AC Circuit Analysis: Problem Solving Strategy For Relatively Simple Circuits Use

AC Circuit Analysis
PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY

For relatively simple circuits use
divider voltage and Current
KVL KCL AND
and combining for rules The
i.e., analysis; for AC law s Ohm'
Y Z
IZ V =
For more complex circuits use
PSPICE
MATLAB
theorems s Norton' and s Thevenin'
tion transforma Source
ion Superposit
analysis Loop
analysis Node
EE111, 2013-2014, Autumn, IITB
Notice choice of ground
LEARNING EXAMPLE NORTON THEVENIN, LOOPS, NODES, USING FIND
0
V
WHY SKIP SUPERPOSITION AND TRANSFORMATION?
NODES
Z = 0 12
3 1
V V : constraint Supernode
0
1 1
0 4
3 2 1 2 3 0 3
= +
+ Z
j
V
j
V V V V V V
Supernode @ KCL
0
1
2
3 2 1 2
=
V V
I
j
V V
x
2
KCL@V
0 0 4
1 1
3 0 0
= Z +
+
V V V
0
V KCL@
1
0 3
V V
I
x
=
variable g Controllin
4 2
0 3
+ = V V
16 2
12
0 1
3 1
+ =
+ =
V V
V V
4
0 0 3
+ = V V V
0 ) 4 2 ( ) 4 ( 2 ) 16 2 (
0 2 0 0 2
= + + V V V V V j
4 ) 4 2 ( ) 4 ( ) 4 2 ( ) 16 2 (
0 0 0 2 0 2
= + + + V j V V V V V j
j
j
V
2 1
4 8
0
+
+
= : Adding
LOOP ANALYSIS
x
I I
I
2
0 4
3
2
=
Z =
MESH CURRENTS DETERMINED BY SOURCES
0 ) ( 1 0 12
3 1 1
= + Z + I I jI
: 1 MESH
0 ) ( 1 ) ( 1
3 4 4 2 4
= + + I I j I I I
: 4 MESH
2 4
I I I
x
= : VARIABLE G CONTROLLIN
) ( 1
4 0
V I V = : INTEREST OF VARIABLE
0 )) 4 ( 2 ( 4
4 4 4 4
= + + + + I I j I I
) 4 ( 2
4 3
+ = I I
j
j
I j I j
= =
2
8 4
) 8 4 ( ) 2 (
4 4
j
j
j
j
V
2 1
4 8
0
+
+
=
MESH CURRENTS ARE ACCEPTABLE
THEVENIN
FOR OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE
Z = 0 4
'
x
I
Z0 8
2
x
I
) ( 8 4 V j V
OC
+ =
Alternative procedure to compute Thevenin
impedance:
1. Set to zero all INDEPENDENT sources
2. Apply an external probe
"
x
test
TH
I
V
Z =
"
x
I
KVL
) ( 1
" "
O = + = j Z jI I V
TH x x test
j Z
TH
=1
) )( 8 4 (
2
1
0
V j
j
V +
=
NORTON
SC
I
4
' ' '
=
x SC
I I
) (
1
3
' ' '
A
V
I
x
=
USE NODES
Z = 0 12
3 1
V V
constraint Supernode
0 0 4
1 1
2 1 2 3 3 3
= Z
+ +
j
V V V V
j
V V
Supernode KCL@
0
1
2 :
1 2 3 2
' ' '
=
+
j
V V V V
I
X 2
V KCL@
1
3
' ' '
V
I
x
= : Variable g Controllin
12
3 1
+ = V V
) ( / j
0 ) 12 ( ) ( 2
3 2 3 2 3
= + V V V V j jV
12 ) 3 1 ( ) 1 (
3 2
= V j V j
j /
j jV V j
j V V jV jV V j
4 12 2 ) 1 (
4 ) 12 ( ) 1 (
3 2
2 3 2 3 3
+ = +
= + + + +
j
j
V j V j
= =
1
4
4 ) 1 (
3 3
j
j
I
SC
+
=
1
8 4
j
j
j j
j j
I
SC
+
+
=
+
=
1
4 8
) 1 (
) 8 4 (
Now we can draw the Norton
Equivalent circuit ...
TH
Z
SC
I
) (
1
4 8
2
1
) ( ) 1 (
0 0
V
j
j
j
j
V I V |
.
|
\
|
+
+
= =
Current Divider
j
j
) 1 )( 2 1 (
) 1 )( 4 8 (
j j
j j
+
+
=
j
j
V
+
=
3
4 12
0
j
j
V
2 1
4 8
0
+
+
=
j
j
V
+
=
2
8 4
0
Using Nortons method
Using Thevenins
Using Node and Loop methods
EQUIVALENCE OF SOLUTIONS
NORTONS EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
LEARNING EXTENSION
USE NODAL ANALYSIS
0
V COMPUTE
1
V
0
2 1 2
30 12
0 1 1 1 1
=
+ + +
Z
j
V V
j
V V V
0
1
0 1 0
= +
V
j
V V
0 1
) 1 ( V j V =
0 ) ( 2 2 ) 30 12 (
0 1 1 1 1
= + + Z V V V jV V j
j 2 /
Z = + + + 30 12 ) 1 )( 2 2 1 ( 2
0 0
j V j j j V
Z Z = + + 30 12 90 1 )) 1 )( 3 1 ( 2 (
0
V j j
j
V
4 4
120 12
0
+
Z
= ) ( 75 12 . 2
45 66 . 5
120 12
V Z =
Z
Z
=
USE THEVENIN
2
3
2
3
4
2 || 1 || 2
j
j
j Z
TH
+
= =
j
j
6 2
4
+
=
Z
+
= 30 12
) 2 || 1 ( 2
2 || 1
j
j
V
OC
Z
+ +
= 30 12
2 ) 2 1 ( 2
2
j j
j
40
) 6 2 ( 4 j j
=
j j
V
OC
3 1
120 12
6 2
120 24
+
Z
=
+
Z
=
+
-
OC
V
TH
Z 1 j
O 1
+
0
V
OC
TH
V
j Z
V
+
=
1
1
0
LEARNING EXTENSION ANALYSIS MESH USING COMPUTE
0
V
Z = + 90 2
2 1
I I
CONSTRAINT
0 2 2 2 0 24
2 2 1
= + + Z I jI I
SUPERMESH
j I I 2
2 1
=
24 ) 2 2 ( ) 2 ( 2
2 2
= + I j j I j I j 4 24 ) 2 4 (
2
+ =
Z =
Z
Z
=
+
= = 03 . 36 86 . 10
57 . 26 24 . 2
46 . 9 33 . 24
2
4 24
2
2 0
j
j
I V
USING NODES
1
V
0
2 2
90 2
2
0 24
1 1
=
+ Z
Z
j
V V
1 0
2 2
2
V
j
V
=
Z
+
= 0 24
2 2 2
2
0
j
V
V
USING SOURCE SUPERPOSITION
Z
= 90 2
2 4
2
2
0
j
V
I
I V
V V V
0 0 0
+ =
LEARNING EXTENSION
0
V COMPUTE
1. USING SUPERPOSITION
'
0
V
"
0
V
"
0
'
0 0
V V V + =
1
V
) 0 12 (
) 2 2 || 2 ( 2
) 2 2 ( || 2
1
Z
+

