Derrick Lai Chapter #23.1 Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age Big Picture Themes 1. President Ulysses S.

. Grants administration was riddled with corruption. Grant himself was clean, but many others were not and Grant was unwilling to fire them. 2. The political parties fell into the trap of serving themselves more than the people. Their top priority was to get their party reelected. As a result, little actually got done in the government. 3. Tensions rose over race and ethnicity. When the U.S. Army pulled out of the South as part of the Compromise of 1877, Reconstruction was over and southern blacks were left to fend for themselves. Also, anti-Chinese sentiment ran high and the Chinese were actually banned from immigration. Chapter #23 Identifications Thomas Nast A cartoonist that ridiculed Tweed. Nast said that Tweed was illiterate and that his followers should not look to him as their leader. Nast is considered to be the Father of American Cartoons. He was also the one to make the Republican symbol and elephant. Roscoe Conkling A U.S. senator from New York and was famous for exchanging civil-service jobs for votes. He led the Stalwart faction in the Republican Party and controlled the customs house in New York.

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James G. Blaine A half-breed that opposed Conkling and his Stalwart faction. He was a congressman with a flexible conscience. Conkling and Blain ended up drawing both political parties to a stalemate. As a result they turned to Hayes for political support.

Samuel Tilden A political rival to Hayes. He came to fame by putting Boss Tweed in Jail. He got 184 electoral votes but needed 185. Tilden was in the Bourbon Democratic party and was a leading actor to stop the corruption in Tammany Hall. Charles J. Guiteau The convicted murder of James A. Garfield. He was a preacher and a famous play writer. He gave justice to his murder because he wanted Arthur to win. Even though he had many chances to kill Garfield, he waited for the moment where his wife was not around so that she would not be hurt.

Derrick Lai Gilded Age A time in U.S history where a lot of corruption took place. Many of the presidents were weak and power was tipped off to congress. Many congressmen were paid off my large companies and were bribed. It was most infamous time in American history.

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Bloody-Shirt A Reference to Garfields victory and symbolizes the blood and tears shed for his win. (Shedding blood of martyrs)

Tweed Ring Centered in New York City and showed the work ethics of the Boss Tweed. Suppression and censorship were used to keep all the citizens in check. Tweeds men would often intimidate people to get their ways.

Credit Mobilier Scandal An internal scandal involving the pacific union asking for more than the needed amount of money to build the railroad. There excuse was that they needed more worked so they would hire another company that didnt even exist.

Whiskey Ring The Whiskey Ring was when congressmen short counted the barrels of alcohol the companies made to insure that they would get less tax. Congressmen in return would get a handsome amount of money.

Bland-Allison Act An act that required Congress to accuire a definite sum of silver putting it in for money. However it was vetoed by the president (Hayes)

Half-Breed The Half-Breed was led by James G. Blaine. They were the sworn enemies of the Stalwart faction. They paid the government off to win support.

Compromise of 1877 An argument between the Democrats and the Republicans that lead to a dispute. It also ended the Reconstruction.

Derrick Lai Civil Service Reform Civil Service Reform caused many issues in the United States up until the 19th century and into some of the 20th century at the state levels. Supporters were alerted that candidates were corrupt and insufficient for the Job.

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Pendleton Act The Pendleton Act was put in place as a copycat of the Magna Carta for civil services. It also many compulsory campaign contributions from federal works illegal and started the Civil Service Commission to take on Federal Jobs.

"Billion Dollar" Congress This was a nickname given to congress because they spent a billion dollars for the first time in American History. This showed that the government was irresponsible and needed to be reformed.

Chapter #23.1 Guided Reading Questions The "Bloody Shirt" Elects Grant Know: Ulysses S. Grant, Ohio Idea, Repudiation, Horatio Seymour, Bloody Shirt 1 Was General Grant good presidential material? Why did he win? Ulysses S. Grant was not a good president because he had no past experiences in politics. The only reason he won was that he brought the Union Soldiers to victory. Horatio Seymour was the Democrats only hope to bring a president into the White House. They wanted to use the Ohio Idea to bring the Democrats to victory. Republicans waved the Bloody Shirt to bring back the bloody memories of the Civil War.

