فحص وأختبار المواد الهندسية

123
123
123
W
K

K

???EF?
K

K

KW
123
K
K
KKK
KKK
123
KKK
W
K
W

K
KKK
K W
123
W

Engineering Materials and their Properties
W
K

W
W
K
KEKKKF
KEKKKF
W
K100%

W
K

W
K
-1-
123
W :1.1

K

WK
KW
K9
K 9
W
K 9
K 9
W:2.1

KW
KKK

-2-
123
W1.1W

KKK
KKK
KKK
KKK
KKK
KKK
KKK
KKKK
KW1.1

W:3.1

W
KKK
-3-
123
W
WElasticity K1
WPlasticity K2
K
K K ?
K
K

K
WDuctility K3
K
KWBrittleness K4
WMalleability K5
K
WStrength K6
KKKK
-4-
123
WStiffnessEF K7
K
KWToughness K8
WResilience K9
K
WHardness K10
W:4.1

WDestructive Testing
WKKK
Tension test 9
Compression test 9
Hardness test 9
Impact test 9
KKKTorsion test 9
-5-
123
WNondestructive Testing
W
Visual inspection 9
Liquid penetrant inspection 9

Leak test 9
Magnetic particles test 9
Radiographic test 9
Ultrasonic test 9
Eddy current test 9
W:5.1

K
W
9
9
-6-
123
W:6.1

K
W:1.6.1
KK
W:2.6.1
The American Society for Testing and Materials: A.S.T.M. 9

British Standards Society: B.S.S. 9
Deutsches Institut fr Normung: D.I.N. 9

... 9
EInternational Standards Organization ) I.S.O.

K
-7-
123
W:7.1

K1960( SI )
K
3.12.1
( SI )
m
Kg
s
K
EF
( L )
( m )
( t )
( T )
KW2.1

( SI )
m2
m3
m/s
rad/s
m/s2
rad/s2
N
2
N/m = Pa
EF
( A )
( V )
( s )
( )
( )
( F

( F )
( P )
KW3.1
-8-
123
W
W 11.11.1

WW1.1
KKK J
J
WElasticityW2.1
J
J
J
WDuctilityW3.1
J
J
J
WStiffnessW4.1
J
-9-
123
WCompression TestTension TestW5.1
J
J

WHardness TestW6.1
J
J

WMagnetic Particle TestW7.1
J
J

WUltrasonic TestW8.1
J
J

- 10 -
123
W9.1
Elasticity
Plasticity
Ductility
Brittleness
W W10.1
Elasticity
Plasticity
Ductility
Brittleness
WW11.1
Elasticity
Plasticity
Ductility
Brittleness

17.000 cm5 cm W12.1
WK16.981 cmEF15 T
K1
K2
K3
K4
Young's ModulusE K5
- 11 -
123
W

Tensile Test
W
K

W
W
K

KKK
EF

KKK
W
K100%

W
K6

W
K
- 12 -
123
Tensile test W:1.2

K
W:2.2

KW1.2

( Universal Machine Testing )
K( loading ) ( balancing )
K1.2

- 13 -
123
W:3.2

2.2K
KW2.2
K
- 14 -
123
W:4.2

K
K
KFN
Pa
KN/m2
WK3.2

KW3.2
( F )( FW:1.4.2
=
F
E 1.2F
Ao

K( Ao )
[N/m2][Pa]W
[N]WF
[m2]WAo
- 15 -
123
W1.2
Km = 350 Kga = 2.5 cm
KPa
Ao = a2 = (2.5 10-2)2 = 6.25 10-4 m2 = 0.000625 m2
WF g 10 m/s2
F = m g = 350 10 = 3500 N
=
F
3500
5
2
5
=
=
56
10
N
/
m
=
56
10
Pa
-4
Ao 6.25 10

K {
K

K
W
( F )WEF:2.4.2
WE 1.2F ( Ao )

F
E 1.2F
Ao
( F )WEtrF:3.4.2
K ( Ai )

tr =
F
E 2.2F
Ai
- 16 -
123
W:5.2

K
K

KL mm
mmLmm
We%
ELFE
FEe FW:1.5.2
ELoF
e =
L
E 3.2F
Lo

K% [] [ mm/mm]We
[mm]EFWL
K[mm]WLo
K[mm]WLf

W LoLfL
L = L f L 0 E 4.2F
W2.2
Lo = 160 mm
KKL = 50 mm
e =
L 50
=
= 0.3125 = 0.3152 100 % = 31.25%
Lo 160
- 17 -
123
W
ELFEFWEe F:2.5.2
WELoF
e =
L
E 3.2F
Lo
ELfFWE F:3.5.2
WELoF
L
= ln f E 5.2F
L0
WE 4.2FE 3.2F
e=
L Lf Lo Lf
=
= 1 E 6.2F
Lo
Lo
Lo
Lf
= e + 1 E 7.2F
L0

