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ACI543R74,
us.
MANUAL Of CONCRETE PRACTICE
caused during installation when driving past ot
through obstructions, boulders, etc. For shells driv-
en without a mandrel, use of a heavier wall and a "c
reinforced shoe"Will help.
For shells driven with a mandrel, use of a
heavier wa1)--thickness helps. The type' of man"
drel is important; if it grips the sides of the shell
firmly, distortion will be minimized, but it still
must retract sufficiently to permit its withdrawal.
Another type of collapse occurs, after the first
shell or pile has been installed, during the driving
of adjacent piles. Collapse while driving adjacent
piles may be prevented by using heavier gage metal
in ,thf: shells,: by increasing the circumferentrhl
strength 'by corrugations, by inserting dummy
cores, or by tern porarily filling the pile shell with
'water. In very severe cases, the sequence of driving
can be adjusted so as to insure that adjacent piles
are filled and the concrete has achieved some com-
pressive strength before the hearby pile is driven.
Predrilling may be effective in preventing collapse.
A similar phenomenon can take place with un-
cased piles. The driving of an adjacent pile may
displace material into the fresh concrete before
it has attained strength. This danger is more fre-
quently associated with relatively incompressible
cohesive soils. The 'spacing of the' piles is, of
course. a major factor. of an accelerating ad-
mixtureshould help to reduce -the time of ex ..
posure:' this can then be coupled with a controlled
sequence of driving. Un cased piles are much more
vulnerable to distortion than cased piles.
5.2.8 Distortion of tips-Distortion of tips occurs
as the tip encounters hard or irregular material.
such as a nest of boulders overlying firm material.
Reinforcement of the tip is recommended. This
may be by flat steel plates or by C1 fabricated shoe.
In some cases, prefilling (precasting) of the tip
section with concrete may minimize distortion.
When the problem occurs in penetrating
rubble. spudding or preexcavation may bere-
quired.
When a mandrel is used. it should fit the tip
uniformly and snugly.
5.2.9 Leaking of shells-Leaking of shells is an
indication of rupture. It frequently lets in sand or
.- mud. Many such leaky shells can be properly sal-
vaged if the soil is washed out and all remaining
soil and water removed by pumping, siphoning, or
bailing and concrete placed in the dry. Under
certain concHtions the pile shell can be cleaned hy
blowing .it' out with air or steam (see Section
5.1.8). Under seyere conditions it may be necessary
to thorOlighlywash out foreign material and
place the concrete through -water by tremie meth-
ods. These last two steps require care, skill. and
control, and should be permitted only when proper
methods can be used and enforced.
Leaky shells should always be checked for dist
t
' 11' Or
lon, co apse or sepsratlon.
5.2.10 Enlarged tip piles-When enlarged t'
piles are driven through certain type soils it may
necessary to take special to reestablish
the lateral support of the soil around the pile shaft
or to reinforce the pile shaft against column action
The annular space created by the enlarged ti'
might be filled in by the of adjacent PiI!
except that frequently such piles used with
relatively high design loads resulting in the Use of
single piles or two-pile groups for each colullln
Clean sand be washe0 and tamped into
the annular space. If jetting or predrilling is neces.
sary to achieve penetration of the enlarged tip, the
possible loss of lateral support deserves special at.
tention.
5.3-Handling and positioning during installation
Piles should be handled and positioned so 'as
to obtain the proper location and alignment (ver.
tical or batter) 1 without impairing the pile's
structural integrity.
5.3.1 Handling-Pile shells should be picked up
in such a manner as not to cause local bulging or
deformation, and so as not to induce excessive
bending.
Precast piles should be picked up and handled
so as to avoid tensile cracks and any impact dam
age.
5.3.2 Positioning-Correct position can be
sured by accurate setting of the pile. Where
stakes are employed, the parallax of pile
must be compensated for. Removal of surface
structions will aid attainment of accurate posi
ing.
Where accuracy of position is critical. a
plate or a predrilled starter hole. or both. c
employed to advantage.
The position is largely established when
pile is set. Attempts to correct position after
ing has commenced often result in excessi\'e
ing and damage to the pile.
Correction of position of piles during or
installation without risking damage usuall
quires extensive jetting along the length
pile. This may, in turn, cause undesirable
ening of the soil or other problems.
5.3.3 Control of alignment-As a general
ment, properly applied control is largely
before driving or sinking starts.
n is almost impossible to corr>ct the al.i
after driving has commenced without m
bending stresses. (Extensi\"e jetting may
permit correction of alignment-see pa
above.)