The Era of Good Stealings Know: Jim Fisk, Jay Gould, Black Friday, Boss Tweed, Graft, Thomas Nast, Samuel J. Tilden 2. "The Man in the Moon...had to hold his nose when passing over America." Explain. The atmosphere in the United States was so corrupt that people couldnt even stand it. The area was also polluted with a few skunks. Jim Fisk was a bad criminal that obtained millions of dollars by conning people out of their money. Alongside Jay Gould they were unstoppable and resorted to selling gold. On Black Friday, Gould and Fisk could buy up gold and make the prices go sky high.

Derrick Lai A Carnival of Corruption Know: Credit Mobilier, Whiskey Ring, William Belknap 3. Describe two major scandals that directly involved the Grant administration. The Credit Mobilier was a scandal involving the Railroad companies. The Union Pacific railroad company stated that they needed more workers for the job and said they were going to hire a new company called the Credit Mobilier. It in fact was not a real company at all. The Whiskey Ring was a scandal involving a false number of whiskeys produced. The Companies in return would have to pay a smaller amount of tax. William Belknap was forced to resign because he admitted to taking scandals.

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Depression and Demands for Inflation Know: Panic of 1873, Greenbacks, Hard-money, Crime of '73, Contraction, Softmoney, Bland-Allison Act 5. Why did some people want greenbacks and silver dollars? Why did others oppose these kinds of currency? People wanted greenbacks because in return it could trade in for gold and vice versa. However this also caused inflation and made paper money worth less. In the Panic of 1873 the United States the value of the greenbacks plummeted. The main reason was that Grants goals were ignorant and not very well thought out. With the idea of Silver dollars, it would also cause inflation because there would be two type currencies and was very abundant. The Crime of 73 was supported by westerners a miners and demanded the return to the Dollar of Our Dad-dies also known as greenbacks.

Pallid Politics in the Gilded Age Know: Gilded Age, Grand Army of the Republic, Stalwarts, Roscoe Conkling, HalfBreeds, James G. Blaine 6. Why was there such fierce competition between Democrats and Republicans in the Gilded Age if the parties agreed on most economic issues? Democrats had a solid foundation in the south and in some cities in the industrial north. However, Republicans were mostly based in the Middle West and in small towns in the north. The both argued over the patronage of disbursing jobs. Half-Breeds were led by James G. Blaine. Although they were still the Republican Party, they opposed the Stalwart Faction. The Stalwarts opposed all forms of civil service reformations. They were led by Conkling.

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The Hayes-Tilden Standoff, 1876 Know: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel J. Tilden 7. Why were the results of the 1876 election in doubt?

The results were in doubt because the number of electoral votes was so close to each other. Samuel J. Tilden obtained 184 electoral votes but needed 185. 20 of the votes came from four states and three in the south, but with irregular patterns. Tilden just needed one more vote to beat Rutherford B. Hayes, but for some odd reason he still lost even with the massive margin in votes.

The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction Know: Compromise of 1877, Electoral Count Act, David Davis, Civil Rights Cases (1883), 8. How did the end of Reconstruction affect African-Americans? The Compromise of 1877 marked the end of the Reconstruction era. The Electoral Count Act agreed to let Hayes take office so that they would remove federal troops in two of the states. The Supreme Court announced that the 14th amendment only made violations of civil rights by the government illegal and not by individuals. In the Civil Right Cases (1883), it said that the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was unconstitutional even though it was approved for almost a century. Chapter #24: Industry Comes of Age Big Picture Themes 1. Before the Civil War, railroads had become important. After the war, railroads boomed and were critical to the nation. Railroads, along with steel, were to be the skeleton on which the nations economy would be built. 2. A class of millionaires emerged for the first time ever. Tycoons like Carnegie and Rockefeller made fortunes. This type of wealth was championed by Social Darwinism where the strong win in business. 3. Unfortunately, many of the mega-industries, like railroads, grew at the expense of the little mans interest. As businesses, they were out to make money, and they did. But the working man cried foul. 4. To right these wrongs, the beginnings of anti-trusts began (to bust the monopolies) and organized labor got a jumpstart (although they were still rather ineffective). Chapter #24: Identifications Government Subsidies Forms of aid/support in paying the Bank of United States. Normally it is for the economy of the United States. Transcontinental Railroad Railroad that connected the east to the west. It allowed for better and faster