L
= ln f (5.2)
L0

= ln(e + 1) E 8.2F
- 18 -
123
W3.2
WK102 mm100 mm
KE
KE

L 0 = 100 mm
L f = 102 mm
WE
WE 3.2F
e=
L L f L 0 102 100
=
=
= 0.02
L0
L0
100
WE
WE 5.2F
L
102
= ln f = ln
= 0.0198
L
100
W0.02EFE 8.2F
= ln(e + 1) = ln(0.02 + 1) = 0.0198
WE 2.2FHomogenous deformation
tr =
F A0
Ai A0
- 19 -
123
tr =
A0
E 9.2F
Ai

EF
V0 = Vf E 10.2F
W
A0 L0 = Af Lf E 11.2F

A0 Lf
= E 12.2F
Af L0
W(12.2)(9.2)

L
tr = f E 13.2F
L0

W(7.2)
tr = (e + 1) E 14.2F
WYoung's ModulusE:6.2

KPaEPaK

- 20 -
123
E =
E 15.2F
e
W:7.2

K K
W
E4.2FW K1
KWK
E4.2F W K2
KWK

W K3
E4.2FK
KWK
( Super Elastic ) W K4
100%
K4.2
- 21 -
123
WW4.2
KWEFWEFWEFWEF
W:8.2

J5 J4 J3 J2 J1
J10 J9 J8 J7 J6
- 22 -
123
5.2
W

KW5.2

KW6.2
W6.25.2
- 23 -
123
W:1.8.2
K
( O )WHook's lawProportional Limit K1
E F ( A )
E
FK
W
= E e E16.2F E =
E 15.2F
e
[N/m2][Pa]W
[]We
[N/m2][Pa]Young's ModulusWE

( A )
P
W
E =
P
E 17.2F
eP
( Stiffness )
KEF
E F
E F K7.2
K
- 24 -
123
KW7.2
KEF8.2
EInitial tangent modulusF

KEF8.2

- 25 -
123
W8.2
KEFEF

K9.2

- 26 -
123
W9.2
K

WElastic Limit K2
( B )
KE
WYield Stress K3
K

- 27 -
123
( C )K K4
KY
WProof Stress K5
K
K
K

K0.2 %0.5 % 0.1 %
W
L=
proof =
Fproof
E 18.2F
Ao

10.2
Kproof
- 28 -
123

KW10.2

W:2.8.2
WUltimate Tensile StrengthEF K1

( D )
UTS =
F max
E 19.2F
A0

KUTS
UTS
( D ) K
K
- 29 -
123
WFracture Strength K2
KF ( E )
W K3
W( % El )
% El =
L
Lf L0
100 =
100 = Maximum strain 100
L0
L0
E 20.2F
WL0
WLf
W( % RA )

% RA =
A
Af A 0
100 =
100
A0
A0
E 21.2F

WA0
WAf
K
W:3.8.2
WE6.2F

WEF)11.2W
WEF11.2W
K
- 30 -
123
WEF11.2W
K
EFEFEF
WEFEFWW11.2
KWEF J
W:9.2
WResilience:1.9.2
KEF
WEr
EF1/2=

1
Er = FP LP E 22.2F
2

- 31 -
123
Ur
1
LP
1 FP LP 1
Ur = FP
=
= P eP
2
A 0 L0 2 A 0 L0 2
1
Ur = P eP E 23.2F
2

12.2EF1/2
K

KW12.2
E =
P
P
eP =
WE 17.2F
eP
E

PEE 23.2F

- 32 -
123
P 1 P 2
1
Ur = P =
E 24.2F
2
E 2 E

E Hyper-elastic resilience F
E Recoverable energy F
13.2
W13.2
K
- 33 -
123
WToughness:2.9.2
K

