {]mb]qnbmbn FmWv se\n hntijnnXv. 20. tZhZmknIfpsS kZncmn \npw a[yIme \mSphmgnhpambn AXn\p _n \npw hnSpXn t\Snb tZiob \r]mccyns hosSpn\mbmWv cpnWntZhn Acpt ]cn{ianXv. hn. cmLh, C. IrjvW XpSnb \r]cnjvImfpsS ]npWtbmsS Ah \Snb {ia Cu taJebn henb kzm[o\w sNepn. 1935 cpnWntZhn AUbmdn Iemt{Xw F m]\w Bcw`npIbpw sNbvXp. Cv Cy \r]T\taJebnse Ghpw {]apJ m]\ambn Iemt{Xw \nesImpp. (hniZamb NIv Peterson : 2008 ImWpI). 21. tIcf Iemaesbpw AXn\mbp htm, apIpcmP XpSnbhcpsS {iasfbpw
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belief systems traditions

\mKcnIa[yh _pnPohnZuXyw F\nebn ]cnKWnpXn Nne t]mcmbvaIfpv. CXc k`fnset]mse \mKcnI a[yhns {]ISamb kmnyw ChnsS ImWm\mhn. AtXmsSmw CXc k`fn\npw hyXykv X ambn htm DssSbph tZiob{]m\n {]ISambn ]ptNcpIbpw {_nojv hncp \ne]mSpI kzoIcnpIbpw sNbv X hcmWv . Fncpmepw tZiobamb Iem]mccyns hosSpv , \mSphmgnns kwcWirwJeIv ]pdtp AhbpsS ISphchv, AXn\mbp \qX\m]\fpsS cq]oIcWw XpSnb Imcyfn IYIfnbpw CXc "mkn' IeIfpambn ASp kmZriyw \ne\nppv. 22. ]mmXyamb AmZanIv dnbenkns kzm[o\n\v IogvsSm `mcXob Nn{XIebpsS hosSpmbncpp "_wKm kvIq' Fdnbs tZiobhmZNn{XIebpsS eyw. A_\o{\mY SmtKm, B\Ipamckzman, HImpd FnhcpsS ss[jWnIhpw Iem]chpamb t\XrXzn 191030 Imebfhn hnImkw{]m]n _wKm kvIq AP apXemcw`np `mcXob Nn{XIebpsS icnbmb {]Xn\n[yw AhImisp. (hniZamb Nbvv Takurtha : 1992 ImWpI). 23. lnpm\n kwKoXns \hoIcWn\mbn Htckabw hyXykvXafneqsS hnjvWp ZnKw_ ]eqkvI, hnjvWp\mcmb `SvJms Fnh {iansnepw ]eqkvIdmWv CXn hnPbw IXv. ]mmXy mn kwKoXns hgnI ]n]nsmv, {]Xyn aX\nct]amb \nebn, lnpm\n kwKoXns \hoIcWn\v {ian `Sv J msbpsS {iatfm aXmIhpw ]mccy_hpamb \nebn kwKoX]p\cpmcW{iaw \Snb ]eqkv I mWv henbtXmXnep kzoImcyX ssIhXv. Atlw m]n KalmhnZymeb ]nmev lnpm\n kwKoXm`yk\ns B[nImcnI tI{fmbn Dbphp. (hniZ]T\v Pm\In _mJvsebpsS {itbamb ]T\w ImWpI Bakhle : 2006). 24. IYns\ mn \rambn ]p\\nnm \Snb {iafpsS `mKambn Hcp`mKv AXn\v {hP]mccynse cmkeoebpambn _w Iev]nstm adp`mKv AXns a[yIme CmanI _ adphbvsSpIbpw sNbvXp. Dc]q`mcXnse sshjvWhkaqlfnepw Pbv]q, eJv\u, _\mdkv, apK sImmcfnepambn thtcmSnS Cu \rcq]w, CtXmsS, apnw `cWn\pw apt sslht{Xfn ]ndhnsbSp Hmbn hnhcnsSm XpSn. 25. tZiob{]m\ns Ln A[n\nthins Iftam BZim\ambn KmlnItemIs kev]npIbpw kv{XoIsf Cu BZim\ns kwcIcmbn IcpXpIbpw sNbvXXns {]Xybikv{XhnhIsfpdnv ]mmNmPnbpw apw hniZambn NsNbvXnpv. tZiob{]m-\s a[y-h-]-c-amb ASn--d-bn Dd-n-p-\nn-b-Xn Cu hnip-n-k--ev]-n\v henb ]p-m-bn-cp-p. Cy kv{XoXz-ns ]p\-c-h-X-cWw (rearticulation) hgn-bmWv Kmln-I-X-bpsS BZim--I-hn-ipn ]d-p-d-n--s--sXv Atlw hy-am-p-p. tZiobhyhlmcs Hcp ]pcpjhyhlmcambn amn-opXnepw KmlnIXbpsS BZihXvIcWw henb ]v hln-p. 26. ]smXmw \qmns XpSw apX Xs ]uckvXyhmZnIfmb ]nXamcpsS IrXnI [mcmfambn ]pdphcm XpSn. km{amPyXz Ncn{Xhnm\w {]mIrXsav A[nt]n `mcXob]mccys BobXbpsS kphtim`bm BhcWw sNpIbmWv ]uckvXyhmZnI sNbvXXv. hneyw tPmkpw amIvkv apdpw Nmkv hnnkpw Fv.Fv. hnkWpsamw t]mep ]uckv X yhmZnI AhXcnn `mcXob ]mccyalna F kev ] w, AXnse {]Xyamb {]tbmP\w ap\nns, tZiobhmZ Ncn{Xhnm\hpw apJy[mcm tZiobt_m[hpw GsSpp ( Thapar 2002: 16 ). `mcXobIeIsfpdnp apJy[mcmkev ] fn ]uckv X yhmZ]camb hoWv Ctmgpw \nmbIamb CSapv. 27. 1927 a{Zmkn tN tIm{Kv ktf\ns XpSsb \nebnemWv 1928 a{Zmkv ayqknIv AmZan \nehn hcpXv . AXpt]mse _wKm kv I qfnse Ghpw {]mamWnI\mb Nn{XImc\mbn ]cnKWnsphcp \em t_mkns {][m\s cN\Ifn NneXv lcn]pc tIm{Kv ktf\n\pthn Atlw hchbmWv. 28. tImf\nhmgv N bpsS kzm[o\n\v Aev ] wt]mepw hnt[bamhm taJeIfnsemmbn ZntWy kwKoXs m\\nbw sNm\p {ia Ctm ]e\neIfn ]p\x]cntim[nsSppv. ImSIkwKoXn hben\v ssIh m\s ap\nnbp
