Vishwakarma Yojana 2013

VISHWAKARMA YOJNA
A Project Report Submitted by
UDAY TEJANI (100070109030)
In fulfillment of the award of the degree Of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING In ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
BVM Engineering College, Vallabh Vidhyanagar Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad December-2013
BVM Engineering College ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Vishwakarma Yojana: Progress Report-I
CERTIFICATE
Date:11/12/2013 This is to certificate that the dissertation entitled VISHWAKARMA YOJNA ON VILLAGE NAPAD VANTO has been carried out by UDAY TEJANI
(100070109030), under my guidance in fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Engineering (7th Semester) of Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad during academic year 2013-2014
Guides:
Prof. G.K.SHARMA
DR. B.R.PAREKH
Head of Electrical Engineering Dpt. BVM Engineering Collage
Gujarat Technological University, Gujarat
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are highly indented to Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad for providing us such opportunity to work under Vishwakarma Yojna to get real work experience and applying our technical knowledge in the development of Villages. We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Akshai Agrawal, Honble Vice Chancellor, Gujarat Technological University-Ahmedabad, for his encouragement and support during project work.
We express our sincere thanks to all the members of Department of Technical Education for appreciating and acknowledging our work. Especially thanks to Registrar, Gujarat Technological University and team of Gujarat Technological University for their unconditional support during the project work.
We express our sincere thanks to DDO, TDO, Sarpanch and staff members of NAPAD VANTO village for providing us with requisite data whenever we approached them. Especially our thanks are to all villagers and stake holders for their support during Survey.
An act of gratitude is expressed to our guide Prof.G.K.SHARMA, Nodal Officer, BVM ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KHEDA for their invaluable guidance, constant inspiration and his actively involvement in my dissertation work. We therefore, take this opportunity for expressing our deep gratitude and sincere thanks to them without
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work in the present form..
whose help and cooperation, it might not been possible for us to produce this project
ABSTRACT:
Today world is growing rapidly and the living standards of society are improving due to development in each and every field. Due to evolution of new technologies world has become small. Anand is among the most developed city of Gujarat . Napad vanto is one of village of Anand district. It is essential that development must be indicated at village level for growth of the state and nation. The preliminary survey was carried out and data has been collected to assure the problem of the village. It is observed that the village is facing the problem and basic amenities like children's play ground , hospital , general market for agricultural product along with lake of important facility like solid waste disposal and drainage facility. The efforts are made to suggest the remedies to tackle the problem and house hold solution at preliminary level. It is also intended to carry out detailed survey for the betterment of the village at large scale.
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INDEX:
CHAPTER
NO.
DISCRIPTION
PAGE NO.
1.
INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 General Need of study Study area Objective of study Scope of study Methodology Chapterization
7 7 8 8 10 10 11 13 14 14 15 16 22 22 22
2.
LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 2.2 2.3 Various definitions Government norms Approach
3.
SOLAR STREET LIGHT DESIGNINING 3.1 3.2 light 3.3 3.4 3.5 Types of Solar street light Table shown dimensions of road final required no. of solar street light Introduction Component required for solar street
23 23 26 27 27 27 28 28
4.
ESTIMATION AND COASTING 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Introduction Type 1 S.S.L. Costing Type 2 S.S.L. Costing Total Estimated cost of S.S.L. Design Life
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4.6 4.7 5.
Installation Cost Maintenance
29 30 31 31 32 33 34 36 37 39 39 45
AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT CONTROL 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Introduction Basic Concepts & Overviews Components Used Explanation of Components Working Advantages
SOLAR CROP DRYER 6.1 6.2 Introduction Solar wall for agricultural application
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LIST OF FIGURES:
FIG NO. 1.1 1.2 2.1
DESCRIPTION OF FIGURE Village map Methodology Rural development component and objective
PAGE NO. 8 11 15
4.1 5.1 5.2 5.3 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8
Light bill of Sarpanchoffice Street light condition Circuit diagram IC 555 Diagram Solar crop dryer Construction of solar crop dryer Trogh dryer Tunnel dryer Belt dryer Solar wall system Agricultural application of solar dryer Agricultural application of solar dryer
27 31 33 35 39 41 42 42 43 44 45 46
LIST OF TABLES:
TABLE NO. 1.1 2.1 3.1 3.2 DESCRIPTION OF TABLES Norms of garden Rural development program Table shown data of road width & length Table shown total no. of S.S.L. required PAGE NO. 9 16 23
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CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL : Around 70% of the State's population is living in rural areas. People in rural areas should have the same quality of life as is enjoyed by people living in sub urban and urban areas. On account of poverty, unemployment, poor and inadequate infrastructural facility has caused migration of the rural people to urban. Hence, created slum in these region consequently social and economic tension has resulted in urban areas. Hence, rural Development which is concerned with economic growth and social justice, improvement in the living standard of the rural people by providing adequate and quality social services and minimum basic needs becomes essential. The present strategy of rural development mainly focuses on provision of basic amenities and infrastructure facilities through innovative program of wage and self-employment. For economic improvement of local people The above goals will be achieved by various program being implemented creating partnership with communities, non-governmental organizations, community based organizations, institutions. The Government's policy and program have laid emphasis on poverty, generation of employment and income opportunities and provision of infrastructure and basic facilities to meet the needs of rural poor. As a measure to strengthen the grass root level democracy, the Government is constantly endeavoring to empower Panchayat Raj Institutions in terms of functions, powers and finance.
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1.2 NEED OF STUDY:
The basic need of rural development program is to alleviate poverty and unemployment through Creation of basic social and economic infrastructure provision of training to rural unemployed youth providing employment to marginal Farmers/Labourers
By this Vishwakarma yojna project government want technical solution of the problem of villages at the engineering point of view. In this project the common problem of village are solved by the engineering students.
1.3 STUDY AREA:
Figure1 General Information:
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Table number 1 Literacy Rate Sex Ratio Population Density Population District Headquarter Area Average Rainfall Temperature 75% 952 Females per 1000 Males 653 persons per sq. Km 14260 (As per 2011 Census) Anand 845 ha 500-1000 mm 15 Centigrade (Minimum) 45 Centigrade (Maximum) Geographical Location: 22*2900.51 North (Latitude) 72*5925.45 East (Longitude)
Current scenario :
The village Napad vanto is situated in Anand district. The population of village is 14260 as per 2011. In village bus station is available but there is no facility of railway station. The nearest railway station is 13 km far in anand. In village there is availability of bituminous roads. There is also availability of Banking systems and co-operative sectors like Doodhmandli, Seva Sahkari, co-operative society, etc. There is availability of education systems like anganwadi, primary, secondary to higher secondary without science field. There is no availability of sewage systems, storm water drainage, solid waste management and general public toilet facility. Gen. Market, is not available in village and they require General Market immediately. Play garden is available but in not good condition. Community hall infrastructure is in progress. There is also no availability of non-conventional sources. The village is not so developed at now and it is the important village of this taluka as per population, so it requires development as soon as possible. There is availability of 2 overhead tank with 100000 ltr capacity each. There is also availability of Ro water system for drinking water. There is also availability of gram panchayat with adequate facility
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1.4 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY: Rural development aims at improving rural peoples liveliho ods in an equitable and sustainable manner, both socially and environmentally, through better access to assets (natural, physical, human, technological and social capital), and services, and control over productive capital (in its financial or economic and political forms) that enable them to improve their livelihoods on a sustainable and equitable basis. Main objectives are, To suggest the suitable technical solution of problem. To suggest improvement of basic facility like solid waste management, drainage facility etc. and amenities like garden , community hall etc. 1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY: The study may lead to improvise the scope of region in various front. Improve living standard of rural people by helping them develop their skill and subsequently by assisting them in implementing income generating activities in close coordination and cooperation with national and international
organizations. Improve the physical infrastructural facilities, social infrastructural facilities such as public latrine blocks and garden Develop the tourism business, sectors like doodhmandli, seva Sahkari, cooperative society, etc. There is availability of education systems like anganwadi, primary, secondary to higher secondary and also availability of vocational courses. There is no availability of sewage systems, storm water drainage, solid waste management and general public toilet facility. The Community Hall,