Derrick Lai transportation. Goods could be delivered more easily and military troops could be moved instantly. Cornelius Vanderbilt A business man that was able to monopolize the railroad industry. He was also known as a robber baron and became one of the richest men in America. Jay Gould A speculator who put down rail road track and forced competitive rail road lines to buy it at extremely high prices. He took advantage of this buy draining all of the customers money. Interstate Commerce Commission Created in order to regular railroads so that no one could monopolize this industry. However it later implemented carriers and bus lines. It was abolished in 1996. Vertical Integration Describes a style of growth and that each company is owned by a bigger owner. Each business makes different goods but profits still go to the same owner. Horizontal Integration The process where companies make production units and set it to prices equal to the competition. This is used to reduce competition with rival companies. Trusts When someone relies on another person to take care of the business with mutual agreement in funds. J.P. Morgan A major business man that monopolized the banking industry. He played a major rule in corporate finance and industrial consolidation. Morgan successfully combined Edison and Thomas Electrical companies. Sherman Anti-Trust Act A federal statute on United States competition law passed by Congress in 1890. It forbids certain business actions to be anticompetitive and therefore makes the government explore their whereabouts. Yellow Dog Contracts These contracts were agreements met between the employee and the boss. This is necessary to start your job at a business. It was put in place to prevent unions. Blacklists A list of people who were banned. These people also could not get jobs. Haymarket Square incident

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Derrick Lai A terrorist threw a bomb at a police officer. This refers to the aftermath of the bombing and took place in 1886. As a result gunfire broke out and many people died.

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Chapter #24 Guided Reading Questions The Iron Colt Becomes an Iron Horse Know: Land grants 1. What were the advantages and disadvantages of government subsidies for the railroads? During the 19th century, the railroad companies in the U.S began to move towards the west. Railroad companies began building transcontinental railroads to connect the east and the west. The government gave financial aid to the railroads companies, and also gave those land grants. Spanning the Continent with Rails Know: Union Pacific, Central Pacific, Paddies, Leland Stanford 2. Describe how the first transcontinental railroad was built. During the Civil War, Congress began to prepare for the construction of a railroad that would connect the Pacific coast to the East coast. Congress then commissioned the Union Pacific Railroad company to start from the East coast. For every mile of track built, the company was given 20 square miles of land. Veterans of the Civil War, including the Irish paddies, then began to build the railroad westward. In California, the responsibility to construct the railroad was the Central Pacific Railroads.

Binding the Country with Railroad Ties Know: The Great Northern, James J. Hill 3. Explain how the railroads could help or hurt Americans. The Great Northern was the only one that did not receive huge land grants unlike the others. The rest were the Northern Pacific Railroad, the Atchison, and the Southern Pacific. James J. Hill was accountable for the building of the Great Northern, and he understood that the success of his railroad be determined the location. Railroad Consolidation and Mechanization Know: Cornelius Vanderbilt, Pullman Cars 4. What technological improvements helped railroads? Western railroads were successful due to the welding together of the old eastern railroads. Cornelius Vanderbilt invested in this business, and he offered better railroad service at

Derrick Lai lower prices. Pullman cars were introduced, and provided housing for people that traveled using railroads.

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Revolution by Railways Know: Time Zones 5. What effects did the railroads have on America as a whole? The railroads of America bonded the nation, and united it into one. Farmers started building farms next to the railroad, and brought them farming tools and allowed them to transport their fresh goods to the marketplaces across the country. Every town in the country had their own time, and the railroad had to spereate the United States into four time zones. Wrongdoing in Railroading Know: Jay Gould, Stock Watering, Pools 6. What wrongdoing were railroads guilty of? The Credit Mobilier was one of the first scandals to take over government. One of the most famous scammers was Jay Gould. Stock watering was one of his methods to gain profit and many others like him preferred scheme. For example, they would make cows really thirsty by giving them salt, and so the cows would drink more water and weigh more when they were weighed for sale. Government Bridles the Iron Horse Know: Wabash, Interstate Commerce Commission 7. Was the Interstate Commerce Act an important piece of legislation? The railroad companies faced pressure from groups like the Grange, and the many Midwestern legislatures decided to control the railroads. In 1886, the Wabash case went before the Supreme Court and declared that individual states had no power to control interstate commerce. Miracles of Mechanization Know: Mesabi Range, Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Edison 8. What factors made industrial expansion possible? Industrial expansion was made possible through the acquisition of large amounts of raw materials, such as iron, coal, and oil. In the Mesabi Range held vast amounts of rich iron deposits that fed the steel factories. With a big workforce, and plenty of raw materials available, the need for inventors sprung up. The Trust Titan Emerges Know: Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, Vertical Integration, Horizontal Integration, Trust, Interlocking Directorate 9. How did businesses organize to try to maximize profits?