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AaZm sshUv a ms ]T\w Cu Znibnse {][m\ {iafnsemmWv ( 2006:2558). D]IcWkwKoXtaJebn ]smXpw Ccp]Xpw \qmpIfnepmb \hoIcWw mn kwKoXns Imt\m\oIcWn hln ]ns\ ap\nnbmWv sshUvam Xs At\zjW \SnbnpXv . ^nUnens m\w Imfnsmv hben ImSIkwKoXnse apJy AISnhmZyambn amdnoXn\p ]nnse {]`mhfn sImtfmWnb B[p\nIXbvp ]v Ah hniZampp. AtXkabw, ImSIkwKoXthZnbn {]tbmKnep hben ]mmXy D]IcWamsWv AwKoIcnptm Xs AXns {]`hm\w `mcXambncppshv hmZnpsImv hbens sshtZinIXsb adnISm\mWv HutZym-KnI]TnXm ]etmgpw {iannpXv (Raghavan 2007 : 248-54). 29. s]mXpk`Ifn AhXcnsSp "mnkwKoX'ambn ImSIkwKoXw amdnotXmsS ]pXnb BkzmZIhrs cq]oIcWn\pw AXv hgnXpdXmbn AaZm sshUvam ]dbpp. PmXobambpw h]cambpw XmcXtay\ GImIkz`mhap ]pXnb Hcp BkzmZIhrw AtXmsS DSseSpp. hnhn[ PmXnhn`mK IqSne ]gb BkzmZIkaqln \npw Gsd hyXykvXcmbncpp Chscpw AaZm sshUvam kqNn-npp (2006:59). 30. ImSIkwKoXns k{ZmbnINcn{X AXns\ aXmIhpw hyntI{nXhpw kmtXnIhpambmWv s]mXpsh hniZoIcnmdpXv. \psS apJy[mcm kwKoX]T\tI{fn Ctmgpw Imcyamb hyXymksampw Cmcynepmbnn. CXn\npw hyXykvXambn kmaqlyimkv{X]chpw kwkvImcNcn{X]chpambn Cmcyw hniIe\w sNp FXn\memWv evan kp{_Wys IrXnbnse hniZoIcWsf Cu ]T\n ]n]nbnpXv (Subrahmanian 2006:2854). 31. `cXs \mSyimkv { X n\v kam\amb m\amWv ImSIkwKoX Ncn{Xn kwKoXcXv\mIcn\v ]ecpw Iev]npsImSpnpXv. kmwcKtZh/ imMvKtZh ]Xnaqmw iXIn (?) kwkv I rXn cNn Cu eW{Knse BZys Bdv Aymb kwKoXspdnpw Ahkm\ A[ymbw \rspdnpw {]Xn]mZnpp. Amewhscbp kwKoX{]tbmKsfbpw hnm\sbpw kw{Klnp IrXnbmWnXv. 32. {]mNo\ Xangv kwKoXn cmKpw Km\pw \Inbncp t]cmWv "]' FXv. "]' tafcmKsfbpw "Xndw'P\ycmKsfbpw Ipdnp ]ZfmsWpw IcpXsSpp. Ch kqcmKfmbncpn FmWv s]mXpshbp [mcW. IuinIw (ss`chn), ]gw]qcw (icm`cWw), Xtin (Imwt_mPn), kZmcn (]phcmfn), sign (bZpIpeImwt_mPn), ]gwX (Bc`n), ]pd\ossa (`q]mfw), Ipdnn (aelcn) Fns\ ImSIkwKoXnse cmKtfmSv tNpt]mIp "]'I Xangv kwKoXnepv (kp\n 2012:423). IYIfnbn {]tbmKnep Cni, Cfw, ]mSn, ]pd\o XpSnb tIcfcmK {]mNo\ {ZmhnUkwKoXnse "]'I Bcym[n\nthin\v hnt[bamImsX \ne\nXns kqN\IfmsWv kwKoXNcn{XImc\mb Sn evaW]n (Music of Travancore F {Kw) A`n{]mbsSppv. 33. {]mNo\kwKoXnse cmKhyhbmWv {Kmaw. ]ckv]cw CWn\np kzcfpsS {Iaamb hyhsbbmWv "{Kmaw' Fv ]dbpXv . kwKoXN{nI bn Bq Irjv W njmcSn 'cmKpw aq\Ipw Xm\pw hmemc{]_mZnIpsamw Bkv]Zamb ip hnIrXnkzcfpsS kaqlw'' Fv {Kmas \nNnpp. kwKoXcXv\mIcn jUvP{Kmaw, a[ya{Kmaw, Kmmc{Kmaw Fns\ aqv {Kmasf kmcwKtZh \nNnppv. \mSyimkv{Xw a[ya, jUvP {Kmasfpdnp am{Xta ]dbppffq (cho{\mYv 1991: 20). 34. cmKs aqnnpXv aq\ FmWv aq\I \nNnsSpXv. Hcp {Kmanse kzcfpsS k]vXkzc{Ianep BtcmlWmhtcmlWsbmWv aq\I Fv ]dbpXv. (cho{\mYv 1991:21). {Kman \nv {Klt`Zw hgn Dcpncnbp cmK Fpw CXv hniZoIcnsSpp (kp\n 2012:565). 35. 161428 Imebfhn Xmhq `cnncp cLp\mY\mbvs a{nbmbncpp tKmhnZonX. 24 sapI (frets) D hoWbpsS D]mXmhmbn ]cnKWnsSpXv CtlamWv. apJyambpw kmcwKtZhs A`naXsf ]npSpsImmWv tKmhnZonX kwKoXkp[ cNnnpXv. XmcXtay\ kmtXnIhpw kqv a hpamsWnepw kwKoXcXv \ mIc s ]n]pXpaqew Amepmb
