Andrew Choi P1 Chapter #23.1 Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age Big Picture Themes 1. President Ulysses S.

. Grants administration was riddled with corruption. Grant himself was clean, but many others were not and Grant was unwilling to fire them. 2. The political parties fell into the trap of serving themselves more than the people. Their top priority was to get their party reelected. As a result, little actually got done in the government. 3. Tensions rose over race and ethnicity. When the U.S. Army pulled out of the South as part of the Compromise of 1877, Reconstruction was over and southern blacks were left to fend for themselves. Also, anti-Chinese sentiment ran high and the Chinese were actually banned from immigration. Chapter #23 Identifications Thomas Nast A cartoonist that ridiculed Tweed. Nast said that Tweed was illiterate and that his followers should not look to him as their leader. Roscoe Conkling A U.S. senator from New York and was famous for exchanging civil-service jobs for votes. He led the Stalwart faction in the Republican Party and controlled the customs house in New York.

James G. Blaine A half-breed that opposed Conkling and his Stalwart faction. He was a congressman with a flexible conscience. Conkling and Blain ended up drawing both political parties to a stalemate.

Samuel Tilden A political rival to Hayes. He came to fame by putting Boss Tweed in Jail. He got 184 electoral votes but needed 185. Tilden was in the Bourbon Democratic party and was a leading actor to stop the corruption in Tammany Hall. Charles J. Guiteau The convicted murder of James A. Garfield. He was a preacher and a famous play writer. He gave justice to his murder because he wanted Arthur to win. Gilded Age A time in U.S history where a lot of corruption took place. Many of the presidents were weak and power was tipped off to congress. Many congressmen were paid off my large companies and were bribed.

Andrew Choi P1 Bloody-Shirt A Reference to Garfields victory and symbolizes the blood and tears shed for his win.

Tweed Ring Centered in New York City and showed the work ethics of the Boss Tweed. Suppression and censorship were used to keep all the citizens in check.

Credit Mobilier Scandal An internal scandal involving the pacific union asking for more than the needed amount of money to build the railroad..

Whiskey Ring The Whiskey Ring was when congressmen short counted the barrels of alcohol the companies made to insure that they would get less tax.

Bland-Allison Act An act that required Congress to accuire a definite sum of silver putting it in for money.

Half-Breed The Half-Breed was led by James G. Blaine. They were the sworn enemies of the Stalwart faction..

Compromise of 1877 An argument between the Democrats and the Republicans that lead to a dispute. It also ended the Reconstruction.

Civil Service Reform Civil Service Reform caused many issues in the United States up until the 19th century and into some of the 20th century at the state levels.

Pendleton Act The Pendleton Act was put in place as a copycat of the Magna Carta for civil services. It also many compulsory campaign contributions from federal works illegal and started the Civil Service Commission to take on Federal Jobs.

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"Billion Dollar" Congress This was a nickname given to congress because they spent a billion dollars for the first time in American History..

Chapter #23.1 Guided Reading Questions The "Bloody Shirt" Elects Grant Know: Ulysses S. Grant, Ohio Idea, Repudiation, Horatio Seymour, Bloody Shirt 1 Was General Grant good presidential material? Why did he win? Ulysses S. Grant was not a good president because he had no past experiences in politics. The only reason he won was that he brought the Union Soldiers to victory. Horatio Seymour was the Democrats only hope to bring a president into the White House. The Era of Good Stealings Know: Jim Fisk, Jay Gould, Black Friday, Boss Tweed, Graft, Thomas Nast, Samuel J. Tilden 2. "The Man in the Moon...had to hold his nose when passing over America." Explain. The atmosphere in the United States was so corrupt that people couldnt even stand it. The area was also polluted with a few skunks. Jim Fisk was a bad criminal that obtained millions of dollars by conning people out of their money.

A Carnival of Corruption Know: Credit Mobilier, Whiskey Ring, William Belknap 3. Describe two major scandals that directly involved the Grant administration. It in fact was not a real company at all. The Whiskey Ring was a scandal involving a false number of whiskeys produced. The Companies in return would have to pay a smaller amount of tax. William Belknap was forced to resign because he admitted to taking scandals.