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Garden, Gen. Market, Play Ground are not available in village and they require General Market immediately. There is also no availability of non-conventional sources. The village is not so developed at now and it is the main village of this taluka, so it requires development as soon as possible.
1.6 METHODOLOGY
The hierarchy for the study is shown as per the flow chart below:
Study Objective
Literature Review
Field Survey
Govt. & Local Offices
Data Collection
Subjective Data
Analysis of Data Proposals Findings
Phase 1
Proposals
Phase 2
Local scale proposals
Village level proposals
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Fig1.2 Methodology
1.7 CHAPTERIZATION: 1. Introduction:2. Literature review:3.Study area profile:4.Data collection:5.Data analysis:6.Planning proposal:7.Conclusion and future scope of study:-
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CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 VARIOUS DEFINITIONS:
URBAN AREA: An urban area is characterized by higher population density and in comparison to areas surrounding it. Urban areas may be cities or towns, but the term is not commonly extended to rural settlements such as villages. For the Census of India 2011, the definition of urban area is as follows: 1. All places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified town area committee, etc. 2. All other places which satisfy the following criteria: 1. A minimum population of 5,000, 2. At least 75% of the male main working population engaged in nonagricultural pursuits; and 3. A density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km.
RURAL AREA: Rural areas are also known as 'Countryside' or a 'village' in India. It has a very low density of population. In rural area people practice agriculture for their livelihood. Town with a maximum population of 15,000 is considered rural in nature. The National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) defines rural as follows: An area with a population density of up to 400 per square kilometer, Villages with clear surveyed boundaries but no municipal board, A minimum of 75% of male working population involved in agriculture and allied activities.
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It is generally said that the rural areas house up to 70% of Indias population. Rural India contributes a big chunk to Indias GDP by way of agriculture, self employment, services, construction etc.
RURBANISATION: Rurbanisation generally refers to the process of improving the quality of life and economic well being of people living in relatively isolated and less populated areas. Rural development has traditionally centered on the exploitation of land-intensive natural resources such as agriculture and forestry. The need for rural communities to approach development from a wider perspective has created more focus on a broad range of development goals rather than merely creating incentive for agricultural or resource based businesses. Education, entrepreneurship, physical infrastructure, and social infrastructure all play an important role in developing rural regions. Rural development is also characterized by its emphasis on locally produced economic development strategies.
URBAN DEVOLOPMENT: Urban development (urban, city, and town planning) is a technical and political process concerned with the control of the use of land and design of the urban environment, including transportation networks, to guide and ensure the orderly development of settlements and communities. It concerns itself with research and analysis, strategic thinking, architecture, urban design, public consultation, policy recommendations, implementation and management.
2.2
GOVERNMENT NORMS:
In some cases, "town" is an alternate name for "city" or "village" (especially a larger village). Sometimes, the word "town" is short for "township". In general, today towns can be differentiated from townships, villages on the basis of their
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living from manufacturing industry, commerce, and public service rather
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economic character, in that most of a town's population will tend to derive their
than primary industry such as agriculture or related activities.
The modern phenomenon of extensive suburban growth, satellite urban development, and migration of city-dwellers to villages have further complicated the definition of towns, creating communities urban in their economic and cultural characteristics but lacking other characteristics of urban localities. It is apparent that the small and medium towns would have to play a critical role in future urbanization policy of the State. In order to play this role, the towns need to be economically viable units. The basic question here is not only of economic regeneration, as in case of cities, but one of economic generation. There has been a major shift in structural economy of rural areas which were pushing rural people to the nearby urban centers. In the light of the above, role of small and medium towns assume a critical position in equitable distribution of the rural population. Throughout the state, these small and medium towns have developed mainly as administrative centers. They were not equipped to provide a strong economic role. With a view to reduce the migration of population from rural areas to major urban areas; to generate employment by creating resource generating ventures in the Small and Medium Towns of the State and also to provide sufficient infrastructure facilities in these towns so that their hinters land is served better Financing.