=
j j
j
V
1
'
0
2 2
2
V
j
V
=
Z
+

= 0 24
) 2 2 ( || 2 ( 2
) 2 2 ( || ) 2 (
2
j j
j j
V
2
"
0
2 2
2
V
j
V
=
) 2 2 ( || 2 j
2
V
2. USE SOURCE TRANSFORMATION
Z0 12
O 2
Z 90 6
O 2 j
O 2
+
0
V
1
I
O 2 j
2 || 2 j Z =
eq
I
Z
j 2
2
+
0
V
1
I
eq
I
j Z
Z
I
2 2
1
+
=
1 0
2I V =
j I
eq
6 12 90 6 0 12 + = Z Z =
USE NORTONS THEOREM
2 || 2 j Z
TH
=
SC
I
Z0 12
Z 90 6
SC
I TH
Z
2 j
2
+
0
V
1
I
SC
TH
TH
I
j Z
Z
I
2 2
1
+
=
1 0
2I V =
USING MATLAB
Unless previously re-defined, MATLAB
recognizes i or j as imaginary units
z2=3+4j
z2 =
3. 0000 + 4. 0000i
z1=4+6i
z1 =
4. 0000 + 6. 0000i
In its output MATLAB always uses i for
the imaginary unit
MATLAB recognizes complex numbers
in rectangular representation. It does
NOT recognize Phasors
a=45; %angl e i n degr ees
ar =a*pi / 180, %conver t degr ees t o r adi ans
ar =
0. 7854
m=10; %def i ne magni t ude
x=m*cos( ar ) ; %r eal par t
x =
7. 0711
y=m*si n( ar ) ; %i magi nar y par t
y =
7. 0711
z=x+i *y
z =
7. 0711 + 7. 0711i
Z = 45 10 z r Rectangula Phasors
z = 7. 0711 + 7. 0711i ;
mp=abs( z) ; %comput e magni t ude
mp =
10
ar r =angl e( z) ; %comput e angl e i n RADI ANS
ar r =
0. 7854
adeg=ar r *180/ pi ; %conver t t o degr es
adeg =
45
x=r eal ( z)
x=
7. 0711
y=i mag( z)
y=
7. 70711
LEARNING EXAMPLE
COMPUTE ALL NODE VOLTAGES
Z = 30 12
1
V
0
2 1 1
5 2 3 2 1 2
=
j
V V
j
V V V V
0
1 2 1
3 5 3 2 3
= +
V V V
j
V V
0
1 1 2
4 5 4 1 4
=
j
V V V V V
0
1 2 2 1
45 2
5 3 5 2 5 4 5
=
+ Z
j
V V V
j
V V V V
0 5 . 0 ) 5 . 0 1 (
30 12
5 3 2 1
1
= + +
Z =
jV jV V j j V
V
Z = + + +
= + + +
= + + +
45 2 ) 5 . 0 5 . 0 1 ( 5 . 0 5 . 0
0 ) 1 5 . 0 ( 5 . 0
0 5 . 0 ) 1 5 . 0 (
5 4 3 2
5 4 1
5 3 2
V j j V V jV
V V j V
V V j jV
(
(
(
(
(
Z
Z
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
+
+
+
+
45 2
0
0
0
30 12
5 . 0 5 . 1 1
1 1 5 . 1
5 . 0
0
5 . 0
0
0
5 . 0
5 . 0 0 1 5 . 1 1 0
5 . 0 0 1 5 . 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 1
5
4
3
2
1
V
V
V
V
V
j
j
j
j j
j j j
R
I YV =
R
I Y V
1
=
%exampl e7p17
%def i ne t he RHS vect or .
i r =zer os( 5, 1) ; %i ni t i al i ze and def i ne non zer o val ues
i r ( 1) =12*cos( 30*pi / 180) +j *12*si n( 30*pi / 180) ;
i r ( 5) =2*cos( pi / 4) +j *2*si n( pi / 4) , %echo t he vect or
%now def i ne t he mat r i x
y=[ 1, 0, 0, 0, 0; %f i r st r ow
- 1, 1+0. 5j , - j , 0, 0. 5j ; %second r ow
0, - j , 1. 5+j , 0, - 0. 5; %t hi r d r ow
- 0. 5, 0, 0, 1. 5+j , - 1; %f our t h r ow
0, 0. 5i , - 0. 5, - 1, 1. 5+0. 5i ] %l ast r ow and do echo
v=y\ i r %sol ve equat i ons and echo t he answer
Echo of RHS
i r =
10. 3923 + 6. 0000i
0
0
0
1. 4142 + 1. 4142i
y =
Col umns 1 t hr ough 4
1. 0000 0 0 0
- 1. 0000 1. 0000 + 0. 5000i 0 - 1. 0000i 0
0 0 - 1. 0000i 1. 5000 + 1. 0000i 0
- 0. 5000 0 0 1. 5000 + 1. 0000i
0 0 + 0. 5000i - 0. 5000 - 1. 0000
Col umn 5
0
0 + 0. 5000i
- 0. 5000
- 1. 0000
1. 5000 + 0. 5000i
Echo of Matrix
v =
10. 3923 + 6. 0000i
7. 0766 + 2. 1580i
1. 4038 + 2. 5561i
3. 7661 - 2. 9621i
3. 4151 - 3. 6771i
Echo of Answer
AC PSPICE ANALYSIS
Select and place components
Wire and set correct attributes
Circuit ready to be simulated
Ground set, meters specified
VAC
R
L
C
**** AC ANALYSI S TEMPERATURE = 27. 000 DEG C
************************************************************************
******
FREQ VM( $N_0003) VP( $N_0003)
6. 000E+01 2. 651E+00 - 3. 854E+01
**** 05/ 20/ 01 09: 03: 41 *********** Eval uat i on PSpi ce ( Nov 1999)
**************
* C: \ ECEWor k\ I r wi nPPT\ ACSt eadySt at eAnal ysi s\ Sec7p9Demo. sch
**** AC ANALYSI S TEMPERATURE = 27. 000 DEG C
************************************************************************
******
FREQ I M( V_PRI NT2) I P( V_PRI NT2)
6. 000E+01 2. 998E- 03 5. 146E+01
Results in output file
STEADY-STATE POWER ANALYSIS
LEARNING GOALS
Instantaneous Power
For the special case of steady state sinusoidal signals
Average Power
Power absorbed or supplied during one cycle
Maximum Average Power Transfer
When the circuit is in sinusoidal steady state
Effective or RMS Values
For the case of sinusoidal signals
Power Factor
A measure of the angle between current and voltage phasors
Complex Power
Measure of power using phasors
Power Factor Correction
How to improve power transfer to a load by aligning phasors
Single Phase Three-Wire Circuits
Typical distribution method for households and small loads
General Power Expression
For any system, the power delivered to a load at any instant
(instantaneous power instantaneous power) is defined by the product of the applied voltage
and the resulting current; that is,
In a resistive circuit the voltage and current are in phase calculation
of p is straightforward.
In reactive circuits, there will normally be some phase shift between v
and i, and calculating the power becomes more complicated.
INSTANTANEOUS POWER
) cos( ) (
) cos( ) (
i M
v M
t I t i
t V t v