K
TK
.14.2
K
KW14.2
14.2K W
E
F
KE
F
K15.2K
- 34 -
123

FWEFWW15.2
WEFEFWEFE
KEFWEFEF
- 35 -
123
E+F1/2=E 25.2F

L=T

L[E+F1/2]=TE 26.2F
WHysteresis:3.9.2
KEF16.2
KEF16.2
EFEF
- 36 -
123
KEFEFW16.2

W:10.2

W
W K1
W K2
K
KW K3
W
W K1
K
W K2
- 37 -
123
W K3

K

K
K18.217.2
W17.2
KEFEFEF

- 38 -
123

KW18.2

W:11.2
W:1.11.2
W K1
W K2
K19.2
- 39 -
123
KW19.2

W K3
EK
K20.2
- 40 -
123
W20.2
K
W:2.11.2
W K1
21.2
- 41 -
123
KW21.2
- 42 -
123
W
K2
WK
9
9
9
9
K22.2
E F
K200 GPa

- 43 -
123

KW22.2
- 44 -
123

W K3
E F
WK
W 9
K
W 9
W 9
K
1.2
K
- 45 -
123
% El E
(0.02%) Y

L0 =
proof
x103
B
2
50 mm
[Kg/mm2] [Kg/mm2] [Kg/mm ]
37
21
40
30
30
21
52
35
20
20
55
35
34
20
83
51
12
20
152
97
30
19
35
21
0.50
11
18
16
17
15
35
33
66
57
11
34
33
60
11
22
69
50
34
15
28
15
38
14
45
76
13
30
11
24
33
40
21
14
21
KW1.2
- 46 -
123
K51.7 mm50 mmW1.2
J1
J2
Lo = 50.0 mm
e =
WeE 3.2F J1
Lf = 51.7 mm
L Lf Lo 51.7 50.0
=
=
= 0.034 = 3.4%
Lo
Lo
50.0
WE 5.2F J2
Lf
51.7
= ln = ln
= 0.0334 = 3.34%
L0
50.0

WE 8.2F
= ln(e + 1) = ln(0.034 + 1) = 0.0334 = 3.34%

W2.2
TKDo = 20 mmLo = 100 mm

Wmm
10.0 11.5 12.5 12.0 11.0

32
29
24
18
12
8.5
7.5
4.0
1.4 0.12 0.06 mmEF
- 47 -
7.5
3.75
TEF
123
W
J
WAo
D 2 20 2
A0 =
=
= 314 mm 2
4
4
- 48 -
123
Y =
WYE 1.2F J
F 7500
=
= 23.95 Kg / mm 2
Ao 314
UTS =
Fmax 12500
=
= 39.90 Kg / mm 2
Ao
314
W UTSE 19.2F J
e%=
We % J
32
100 = 32 %
100
WEE 15.2F J
E =
P =

E =
P
E =LEF
eP
3750
0.06
= 11.94 Kg / mm 2 eP =
= 0.0006
314
100
11.94
= 19900 Kg / mm 2
0.0006
1
Ur = P eP WUrE 23.2F J
2
WePP
1
1 7500 0.12
Ur = P eP =
= 0.0143 Kg.mm / mm 3 = 143 10 -6 J / mm 3

2
2 314 100
E 26.2F J
L[E+F1/2]=WT
- 49 -
123
1
( 7500 + 12500 ) 32
= 10.1911 Kg.mm / mm3 = 101911 10 -6 J / mm 3
T = 2
314 x 100
K5 cm
1 cm W3.2
mmKg
1150
1100
1000
900
800
600
400
200
0.270 0.160 0.105 0.083 0.072 0.054 0.036 0.018 0.000
KgEF
mmEF
W
0.2% J
WW
- 50 -
123
W J
Lproof = 0.2 % Lo = (0.2 / 100 ) 50 = 0.1 mm
Fproof = 1130 Kg
Wproof
WA0
10 2
A0 =
= 78.5 mm 2
4
proof =
Fproof 1130
=
= 14.8 Kg / mm 2
Ao 78.5
LEFWEE 15.2F J
E =
F Lo 200
50
=
=
= 7077 Kg / mm 2
e Ao L 78.5 0.018
WE 23.2F J
L[EF1/2]=Ur
1
800 0.072
Ur = 2
= 0.00734 Kg / mm 2
78.5 50
- 51 -
123
W 8.21.2

WEeFEFW1.2
J
J

WEFW2.2
EF J
J

WYoung's ModulusEW3.2
WHook's LawW4.2
J
J
EF J
- 52 -
123
WEeW5.2
E = / e J
= e J
= + e J
= e J

EeFEFW6.2
Resilience
J
J
L J

EeFEFW7.2
Toughness
J
J
L J

WW8.2
E J
E J
E J
J

- 53 -
123
5 cmW9.2
mmT25 cm
W

13.750 13.500 12.500 11.250 10.000
7.500
5.000
0.8750 0.6875 0.4375 0.3125 0.2500 0.1875 0.125
2.500
EF
0.625 EF
W
0.2% J
- 54 -
123
Compression Test

W
K

W
W
F
KE
W
K100%

W
K

W
K

- 55 -
123
W:1.3

Compression test
K1.3

KW1.3
- 56 -
123
K K1
K K2
K3
K
K4

W
9
9
9
K
W:2.3

K2.3
- 57 -
123
KW2.3

W:3.3

WA0 F
=
F
Ao
E 1.3F

[N/m2][Pa]W
[N]WF
K[m2]WAo

W
WE
F K1
K
- 58 -
123
WE
F K2
50
K
Kmax
max =
F max
Ao

E 2.3F
K[N/m2][Pa]Wmax
K[N]WFmax
K[m2]WAo
WE F
K3
6055
K3.3
KW3.3
- 59 -
123
F
WE 1.3F
Ao
e =
L
WE 3.3FW
Lo
K[N]WF
K[m2]WAo
K[mm]WL
K[mm]WLo