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]cnh\sf Dsmffm ZonXv Ignn FmWv B[p\nI]TnXm IcpXpXv. 36. Cmes kwKoXimkv { X{K kwKoX{]tbmKtaJebnepmb ]cnh\sf ]qmn {]Iminnpn FmWv evan kp{_Wy ]dbpXv. B[mcjUvPn\v henb {]m[m\yw \Ip hn[n at[yjy Xw_ps (tambur) Cy kwKoXntep kzmwioIcWhpw cmKtafn\v t]jy kwKoXssientbmSp CWfpw (BNmcy _rlkv]Xn t]jy ssienbmb Mukamn \nmWv cmKtaf hnIknphsXv ]dbppv) DsS \m\mXcnep IqSnecepI ImSIkwKoXn 1417 \qmpIfn \Sppv. cma AamXys kzctafIem\n[n (1550), tKmhn ZonXcpsS kwKoXkp[m (1614) XpSnb kwKoXimkv { X{Ksfmw Ccn ImSIkwKoXw henb ]cnh\fneqsS ISpt]mIp Imev FgpXshbmWv. ]t kmcwKtZhs kwKoXcXv\mIctmSv (1230?) Hpt]mIm\p hy{KXaqew {]tbmKXense taev ] d ]cnh\ th{X ]cnKWnsSmsX t]mhpIbmbncppshpw GImIhpw AJhpw IenmXpamb ZntWy kwKoXw F anns \nnXnbn CXv henb kw`mh\I \InbXmbpw Ah ]dbpp (2006:33). 37. hnPb\KcImev ImSIkwKoXn Cmw sNepnb kzm[o\w Ctm IqSpXembn ]TnsSppv . hnPb\Kc`man\n `cW taJeI Xnep hn\nab GIapJambn sslhsatm CmanIsatm hnfnm\mhm Hcp kckwkvIrXnv cq]w \InbXmbn Ah ]dbpp. sXepvadm{_mW kwkvImctmSpw kwKoXtmSpw henb B`napJyw ]penb C{_mlnw AZnjm cmasbpw (15801627), ]Xn\mdmw iXIn t{X\v kwcWw \Inb tKmsm \hm_nsbpsamw Ncn{Xw CXn\v sXfnhp XcpXmbpw Ccw ]TnXm IcpXpp. (Philip B. Wagoner, 'Sultan Among Kings', cited in Subrahmanian 2006:34). 38. {XnaqnIfpsS Imen\v sXmp apv PohnncpXmbn hnizknsSp tKmhnmNmcy cNn kw{KlNqUmaWn shSaJnbpsS tafcmKsf Ipdnv N sNpp. Xs Imev {]Nmcnencp \nch[n cmKsfpdnv tKmhnmNmcy {]Xn]mZnppv . XymKcmP D]tbmKsSpnbXv tKmhnmNmcycpsS ]XnbmsWmWv IcpXsSpXv (shSkp{_Wy 1990:237). 39. appkzmanZonXcpsS ktlmZc\mb _mepkzmanZonXcmWv ]mmXykwKotXm]IcWamb hbens\ ImSIkwKoXntev B\bnpXn henb ]phlnXv. 40. i_v Z teJ\w sNs ImSIkwKoXns BkzmZ\n\v klmbIamb hn[n ]eXcw ]pkvXIfpw Ccp]XmwiXIns BZy]mZfn ]pdphcpp. sI. a[pssc apXenbm FUnv sNbvXv {]knoIcn {Kmat^mkwKoX Io\marXw(192931), {]apJ IemNnI\pw `cX\mSy]cnjvIcWns t\Xmfnsemcmfpamb C. IrjvW cNn ]cnNmbI{Kw (Personalities in Present Day Music) XpSnbhsbmw ]e A\p]mXfn Cu ZuXyw GsSp cN\IfmWv. {Kmat^mWns\ Hcp kwKotXm]IcWw XsbmbmWv apXenbm AhXcnnpsXn Fmcw kwKoXnsbpw hIXncnhnm {]t]Ww kwKoXkwkv I mcs aen\sSppXmbmWv IrjvW IcpXnbXv. AXpsImv ipkwKoXw thXncnv hniZoIcnpXnembncpp Atlns {i (Weidman 2012:167). 41. sdtmUnpw tdUntbm\nebfpw kwKoXn\v ]pXnb Nnbpw KXnthKhpw \In. kwKoXmhXcWns kakvXXefnepw AXv kzm[o\w sNepn. ]pXnsbmcp `mhpIXzntev hgnXpdp HpXsbmbncpp i_v Z teJ\nsbpw {]t]Wnsbpw kmtXnIhnZy. BImihmWnbpsS UbdIvS P\ Bbncp \mcmbWtat\m Cmcyw Cs\ tcJsSpn bncnpp: Broadcasting ..... will turn out to be the biggest single instrument of music education in our country.... It has given our musicians the qualities of precision and economy of statement. ........Broadcasting has also....given many of our leading musicians a better sense of proportion and a clearer definition of value that matter in music (cited in Weidman 2012:167). 42. t{imXmv kpJapfhmp hn[nep kzcfpsS I\amWv KaIw (kzckyItmKaIx t{imXrNnkpJmhlx). kzcns at\mlmcnX hnnp hn[n AXneSnb {ipXnIv ]pdsa sXmSpp {ipXnIsfqSn XbXztmsS CWnmSp coXnbmWnXv. kzm\p