Depression and Demands for Inflation Know: Panic of 1873, Greenbacks, Hard-money, Crime of '73, Contraction, Softmoney, Bland-Allison Act 5. Why did some people want greenbacks and silver dollars? Why did others oppose these kinds of currency?

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The main reason was that Grants goals were ignorant and not very well thought out. With the idea of Silver dollars, it would also cause inflation because there would be two type currencies and was very abundant. The Crime of 73 was supported by westerners a miners and demanded the return to the Dollar of Our Dad-dies also known as greenbacks.

Pallid Politics in the Gilded Age Know: Gilded Age, Grand Army of the Republic, Stalwarts, Roscoe Conkling, HalfBreeds, James G. Blaine 6. Why was there such fierce competition between Democrats and Republicans in the Gilded Age if the parties agreed on most economic issues? The both argued over the patronage of disbursing jobs. Half-Breeds were led by James G. Blaine. Although they were still the Republican Party, they opposed the Stalwart Faction. The Stalwarts opposed all forms of civil service reformations. They were led by Conkling.

The Hayes-Tilden Standoff, 1876 Know: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel J. Tilden 7. Why were the results of the 1876 election in doubt?

The results were in doubt because the number of electoral votes was so close to each other. Samuel J. Tilden obtained 184 electoral votes but needed 185. 20 of the votes came from four states and three in the south, but with irregular patterns. The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction Know: Compromise of 1877, Electoral Count Act, David Davis, Civil Rights Cases (1883), 8. How did the end of Reconstruction affect African-Americans? The Supreme Court announced that the 14th amendment only made violations of civil rights by the government illegal and not by individuals. In the Civil Right Cases (1883), it said that the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was unconstitutional even though it was approved for almost a century.

Andrew Choi P1 Chapter #24: Industry Comes of Age Big Picture Themes 1. Before the Civil War, railroads had become important. After the war, railroads boomed and were critical to the nation. Railroads, along with steel, were to be the skeleton on which the nations economy would be built. 2. A class of millionaires emerged for the first time ever. Tycoons like Carnegie and Rockefeller made fortunes. This type of wealth was championed by Social Darwinism where the strong win in business. 3. Unfortunately, many of the mega-industries, like railroads, grew at the expense of the little mans interest. As businesses, they were out to make money, and they did. But the working man cried foul. 4. To right these wrongs, the beginnings of anti-trusts began (to bust the monopolies) and organized labor got a jumpstart (although they were still rather ineffective). Chapter #24: Identifications Government Subsidies Forms of aid/support in paying the Bank of United States. Normally it is for the economy of the United States. Transcontinental Railroad Railroad that connected the east to the west. It allowed for better and faster transportation. Cornelius Vanderbilt A business man that was able to monopolize the railroad industry. He was also known as a robber baron and became one of the richest men in America. Jay Gould A speculator who put down rail road track and forced competitive rail road lines to buy it at extremely high prices. Interstate Commerce Commission Created in order to regular railroads so that no one could monopolize this industry. However it later implemented carriers and bus lines. Vertical Integration Each business makes different goods but profits still go to the same owner. Horizontal Integration The process where companies make production units and set it to prices equal to the competition. This is used to reduce competition with rival companies. Trusts When someone relies on another person to take care of the business with mutual agreement in funds.

Andrew Choi P1 J.P. Morgan He played a major rule in corporate finance and industrial consolidation. Morgan successfully combined Edison and Thomas Electrical companies. Sherman Anti-Trust Act . It forbids certain business actions to be anticompetitive and therefore makes the government explore their whereabouts. Yellow Dog Contracts These contracts were agreements met between the employee and the boss. This is necessary to start your job at a business. Blacklists A list of people who were banned. These people also could not get jobs. Haymarket Square incident A terrorist threw a bomb at a police officer. This refers to the aftermath of the bombing and took place in 1886. Chapter #24 Guided Reading Questions The Iron Colt Becomes an Iron Horse Know: Land grants 1. What were the advantages and disadvantages of government subsidies for the railroads? During the 19th century, the railroad companies in the U.S began to move towards the west. Railroad companies began building transcontinental railroads to connect the east and the west. Spanning the Continent with Rails Know: Union Pacific, Central Pacific, Paddies, Leland Stanford 2. Describe how the first transcontinental railroad was built. For every mile of track built, the company was given 20 square miles of land. Veterans of the Civil War, including the Irish paddies, then began to build the railroad westward. In California, the responsibility to construct the railroad was the Central Pacific Railroads.