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Horizontal integration on the other hand is the act of working together with competitors to create a monopoly among a single industry. Rockefeller came up with a plan called the trust, which made bothersome rival competitors work together. Interlocking directorates was something Morgan came up with to insure maximum profit by moving them into banking syndicates. The Supremacy of Steel Know: Heavy Industry, Capital Goods, Consumer Goods, Bessemer Process 10. Why was steel so important for industrialization? Steel was very important because it was used to build skyscrapers, railroads, and all the other tools necessary for a good country. Steel was vital to heavy industry which made capital goods, not consumer goods such as shoes and clothes. The Bessemer process allowed for the production inexpensive steel to be made.

Rockefeller Grows an American Beauty Rose Know: Kerosene 12. How was John D. Rockefeller able to become so wealthy? Oil was discovered in 1859, but was found in Pennsylvania when a well spewed out this black gold. Kerosene came from petroleum and acted as Americas main energy source. Rockefeller was able to control this industry by making the Standard Oil Company of Ohio. By 1877 he was in control of 95% of all oil factories in the United States. The Gospel of Wealth Know: Social Darwinism 13. How did the wealthy justify their wealth? The wealthy justified their wealth with the theory of Survival of the Fittest. It was created by Charles Darwin and named Social Darwinism. They said that rich people were able to become successful because they were hard workers. Poor people remain poor because they are lazy.

Government Tackles the Trust Evil Know: Sherman Anti-Trust Act 14. What two methods were tried by those who opposed the trusts? People that opposed trusts tried to control the trusts though the state legislation. After several attempts, the government decides to pass the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. It restricted trade without any difference between good and bad trusts. However the law proved to be useless.

Derrick Lai The South in the Age of Industry 15. How successful were Southerners at industrializing? Southern industrialization was boosted due to an automatic cigarette roller. Duke was able to take advantage of this boom and make a fortune out of it. He took on smaller companies and united them under one name, the American Tobacco Company. The railroad was also able to transport more of the farmers products throughout the U.S.

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The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on America 16. Describe the positive and negative effects of the industrial revolution on working Americans. Positives aspects of the Industrial Revolution in America were that it significantly increased production rates and good living. Goods were able to be transported quickly and could benefit factories looking for raw materials. The Negatives effects were that it quickly made citizens slaves of factories. Many people worked for very low wages and were treated unfairly. In Unions There is Strength Know: Scabs, Lock-out, Yellow-dog Contract, Black List, Company Town 17. What conditions existed in America that led Jay Gould to say, "I can hire one half of the working class to kill the other half"? American industry invented many machines that replaced workers. But more jobs were created and manual labor was less dominant. To insure that workers follow the rules, the company managers set up Yellow-dog Contracts to make workers agree to the terms and services. People that couldnt work in town where Black Listed, if any were found to be at work in a business, the business would be shut down. Politicians could hire scabs to enforce order and take down labor organizers. Labor Limps Along Know: National Labor Union, Knights of Labor 18. Explain the similarities and differences between the National Labor Union and the Knights of Labor. The National Labor Union and Knights of Labor are different and similar in many ways. The National Labor Union allowed all types of citizens except Asian Americans. The gathered around 600,000 members and called for fair working conditions. Wages were cut down in 1877 because of railroad strikes. The Knights of Labor allowed all races to join their cause. At first they were a secret organization but now they turned public. They fought there problems by using politics. Unhorsing the Knights of Labor Know: Haymarket Square 19. What factors led to the decline of the Knights of Labor?