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{ipXntbbpw A\ym\p {ipXnbpsS Ombtbbpw KannpXn\m "KaIw' Fp t]' Fv shSkp{_Wy (1990:196). kzc Be]nptm AhbpsS L\w Iqnbpw Ipdpw \nb{npw BIjIhpw ahpw sXnS \op\npXpamb hntijNe\ krjvSnpIbmWv KmbI sNpXv. KaI{]tbmK aqew Hcp kzcn\pXs hn`n cmKfn hyXykvX `mhw ssIhcpp. ]eXcw KaI{]tbmKsfpdnv (apJyambpw ]Xn\v hn[w) kwKoXimkv{X{K ]dbppv. KmbIcpsS hynKXamb Bem]\sshZKvytmSv Atbw ASpp\np KaI{]tbmKsf NnsSpn tcJsSpm\p {ia ImSIkwKoXnse B[p\nIoIcW{iafnse sshcpysfqSn {]Iminnppv. 43. ImSI kwKoXcN\Isf NnsSpn AhXcnnm\p {iaw \nmbIamb Xensep Xv 1904 kpcmaZonX kwKoXk{Zmb {]Zin\n {]knoIcnptXmsSbmWv. appkzman ZonXcpw XymKcmP\pw kzcm\ns Imcyn {]mYanI XmXv]cy {]ZinnpXmbn s]mXpsh IcpXsSppv. ]noSv XymKcmPIrXnI NnsSpn {]knoIcn NnkzmanapXenbmcpw Cu Znibn aptdpIbpmbn. Fnepw ImSIkwKoXns lrZbambn ]cnKWnsSp KaI{]tbmKsf tcJsSpm Ahv Ignncpn. CXn\v ]cym]v X amb (?) Hcp coXn hnIknnsSpv IqSpX ka{Kamb kzcm\k{Zmbn\v hgnXpdXv kpcmaZonXcmWv. 44. cmKhnkvXmcns {]IrXn Ccp]Xmw\qmns BZyZiItfmsS henb hyXymkamWv DmbXv. cmKkz`mhs XpSw apX shfnsSpp Bem]\coXnbntev KmbI FnsXv CmemWv. ZoLhnkvXrXamb cmKhnkvXmchpw cmKmbsb ]XnsbXnsb CXhnSnsmp hcp Bem]\k{Zmbhpw i_v Z teJ\nsbpw {]t]Wnsbpw k`n Hpw kzoImcyambncpp. Zzmcw shnSkzmanbpsS sdtmUn Amev ]ccmKXambn Hcp aWnqsdnepw \ofp cmKhnkvXmcw aqc an\nntev Npcpnb Imcyw AaZm sshUvam NqnmWnppv. Apan\npsImmtWm Ccp]Xp an\npsImmtWm cmKmem]\w ]qnbmt Xv FXv Xocpam\nsSpXv kabe`yXsb ap\nnbmsWpw sshUvam ]dbpp. (2012:174). KmbIcpsS ss\kKnIXsb {]Iminnm Ignbphn[nep _pn]qamb kab{IaoIcWw 1950I apXsenepw ImSIkwKoXtcnIfpsS ASnm\Xzw Xsbmbn amdnop. 45. Xs Itcn]XnbpsS kzcq]w AcnbpSn C{]Imcw hniZoIcnpp:

"The concert should begin with a varna, to be immediately followed by few fast-tempo kritis.Ashort and crisp alapana of two or three of ragas of the kritis to be sung, may be rendered. Kalpanaswara must be limited and propotionate, and restricted to a few pieces, after a resonable measure of niraval. The pieces selected should be of varied talas, and no two of the same tala need to be sung consecutively. In rendering the kalpanaswaras, for kritis or pallavis, it should be appropriate to adopt the traditional sarvalaghu pattern... An admixture of slow and fast tempo kritis alternately is preferable. The main raga for tana should be a ghanaraga familiar to the audience and the rendering of the alapana must be fairly lengthy.. In the alapana of rare ragas their distinctive character should reveal themselves and should neither be confused nor clash with ragas closely allied to or resembling them. A couple of opportunities may be given to the mridangam player... Padam, Javali, Tevaram, Tiryppugazh, Ashtapadi, Tarangam, Tillana, Ragamalika and Sloka must form Part II of the concert" ('The Concert Tradition', Ariyakkudi Ramanuja Iyengar, cited in Menon 2005: 22). 46. at\m[kwKoXnse cv {][m\ hn`mK. IrXnbnse Hcp kmlnXyhn`mKs, cmK`mhhpw kmlnXy`mhhpw ncoIcn hn[n, hnhn[ kwKXnI tNv Be]npXns\bmWv \nch Fp]dbpXv. kmlnXyns Nne `mKfn at\m[a\pkcnv kwKXnI Ien amwhcpn ]mSpp. \nch sNp `mKn\v A\pkyqXambn Xmfn\pn \npsImpw cmKs IqSpX kpcamm Ignbp hn[n at\m[a\pkcnv kzc ]mSpXmWv Iev]\mkzc. 47. ]nmev km{XnIambn kzoIcnssnepw AcnbpSnbpsS ]cnjvIcWv ISp hnai\fpw t\cntSnhnpv. kwKoXNcn{XImcIqSnbmb cwKcmam\pP Am FgpXpp: ""Fmw HbSnv XIm\p \ntbmKw AcnbpSnbptSXmbncpp. i_vZns {ipXn Atlw Xmgvnsmphp. Itcnv ssat{Imt^m A\nhmcyamnop. thKnep Hcp IpXnc\SbmWv AcnbpSnbpsS ]mv . .. ]sms ItcnbpsS Ahkm\`mKv GXm\pw an\nv kmWnv `pPnm\p Hpcv ]ehI hn`h hnfp ]Xnhpmbncpp. kmWnsb Dtinnp