+ =
+ =
State steady In
) ( ) ( ) (
Impedance to
Supplied Power
ous Instantane
t i t v t p =
) cos( ) cos( ) (
i v M M
t t I V t p + + =
| | ) cos( ) cos(
2
1
cos cos
2 1 2 1 2 1
+ + =
| | ) 2 cos( ) cos(
2
) (
i v i v
M M
t
I V
t p + + + =
LEARNING EXAMPLE
) ( ), (
30 2
), 60 cos( 4 ) (
t p t i
Z
t t v
: Find

: Assume
O Z =
+ =
) ( 30 2
30 2
60 4
A
Z
V
I Z =
Z
Z
= =
) )( 30 cos( 2 ) ( A t t i + =
= =
= =
30 , 2
60 , 4
i M
v M
I
V
) 90 2 cos( 4 30 cos 4 ) ( + + = t t p
constant
Twice the
frequency
Fixed average
Zero average
INSTANTANEOUS POWER
AVERAGE POWER
For sinusoidal (and other periodic signals)
we compute averages over one period
2
= T
| | ) 2 cos( ) cos(
2
) (
i v i v
M M
t
I V
t p + + + =
) cos(
2
i v
M M
I V
P =
If voltage and current are in phase
M M i v
I V P
2
1
= =
If voltage and current are in quadrature
0 90 = = P
i v