E4.3 F
W
tr =
= ln
F
WE 3.3FW
Ai
A
WE 4.3FW
A0
K[N]WF
K[m2]:Ao
K[m2] WAi

- 60 -
123

KW4.3
- 61 -
123
W:4.3

W :1.4.3
W
W K1
108 9
K 9
W K2
3 9
K 9
W K3
0.9 9
E F 9
K5.3K
- 62 -
123
KW5.3
:2.4.3
W
K1
K
10 K2
K
K3
K
W:5.3
W
K1
K2
K3
K4
- 63 -
123
W K1
K W K2

6.3
KE7.3F
KW6.3
- 64 -
123
- 65 -
123
W K3
K10
W K4
??K
E 8.3 F
EF
E F
KW8.3
- 66 -
123
b = 3 cm W1.3
12.5 Kg / mm2K15 T EF

15 T = 15000 Kg=WF
12.5 Kg / mm2=W
3 cm = 30 mm=Wb

Ao = a b
Wa
=
F
F
F
15 000
=
a=
=
= 40 mm = 4 cm
b 12.5 30
Ao a b

K27 T EFW2.3
K500 Kg / cm215 cm
WW
[N/m2][Pa]W
[N]WF
K[m2]WAo

- 67 -
123
F
=
Ao
d=
D2
F
4F
=
D2 d2 D2 d2
4
4
4F
=
15 2
4 27000
= 11.44 cm
500

10 cm2W3.3
WK200 mm

27000 20250 12500 10100 2750

0.700
0.450
0.275
2700
0.205 0.138 0.055 0
KgEF
mmEF
K1
K2
W K1
=
F
W( 1.3 )
Ao
WF
10 cm2WAo

e =
L
W( 3.3 )
Lo
WL
200 mmWLo
- 68 -
123
2700
2025
1250
1010
0.00350
0.00225
0.00137
0.001025
CB =
275
0.00069

270
0.000275
0
0
Kg/cm2
mm/mm
Fmax 27000
=
= 2700 Kg/cm 2 W K2
Ao
10
- 69 -
123
K80 T EFW1.3
e = 10 mm / mm2800 Kg / mm2
0.5 W2.3
Youngs K0.001Km2
200 GPa Modulus

25 cm20 cmW3.3
14400
12600
9000
5400
1800
8.30
6.60
4.00
2.05
0.66
27000
26000
25200
23400
21500
18000
47.00
40.00
29.70
23.40
15.40
EF
EL 1/100F
EF
EL 1/100F
K1
K2
K3
- 70 -
123
Torsion Test

W
K

W
W
F
EKK
KK
W
K100%

W
K 3

W
K
- 71 -
123
W :1.4
EFMt
eP
K1.41.4

KW1.4

Mt = P eE 1.4F

Motor drive shaft
KKKAirplane propellers
KPure shear

- 72 -
123
W :2.4

K2.4

KW2.4
- 73 -
123
W :3.4

K3.4

KW3.4
W :4.4

Mt
K4.4EMtF
- 74 -
123

W4.4
- 75 -
123
W
W K1
:: qe
qe =
16 Mte
E 2.4F
3
d
:d
Mte = M14.4:Mte
WUltimate torsional shear strengthqmax K2
W
W 9
q max =
12 Mt 12 M2
=
d3
d3
E 3.4F

Ultimate torsional shear strengthWqmax

:d
Mt = M24.4:Mt
q max =
14 Mt 14 M3
=
E 4.4F
3
3
d
d
- 76 -
W 9
123
Ultimate torsional shear strengthWqmax

:d
Mt = M34.4:Mt
WModulus of rigidityG K3
G
GK L=G
G Mt
Mt L
E 5.4F
=
G=
L
J
J
JL
K
WDuctility K4
max
F
K E
W Resilience in torsion K5
Resilience =Mt =
E 6.4F
Resilience =1/2 Mt =
E 7.4F
- 77 -
123
E 8.4F
K4.4
Modulus of Resilience =1/2Mt L =
E 9.4F
WToughness in torsion K6
K
4.4
K
W :5.4

K5.4
45o
- 78 -
123
EFEFW5.4
K EF

W
KKK
K1.4
- 79 -
123
KW1.4
- 80 -
123
W1.4
KL = 30 cmd =1 cmD = 2 cm
W
53
50
1250 1120
45
40
35
30
25.8
750
350
100
30
3.6
20
10
2.78 1.39
0
0
Kg.m
o
1 cm K
K100o1 cm5 Kg.m

W14.7 cm4J
K K1
K3 K2
K K3
K K4
W6.4

- 81 -
123
KW6.4

Mte = 25.8 Kg.mWMte

e = 3.6o= 0.0628 radEFWe
( D2 - d 2 )
( 2 2 - 12 )
V=
30 =
30 = 70.8 cm 3
4
4
- 82 -
WV
123
Wqe K1
W1.4
qe =
16 Mte D 16 25.8 100 2