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{XknnpXpw Imtamo]Ihpamb hn`hv AcnbpSn apXqw \In. ImSIkwKoXns X\nabvpw AXn ebn\pmbncp {]mapJyn\pw CXpsImpmb \jvSw a\nemm 1925\v apv Itcn tInphv am{Xta Ignbq. AcnbpSnbpsS In ebw cmwXchpw AKWyhpambnop. Npcpn Do]nnpIbpw {]IminnpIbpw sNtXn\v ]Icw hnt\mZnnpI FXn\mbn Du''. (Rangaramanuja Iyengar, R., Musings of a Musician, Cncmtat\m DcnpXv 2012:11). 48. Imhyhpw kwKoXhpw Xn IqnbnWpXn {XnaqnIfn Ghpa[nIw hnPbw t\SnbXv XymKcmP\msWv kwKoX]nX s]mXpsh hnebncpppv. Atlns tKb\mSI\uIm Ncn{Xw, {]mZ`nhnPbw Fnh A\\yamb Cu ssh`hns sXfnhpIfmbn NqnmWnsSpp. ImSIkwKoXnse {XnaqnIfn Ds iymaimkv{Xn, appkzman ZonX Fnhtcm henb P\{]nbXbpw kzoImcyXbpw XymKcmPkwKoXn\v ssIhXn\v ]nnse {][m\ ImcWambpw Cmcyw ]cnKWnsphp (Bhagyavathi 1995: 130). 49. 1930Ifn Zzmcw shSkzman\mbUp Xs hben ItcnIfn ]cXv\IrXnI at\m[ {]IS\tfmsS AhXcnnncp Imcyw Atlns aI XtmSv ]dXv AaZm sshUvam tcJsSpnbnpv. Xs ssZ\wZn\ km[In shnSkzman\mbnUp \m, Kuf Bc`n, hcmfn {iocmKw Fo cmK ]cXv \ IrXnIfpsS cmK DsSpnbncpp. CtmgmIs ]cXv \ IrXnIsf, Ah cNns cK t]mepw at\m[{]IS\v km[yX IpdhbmbmWv ]cnKWnsSpXv (Weidman 2006:309 fn.) 50. cmKw, Xmfw, kmlnXy]mTw Fnhbnsemw ]eXcw hyXymk \ne\nppv. "hKm\I' F Io\w icm`cWnepw lcnImwt_mPnbnepw ]mSntmcppv . "cmKkp[mck' F Io\ns cmKambn abqc[z\nbpw BtmfnIbpw \ntinsnpv. Nne k`fn Htc cmKn\v hyXykvX ]mccyfn ]e eW \ntinsSpXmbpw NqnmWnsSpp. ImSI Im]nbn cNns Hpan Io\fpw lnpm\n Im]nbntev ]cnh\w sNsp. Xmf{]Imcnepw kam\amb amfpmbn. Hcp Xeapd BZnXmfn Be]npt]m "\npamen' F Io\w CXc]ccI "Qw]'XmfnemWv ]mSntmcpXv. kmlnXy`mKfnepw [mcmfw ]mTt`Z ImWpw. taev]dhsbtmse Ahbvv kwKoX {]m[m\yw Iev]nmdnsv am{Xw (Rajan 2010:93).
51. XymK-cm-P-kw-Ko-X-sbpw XymK-cm-P-Io\-sfbpw 15 -17 \qm-p-I-fn D-c-`m-c-nectdnb `n-{]-m-\-ns XpSbmbn ]cn-K-Wn-Ww Fv ]ecpw A`n{]mb-s-Sp-p-v. Xpfko-Zm-kv, I_o XpS-nb `mK-h-tXm-amcpsS kXn-bmWv XymK-cmP kzman-I FmWv sI. ]n. Fkv. tat\m ]d-bpXv (1984:14). DRvO-hrnbpw XymK-cm-Ps PohnX-I-Y-Ifpw Atlns cN-\I-fn \nc-cw Ae-b-Sn-p `n-`m-hhpw Fmw Cc-samcp hojW-ns k`-n ]pXnb Aw ssIh-cn-p-I--Xmbn a\-n-em-mw.

52. "C Im\taan', "tImcnhmXn\', "bpapKmUp' Fns\bp ]e Io\fpsSbpw `P\cq]nep efnX]mT \nehn e`yamWv (Rajan 2010:96). 53. Xmfmcfpw PXnIfpw sNmpXns\bmWv sImtm/sIm\ptKm Fp]dbpXv. apImefn kwKoXItcnbpsS `mKambncpp CsXn CtmgXv XmfhmZytcnIfntepw \rthZnIfntepambn Npcpnbncnpp. 54. {]kn kwKoX\mb Pn.F. _mekp{_Wyns ]nXmhpw kwKoXimkv{X\pamb Pn.hn. \mcmbWkzmanbpsS hnhcWw. tdmamkm{amPyns Imev Actdnbncp abptfmSmWv Ccw ItcnIsf Atlw XmcXaysSpnbXv (Cncmtat\m 2012:6). 55. ImSI kwKoXnse B[p\nI `mhpIXzs \nbn {_mWnIsshbnI aqey \mKkzcn\v ta sNepnb kzm[o\spdnpw AXphgn AXns\ XmW hmZyfnsemmnoXns\pdnpw B. \Ipam hniZambn ]cntim[nppv. Hcp`mKv \mtSmSnkwkvIrXnbn \np Dhhpw \mS P\PohnXhpambp _hpamWv \mKkzcs {_mWaqeyv AkzoImcyamnbsXn adp`mKv "mnknkw' Pw \Inb, i_v Z spdnp ]pXnbXcw kucymI[mcWIfpw AXn\v ImcWambn. hmbv ] mnsbpw hmZykwKoXnsbpw ssienI ]ckv]cw kzm[o\npXpSnb Lnepw \mKkzc_mWn AXns\ kzoIcnn Ftlw ]dbpp. AXpsImv apJy[mcm thmenks ap\nnbp hmZyfpsS