2.3
APPROACH:
EMPHASIZING ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT: The concept of sustainability in development planning emerged
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ecological protection and natural resources conversation, over
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preliminary as a result of global concern for environmental and
exploitation of which has played havoc in highly urbanized and industrialized regions generally, and urban and metropolitan nodes of concentrated economic activities particularly both in developed and developing countries. In as developing country like India, there exist a vast differential level both in respect of physical infrastructural and social-economic development between the urban metropolitan and rural areas leading to highly indicators of quality of life, infrastructure availability,
economic activities and employment opportunities as also income levels.
Unlike the Urban area the concept of sustainability in the rural context would therefore need to lay strong emphasis on economic sustainability and development on sustain basis rather than on purely environment connotation of sustainability as relevant to large urban concentration. This is imperative in rural development planning, in order to achieve not only diversification of rural economy but also enable balanced and integrated regional development.
As above, rural areas and settlement development should not be viewed just incidental to the program for urban industrial growth for developing economy but as an essential program for providing economic development and infrastructures inputs for diversifying ,traditionally farm based economy as a imperative for employment generation and upgrading the overall quality of life
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COMPONENT OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT:-
components
Objective
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Fig2.3 Rural development Component and objective
NEED FOR HOLISTIC APPROCH:
In view of close interdependence and complimentary of rural and urban areas of production, distribution and consumption of goods and services, intensity of which increases with relative proximity and physical and function linkage , it is neither logic nor pragmatic to view rural area development in isolation from their urban counterparts.
Planning for rural areas should essentially be viewed as Planning for economic development through diversification of the resources base external input wherever necessary and providing physical, social and economic infrastructure. This call for a strong regional planning approach directed at integrating economic development at area wherein both rural and counterpart urban development flow from an overall All-Wide development framework and policies
This emphasizes the need to establish a comprehensive process framework for area planning taking district as a universally recognized. A real unit wherein development plans and program could be effectively operationalzed.
RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM IN INDIA:-
Tabel 2 RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM Plan Period Programmers Year of Introduction I FYP. Community development Programmers, national 1952 extension services II FYP. Khadi and village industries Programmed, operative movement. 1953
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1958
19
Co- 1957
Intensive Agricultural district Programmers III FYP.
1960
Intensive agricultural areas Programmers, High 1962 yielding variety Programmed. 1966 1966 Plan, Farmers tanning and education Programmed
Annual 1966 Annual 1967 Annual 1969 IV FYP.
Plan, Rural Works Programmers
1967
Plan, Rural Man Power Programmers
1969
Drought prone Areas Programmed, Crash Scheme For Rural Employment, Small Farmers Development agency, Tribal Area Development Programmed Pilot Intensive Rural Employment Programmed, Minimum Needs Programmed, Command Area Development Programmed
1969 1970 1971 1972 1972 1972 1974 1975 1977 1977 1979 1980 1980 1980
V FYP.
Hill Area Development Programmed, Food for Work Programmed, Desert Development Programmed
VI FYP.
Trains Rural Youth for Self Employment, Integrated Rural Development Programmed, National Rural Employment Programmed, Prime Minister New Twenty Point Programmed,
Development of Woman and Children in Rural 1983 Areas. VII FYP. Earlier Programmed have been continued with 1985 increased outlays and REFORMS Annual 1992
sharper focus LAND
plan Jawaharlal Rojagar Yojna
1990
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VIII FYP.
Indira Awash Yojna, Million Wells Scheme, Employment Assurance Scheme
1992 1992 1993 1997
IX FYP.
Basic Minimum Services Programmed
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CHAPTER-3 SOLAR STREET LIGHT DESIGNING:

3.1 INTRODUCTION:
In village total 132 numbers of solar street light used. Only 25 percentage of them in working condition and 75 persentage is in off condition. So that solve this problem we can using solar street light. 3.2 Component require for solar street light:
1) LED lamp 2) Solar plate 3) Battery 4) Pole and cables 3.3 We can use two types of solar street light: 1) Type 1 S.S.L(11W LED Light) 2) Type 2 S.S.L(20W LED Light)
3.4 Table shown dimensions of the road: Sr No

1 2 3
Length Road Of Road (M)

A B arterial C D (arterial) E F (arterial) 450 113 173 Bitumine road Bitumine road Bitumine road
Type of road
Width of road (M)

7.5 5.7 5
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G H (arterial)
485 Bitumine road
5.5
I J (subarterial)
160 C.C Road
5.5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
K L (subarterial) M N (subarterial) O P (subarterial) Q R (subarterial) S T (subarterial) U V (subarterial) W X (subarterial) Y Z (subarterial) AA AB (subarterial) AC AD (subarterial) AE AF (subarterial) A B (arterial) C D (arterial) E F (arterial) G H (arterial) I J (subarterial) K L (subarterial) M N (subarterial)
113 115 158 30 94 95 95 95 94 58 58 20 60 90 42 42 25 50
C.C Road C.C Road C.C Road
3 4.5 3 4 4.5 6.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 6 6 5 4.4 5.2 3.7 3.7 10 4
C.C Road C.C Road C.C Road C.C Road C.C Road C.C Road C.C Road C.C Road C.C Road C.C Road C.C Road C.C Road C.C Road C.C Road C.C Road
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Sr No
Road
Length Of Road (M)
Activities Near Road
Width of road (M) Remarks
No of SSL
AB (arterial) CD (arterial) EF (arterial)
Dena 450 bank,houses,ta mple 113 Refaral hospital,houses Houses,tample Gujarati 5.7 More light 5 7.5 More light 22
173
More light
GH (arterial)
485
primary school,houses,t emple police
5.5
More light
24
IJ 5 (subarteri al) 160
station,mamlen der aczucuti mezestri,jan seva kandre,houses 5.5 normal light 8
KL
al)
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(subarteri
113
Houses
normal light
MN 7 (subarteri al) OP 8 (subarteri al) QR 9 (subarteri al) ST 10 (subarteri al) UV 11 (subarteri al) WX 12 (subarteri al) YZ 13 (subarteri al) 95 houses,temple 4.5 normal light 5 95 houses 4.5 normal light 5 95 houses 6.5 normal light 5 94 Houses 4.5 normal light 4 30 gram panchayat,wate r tank,houses 4 normal light 1 158 Houses 3 normal light 8 115 Houses,tample 4.5 normal light 5
AA AB 14 (subarteri al) 94 houses 4.5 normal light 4
AC AD 15 (subarteri al) AE AF 16 (subarteri al) 58 houses 6 normal light 3 58 houses 6 normal light 3
(arterial) CD
18
60
houses
4.4
normal light
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25
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AB
20
houses
normal light
(arterial) EF (arterial) GH (arterial) IJ 21 (subarteri al) KL 22 (subarteri al) MN 23 (subarteri al) TOTAL:-132 TYPE-1:- 86 TYPE-2:- 46 50 houses 4 normal light 2 25 houses 10 normal light 1 42 houses 3.7 normal light 2
19
90
houses
5.2
normal light
20
42
houses
3.7
normal light
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CHAPTER 4 ESTIMATION AND COSTING:

4.1 INTRODUCTION:
Govt / private
In government building 24 hours electricity is available. But in village 75% area get full electricity but in other area less than 12 hours electricity is available.
Road/ street light Electricity in government buildings/ school/ Hospitals.
Available in working condition. Full electricity is available in government building like panchayat building , school, sub station.
Fig 4.1. Light bill of sarpanch Gram panchayat. 4.2TYPE 1 S.S.L.: Power and type of Lamp: 11W LED LIGHT Cost of one solar street light set at current price is Appx. Rs. 23,625/Total number of SSL required = 86 Total Cost = Number of LED street lights x Cost of one set of SSL = Rs.86 x 23,625 = Rs. 23,31,750/Gujarat Technological University, Gujarat
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4.3 TYPE 2 S.S.L.: Power and type of Lamp: 20W LED LIGHT Cost of one solar street light set at current price is Appx. Rs. 33,600/Total number of SSL required = 46 Total Cost = Number of LED street lights x Cost of one set of SSL Total Cost = Rs.46 x 33,600 = Rs. 15,45,600/-
4.4 TOTAL ESTIMATED COST OF S.S.L. PROJECT: Cost for Type-1 SSL + cost for Type-2 SSL = Rs. 23,31,750+15,45,600 = Rs.38,77,350 /-
4.5 DESIGN LIFE: 25year
4.6 INSTALLATION COST: Appx. Rs. 38,77,350 /-
4.7 MAINTENANCE: - Solar plate to be replaced after 25 year. - LED lamp to be replaced after 10 year & its cost appx. Rs.4000 . - Battery to be replaced after 8-9 year & its cost appx. Rs.4000-6000 . - Pole need to be painted every three year to prevent corrosion. Sr. No. 1 2 Name of Company Motoma Matrix Working temp. range -40 to 60 C -20 to 55 C Dimension (L x W x H) 485x172x240mm 350x166x179mm Apx. Weight 45kg 21kg
Capacity 12V,150Ah 12V,65Ah
Life
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5-7year
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8 year
Leadhoo
-30 to 50 C
485x172x241mm
45kg
12V,100Ah
9year
Table.2.6 CONCLUSION:
As per problem observed in rural area preventive measures are suggested. Implementation of improvement will reduce problem in area and improve standard of living of village people. This can be resulted in improving social and economic effect of rural area on economy of the country and it may result in more efficient use of infrastructure. By caring out the vishwakarma yojna project work, We came to know that if a proper planning and guidance is provided youth can change the complete scenario of village.
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CHAPTER 5 AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT CONTROL:

5.1 Introduction:
Figure 5.1 street light condition Sometime street light is remain on when the sun light is available due to many energy loss. Sometime street light is remain off when the sun light is not available due to this people do not get enough light. We require person for on-off the street light.
5.2 Basic Concept and overview: This circuit uses popular timer I.C 555. It is connected as comparator with 6 pin connected with positive rail, the output goes high(1) when the trigger pin2 is lower than 1/3rd the level of the supply voltage. Conversely the output goes
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low(0) when it is above 1/3rd level. So small change in the voltage pin of pin -2 is enough to change the level of output (pin 3) from 1 to 0 and from 0 to 1.
The output has only two states high and low and cannot remain in any intermediate state. Its is powered by a 9v battery for portable use.
The circuit is economical in power consumption. Pin 4,6 and 8 is connected to the positive and pin 1 is grounded.
To detect the present of an object we have used LDR which is a special type of resistance whose value depends upon the brightness of light which is falling on it. It has a resistance of about 1M ohms when in total darkness; but a resistance of only about 5 K ohms when illuminated. It responds to a large part of light spectrum.
We have made a potential divider circuit with LDR and a 50K variable resistance connected in series. We know that voltage is directly proportional to conductance, so more voltage we get from this divider when LDR gets light and low voltage In darkness. This divided voltage is given to Pin 2 of the I.C 555.
Variable resistance is so adjusted that it crosses potential of 1/3 rd in britghtness and falls below 1/3rd of the supply voltage in darkness. Sensitiveness can be adjusted by this variable resistance.
As soon as LDR gets dark, the voltage of PIN 2 drops 1/3rd of the supply voltage and pin 3 gets high and LED which is connected to the output gets
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activated.
Figure 5.2 circuit diagram
5.3 COMPONENTS USED:
1. 9V Battery with strip 2. Switch 3. LDR( Light Depending Resistance) 4. IC N.E 555 with base. 5. LED 6. Variable resistance of 50 kohms 7. PCB 8. IC 555
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5.4 Explanation of components
1. Battery: For 9v power supply we can use 6 pcs dry cell or 6F22 single piece battery.
2. Switch: Any general purpose switch can be used as circuit breaker.
3. L.D.R : It is a special type of resistance whose value depends upon the brightness of light which falls on it. It has a resistance of about 1 M ohm when in total darkness, but a resistance of about 5K ohms when brightness is applied. It responds to a large part of energy spectrum.
4. LED: A diode is a component that only allows electricity to flow one way. It can be thought as a sort of one way street for electrons. Because of this characteristic diode are used to transform of rectify Ac to Dc. Diode has two connections: Anode and cathode. The cathode is the end on the schematic with the point of the triangle pointing towards a line. In other words, the triangle points towards that cathode. The anode of course is at the opposite end. Current flows from the anode to the cathode. Light emitting diodes or LEDS differ from regular diodes in that when a voltage is applied, they emit light. This light can be Red, Green, Yellow, Orange, Blue of infrared. LEDs are used as indicator, transmitter etc. The Led never burns out like a regular lamp. And requires many times less current./
5. Variable resistance: A resistance is one of the most common electronics components. A resistance is a device that limits current. The current limiting ability or resistance is measured in ohms. With variable resistors, you adjust a resistance by adjusting a shaft. This shaft moves a wiper across the actual
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wiper connection and the connections to the resistor element, you can
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resistance element. By changing the amount of resistance in between the
change the resistance. Resistors ar rated by their power handling capacity. This is the amount of heat the resistance can take before it is destroyed.
6. PCB: With the help of a Printed Circuit Board, it is easy to assemble circuits with neat and clean end products. PCB is made up of backlight with surface pasted with copper track lay out. For each components leg, hole is made. Connection pin is passed through the hole and is soldered. 7. IC 555:
Figure 5.3 IC 555
PIN 1 2
NAME GND TRIG
PURPOSE Ground, low level ( 0 V ) OUT rises and interval start, when this input falls below of ctrl voltage.
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OUT
This output is given to approx. 1.7v below +Vcc or GND.
RESET
A timing interval may be reset by driving this input to the ground. But the timing does not begin again until RESET rises above appox. 0.7 V. Overrides TRIG which overrides THR control access to internal voltage driver( by default 2/3Vcc
CTRL
THR
The internal ends when the voltage at THR is greater than at CTRL.
DIS
Open collector output may discharge a capacitor between intervals .In phase with output
Vcc
POSitive supply voltage is usually between 3 and 15 volts.
5.5 Working : When light falls on the LDR then its resistance decrease which results in increase of the voltage at pin 2 of the IC 555 IC 555 has got comparator inbuilt,which compares between the input voltage from pin2 and 1/3rd of the power supply voltage. When input falls below 1/3rd then output is set high otherwise it is set low.Since in brightness,input voltage rises so we obtain no positive voltage at output of pin 3 to drive or LED,besides in poor light condition we get output to energize.
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5.6 Advantages of automatic street light control Reduce the power loss. Quick operation. High performance. Reliability . Extra person not required. Circuit is very simple. Life of lamp is increase.
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CHAPTER 6 SOLAR CROP DRYER:

6.1Introduction No matter what drying process is used, the basic principle is that water is drawn from within the item to be dried, up to its surface and then removed from the surface. How quickly this happens, and how much energy is required, depends on three things: 1) The type of material being dried (how dense it is, how much moisture it contains, etc.), 2) The volume, temperature and moisture content of the air passing over the wet material, and 3) The initial and desired final moisture contents of the material. Whether being used in conjunction with an existing system, or as the sole source of heat, SolarWall solar panels can be easily configured to deliver sufficient heat to correctly and efficiently complete the task at hand. Whether batch type or continuous, solar air heating can be added to most existing dryer system types
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Figure 6.1 solar crop dryer
1) How it works
i)
Perforated metal cladding panels are affixed to a roof; in areas where snow
accumulation is a problem, the minimum slope should be 45 to allow the snow to slide off. Equator facing slopes are the best, but other orientations are suitable, too. Walls can also work well if the roof is not suitable.
ii)
To get the most free heat possible from your solar roof panels, as much of the
roof should be covered as possible. Maximum efficiency and heat gains can be realized by placing panels over every roof surface even going around obstacles and openings. If photovoltaics (PV) are being considered, the PV panels simply get placed over the transpired solar collector panels.
iii)
When SolarWall solar heating/solar drying panels are affixed to the roof (or wall),
heated by the suns rays shining on the dark metal cladding. Thanks to fans which create negative pressure in the roof space/cavity, the heated air passes
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a gap is left between the metal cladding and the roof surface. The metal panels are
through the small perforations in the cladding and then travels to the nearest fan or blower intake. The air flows in such as way as to help simplify balancing and ensures that no solar heat is lost. Note: All driers have fans; SolarWall simply ties into that fan, bringing air that has been warmed before it hits the burner.
2) How big a gap is needed between roof and cladding? The ambient temperature and material being dried will dictate the heat gain needed from the solar collector panels in any given application. How much the temperature rises in the SolarWall panels depends on the volume of air per square foot (or meter) moving through the panel. Individual needs can be worked out in advance by SolarWall engineers so that the optimal amount of paneling is added, and the right amount of space is left between the roof surface and the cladding. On average, though, the gap is about 8 (20 cm).
3) Mounting the panels It is best to mount the SolarWall panels on the roof, either with twin solar roofs or with a single roof mount (depicted in the typical connection details).
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Figure 6.2 construction of solar crop dryer
4) When a commercial dryer or heater is also being used On sunny days, the increase in air temperature ranges from 20C to 30C (36F to 54F); in some cases though, even more heat gain may be needed and a dryer is needed with the SolarWall panels acting as pre-heaters. When SolarWall panels are being used in conjunction with a dryer (new or existing), its essential that there be a means of modulating the flame so that a) the burner can be turned down (or off) when the panels are producing enough the burner can be turned up to top up the solar heat when its cloudy or very cold
solar heat, or b)
outside. The SolarWall system works equally well with trough driers, tunnel driers, belt driers and drum driers.
Trough Dryer: Is typically used for crops such as tea, nuts, and cocoa beans
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Figure 6.3 trough dryer
Tunnel Dryer: Is most often used for drying products such as fruit and fish which have a higher initial moisture content.
Figure 6.4 Tunnel dryer
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Belt or Drum Dryer: Used for coffee, seeds, etc.
Figure 6.5 belt dryer
5) To recap
Perforated, dark, metal cladding is placed on as much roof surface as possible. Air is warmed by the sun, and is drawn in through the holes. This pre-heated air is drawn into ducting and, if necessary, has its temperature boosted by a supplementary burner, before being used for crop or process drying. Yes, it is as simple as it sounds.
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6.2 Solar Wall for Agricultural Applications