=
= 1750 Kg / cm 2
4
4
4
4
( D -d )
( 2 -1 )
Lqe = qmWqm K2
qm =
qe 1750
=
= 583.3 Kg / cm 2
3
3
WG K3
WE 5.4F
G =
Mte L 25.8 100 30

=
= 870000 Kg / cm 2 = 870 Ton / cm 2
e J
0.0628 14.7
W K4
Modulus of Resilience =1/2Mt L =E 9.4F

1
1
e Mte
0.0628 100 25.8
2
2
=
= 0.115 Kg.cm / cm 3
Ur =
V
70.8
- 83 -
123
150 cmW1.3
K0.3 104 Kg / mm2 4.83 Ton . m
W
K9 Kg / mm2 K1
K1o K2
- 84 -
123
W

Impact Test
W
K

W
W
EF
W
K100%

W
K4

W
K
- 85 -
123
Impact testW:1.5
W:2.5
KW1.5
- 86 -
123
K
K K
1.5K
K2.5

KW2.5
W:3.5

W
WCharpy:1.3.5
K K30 Kg m

K
4.5
K
- 87 -
123
55 10 10 mm
1.5K3.5
4.5
KW3.5

KW4.5

- 88 -
123
WIzod:2.3.5
K 175 Kg.m
75 10 10 mm
K5.52 mm45oV
K6.5
KW5.5

KW6.5
- 89 -
123
W:4.5

WE1
EFWE2
WW
E1 = E2 + W
W = E1 E2E1.5F
[ Kg ]Wm
g = 9.81 m/s2W g
[ m ]EFWHo
[ m ]EFWH
W = m g Ho m g H = m g ( Ho H )E2.5F
1 Kg.m = 9.81 J J ( joule ) = N.m Kg.m
W:5.5

W K
- 90 -
123
9
9
9
9
W:1.5.5

K
W
EF 9
9
K 9
W:2.5.5
FK
KEFE
K
W:3.5.5
1/4
K 3
EF60o
K1.545o
- 91 -
123
K
2.5
[ J ]

30.0
[ o ]

0
33.1
30
31.3
60
35.1

56.7
90
120
89.8
150
85.6
180

W1.5
K0.67 mm5 mm
[ J ]
[ mm ]
5.4
9.5
11.3
18.6

0.17
0.34
0.68
W2.5
K0.67 mm5 mm
- 92 -
123
W:4.5.5
7.5K
K
K

K

W7.5
- 93 -
123
W:6.5

K8.5

KW8.5
- 94 -
123
1K W1.5
WK
m = 30 KgWm
g = 9.81 m/s2Wg
= 75oW
= 40oW
R = 1.40mOWR
WHo
WH
KRgmW K1
KW K2
W1
- 95 -
123
W2 K1

W2
OC = R cos WOCA
CE = HoOE = R
OC + CE = R R cos + Ho= RW
Ho = R R cos
H = R R cos = ODB
W = m g ( Ho H ) WWE2.5F
W = m g ( R R cos R + R cos )
= m g ( Rcos Rcos )
- 96 -
123
W = m g R (.cos .cos )W
WW K2
W = 30 9.81 1.40 ( cos 40 .cos 75 ) = 412.02 ( 0.7660 .0.2588 )

W = 209 Kg. m/s2.m = 209 N.m = 209 J
W2.5
K135 JK0.7 m1.2 m

W = m g ( Ho H ) WWE2.5F
m =
W
135
=
= 27.52 Kg W
g (Ho H) 9.81 ( 1.2 - 0.7 )

- 97 -
123
W
W 3.51.5

WToughnessW1.5
WW2.5
Stiffness
Resilience
Toughness
Hardness

W3.5
Stiffness
Resilience
Toughness
Hardness

- 98 -
123
WW4.5
m = 35 KgWm
g = 9.81 m/s2Wg
= 80oW
= 55oW
R = 1.20mO WR

0.22%W5.5
100 J0.75 m 20 oC
KK30 Kg
- 99 -
123
W

Hardness Test
K

W
W
K
KEF
K
K
K

W
K100%

W
K5

W
K
- 100 -
123
Hardness testWW1.6
K
W
Indentation Hardness W K1
KW
Rebound HardnessW K2
KW
KScratch HardnessW K3
Wear HardnessW K4
K
W
K
Machinability HardnessW K5
KKK
KW
- 101 -
123
WW2.6