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The Knights of Labor were accused of terrorist attacks many times. One incident was at the Haymarket Square. Supposedly a bystander planted a bomb in the crowd and caused havoc across the streets. As a result, police officers shot into the crowd and killed many innocent people. The AF of L to the Fore Know: American Federation of Labor, Samuel Gompers, Closed Shop 20. How was the AFL different from previous unions? The AFL was created to govern a massive amount of unions but at the same time keep there independence. It was created by a Jewish cigar maker named Samuel Gompers. He wanted to keep the strikes pure and simple where he demanded better wages, hours, and working conditions. Their major goal was to honor a trade agreement and authorizing the closed shop. Makers of America: The Knights of Labor Know: Mother Jones, Terence Powderly 21. Were the Knights conservative or revolutionary in their ideas? Their ideas were revolutionary because they were the first group to support Chinese people and women. Flery Mary Harris also known as Mother Jones was the first one to join. She started by rousing for the group in Illinois. Another group of people they attracted were the Irish. Terrence Powderly was the grand master and was a guard for the railroad.

Varying Viewpoints: Industrialization: Boon or Blight 22. To what degree is it possible for common people to improve their status in industrial America? Common people really couldnt do much to improve their status. They would become slaves to the industry and work no matter what. If they didnt work they would not be able to support their family. Another reason they needed to work for long periods of time was that the pay was too little. During the Gilded Age, America was hungry for money and would do anything to make a profit. Chapter #25: America Moves to the City Big Picture Themes 1. Cities grew because factories grew. The Industrial Revolution kicked into gear in America in the late 1800s and factories needed workers, so people flocked to the cities. 2. Problems arose as cities boomed. The problems included: exploitation of immigrant laborers, poor/unhealthy work conditions, over-crowdedness and sanitation problems, corrupton, and nativism (anti-immigrant feelings).

Derrick Lai 3. Booker T. Washington & W.E.B. DuBois were the top black leaders. They disagreed on how to help blacksWashington encouraged blacks to obtain a practical skill at a trade school, DuBois encouraged blacks to study anything they wished, even academic subjects. 4. The roles of women began to change, if only slightly. More women worked, though most were still at home. The new woman was idealized by the althletic, outgoing Gibson Girl.

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Chapter #25 Identifications Florence Kelley Worked in a Hull House and lobbied until 1893 in an anti-sweatshop law that protected women workers. It also helped prevent child labor and discrimination in factories.

Mark Twain A critically acclaimed author born in America. His works inspired readers to create a time period name of the Gilded Age. He wrote many famous books like Huckleberry Finn and gained fame.

Nativism A belief that foreigners should not gain jobs and should not even come to America. After Irish and German people came to America, people that they would take all the jobs and leave none for nativists.

Philanthropy love of humanity. One who shows characteristics of care, nourishment, and love is known as a philanthropist.

Social Gospel An act in which the Protestant Christians applied Christian beliefs to problems involving society. They thought they could solve the problems through God.

Settlement House Helped support people in need of homes and resided in the slums. Some examples include the Hull House and the Henry Street Settlement.

Women's Christian Temperance Union

Derrick Lai The Womens Christian Temperance Union was founded in 1874 in order to support the prohibition of alcohol. This union was led by Frances E. Willard and Carrie Nation. They both went into bars to destroy alcohol.

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Eighteenth Amendment Officially banned the production and distribution of alcohol. The government thought this would lower the crime rate but it actually made it go up.

Chapter #25: Identifications The Urban Frontier Know: Louis Sullivan, Walking Cities, Department Stores, Tenements 1. What factors led to the growth of cities in the second half of the 1800's? Walking Cities were compact and allowed its borders to be fixed to the limits of leg power. Americans were daily commuters who came from work and back to home. With the massive amount of people coming in from around the world, contractor would have to find a way to house them. This led to the invention of Tenements. They were very cheap to build but at the same time, it made the living conditions terrible. The New Immigration 2. How were the new immigrants different from the old immigrants? Many of the people were not familiar with a Democratic government. These Europeans were literate and had very little education. The main reason the came to America was because they wanted to start out fresh. Southern Europe Uprooted 3. Why did the new immigrants come to America in such large numbers?

The immigrants came to America in large numbers because there was very little space in Europe. Europe had no room for them because of the high birth rate. Around 60 million people left Europe and came to America. This was labeled as American Fever. Reactions to the New Immigration Know: Political Bosses, Social Gospel, Jane Addams, Hull House, Settlement houses, Lillian Wald, Florence Kelley 5. How did political bosses help immigrants? Boss Tweed was notorious in New York and maintained power for a very long time. In order to combat social issues, Protestant Christians sought to find a way to rid it from the streets by applying laws of the Bible which is known as the Social Gospel. Hull Houses and Settlement Houses were put in place to house immigrants for a very low cost. They were controlled by the Political Bosses.