Purely
resistive
Purely inductive or
capacitive
It does not matter
who leads
LEARNING EXAMPLE
Find the average
power absorbed
by impedance
) ( 15 53 . 3
45 2 2
60 10
2 2
60 10
A
j
I Z =
Z
Z
=
+
Z
=
= = = = 15 , 60 , 53 . 3 , 10
i v M M
I V
W P 5 . 12 ) 45 cos( 3 . 35 = =
}
+
=
T t
t
dt t p
T
P
0
0
) (
1
+
R
V
) ( 15 06 . 7 60 10
2 2
2
V
j
V
R
Z = Z
+
=
W P 53 . 3 06 . 7
2
1
=
Since inductor does not absorb power
one can use voltages and currents across
the resistive part
Normally the average power is the power of
interest inAC circuits.
Since the expression for theinstantaneous
power is a continuously varying one with time,
the average must be obtained by integration.
Instantaneous vs. Average Power
) 2 cos(
2
1
) cos(
2
1
) (
i v m m i v m m
t I V I V t p + + + =
LEARNING EXAMPLE
Determine the average power absorbed by each
resistor, the total average power absorbed and the
average power supplied by the source
) ( 45 3
4
45 12
1
A I Z =
Z
=
W P 18 3 12
2
1
4
= =
O
If voltage and current are in phase
M M i v
I V P
2
1
= =
2
1
2
1
M
RI =
R
V
M
2
2
1
=
) ( 57 . 71 36 . 5
37 . 26 5
45 12
1 2
45 12
2
A
j
I Z =
Z
Z
=
Z
=
) ( 36 . 5 2
2
1
2
2
W P =
O
W 7 . 28 =
Inductors and capacitors do not absorb
power in the average
W P
total
7 . 28 18+ =
=
absorbed supplied
P P W P 7 . 46 =
supplied
Verification
Z + Z = + = 57 . 71 36 . 5 45 3
2 1
I I I
) ( 10 . 62 15 . 8 A I Z =
) cos(
2
i v
M M
I V
P =
) 10 . 62 45 cos( 15 . 8 12
2
1
=
supplied
P
LEARNING EXTENSION
Find average power absorbed by each resistor
I
i
Z
I
Z
=
60 12
i
Z ) 4 || 4 ( 2 j + =
Z
Z
=
+ =
45 2 4
6 . 71 3 . 25
4 4
16 8 8
4 4
) 4 ( 4
2
j
j j
j
j
Z
i
O Z = 6 . 26 47 . 4
i
Z
) ( 6 . 86 68 . 2
6 . 26 47 . 4
60 12
A I Z =
Z
Z
=
W RI P
M
20 . 7 68 . 2 2
2
1
2
1
2 2
2
= = =
O
2
I
Z
Z
Z
=
= 6 . 86 68 . 2
45 2 4
90 4
4 4
4
2
I
j
j
I
Z = 6 . 41 90 . 1
2
I
) ( 90 . 1 4
2
1
2
4
W P =
O
LEARNING EXTENSION
Find the AVERAGE power absorbed by each PASSIVE
component and the total power supplied by the source
1
I
2
I
Z
+ +
+
= 30 10
2 4 3
2 4
1
j
j
I
) ( 62 . 40 14 . 6 30 10
95 . 15 28 . 7
57 . 26 47 . 4
1
A I Z = Z
Z
Z
=
) ( 14 . 6 3
2
1
2
1
2 2
3
W RI P
M
= =
O