K1
K K2
K3
K
K4
K
K5
K
K K6
K
WW3.6

EF
K 3015K
- 102 -
123
WK
Brinell 9
Vickers 9
Rockwell 9
WW4.6

KW1.6

- 103 -
123
E F
K 0.5% 0.5%
K1.6
WBrinellW5.6

WW1.5.6
2.6
K
K1.6

EFWW2.6
KEF
- 104 -
123
10
0.0045
5
0.0040
0.0035
E mm )
0.0025
Emm )
KW1.6
WW2.5.6
P ( Kg )D ( mm )
d ( mm )
K3.6
KW3.6
W
( mm2 )L( Kg )=
- 105 -
123
P
D h
Brinell Hardness Number = B.H.N. =
D D/2
B.H.N. =
E1.6FW
P
( D/2 ) 2 ( d/2 ) 2
D
D
2
D2 d2
[ mm ] Wh
[ mm ] WD
[ mm ]Wd
[ Kg ]WP
W
K ( d ) 9
0.01 mm 9
9
K4.6
0.50.25 9

d
d
= 0.375 = 0.25 - 0.5 E2.6F
D
D
- 106 -
123

KW4.6

d / D = 0.5-0.25
KE5.6FEGeometrically similarF

KW5.6
- 107 -
123
W
P
= f =
=E3.6F
d 2 /4

P
d2
d
d2 P
2 2 2 2 E 3.6F
d
D
D
D d
W
LEF2=
P
=E4.6F
2
D
K2.6
D2
30
16060
10
6020
20
160
P
W2.6
D2
W W3.5.6
D = 10 mm
- 108 -
123
WP30

P
2.6
2
D
P
P
=
30
2 = 30 P = 3000 Kg
2
D
(10)

W3.6

( Kg )P

30
30
120
750
3000
WD
D2
10
10
40
250
1000
5
5
20
125
500
1
1
4
25
100
( mm )
1
2
5
10
KW3.6

WW4.5.6
W 9
h =
P
E5.6F
D ( B.H.N. )

[ mm ]W h
[ mm ]WD
WB.H.N.
[ Kg ]WP
- 109 -
123
W 9
K0.01 mm
W 9
W:5.5.6
K1
K2
K3

2.6F
EP3.6
15 K4
K5
K6
WE1.6F
- 110 -
123
B.H.N. =
D
D
2
D2 d 2
10 mmB.H.N. ( 10 / 3000 )
3000 Kg
K
W:6.5.6
W
9
9
K
WVickers:6.6

W:1.6.6
K6.6136o

- 111 -
123
KW6.6
W:2.6.6
K7.6( d )

KWW7.6
- 112 -
123
( mm2 )L( Kg )=
2 P sin
2
Vickers Hardness Number = V.H.N. =
2
d
E 6.6 F
V.H.N. = 1.854
P
d2
[ mm ] Wd W
[ Kg ]WP
W:3.6.6
100 Kg 50, 30, 10, 5

W
9
K 9
K8.6
- 113 -
123

KW8.6

W:4.6.6
K0.01 mmK
W:5.6.6
K 9
K 9
K 9
F 9
KE
- 114 -
123
W:6.6.6
EF
W7.6 3.6

d1 + d2
d =
E7.6F
2
WRockwell:7.6
W:1.7.6
1.5875 mm
K9.6( Brale )120o

EFEF
WW9.6
KEFEF
- 115 -
123
W:2.7.6
150 Kg100, 60 K1
K
10.6(Minor load) 10 KgFo K2

KK11.6
K10.6 K3
100,
F1(Major load) K4
K11.6 10.6150 Kg60
K+=E8.6FW
10 Kg K5

10 KgK
K11.6E
KEFEFWKW10.6
- 116 -
123
K11.6
EFWKW11.6
KEFEF
W:3.7.6
W4.6
A 9
B 9
C 9
- 117 -
123
( Kg )
60
100
150
EF
( Brale )
B
1.5888 mm
100
C
( Brale )
K W4.6
0.002 mm100

C130EF30B
mmh100
Rockwell B Hardness Number = 130
h
0.002
E9.6F
Rockwell C Hardness Number = 100
h
0.002
B = 100C
KA
- 118 -
123
WW:4.7.6
K 9
K 9
K 9
W:5.7.6
9
K
K 9
K 9
9
K
9
K12.6
WW12.6
KW( B )W( A )
- 119 -
123
W:8.6

W
K 9
K 9
K 9
K 9
13.6
K5.614.6

- 120 -
123

KW13.6

WW14.6
60 Kg1.5875 mmB:( a )
K100 Kg1.5875 mmB:( b )

- 121 -
123
640
533
440
372
319
276
241
202
179
159
143
126
116
98
3000 Kg
10 mm
150
100 Kg
60
Kg
Kg
57.3
79.8
51.3
495
76.5
44.5
415
72.8
37.9
352
69.3
32.1
66.3
302
26.6
262
63.6
20.5
229
60.8
93.0
58.0
202
88.0
179
56.0
83.0
53.0
159
78.0
143
71.0
128
65.0
116
105
58.0
KWW5.6
2.50
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75