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t{iWnbn CSw]nSnm \mKkzcn\v IgnbmsX hp. ]gb ]hn{]m\ns ZoLhpw kmh[m\]qhpamb cmKhnkv X mccoXntbmSv CWntmhpXmbnpw (kzcfpsSbpw kzcm\fpsSbpw kqv a [z\nIsf A\mbmkambn kv ^ pcnnm IgnbpXpsImv cmKkzcq]s ASpSpmbn LS\m]cambn hnkvXcnpIbmWv \mKkzcw sNpsXv \Ipam) \mKkzcw ImSIkwKoXns B[p\nI{]IcWn XmWXcw hmZyfnsembn ]cnKWnsSm XpSn. Cu \nebn, {_mWnIaqeyfpsS Ccp\neIfnep kzm[o\amWv \mKkzcns B[p\nIPohnXs A[xIrXamnbXv FmWv \- I p- a m hni- Z o- I - c n- p- - X v (\Ipam 1998 : 21752). 56. Hscm {ipXn ActmSpIqSnb Hcp kzcns hIt`ZfmWv hnhmZnkzc. hnhmZnkzc DsSp kqcmKfmWv hnhmZntaf (kp\n 2012:662). Hcp cmKnse Ghpw {][m\ambXpw hopw hopw {]tbmKnsSpXpamb kzcs "hmZn' Fpw, ]ckv]cw Ftm ]{tm {ipXnI AIeap kzcsf "kwhmZnI' Fpw ]dbpw. 72 tafIm ]Xnbnse 40 taffpw hnhmZntZmjn\v hnt[bamWv FXn\m Ch HgnsIbp 32 tafcmK am{Xta bYmn D]tbmK{]Zambnpq Fv IcpXp kwKoX]nXm Dv. 57. {iocRvPn\n cmKnep "skmKkpKmarZwKXmfap' F {]kncN\bn ""bXn hn{ia kZ `n hn cXn {Zmmck \hck bpX IrXn tN `Pnbn bpn XymKcmPp\n Xcam?'' Fv XymKcmP FgpXpXv kmam\yambn Io\w F AnemsWmWv sI.]n.Fkv. tat\m hniZoIcnnpXv (tat\m, 1979:180). Cu `mKv bXn XpSnb CXcLSIsfpdnv ]cmainptmgpw kwKXnIsfpdnv (XymKcmPIrXnIfpsS apJap{Zbmbn ]cnKWnsSpXv kwKXnIfmWv ) kqN\bnmXpsImv taev ] d ]cmaiw Io\w F kmam\y AnXsbmsWv hneyw PmIvkWpw A`n{]mbsSpp (Jackson 1999: 132). 58. IrXn, Io\w Fo ]Z Xn apImefn At`ZanmXncpXn\m Ctmgpw AXpXsbmWv A`nImayw Fv sI.Sn. cho{\mYv hmZnppv. Acn AhyXymkw Iev]npXv A\mhiyamsWpw A\pNnXamb ]pXnb ]cnjvImcfnsemmWsXpw Atlw IcpXpp. ]Xnt\mgmw iXIns\mSphn "tImke' ap{ZtbmsS cN\ \SpIbpw PohnXns Ahkm\Ln {iocwKw t{Xn\v kao]w XmaknpIbpw sNbvXncp tijm (GItZiw 16401700 G.Un.) BWv IrXnIfpsS AhXmcI FmWv cho{\mYns hmZw. IrXn, Io\w F hn`P\w A\mhiyamsWv ]pXnb KmbIcnsemcmfmb Sn.Fw. IrjvWbpw A`n{]mbsSpp (2013: 500). 59. Io\ kmlnXy{][m\hpw IrXnI kwKoX{][m\hpamsWv ]dbpsanepw Io\ kmamt\y\ tZhkv X pXnIfmbXpsImv B[p\nIamb Hcp k`n AhbpsS kmlnXobXbvp henb {]m[m\ysampan FXmWv hmkvXhw. adnv IrXnIfnemIs kp`{Zamb inev ] LS\bv pnemsWnepw kmlnXyw [ym\mINnsbbpw A\p`qXntemIsfbpw Dsmp HmbmWv \nesImpXv. kwKoX]camb kqvaX BkzmZ\k`n AhbpsS kmlnXobXsb Kl\ampIbpw sNpp.
60. a{Zmkv ayqknIv Am-Zan 2013 se kwKo-X-I-em-\n[n ]pc-kvImcw \evIn BZ-cn {]ap-J kwKo-X-bmb kp[m-cLp\mYv CtXpdnv Cs\ A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p-v. Saint Thyagarajas kritis and his introduction of the sangathi that were largely set in madhyamakala were more appropriate for the modern concert paddhathi. GNB was of the opinion that close to about 60 percent of Thyagarajas kritis are in this Kala and that seems to be best for both lay and the learned listeners alike (Raghunath 2014:3). 61. lnpm\n kwKoXnse JbmepIfpambn IrXnIsf Nnetmsgms XmcXaysSp mdpsnepw Ah Xnep auenIamb hyXymkw cmLhv B. tat\m Nqnmppv. JbmepIfn\npw hyXykvXambn IrXnI ]Wnpd Xo kp`{Zinev]fmWv. AhXcWthfbn
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JbmepI \Ip kzmX{ytam inev]]camb Abthm IrXnIfnen. Ah IqSpX kpLSnXhpw kp`{ZhpamWv (1995:98).