CONCRETE PILES
hole as the auger is withdrawn, very careful control
is to prevent separation or necking Qf the
grout or concrete shaft and to provide a shaft of
full cross-sectional. area. All oil or other rust
-:;tors should be removed from mixing drums and
or concrete pumps. Grouthused should con-
form to the requirements of Section 3.5, and if
concrete is used, it should contain sufficient ce-
ment, proper size aggregates and required admix-
tures to produce a rich pumpable mix. The volume
.of. grout or concrete placed should be measured
and .be greater than the theoretical volume of the
hole created by the auger. Concrete or grout
should be pumped under continuous pressure and
the rate of withdrawal of the auger should be
controlled so that the hole is completely filled as
the auger is withdrawn. Unless the. soil is suffi-
ciently stable to resist without lateral m.ovement
the pressure head from the grout or concrete shaft,
adjacent piles should not be installed until the
grout Dr concrete has set. The top of each pile
should be cast higher than the required pile cutoff
elevation to permit trimming the pile back to
sound grout or concrete. If there is evidence that
the auger has been withdrawn too rapidly, it
should be redrilled to the original tip elevation and
the pile recast from the tip upwards. Each pile
should be installed in one continuous operation. If
reinforcement is required, the reinforcing bars
should be accurately positioned and aligned and
inserted into the pile shaft while the grout or
concrete is still fluid.
5.5.S Preplaced aggregate piles-When piles are
formed by preplacing coarse aggregates in a drilled
hole and injecting grout into the aggregates, filling
the pile from bottom up, every precaution should
be taken to insure a continuous pile shaft of full
cross section which is grouted throughout. A suffi-
cient number of grout pipes should be installed in
each pile shaft to insure full penetration of the
grout throughout the preplaced aggregate. Grout
should conform to Section 3.5 and should be suffi-
ciently fluid and placed under adequate pressure.
When such piles are installed through unstable soils
or where there is a possibility of the sides of the
drilled hole sloughing off as the aggregate and
grout pipes are placed, a temporary steel liner
should be used. As the liner is withdrawn during
. the placement of aggregates, the bottom of the
liner should be kept at least 1 ft below the surface
the aggregates being placed. During withdrawal
.of the temporary lirier, precautions, such as vibra-
tion, should be used to prevent arching of the
aggregate in the liner and a possibility of the intru-
sion of soil into voids resulting from such arching.
5.5.9 Drilled and grouted piles-V\7hen installing
drilled and grouted piles (see Section 1.1. 2. 7), care
should be taken to insure a full size and continuous
pile. All soil cuttings should be removed from the
casing except those that will remain in suspension
and .he displaced with the drilling fluid. Reinforc-
ing steel should have sufficient spacers to insure
that the steel is maintained in its proper position.
This is especially important when installing batter
piles. Grout should conform to Section 3.5 and the
casing should not be withdrawn faster than the
hole is being filled with grout.
S.5.10 Cast-in-drilled-hole piles-The placing of
concrete in cast-in-drilled-hole piles as covered by
this report should follow the same basic procedures
as that for cased cast-in-place concrete piles. For
unstable soils a temporary liner should be installed
to prevent collapse of the hole or sloughing off of
the soil during concrete placement. Temporary
liners should also be used for deep drilled holes
when the effects of concrete placement on the
sides qi the hole cannot be observed. V\
1
hen placing
concrete in temporarily lined holes, the top of the
concrete should be kept well above the bottom of
the steel liner as it is withdrawn. Low slump or'
stiff concrete should not be used so as to avoid the
possibility of arching of the concrete in the liner
and possible discontinuities in the pile shaft as the
liner is withdrawn. (See also ACI Committee 336
report.
1
)
S.6-Pile details
5.6.1 Tips-The tips of piles must be strong and
rigid enough to resist distortion. Adequate wall
thickness, reinforced as necessary! should be used
for shells. Steel plate tjps must have
sufficient plate thickness to withstand local dis-
tortion. The connection (weldment) between tip
plate and shell must be adequate to withstand
repeated impact. The tip may be filled with con-
crete (precast) prior to driving.
Flat tips drive straighter and than pointed
tips. Pointed or wedge shaped tips may aid pene""
tration through overlying trash. etc .. and may also
be used to help penetration into decomposed rock.
However, such tips may guide the pile off axial
alignment. Blunt (rounded) tips will often ac-
complish the penetration through rock. etc .. with
a minimum of misalignment and point breakage.
(See Section 5.2.8.)
5.6.2 Shoes-Pile shoes of cast (;l fabricated steel
are used to protect and reinforce the tip of pre-
cast piles. They may be purposely sharpened to
aid in cutting through buried timbers. etc.'
Modern high strength concrete usually requires
no shoe except in such special cases as:
(a) In driving through riprap, corner protection
is desirable to prevent .spalling
(b) To aid in penetration into bedrock or de-
composed rock.
Shoes should be securely anchored to the body