Binding the Country with Railroad Ties Know: The Great Northern, James J. Hill 3. Explain how the railroads could help or hurt Americans. The Great Northern was the only one that did not receive huge land grants unlike the others. The rest were the Northern Pacific Railroad, the Atchison, and the Southern Pacific.

Andrew Choi P1 Railroad Consolidation and Mechanization Know: Cornelius Vanderbilt, Pullman Cars 4. What technological improvements helped railroads? Cornelius Vanderbilt invested in this business, and he offered better railroad service at lower prices. Pullman cars were introduced, and provided housing for people that traveled using railroads.

Revolution by Railways Know: Time Zones 5. What effects did the railroads have on America as a whole? The railroads of America bonded the nation, and united it into one. Farmers started building farms next to the railroad, and brought them farming tools and allowed them to transport their fresh goods to the marketplaces across the country Wrongdoing in Railroading Know: Jay Gould, Stock Watering, Pools 6. What wrongdoing were railroads guilty of? One of the most famous scammers was Jay Gould. Stock watering was one of his methods to gain profit and many others like him preferred scheme. For example, they would make cows really thirsty by giving them salt, and so the cows would drink more water and weigh more when they were weighed for sale. Government Bridles the Iron Horse Know: Wabash, Interstate Commerce Commission 7. Was the Interstate Commerce Act an important piece of legislation? In 1886, the Wabash case went before the Supreme Court and declared that individual states had no power to control interstate commerce. Miracles of Mechanization Know: Mesabi Range, Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Edison 8. What factors made industrial expansion possible? Industrial expansion was made possible through the acquisition of large amounts of raw materials, such as iron, coal, and oil. In the Mesabi Range held vast amounts of rich iron deposits that fed the steel factories. The Trust Titan Emerges Know: Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, Vertical Integration, Horizontal Integration, Trust, Interlocking Directorate 9. How did businesses organize to try to maximize profits? Horizontal integration on the other hand is the act of working together with competitors to create a monopoly among a single industry. Interlocking directorates was something

Andrew Choi P1 Morgan came up with to insure maximum profit by moving them into banking syndicates. The Supremacy of Steel Know: Heavy Industry, Capital Goods, Consumer Goods, Bessemer Process 10. Why was steel so important for industrialization? Steel was very important because it was used to build skyscrapers, railroads, and all the other tools necessary for a good country. Steel was vital to heavy industry which made capital goods, not consumer goods such as shoes and clothes. Rockefeller Grows an American Beauty Rose Know: Kerosene 12. How was John D. Rockefeller able to become so wealthy? Kerosene came from petroleum and acted as Americas main energy source. Rockefeller was able to control this industry by making the Standard Oil Company of Ohio. By 1877 he was in control of 95% of all oil factories in the United States. The Gospel of Wealth Know: Social Darwinism 13. How did the wealthy justify their wealth? The wealthy justified their wealth with the theory of Survival of the Fittest. It was created by Charles Darwin and named Social Darwinism. They said that rich people were able to become successful because they were hard workers. Government Tackles the Trust Evil Know: Sherman Anti-Trust Act 14. What two methods were tried by those who opposed the trusts? After several attempts, the government decides to pass the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. It restricted trade without any difference between good and bad trusts. However the law proved to be useless.

The South in the Age of Industry 15. How successful were Southerners at industrializing? Southern industrialization was boosted due to an automatic cigarette roller. Duke was able to take advantage of this boom and make a fortune out of it. He took on smaller companies and united them under one name, the American Tobacco Company. The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on America 16. Describe the positive and negative effects of the industrial revolution on working Americans.