Z Z = 62 . 40 14 . 6 30 10
2
I
) ( 05 . 14 12 . 4
95 . 15 28 . 7
30 30
30 10
2 4 3
3
2
A
j
I
Z =
Z
Z
= Z
+ +
=
) ( 12 . 4 4
2
1
2
4
W P =
O
) ( 0
2
W P
j
=
O
Power supplied by source
Method 1.
absorbed supplied
P P =
W P P P 50 . 90
4 3
= + =
O O supplied
Method 2:
) cos(
2
1
i v M M
I V P =
+
s
V
Z = = 62 . 40 42 . 18 3
1
I V
s
) 30 62 . 40 cos( 10 42 . 18
2
1
= P
LEARNING EXAMPLE Determine average power absorbed or supplied by each
element
) ( 30 6
2
30 12
2
A I Z =
Z
=
) ( 36 6 2
2
1
2
1
2 2
2
W RI P
M
= = =
O
0
1
=
O j
P
To determine power absorbed/supplied
by sources we need the currents I1, I3
) ( 19 . 36 43 . 7
39 . 4 6
6 6 39 . 10
1
0 6 30 12
3
A
j
j
j
j
I
Z =
=
+
=
Z Z
=
Z =
= + + = + =
07 . 7 28 . 11
) ( 39 . 1 2 . 11 39 . 4 6 3 20 . 5
3 2 1
A j j j I I I
) ( 54
) 07 . 7 30 cos( 28 . 11 12
2
1
30 12
W
P
=
+ =
Z
) 18 36 ( + =
) cos(
2
1
i v M M
I V P =
Power Average
W P 18 ) 19 . 36 0 cos( 43 . 7 6
2
1
0 6
= + =
Z
Passive sign convention
R
V
RI P
M
M
2
2
2
1
2
1
= =
resistors For
LEARNING EXTENSION
Determine average power absorbed/supplied by each
element
1
I
2
I
) 0 12 ( 4 2 30 4
0 12
2 2
1
Z + + = Z
Z =
I I j
I
Equations Loop
Z
+
=
Z Z
=
57 . 26 47 . 4
48 2 46 . 3
2 4
0 48 30 4
2
j
j
I
) ( 204 97 . 9
57 . 26 47 . 4
43 . 177 58 . 44
2
A I Z =
Z
Z
=
) ( 5 . 54 92 . 19 ) )( 055 . 4 108 . 9 12 ( 4
) )( 204 97 . 9 12 ( 4 ) ( 4
2 1 4
V V j
V I I V
Z = =
Z + = + =
O
W
R
V
P
M
6 . 49
4
92 . 19
2
1
2
1
2 2
4
= = =
O
) ( 0
2
W P
j
=
O
) ( 4 . 69 ) 0 5 . 54 cos( 12 92 . 19
2
1
0 12
W P = =
Z
O 4
V
) ( 8 . 19 ) 204 30 cos( ) 97 . 9 ( 4
2
1
30 4
W P = =
Z
Check: Power supplied =power absorbed
j
V
I
j
V V
2
30 4
0
2
30 4
4
0 12
4
2
4 4
Z
=
=
Z
+ + Z
O
O O
Equations Node
Alternative Procedure
) cos(
2
1
i v M M
I V P =
Power Average
R
V
RI P
M
M
2
2
2
1
2
1
= =
resistors For
LEARNING EXTENSION
Determine average power absorbed/supplied by each element
V
0
4 2
0 12
2
0 24
= +
Z
+
Z V
j
V V
Equation Node
4 j
0 ) 12 ( 2 ) 24 ( 2 = + + jV V V j
) ( 85 . 1 77 . 14
) ( 125 . 7 88 . 14
13
24 192
3 2
3 2
3 2
48 24
48 24 ) 3 2 (
V j
V
j
j
j
j
j
V
j V j
+ =
Z =
+
=
+
+
=
+ = +
1
I
925 . 0 62 . 4
2
85 . 1 77 . 14 24
2
0 24
1
j
j V
I =