62. cq]w/DSw F ]ccmKXhpw bm{nIhpamb ZzzIev]\sb hnai\hnt[bamptmgmWv {]apJ amIvknv NnI\mb {^UdnIv sPbnwk cq]s "DudnqSnb DSw' (sedimented content) Fv hntijnnXv. cq]w {]tabsft]mse Ncn{Xns ]e]e hnXm\sf Dsmp psv Atlw hyamn. 63. ]nmwsXmSn cmhpntat\ms t\XrXzn IYIfnbn Actdnb \hoIcWns {]IrXw hniZoIcnp kabv InnawKew hmkptZh \qXncnmSv NqnmWnp Imcy, asmcp \nebn taev]d hkvXpXbntev XsbmWv hncNqpXv. IYIfnbpsS mn Nnsb \nebn ]nmwsXmSn hgn \nehnhXv cv Imcyfmbncppshv InnawKew ]dbpp. \rXyntev \mSys knthinnpIbpw AXphgn cwK]mTamsS ]pXpnWnbpIbpamWv cmhpntat\m sNbv X Xv . IYm]m{XfpsS WnI`mhpdw t]mbn mbnbmb ckm\p`hn ASnbpdhbmbn IYIfnsb ]pXpnWnbm\mWv Atlw apXnXv . ckmhew_nbmb \mSysa \nebntep IYIfnbpsS \hoIcWw AXns B[p\nIoIcWns Ncn{Xnse \nmbIamb NphSphbv ] mWv . B[p\nIamb kzImcyhynt_m[n\pw B hynt_m[n A[njvTnXamb [ym\mIamb BkzmZ\A\p`qXn {Ian\pw ]mIs Hmbn IYIfn amdnop FXmWv CXns ^ew. cmhpntat\ms IemhXcWnsbpw cwKmhXcWnsbpw auenIamb aqeyw BwKnIemhWyaspw adnv `mht]mjIXzamsWpw hniZoIcnsSpXns DShpw asm. ]pXnb Nnbntep IYIfnbpsS DZv{KY\w Htckabw AXns\ B[p\nIhpw mnepamnopp Fw. (2013 : 95121) 64. XymKcmP injy]cc. sI.Sn. cho{\mYns {Kn \InbnpXv (Ahkm\]pdw t\mpI). 65. shSaJnbpsS tafcmK]Xnsbsmn ImSIkwKoX]nXnSbnepmb Xv Cu {]IcWn {]m[m\yapv. a{Zmkv ayqknIv AmZanbpsS tPWens BZyen kn. kpcw A FgpXnb teJ\w Cu Znibnse {][m\ NphSphbv]mbncpp. tafcmK]XnbpsS AXni\mb hmhmbncp kpcw A CXns BhiyIX tNmZyw sNsSpXn AkzX {]ISnnpIbpw sNbvXp. adp`mKv lpfpKp IrjvWamNmcnsbt]mep ]nXm shSaJnbpsS tafcmK]XnbpsS km[pXsb D]tbmKyXsbs tNmZyw sNbvXp. shSaJnbpsS 72 tafcmKfn 32 Fw am{Xta D]tbmK{]Zambhbmbpq Fpw aph {]tbmKaamhbpw tafcmK]XnbpsS \nmWn\mbn Ir{Xnaambn sInahbmsWpw Atlw hnai\apbnp. ZntWybnse ]e kwKoXcpw Cmcyw kXnppspw Atlw A`n{]mbsp. ]noSv Ccp]Xmw\qmns a[yZiI hsc Cu Xw AmZan thZnIfneSw XpScpIbpw sNbvXp. s]mXpkXs ap\nn IrXnIfpsS cmKkz`mhw \nPsSppI, P\yP\I _w hniZoIcnpI, cmK`mh{]Imi\n KmbIv GXfhv hsc kzmX{yw BImsaXn Nne AXnnIfpw hyhIfpw \ntinpI Fnhsbmw AmZanbpsS ZuXy\nlWns `mKambnocpIbpw sNbvXp (Subrahmanian 2006 : 90-91). 66. "As times changed, perhaps the need to find a less leisurely, more compact, memorable expressions of devotional art music moved Tyagaraja to explore possible variations in structures. Amusic of the leisure class with the luxary of indulgent selfdisplay and floried virtiosity had to be distilled into a viable form, keeping the best qualities alive. The compact kriti with set sangaties in a thematic climax was the form which evolved" (Jakson 1999:148). 67. sXepv Ihn-X-bpsS Ncn{Xw F \ne-bn sI. shtSizc-dmhp FUnv sNbvXv tI{ kmlnXy Am-Zan {]kn-oI-cn ka-lm-c-n (sX-epKpIm-hy-ame 1957) XymK-cm-Ps cv IrXn-I Ds-Sp-n-bn-p-v. 68. XymKcmPs\pdnv {]knoIcns {][m\ {K

(1)Venkataramana Bhagavathar withTiruvarur Rama Rao, Palmleaf Manuscripts of Thyagaraja's Songs and Biography (Walajapet Manuscript collection), (2) C. Thirumalayya Naidu. (1910) Thyagayyar, The Great Musical Composer of south India., (3) K.V.
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Srinivasa Iyengar, (1912) Thyagaraja Hrudayam., (4) M.S. Ramaswami Iyer (1927) Thyagaraja A Great Musician Saint., (5) Sanjeev Rao (1929) Thyagaraja : Musician Saint, Life, Works, Mission., (6) Vinjamuri Varaha Narasimhacharulu, (1934) Thyagarajaswami Charuthra., (7) K.K. Ramaswami Bhagavathar, (1935) Thyagbrahmo Upanishad., (8) T.S. Sundaresa Sarma (1940), Sri Thyagaraja Charithra. (9) L. Muthayya Bhagavathar (1941) Thyagaraja Vijaya Kavya (10) K.V. Ramachandran, (1947) Thyagaraja : His Genius and Personality (11)A.V.S. Sarma, (1954) Lines of Devotion Songs of Sri Thyagaraja., (12) M. Venkataramiah, (1963) Sri Thyagaraja., (13) C. Ramanujachari & V, Raghavan, (1966) The Spiritual Heritage of Thyagaraja., (14) S.Y. Krishnaswami, (1968) Thyagaraja: Saint and singer., (15) Suddhanantha Bhjarathi, (1968) Saint Thyagaraja The Divine Singer., (16) P. Sambamoorthy, (1970) Great Composers (Volume II) Thyagaraja., (17) T.S. Parthasarathi, (1976) Sri Thyagaraja: A Monograph, (18) E.N. Purushothaman, (1978) Thyagopanishad, (19) C.P. Ramaswami Iyer, (1980) Sri Thyagabrahman & His Times., (20) William J. Jakson, (1991) Thyagaraja: Life & Lyrics. (ISmSv : Venkitasubrahmanian, 2010) 69. XymKcmPIrXnI : {][m\ kamlmc (1)A.M. Chinnaswami Mudaliyar, (1893) Oriental Music and European Notation., (2) S.Subbarama Dikshitar, (1904) Sangeetha Sampradaya Pradarsini., (3) T. Narasimha Bhagavathar, (1908) Sadguru Thyagaraja Swami Keerthanalu., (4) E.S. Krishnaswami, (1911) Thyagarajasangeethavali, (5) K.V. Srinivasa Iyengar, (1922) Thyagaraja Hrudayam., (6) K.V. Srinivasa Iyengar, (1930) Sri Thyagarajaswami Kerthanalu., (7) Appa Rao, (1948) Thyagaraja Keerthanalu., (8) T.V. Subbha Rao, (1951) Sathguruswami Keerthananlu., (9) C.S. Ayyar, (1955) Hundred and twenty Kritis of of Thyagaraja., (10) R. Rangarmanuja Iyengar, (1965) Krithimanimalai Vos. 1 & II, (11) C. Ramanujachari & V. Raghavan (ed.), (1966) The Spiritual Heritage of Thyagaraja., (12) P. Sambamoorthy, (ed.) (1962) Nauka Charithram., (13) T.S. Parthasarathi, (1967), Sri Thyagarajaswami Keerthanaikal., (14) Kalluri Veerabhadra-Sastri, (1975) Thyagaraja Keerthanalu., (15) T.S. Parthasarathi (ed.) (1990). Prahladha Bhakthi Vijayam, (16) T.K. Govinda Rao, (1995) Compositions of Thyaraja., (17) K.P.S. Menon (1999) Thyagarajasudha, (18) Thyagarajakrithikal (2000), (19) P. Janardanan, Thyagaraja Ganasudha (2013). (ISmSv : Venkitasubrahmanian, 2010).