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Goods were able to be transported quickly and could benefit factories looking for raw materials. The Negatives effects were that it quickly made citizens slaves of factories. Many people worked for very low wages and were treated unfairly. In Unions There is Strength Know: Scabs, Lock-out, Yellow-dog Contract, Black List, Company Town 17. What conditions existed in America that led Jay Gould to say, "I can hire one half of the working class to kill the other half"? American industry invented many machines that replaced workers. But more jobs were created and manual labor was less dominant. To insure that workers follow the rules, the company managers set up Yellow-dog Contracts to make workers agree to the terms and services. Labor Limps Along Know: National Labor Union, Knights of Labor 18. Explain the similarities and differences between the National Labor Union and the Knights of Labor. The National Labor Union allowed all types of citizens except Asian Americans. The gathered around 600,000 members and called for fair working conditions. Wages were cut down in 1877 because of railroad strikes. The Knights of Labor allowed all races to join their cause. At first they were a secret organization but now they turned public. They fought there problems by using politics. Unhorsing the Knights of Labor Know: Haymarket Square 19. What factors led to the decline of the Knights of Labor? The Knights of Labor were accused of terrorist attacks many times. One incident was at the Haymarket Square. Supposedly a bystander planted a bomb in the crowd and caused havoc across the streets. The AF of L to the Fore Know: American Federation of Labor, Samuel Gompers, Closed Shop 20. How was the AFL different from previous unions? It was created by a Jewish cigar maker named Samuel Gompers. He wanted to keep the strikes pure and simple where he demanded better wages, hours, and working conditions. Their major goal was to honor a trade agreement and authorizing the closed shop. Makers of America: The Knights of Labor Know: Mother Jones, Terence Powderly 21. Were the Knights conservative or revolutionary in their ideas?

Andrew Choi P1 Their ideas were revolutionary because they were the first group to support Chinese people and women. Flery Mary Harris also known as Mother Jones was the first one to join. She started by rousing for the group in Illinois. Another group of people they attracted were the Irish. Varying Viewpoints: Industrialization: Boon or Blight 22. To what degree is it possible for common people to improve their status in industrial America? They would become slaves to the industry and work no matter what. If they didnt work they would not be able to support their family. Another reason they needed to work for long periods of time was that the pay was too little. Chapter #25: America Moves to the City Big Picture Themes 1. Cities grew because factories grew. The Industrial Revolution kicked into gear in America in the late 1800s and factories needed workers, so people flocked to the cities. 2. Problems arose as cities boomed. The problems included: exploitation of immigrant laborers, poor/unhealthy work conditions, over-crowdedness and sanitation problems, corrupton, and nativism (anti-immigrant feelings). 3. Booker T. Washington & W.E.B. DuBois were the top black leaders. They disagreed on how to help blacksWashington encouraged blacks to obtain a practical skill at a trade school, DuBois encouraged blacks to study anything they wished, even academic subjects. 4. The roles of women began to change, if only slightly. More women worked, though most were still at home. The new woman was idealized by the althletic, outgoing Gibson Girl.

Chapter #25 Identifications Florence Kelley Worked in a Hull House and lobbied until 1893 in an anti-sweatshop law that protected women workers.

Mark Twain A critically acclaimed author born in America. His works inspired readers to create a time period name of the Gilded Age.

Andrew Choi P1 Nativism A belief that foreigners should not gain jobs and should not even come to America.

Philanthropy love of humanity. One who shows characteristics of care, nourishment, and love is known as a philanthropist.

Social Gospel An act in which the Protestant Christians applied Christian beliefs to problems involving society.

Settlement House Helped support people in need of homes and resided in the slums. Some examples include the Hull House and the Henry Street Settlement.

Women's Christian Temperance Union The Womens Christian Temperance Union was founded in 1874 in order to support the prohibition of alcohol.

Eighteenth Amendment Officially banned the production and distribution of alcohol.