Agricultural and agri-food operators consume tremendous quantities of energy which represent a sizable proportion of their total input costs. Rising energy prices has been putting downward pressure on agricultural incomes, which is why solar energy represents a tremendous opportunity for the agricultural sector. SolarWall systems can be used for both animal barns and for agricultural crop drying.
Figure 6.6 solar wall system Solar Wall systems have been used on hundreds of agricultural and animal buildings for poultry ventilation, hog ventilation, and other forms of livestock ventilation. Animal barns not only need to maintain a very warm indoor air temperature (up to 85 F is common), but they also require continual ventilation air. This typically produces enormous heating bills, especially considering that many farms and nurseries use propane to heat the incoming air. (And maintaining proper ventilation is crucial in the production process because clean air is so essential to the health of the animals.)
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The Solar Wall technology is easily integrated into conventional livestock ventilation systems and pre-heats the incoming air by as much as 50F (27C) in these applications. Solar Wall systems will accommodate up to 1.25 cfm per square foot of barn floor. (Minimum ventilation)
In poultry ventilation, Solar Wall system can be designed to handle the minimum ventilation requirements for the winter, spring and fall months, as well as the first two weeks in summer for the brooding period. For poultry, the typical indoor temperatures begin at around 90F (32C) for the brooding period and are gradually decreased to around 70F (22C) as the chickens becomes bigger. This means that chicken barns (as well as other forms of livestock) can require heat for up to 10 months of the year. In these applications, Solar Wall systems have been credited with decreasing the use of traditional fuel by up to 30%. This substantial and ongoing - reduction in operating costs improves profitability, and illustrates why this solar ventilation technology is widely used in the chicken and hog communities. As well, chicken producers have reported additional benefits of solar poultry ventilation in terms of decreased bird mortality due to improved indoor air quality. As well, cold drafts on chicken are eliminated because the metal Solar Wal system provides an additional baffle that stops incoming cold wind.
Figure 6.7 solar wall system for agricultural purpose

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The SolarWall system is also helpful for eliminating humidity and for drying nurseries after thorough cleanings.
figure 6.8 Operation of the Solar Wall system during the heating season
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VISHWAKARMA YOJNA

A Project Report Submitted by

UDAY TEJANI (100070109030)

In fulfillment of the award of the degree Of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING In ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

BVM Engineering College ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Vishwakarma Yojana: Progress Report-I

Head of Electrical Engineering Dpt. BVM Engineering Collage

Gujarat Technological University, Gujarat

Vishwakarma Yojana: Progress Report-I

Gujarat Technological University, Gujarat

work in the present form..

Vishwakarma Yojana: Progress Report-I

Gujarat Technological University, Gujarat

Vishwakarma Yojana: Progress Report-I

Gujarat Technological University, Gujarat

Vishwakarma Yojana: Progress Report-I

Installation Cost Maintenance

Gujarat Technological University, Gujarat

Vishwakarma Yojana: Progress Report-I

FIG NO. 1.1 1.2 2.1

Gujarat Technological University, Gujarat

Vishwakarma Yojana: Progress Report-I

Gujarat Technological University, Gujarat

Vishwakarma Yojana: Progress Report-I

1.2 NEED OF STUDY:

1.3 STUDY AREA:

Figure1 General Information:

Gujarat Technological University, Gujarat

Vishwakarma Yojana: Progress Report-I

Vishwakarma Yojana: Progress Report-I

Vishwakarma Yojana: Progress Report-I

Govt. & Local Offices

Analysis of Data Proposals Findings

Local scale proposals

Village level proposals

Gujarat Technological University, Gujarat

Vishwakarma Yojana: Progress Report-I

Gujarat Technological University, Gujarat

Vishwakarma Yojana: Progress Report-I

Vishwakarma Yojana: Progress Report-I

Gujarat Technological University, Gujarat

living from manufacturing industry, commerce, and public service rather

Vishwakarma Yojana: Progress Report-I

than primary industry such as agriculture or related activities.

Gujarat Technological University, Gujarat

ecological protection and natural resources conversation, over

preliminary as a result of global concern for environmental and

Vishwakarma Yojana: Progress Report-I

economic activities and employment opportunities as also income levels.

Gujarat Technological University, Gujarat

Vishwakarma Yojana: Progress Report-I

COMPONENT OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT:-

Gujarat Technological University, Gujarat

Fig2.3 Rural development Component and objective

Vishwakarma Yojana: Progress Report-I

NEED FOR HOLISTIC APPROCH:

RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM IN INDIA:-

Gujarat Technological University, Gujarat

Vishwakarma Yojana: Progress Report-I

Intensive Agricultural district Programmers III FYP.

Annual 1966 Annual 1967 Annual 1969 IV FYP.

Plan, Rural Works Programmers

Plan, Rural Man Power Programmers