70. XymK-cmPs kwKoX{]Xn-`sb kvXpXn-p-sImv ka-Im-en-I\pw Im-S-I-kw-Ko-XthZnbnse {Xnaqn-I-fn Hcm-fp-amb app-kzm-an-Zo-n-X cNn B\ss`chn cmKnepff IrXn-bnse {]tbmKw.

klmbI{K
Cncmtat\m, 2012, FSn ]mSn\mtcm, tImbw, almmKmn kIemime/kmlnXy{]hI klIcWkwLw. IpamctIcfh ]n.B., 2000, XymKcmPIrXnI, Xncph\]pcw, kmwkvImcnI {]knoIcW hIpv. \Ipam, B., 1997, tIhnioefpsS kmaqlyimkv{Xw, sImn, tIcf]T\, 6. tat\m, sI.]n.Fkv., 1984, XymKcmPkp[, tImbw, \mjW _pvm. cho{\mYv, F.sI., 1991, ZntWy kwKoXw, Xncph\]pcw, kmwkvImcnI{]knoIcW hIpv. cho{\mYv, sI.Sn., 1984, ImSI kwKoXNcn{Xw, tImbw, \mjW _pv m. hmkptZh \qXncnmSv, InnawKew, Fw.]n.Fkv. \qXncn, Iemaew, 2012, IYIfnbpsS cwK]mTNcn{Xw, tImgntmSv, amXr`qan _pIvkv. shSkp{_Wy, Fkv., 1990, kwKoXimkv{X{]thinI, Xncph\]pcw, tIcf `mjm Cnyqv. kp\n hn.Sn., 2012, kwKoX\nLp, tImbw, Un.kn. _pIvkv.
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Krishnamurthy S.V., 2000, Know Your Thyagaraja, Chennai, T.R. Publications. Martin, Peter J., 2006, Music and the Sociological Gaze, New York, Manchester University Press. Menon, Indira, 1999, The Madras Quartet Women in Karnatic Music, New Delhi, Roli Books ......................., 2006, Great Masters of Carnatic Music, Chennai, Indialog. Menon, Raghav R., 1995, The Penguin Dictionary of Indian Classical Music, Delhi, Penguin India Ltd. Nair, Savithri Preetha, 2012, Raja Serfoji II Science Medicine and Enlightenment in Tanjore, New Delhi, Routledge. Panikkar, K.N., 2007, Colonialism, Culture and Resistance, Delhi, Oxford University Press. Peterson, Indira Viswanathan, Davesh Soneji (eds.), 2008, Performing the Past : Reinventing the Arts in Modern India, New Delhi, Oxford University Press. Raghavan, V., 2006, Essays on Indian Music, Chennai, V. Raghavan centre for Performing Arts. Raghunath, Sudha, 2014, Success is a Journey Not a Destination, The Hindu (Friday Review), January 3, 2014. Rajan, Rita, 2010, 'Different Versions of Tyagaraja Kirtanas', The Journal of Music Academy, Madras. Vol 81, December 2010, Chennai. Ramanujachari, C., V. Raghavan, 1966, Spiritual Heritage of Thyagaraja, Madras, Sree Ramakrishna Press. Ravi, N. (Ed.), 2005, The Hindu Speaks on Music, Chennai, Kasturi & Sons Ltd. Sankar, Vidya, 2009, Saint Tyagaraja's Divya Nama Kirtanas, Chennai, Parampara. Sarkar, Sumit, 1999, Modern India 1885-1947, Delhi, Mac Millian India Ltd. ......................., 2004, Writing Social History, Delhi, Oxford University Press. Sambamoorthy, P., 1959, Great Musicians, Madras, Indian Music Publishing House. .........................., 1984, A Dictionary of South Indian Music and Musicians, Madras, Indian Music Publishing House. Soneji, Davesh (ed.), 2010, Bharatanatyam, Delhi, Oxford University Press. Subrahmanian, Lakshmi, 2006, From Tanjore Court to Madras Music Academy; A Social History of Music in South India, Delhi, Oxford University Press. Thakurtha, Tapti Guha, 1992, The Making of a New Indian Art : Artists, Aesthetics and Nationalism in Bengal 1850 - 1920, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. ............................, 2004, Monuments Objects Histories: Institutions of Art in Colonial and Post Colonial India, Delhi, Permanant Black. Thapar, Romila, 2002, Early India From the Origins to A.D. 1300, London, Allenlane Penguin. Venkitasubrahmanian, T.K., 2010, Music as History in Tamil Nadu, Delhi, Primus Books. Viswanathan, T., Mathew Harp Allen, 2004, Music in South India: Experiaing Music Expressing Culture, Newyork, Oxford University Press. Weidman, Amanda, 2006, Singing the Classical Voicing the Modern: The Post Colonial Politics of Music in South India, Calcutta, Seagull. ............................... 2012, 'Guru and the Gramaphone: Fantasies of Fidlity and Modern Technologies of the Real' in Dileep M. Menon (ed.), Cultural History of Modern India, New Delhi, Social Science Press.

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