6.6
K
0.93

20
0.4%
48
45

70
31
53
135
114
194
0.300
0.378
0.355
0.395
0.361

(Kg/mm2)
KW6.6
- 122 -
123
EF
K15.6

W15.6
K
UTS ( Kg / mm ) = Brinell Hardness Number 0.36

E10.6F
2
UTS ( Ton / in. ) = Brinell Hardness Number 0.22
2
UTS ( Ibm / in.2 ) = Brinell Hardness Number 500
WUTS
WTon
Win
WIbm
- 123 -
123
K5 mmW1.6
W2 mm
K1
K2
D = 5 mmWD
d = 2 mm Wd
P
= 30
D2
2.6 K1
P = 30 D2 = 30 52 = 750 Kg
WP

WB.H.N.E1.6F
B.H.N. =
D
D
2
D d
2
750
5
5 52 2 2
2
= 235
WE10.6FWUTS K2
UTS = B.H.N. 0.36 = 235 0.36 = 84.5 Kg / mm 2
- 124 -
123
30 KgW2.6
WK0.654 mm
K1
K0.5 mm K2
P = 30 KgWP
D = 0.654 mmWD
WE 6.6 F K1
V.H.N. = 1.854

30
P
=
1
.
854
= 130
0.654 2
d2
W1E 6.6 F K2
d2
0.52
P
V.H.N. = 1.854 2 P = V.H.N.
= 130
= 17.5 Kg
1.854
1.854
d
- 125 -
123
W 3.61.6

WHardnessW1.6
K J
J
J
W W2.6
Stiffness
Resilience
Toughness
Hardness

W W3.6
Stiffness
Resilience
Toughness
Hardness

5 mm W4.6
KK150
100 KgW5.6
K0.93 mm
- 126 -
123
Nondestructive Testing
W
W

KKK
W
K100%

W
K6

W
K
- 127 -
123

W:1.7

K1
K2
K4
K3
W:2.7

- 128 -
123

E Crack HuntingF

W
K K1
K K2
K K3
K K4
EMicro FlowsF

KEMacro FlowsF
EHeat treatmentF
KECold workingF
K

- 129 -
123
W:3.7

Visual Inspection
Penetrant Inspection
Leak Test
Thermal Test
K1
K2
K3
K4
Magnetic Particle Test
K5
Ultrasonic Test
K7
Microwave Test
K9
Radiography
Eddy Current Test
K6
K8

WType of defects:4.7

W
- 130 -
123
Inherent Defects
K1
K
Processing defects K2
K
Service defects K3
KCracks K1
Porosity K2
Tears K3
Lack of bondEF K4
Inclusions K5
Segregation K6
K
Lack of penetration in welding K7
K K8
Fatigue Defects K9
- 131 -
123

Blow Holes
K10
K
FlakesK
K11
Pitting
K12
Laps
K13
1.7

- 132 -
123
KW1.7

- 133 -
123
WVisual Inspection:5.7

W
K 9
KSurface porosity 9
.Unfilled crater 9
K 9
KSharp notch 9
E Shot blasting F E Sand blastingF
E Phototubes FE Photocells F
.1.7
KW1.7
- 134 -
123

E Converging lensF
E ContrastF
KEBackgroundF

:6.7
WLuminex penetrant and developer and fluorescent testing methods

K
K
K
W :1.6.7
KK
KE Acid etching F E Vapor degreasing F

KE Sand blasting F
W:2.6.7
E Capillaries F
EF
KK
- 135 -
123
Oil and whiting method

Dye method
Fluorescent method
K1
K2
K3
Radio-active method K4
:Oil and whiting method:3.6.7
EF
K2.7

K W2.7
K
WDye method:4.6.7
?? K1
K
K2
K
- 136 -
123
K K3
E F K4
KE talc F
K5
K
WFluorescent method:5.6.7
E Fluorescent F

KE Ultraviolet light F
EF
5 J15
30
30
15
30
30
30
60
60
10
30
15
W2.7
K
E Zyglo pentrexF
- 137 -
123