=
Z
=
) ( 32 . 11 71 . 4
1
A I Z =
2
I
j
j
j
j
j
V
I
+
=
Z
=
2
85 . 1 77 . 14 12
2
0 12
2
) ( 73 . 123 67 . 1 ) ( 385 . 1 925 . 0
2
77 . 2 85 . 1
2
A A j
j
I Z = + =
+
=
) ( 18 . 22 71 . 4 2
2
1
2
2
W P = =
O
) ( 67 . 27
4
88 . 14
2
1
2
4
W P = =
O
) ( 565 . 5 ) 73 . 123 0 cos( 67 . 1 12
2
1
0 12
W P = =
Z
) ( 42 . 55 ) 32 . 11 0 cos( 71 . 4 24
2
1
0 24
W P = + =
Z
) ( 42 . 55
) ( 565 . 5 67 . 27 18 . 22
W P
W P
=
+ + =
supplied
absorbed
: Check
) cos(
2
1
i v M M
I V P =
Power Average
R
V
RI P
M
M
2
2
2
1
2
1
= =
resistors For
MAXIMUM AVERAGE POWER TRANSFER
) cos( | || |
2
1
) cos(
2
1
L L
L L
I V L L
I V LM LM L
I V
I V P

=
=
TH TH TH
jX R Z + =
L L L
jX R Z + =
L
L
L
OC
TH L
L
L
Z
V
I
V
Z Z
Z
V
=
+
=
| | | |
OC
TH L
L
L
V
Z Z
Z
V
+
=
L I V
L L L
Z
Z V I
L L
Z =
Z Z = Z