Chapter #25: Identifications The Urban Frontier Know: Louis Sullivan, Walking Cities, Department Stores, Tenements 1. What factors led to the growth of cities in the second half of the 1800's? Walking Cities were compact and allowed its borders to be fixed to the limits of leg power. Americans were daily commuters who came from work and back to home. With the massive amount of people coming in from around the world, contractor would have to find a way to house them. The New Immigration 2. How were the new immigrants different from the old immigrants? These Europeans were literate and had very little education. The main reason the came to America was because they wanted to start out fresh.

Andrew Choi P1 Southern Europe Uprooted 3. Why did the new immigrants come to America in such large numbers?

The immigrants came to America in large numbers because there was very little space in Europe. Europe had no room for them because of the high birth rate. Around 60 million people left Europe and came to America. Reactions to the New Immigration Know: Political Bosses, Social Gospel, Jane Addams, Hull House, Settlement houses, Lillian Wald, Florence Kelley 5. How did political bosses help immigrants? In order to combat social issues, Protestant Christians sought to find a way to rid it from the streets by applying laws of the Bible which is known as the Social Gospel. Hull Houses and Settlement Houses were put in place to house immigrants for a very low cost. They were controlled by the Political Bosses. Churches Confront the Urban Challenge Know: Dwight Lyman Moody, Cardinal Gibbons, Salvation Army, Mary Baker Eddy, YMCA 6. What role did religion play in helping the urban poor? Dwight Lyman Moody spread the gospel of kindness and forgiveness. Roman Catholics spread consistently in the 1900s and dominated. Cardinal Gibbons was a Catholic leader devoted to the unity of America through religion. Booker T. Washington and Education for Black People Know: Booker T. Washington, Tuskegee Institute, Accomodationist, George Washington Carver, W.E.B. Du Bois, NAACP 7. Explain the differences in belief between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois. He avoided the issue of racism because he felt it would discourage students. Black leaders like Dr W.E.B. Du Bois, made fun of Washington and called him the Uncle Tom of Manuel labor. He was the first black person to earn a PH.D. NAACP rejected Washingtons ideals and demanded the talented tenth be given full rights as an American. The Appeal of the Press Know: Joseph Pulitzer, William Randolph Hearst, Yellow Journalism 8. How did the ability to produce newspapers inexpensively change their content? Joseph Pulitzer was a journalistic tycoon and was the founder of sensationalism in the New York World. He started to make color comics and nicknamed the Yellow Kid and also gave name to yellow journalism.

Andrew Choi P1 Families and Women in the City Know: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt, National Women Suffrage Association, Ida B. Wells 9. What changes were occurring in the women's rights movement? People like Charlotte Perkins Gilman published books and were becoming very popular. She asked that all women abandon their dependent status and help make the community better. The National Women Suffrage Association was put in place to make sure women rights becomes law. Prohibition of Alcohol and Social Progress Know: Women's Christian Temperance Union, Carrie Nation, Anti-Saloon League, 18th Amendment, Clara Barton 10. What social causes were women (and many men) involved in the late 1800's? Many other movements like the Anti-Saloon League were put to together to stop alcohol. Finally the 18th amendment passed and alcohol was banned. As a result the crime rate sky rocketed.

Chapter #26.1 The Great West Big Picture Themes 1. Native Americans out West faced two options: agree to settle on a reservation or fight the U.S. Army as hostiles. Some chose reservations, others to fight, but all were cleared out. . Chapter #26.1 Identifications Sitting Bull An Indian chief that opposed the influences of the Americans. He frequently rebelled and fought for his peoples land.

George A. Custer A General who was demoted to colonel and set out to destroy the Indian tribes. He also led a scientific expedition in South Dakota.

Chief Joseph Surrendered his Indian troops after American killed most of the buffalo in the plains. This prevented the Native Americans from living a nomadic life. The Americans forced them on a 17,000 mile journey across the continental divide.

Andrew Choi P1 Sioux Wars A series of conflicts that arose with the Americans and the Sioux tribes. The wars were often brutal and savage. Indians were mistreated and vandalized

Ghost Dance A series of rituals that would supposedly ward off white men and bring back the buffalo.