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Churches Confront the Urban Challenge Know: Dwight Lyman Moody, Cardinal Gibbons, Salvation Army, Mary Baker Eddy, YMCA 6. What role did religion play in helping the urban poor? Dwight Lyman Moody spread the gospel of kindness and forgiveness. Roman Catholics spread consistently in the 1900s and dominated. Cardinal Gibbons was a Catholic leader devoted to the unity of America through religion. The Salvation Army was an army with no swords and was focused on the wellbeing of America. Booker T. Washington and Education for Black People Know: Booker T. Washington, Tuskegee Institute, Accomodationist, George Washington Carver, W.E.B. Du Bois, NAACP 7. Explain the differences in belief between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois. Booker T. Washington started out with no money and had to earn his way up to get an education. He taught black people useful tools and how to live life. He avoided the issue of racism because he felt it would discourage students. Black leaders like Dr W.E.B. Du Bois, made fun of Washington and called him the Uncle Tom of Manuel labor. He was the first black person to earn a PH.D. NAACP rejected Washingtons ideals and demanded the talented tenth be given full rights as an American. The Appeal of the Press Know: Joseph Pulitzer, William Randolph Hearst, Yellow Journalism 8. How did the ability to produce newspapers inexpensively change their content? Joseph Pulitzer was a journalistic tycoon and was the founder of sensationalism in the New York World. He started to make color comics and nicknamed the Yellow Kid and also gave name to yellow journalism. William Randolph Heart was a rival of his and built up the San Francisco Examiner. Families and Women in the City Know: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt, National Women Suffrage Association, Ida B. Wells 9. What changes were occurring in the women's rights movement? People like Charlotte Perkins Gilman published books and were becoming very popular. She asked that all women abandon their dependent status and help make the community better. The National Women Suffrage Association was put in place to make sure women rights becomes law. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was among the active members and a Quaker. Prohibition of Alcohol and Social Progress Know: Women's Christian Temperance Union, Carrie Nation, Anti-Saloon League, 18th Amendment, Clara Barton 10. What social causes were women (and many men) involved in the late 1800's?

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Women's Christian Temperance Union banned together on 1874 to insure the purity of America. Many other movements like the Anti-Saloon League were put to together to stop alcohol. Finally the 18th amendment passed and alcohol was banned. As a result the crime rate sky rocketed.

Chapter #26.1 The Great West Big Picture Themes 1. Native Americans out West faced two options: agree to settle on a reservation or fight the U.S. Army as hostiles. Some chose reservations, others to fight, but all were cleared out. . Chapter #26.1 Identifications Sitting Bull An Indian chief that opposed the influences of the Americans. He frequently rebelled and fought for his peoples land. Sitting Bull also took action in the Battle of the Little Bighorn where he fiercely crushed the Americans Army and won with a strong victory.

George A. Custer A General who was demoted to colonel and set out to destroy the Indian tribes. He also led a scientific expedition in South Dakota. During his expedition he announced that he had discovered gold and as a result made thousands of Americans move towards the west.

Chief Joseph Surrendered his Indian troops after American killed most of the buffalo in the plains. This prevented the Native Americans from living a nomadic life. The Americans forced them on a 17,000 mile journey across the continental divide. It took them at least three months. Many of which died of disease and famine.

Sioux Wars A series of conflicts that arose with the Americans and the Sioux tribes. The wars were often brutal and savage. Indians were mistreated and vandalized. Even peaceful Indians were killed just to show the power of white men.

Ghost Dance A series of rituals that would supposedly ward off white men and bring back the buffalo. It was said that the dance would help unite the body with the soul and bring back the Indians religion.

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Dawes Severalty Act Allowed the president of the United States to regular Indian land and divide land between Indian families. Originally it was separated between tribes. The law was mainly put into place because the Americans became very greedy and wanted to have all the land to themselves. Battle of Wounded Knee It was the last battle in the Indian wars. The 7th Calvary regiment went to Lakota troops and took their weapons away. Shortly after, the Indians were shot to death and buried. Many unarmed Indians were killed as well.