L L L
jX R Z + =
2 2
) cos(
) tan(
L L
L
I V
L
L
L
X R
R
R
X
Z
L L
+
=
= Z

2
tan 1
1
cos
+
=
| |
| |
| |
L
L
L
Z
V
I =
2 2
2
2
| |
| || |
2
1
L L
L
TH L
OC L
L
X R
R
Z Z
V Z
P
+
+
=
2 2
2
) ( ) (
| |
2
1
TH L TH L
L OC
L
X X R R
R V
P
+ + +
=
=
=
=
c
c
=
c
c
TH L
TH L
L
L
L
L
R R
X X
R
P
X
P
0
0
*
TH
opt
L
Z Z =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
TH
OC
L
R
V
P
4
| |
2
1
2
max
2 2 2
) ( ) ( | |
) ( ) (
TH L TH L TH L
TH L TH L TH L
X X R R Z Z
X X j R R Z Z
+ + + = +
+ + + = +
LEARNING EXAMPLE
load the to supplied power average maximum the Compute
transfer. power average maximum for Find
L
Z
Remove the load and determine the Theveninequivalent of remaining circuit
1
I
Z =
Z
Z
= Z
+ +
= 64 . 9 26 . 5
64 . 9 08 . 6
0 32
0 4
1 4 2
2
4
j
V
OC
O Z =
Z
Z
=
+
+
=
O
+
=
+
=
+
+
= + =
93 . 16 47 . 1
64 . 9 08 . 6
57 . 26 94 . 8
1 6
4 8
37
16 52
37
) 1 6 )( 4 8 (
1 6
4 8
) 1 2 ( || 4
j
j
j j j
j
j
j Z
TH
O = Z = 43 . 0 41 . 1 93 . 16 47 . 1
*
j Z
L
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
TH
OC
L
R
V
P
4
| |
2
1
2
max *
TH
opt
L
Z Z =
) ( 45 . 2
41 . 1 4
26 . 5
2
1
2
max
W P
L
=
=
We are asked for the value of the
power. We need the Theveninvoltage
LEARNING EXAMPLE
L
Z
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
TH
OC
L
R
V
P
4
| |
2
1
2
max *
TH
opt
L
Z Z =
Circuit with dependent sources!
SC
OC
TH
I
V
Z =
1
'
1
'
2
) 4 2 ( 0 4
I V
I j V
X
x
=
+ + = Z
KVL
) ( 45 707 . 0
45 2 4
0 4
) 45 2 4 ( ) 4 4 ( 0 4
1
1 1
A I
I I j
Z =
Z
Z
=
Z = + = Z
KVL
Z = = = Z = 5 . 161 10 1 3 4 1 1 0 4 2
1
j j I V
OC
Next: the short circuit current ...
LEARNING EXAMPLE (continued)...
Original circuit
0 2 ) ( 2 0 4
0 4 ) ( 2 4
"
= + Z
= Z + +
SC SC
SC x
I j I I
I I I j V
CURRENT CIRCUIT
SHORT FOR EQUATIONS LOOP
) ( 2
"
I I V
SC x
=
VARIABLE G CONTROLLIN
4 ) 2 2 ( 2
4 4 ) 4 4 (
= +
= +
SC
SC
I j I
I I j
Substitute and rearrange
2 ) 1 1 ( + =
SC
I j I
| | 4 4 2 ) 1 ( ) 1 ( 4 = + +
SC SC
I I j j
Z = = 57 . 116 5 ) ( 2 1 A j I
SC
Z = = = Z = 57 . 161 10 1 3 4 1 1 0 4 2
1
j j I V
OC
O = Z = 1 1 45 2 j Z
TH
O + = 1 1 j Z
opt
L
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
TH
OC
L
R
V
P
4
| |
2
1
2
max *
TH
opt
L
Z Z =
) ( 25 . 1
4
) 10 (
2
1
2
max
W P
L
= =
LEARNING EXTENSION
L
Z
+
OC
V
I
Z = =
=
+ = Z
45 73 . 12 ) 1 ( 9
8
) 2 2 ( 36
) 2 2 ( 0 36
j
j
I
I j
18 6
) 1 ( 9 2 12
2 0 12
j
j j
I j V
OC
+ =
+ =
+ Z =
) ( 57 . 71 974 . 18 V V
OC
Z =
O
+
+ = + =
2 2
4
2 ) 2 || 2 ( 2
j
j
j j j Z
TH
) ( 1
8
8 8
2 2
4
O =
=
+
= j
j
j
Z
TH
) ( 1 O + = j Z
opt
L
) ( 45
4
360
2
1
max
W P
L
= =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
TH
OC
L
R
V
P
4
| |
2
1
2
max *
TH
opt
L
Z Z =
360 18 6 | |
2 2 2
= + =
OC
V
LEARNING EXTENSION
L
Z
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
TH
OC
L
R
V
P
4
| |
2
1
2
max *
TH
opt
L
Z Z =
+
OC
V
2 j
V
= Z
+
= 0 24
2 2 2
2
2
j j
j
V
j
Z90 24
KVL
) ( 24 12 90 24 0 12 V j V
OC
+ = Z + Z =
720 24 12 | |
2 2 2
= + =
OC
V
TH
Z
2 2 2
) 2 2 ( 2
) 2 2 ( || 2
j j
j j
j j Z
TH
+

= =
) ( 2 2 O + = j Z
TH
) ( 2 2 O = j Z
opt
L
) ( 45
2 4
720
2
1
max
W P
L
=
=

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AC Circuit Analysis

PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY

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