Dawes Severalty Act Allowed the president of the United States to regular Indian land and divide land between Indian families. Originally it was separated between tribes. Battle of Wounded Knee It was the last battle in the Indian wars. The 7th Calvary regiment went to Lakota troops and took their weapons away. Shortly after, the Indians were shot to death and buried.

Chapter # 26.1 Guided Reading Questions The Clash of Cultures on the Plain Know: Indian Territory, Sioux, Great Sioux Reservation, Tenth Cavalry 1. Describe the effect of westward expansion on Native Americans. Many Indians tribes were forced off their Indian Territory set off by the American government because too many white folk from the east were settling in to the west. The Sioux Tribe was originally from the Great Lakes but was quickly migrated to the plains.

Receding Native Americans Know: George Armstrong Custer, Bozeman Trail, Sitting Bull, Battle of Little Big Horn, Chief Joseph, Geronimo 2. How was the West "won?" The west was won due to large massacres created by the American Army. The battle fought between the Americans and Indians were often savage and bloody. George Custers regiment set out to suppress the Indians. Chief Joseph finally surrendered due to the diseases from Custers men.

Andrew Choi P1 Bellowing Herds of Bison Know: Buffalo Bill Cody 3. How were the Buffalo reduced from 15 million to less than a thousand? He 18 months he killed over 4,000 animals. Bill Cody was employed by the Kansas Pacific. The End of the Trail Know: Helen Hunt Jackson, Ghost Dance, Battle of Wounded Knee, Dawes Act, Carlisle Indian School, Indian Reorganization Act 4. What did the government do to try to assimilate Native Americans? Many Indian children were forced to learn the ways of the Americans in Indian Schools. Americans believed that if they kept learning what the white men did, they would surely not return to their old way of life. As a result, many Indians decided it was time for them to host a religious ceremony. They named it the Ghost Dance. It was a religious ceremony to bring together Native American in support of their religion. Mining: From Dishpan to Ore Breaker Know: Pike's Peak, Comstock Lode, Silver Senators 5.. How did the discovery of precious metals affect the American West? Many single Americans set out for the west, hoping to make a fortune. Shortly after Gold was discovered, many people wanted to incorporate silver. There people were known as the Silver Senators. Makers of America: The Plains Indians 6. How was the cu1lture of the Plains Indians shaped by white people? Many white people thought that it would be wise to teach Indians American Culture to persuade them to not go back to their Indians ways. However, this greatly angered the Indians and led to an all-out war since Americans were taking Children with the permission of the parents.

Beef Bonanzas and the Long Drive Know: Long Drive, Wild Bill Hickok 7. Why was cattle ranching so profitable in the 1870's? It allowed westerns to user thousands of animals at once in something called the Long Drive. It would slowly take them to the railroad terminal where the cows were sold. The Farmers Frontier Know: Homestead Act, Great American Desert, John Wesley Powell, Joseph F. Glidden 8. Did the Homestead Act live up to its purpose of giving small farmers a descent life on the plains?

Andrew Choi P1 The Homestead Act granted land to Americans for farming out in the west. However it was a lie and many of the land was dry without any rain. The Great American Desert was believed to be untamable but in turn was wrong. The Far West Comes of Age Know: Boomers, Sooners, 1890, Frederick Jackson Turner, Yellowstone 9. What were some milestones in the closing of the West? Yellowstone was transformed into a national park and allowed people to visit as much as possible. Boomers were happening everywhere with at least 50,000. By the end of the year at around 1890 Oklahoma had over 60k people. Sooners were people that moved into Oklahoma without the permission of the president. The Fading Frontier Know: Francis Parkman, George Catlin, Frederic Remington 10. What effects has the frontier had on the development of the United States? George Catlin was inspired by many Native Americans and earned his living by painting portraits. However it didnt get much fame from the U.S Government. Frederic Remington was also another painter who depicted the life of the old west. He showed Cowboys, soldiers, and Indians