Chapter # 26.1 Guided Reading Questions The Clash of Cultures on the Plain Know: Indian Territory, Sioux, Great Sioux Reservation, Tenth Cavalry 1. Describe the effect of westward expansion on Native Americans. Many Indians tribes were forced off their Indian Territory set off by the American government because too many white folk from the east were settling in to the west. The Sioux Tribe was originally from the Great Lakes but was quickly migrated to the plains. The Great Sioux Reservation was land set off aside for the Sioux Tribe.

Receding Native Americans Know: George Armstrong Custer, Bozeman Trail, Sitting Bull, Battle of Little Big Horn, Chief Joseph, Geronimo 2. How was the West "won?" The west was won due to large massacres created by the American Army. The battle fought between the Americans and Indians were often savage and bloody. George Custers regiment set out to suppress the Indians. Chief Joseph finally surrendered due to the diseases from Custers men. He knew that he wouldnt have stood a chance because of the railroad. Bellowing Herds of Bison Know: Buffalo Bill Cody 3. How were the Buffalo reduced from 15 million to less than a thousand? Many Buffalo were killed in order to make way for the locomotive. Buffalo Bill Cody was employed to kill many buffalo. He 18 months he killed over 4,000 animals. Bill Cody was employed by the Kansas Pacific. The End of the Trail Know: Helen Hunt Jackson, Ghost Dance, Battle of Wounded Knee, Dawes Act, Carlisle Indian School, Indian Reorganization Act 4. What did the government do to try to assimilate Native Americans?

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They tried to take Indian children and tried to Americanize them. They were taken without the consent of their parents. Helen Hunt Jackson said that allowing Indians to follow the white man road would lead to the death of Indian Tribes. Many Indian children were forced to learn the ways of the Americans in Indian Schools. Americans believed that if they kept learning what the white men did, they would surely not return to their old way of life. As a result, many Indians decided it was time for them to host a religious ceremony. They named it the Ghost Dance. It was a religious ceremony to bring together Native American in support of their religion. Mining: From Dishpan to Ore Breaker Know: Pike's Peak, Comstock Lode, Silver Senators 5.. How did the discovery of precious metals affect the American West? With the discovery of Gold, it caused thousands of Americans to flood to the west. Gold was first discovered at Pikes Peak. Many single Americans set out for the west, hoping to make a fortune. Shortly after Gold was discovered, many people wanted to incorporate silver. There people were known as the Silver Senators. Makers of America: The Plains Indians 6. How was the cu1lture of the Plains Indians shaped by white people? The Plains Indians were mistreated by White people because of the greed for land. Many white people thought that it would be wise to teach Indians American Culture to persuade them to not go back to their Indians ways. However, this greatly angered the Indians and led to an all-out war since Americans were taking Children with the permission of the parents.

Beef Bonanzas and the Long Drive Know: Long Drive, Wild Bill Hickok 7. Why was cattle ranching so profitable in the 1870's? Cattle ranching made a lot of money because of the railroad. It allowed farmers to sell their meet very fast and make a lot of money. It allowed westerns to user thousands of animals at once in something called the Long Drive. It would slowly take them to the railroad terminal where the cows were sold. The Farmers Frontier Know: Homestead Act, Great American Desert, John Wesley Powell, Joseph F. Glidden 8. Did the Homestead Act live up to its purpose of giving small farmers a descent life on the plains? The Homestead Act granted land to Americans for farming out in the west. However it was a lie and many of the land was dry without any rain. The Great American Desert was believed to be untamable but in turn was wrong. It allowed agriculture to thrive and many Americans thought the soil was right for farming.

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The Far West Comes of Age Know: Boomers, Sooners, 1890, Frederick Jackson Turner, Yellowstone 9. What were some milestones in the closing of the West? In the closing of the west, many American settled down and made tons of money. It gave birth to new lives and advancements. Yellowstone was transformed into a national park and allowed people to visit as much as possible. Boomers were happening everywhere with at least 50,000. By the end of the year at around 1890 Oklahoma had over 60k people. Sooners were people that moved into Oklahoma without the permission of the president. The Fading Frontier Know: Francis Parkman, George Catlin, Frederic Remington 10. What effects has the frontier had on the development of the United States? George Catlin was inspired by many Native Americans and earned his living by painting portraits. However it didnt get much fame from the U.S Government. Frederic Remington was also another painter who depicted the life of the old west. He showed Cowboys, soldiers, and Indians. He was encouraged to paint the battlefield of the American Indian war to gain popularity.