Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Prof. Bhim Singh, FIEEE Electrical Engineering Department IIT Delhi, New Delhi
26-Jan-14 1
26-Jan-14
26-Jan-14
Weak AC System
26-Jan-14
LOW
ESCR < 2
VERY LOW
26-Jan-14
Issues on SCR
Neither the short circuit capacity nor the DC-link power remains constant for a given scheme. The system impedance calculated from the short circuit capacity does not include the filters and other shunt components connected at the converter terminals. The calculated system impedance at fundamental frequency does not increase linearly with frequency. The presence of other converters or nonlinearities in the AC system is not taken into account in the derivation of the SCR.
26-Jan-14 7
SC-MVA =
26-Jan-14
26-Jan-14
For SCR values below the CSCR the operation is in the unstable region of the AC voltage Vs DC power characteristics.
26-Jan-14
10
26-Jan-14
11
Zst is the equivalent of Zs (source), Xsc, Xc, and Zl in parallel. The Eq. Thevenin source voltage Est, results from the vectorial addition of Vc/3 and I*Zst
A convenient factor in the per-unit notation is the converter rating r, defined as the ratio of converter MVA to DC Power (Pd), i.e.
2Vc I r Vd I d
26-Jan-14
12
Voltage Interaction
Voltage Regulation at Rectifier End
st Vc/3 Est
Iq Ip I
26-Jan-14 13
IZst st
Vc/3
Est
26-Jan-14
14
Zst = V2c/MVAF
and in pu Zst = Zst/Zbase = (V2c/MVAF)*(MVAc/V2c) = MVAc/MVAF
26-Jan-14
15
Voltage Instability
With DC systems connected to weak AC systems, Particularly on the inverter side, the alternating as well as direct voltages are very sensitive to Change in loading.
26-Jan-14
16
With ESCR of 2.5 and under rated conditions Est = 1+ 0.4 r To calcualte r, refer DC voltage equation.
26-Jan-14 17
If the angle between machines increases steadily, the system is transiently unstable.
26-Jan-14
19
26-Jan-14
20
Torsional Interactions
The series capacitor introduce a series resonance frequency in the electrical circuit, comprising a generator stator, transformer and the transmission line. The self excitation phenomenon can exist even when the generator inertia is considered to be infinite, ruling out rotor oscillation. The negative damping due to the Torsional Interactions is more severe compared to the induction generator effect.
26-Jan-14
21
26-Jan-14
22
5. For a given power level, the damping introduced by the DC system is sensitive to the level of the DC voltage.
6. The adverse torsional interactions are most significant for the radial operation of the DC link. 7. Damping is reduced for monopolar operation compared to the bipolar operation.
26-Jan-14
25
If DC link is already operating at full capacity then damping can be achieved by DC power reductions at the appropriate instant.
26-Jan-14
26
26-Jan-14
28
26-Jan-14
29
Control of Torsional Interaction Adverse torsional interaction is much less compared to that caused by fixed series compensation.
The potential of adverse interaction exists only if radial operation of HVDC link connected to a turbine-generator is envisaged.
Adverse TI can be overcome by: Modification of the converter control, Providing a subsynchronous damping controller (SSDC)
26-Jan-14
30
Modification of the converter control: It is feasible only if the modification does not affect the usual function of the controller during normal and abnormal conditions. Providing a subsynchronous damping controller (SSDC): It is more flexible. The input signal can be taken from the rotor speed or bus frequency. The SSDC can be designed based on: Narrow bandwidth approach, Wide bandwidth approach
26-Jan-14
31
3. The torsional modes are better damped when the rectifier is chosen as voltage setting terminal (VST) as opposed to the case when the inverter is chosen as VST.
26-Jan-14 32
Torsional Interactions with VSC-HVDC: 1. DC voltage control of the VSC near the generator results in better damping of the torsional modes. 2. The constant power control of the rectifier station situated close to the generator contributes small negative damping. 3. The constant power control of the inverter station situated close to the generator can destabilize the torsional modes in a narrow range of lower frequencies. 4. Unlike the LCC based HVDC system, the problem of TI with VSC-HVDC is minor except when the converter is operated as an inverter with constant power control.
26-Jan-14 33
26-Jan-14
34
Harmonic Interaction
AC SIDE DC SIDE
26-Jan-14
35
Non characteristic harmonics are caused by: firing angle errors, Negative sequence components in the converter bus AC voltage, Unequal converter transformer leakage impedances
26-Jan-14
36
Some of the major factors that affect the low order harmonic resonances are:
1. Control system generation of firing pulses 2. Saturation in converter transformers 3. The characteristics of system impedance (variation with frequency) 4. DC system characteristics the impedance seen by the converter terminals) 5. Induction effects.
26-Jan-14
37
The possible solutions to the problem are: 1. Modification of the control system 2. Use of additional filters, say, at 3rd harmonic 3. Use of synchronous condensers or static VAR systems at converter station.
26-Jan-14
38
Harmonic Instabilities
Harmonic Instability: The generation and/or magnification of non characteristic frequencies by a DC system containing, initially, no balance or asymmetry.
AC-DC systems with low short circuit ratio (SCR) often experience problems of wave form instability.
26-Jan-14
39
Instability
Composite resonance.
26-Jan-14
40
26-Jan-14
41
2. The firing control scheme has a major effect. The problem is worse with inverse cosine control scheme compared to the constant control scheme.
26-Jan-14
42
3. The performance with IPC schemes can be improved substantially using filters in the control system.
But the filters can cause errors and also slow down the response. Furthermore, the filtering may be ineffective due to the variation in the system frequency.
4. The problem of harmonic instability is substantially solved using the EPC scheme of firing pulse generation as this eliminates the firing angle errors that are caused by the shifting of the zero crossings of the commutation voltages.
26-Jan-14
43
Composite resonance
Composite Resonance occurs when:
A high impedance parallel resonance on the AC side coupled with a low impedance series resonance at an associated frequency on the DC side.
26-Jan-14
44
The main feature of this instability is the presence of DC components in the magnetizing current of the converter transformers causing saturation.
26-Jan-14
45
Ideal transformer
26-Jan-14
46
The possible solutions to this instability are as follows: 1. Selecting smoothing reactor values to avoid the resonance in the DC system at or near the fundamental frequency. 2. Modification of the controller by adding an additional DC flux control loop. The control signal is derived from the measured DC magnetizing current or the 2nd harmonic component.
26-Jan-14
47
Disturbances
AC-DC interaction following disturbances: AC side fault recovery.
26-Jan-14
48
Control strategies to obtain good DC system recovery are: Reduced current level. Reduced power level at recovery. A switch of DC system control mode from constant power control to constant current control.
49
26-Jan-14
Most common cause of DC line faults usually result in a single pole fault, with the healthy pole remaining unaffected in terms of power.
26-Jan-14
50
26-Jan-14
51
26-Jan-14
52
Harmonic Resonance
Due To AC Capacitors, Filters, AC System at Lower Harmonics.
So..
Avoidance of low Order Harmonic Resonance is Extremely important to Reduce Transient Over Voltages.
26-Jan-14
53
26-Jan-14
55