K2.7

WRadio Active Method:6.6.7
K
K
W :7.6.7
ELow flash pointF EVolatile F K1

K
K2
K
KEF K3
K K4
K5
K
Magna Flux Inspection :7.7

K
- 138 -
123

W :1.7.7
KEParamagnetic F 9
KE Diamagnetic F 9
KEFerromagnetic F 9

W :2.7.7
3.7
K4.7
- 139 -
123

KW3.7

KW4.7
- 140 -
123

W :3.7.7
K 9
K 9
K 9
K 9
KCircular Field
KLongitudinal Field
- 141 -
123

W1.7

W2.7
W3.7
W4.7
- 142 -
123
1- Harmer E. Davis, George Earl Troxell and George F. W. Hauck "The Testing of
Engineering Materials", Mc Graw-Hill, Inc., Fourth Edition, 1982.
2- William D. Callister, Jr, "Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering An
Introduction", John Willey & Sons, Inc., 5th Edition, 2001.
??K K-3
K
??K K-4
K
?
?K K-5
K
123
12 .KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
13 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:1.2
13 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:2.2
1
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
2
2
3
5
6
7
7
7
8
9
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:1.1
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
20
21
22
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:2.1
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:3.1
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:4.1
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:5.1
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:6.1
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:1.6.1
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:2.6.1
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:7.1
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:3.2
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:4.2
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:1.4.2
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:2.4.2
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKtr:3.4.2
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:5.2
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:1.5.2
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKe :2.5.2
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK :3.5.2
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE :6.2
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:7.2
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:8.2
24
29
30
31
31
34
36
37
39
39
40
46
51
123
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:1.8.2
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:2.8.2
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:3.8.2
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:9.2
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:1.9.2
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:2.9.2
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:3.9.2
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:10.2
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:11.2
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:1.11.2
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:2.11.2
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
54 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
55 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:1.3
56 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:2.3
57 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:3.3
61 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:4.3
61 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:1.4.3
62 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:2.4.3
62 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:5.3
66 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
69 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW

70 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
72 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:2.4
73 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:3.4
73 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:4.4
77 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:5.4
123
84 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
85 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:2.5
86 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:3.5
86 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKCharpy :1.3.5
88 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKIzod :2.3.5
89 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:4.5
89 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:5.5
90 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:1.5.5
90 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:2.5.5
90 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:3.5.5
92 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:4.5.5
93 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:6.5
94 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
97 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
99
100
101
101
102
103
103
104
107
108
109
110
110
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:1.6
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:2.6
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:3.6
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:4.6
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKBrinell:5.6
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:1.5.6
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:2.5.6
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:3.5.6
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:5.5.6
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:6.5.6
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKVickers:6.6
110
111
112
113
113
114
114
115
116
118
118
119
123
125
123
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:2.6.6
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:5.6.6
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKRockwell:7.6
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:2.7.6
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:3.7.6
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:5.7.6
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:8.6
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW

126 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
127 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:2.7
129 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:3.7
129 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:4.7
133 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:5.7
134 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:6.7
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:1.6.7
134
134
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:3.6.7
135
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:4.6.7
135
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:5.6.7
136
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:6.6.7
137
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:7.6.7
137
137 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:7.7
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:1.7.7
138
138
139
141
123
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:2.7.7
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:3.7.7
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
142 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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Liquid penetrant inspection 9

Magnetic particles test 9

Eddy current test 9

The American Society for Testing and Materials: A.S.T.M. 9

Deutsches Institut fr Normung: D.I.N. 9

EInternational Standards Organization ) I.S.O.

WCompression TestTension TestW5.1

WMagnetic Particle TestW7.1

17.000 cm5 cm W12.1

Tensile test W:1.2

( Universal Machine Testing )

Km = 350 Kga = 2.5 cm

Ao = a2 = (2.5 10-2)2 = 6.25 10-4 m2 = 0.000625 m2

= ln(e + 1) = ln(0.02 + 1) = 0.0198

EInitial tangent modulusF

WUltimate Tensile StrengthEF K1

K51.7 mm50 mmW1.2

= ln(e + 1) = ln(0.034 + 1) = 0.0334 = 3.34%

TKDo = 20 mmLo = 100 mm

10.0 11.5 12.5 12.0 11.0

1.4 0.12 0.06 mmEF

= 0.0143 Kg.mm / mm 3 = 143 10 -6 J / mm 3

0.270 0.160 0.105 0.083 0.072 0.054 0.036 0.018 0.000

13.750 13.500 12.500 11.250 10.000

0.8750 0.6875 0.4375 0.3125 0.2500 0.1875 0.125

27000 20250 12500 10100 2750

0.205 0.138 0.055 0

200 GPa Modulus

Motor drive shaft

WUltimate torsional shear strengthqmax K2

Ultimate torsional shear strengthWqmax

Ultimate torsional shear strengthWqmax

Modulus of Resilience =1/2Mt L =

K100o1 cm5 Kg.m

Mte = 25.8 Kg.mWMte

16 Mte D 16 25.8 100 2

Mte L 25.8 100 30

Modulus of Resilience =1/2Mt L =E 9.4F

1 Kg.m = 9.81 J J ( joule ) = N.m Kg.m

W = 30 9.81 1.40 ( cos 40 .cos 75 ) = 412.02 ( 0.7660 .0.2588 )

K135 JK0.7 m1.2 m

Brinell Hardness Number = B.H.N. =

100 Kg 50, 30, 10, 5

K9.6( Brale )120o

10.6(Minor load) 10 KgFo K2

K11.6 10.6150 Kg60

Rockwell B Hardness Number = 130

K100 Kg1.5875 mmB:( b )

UTS ( Kg / mm ) = Brinell Hardness Number 0.36

UTS ( Ibm / in.2 ) = Brinell Hardness Number 500

Magnetic Particle Test

Eddy Current Test

E Shot blasting F E Sand blastingF

WLuminex penetrant and developer and fluorescent testing methods

KE Acid etching F E Vapor degreasing F

Oil and whiting method

:Oil and whiting method:3.6.7

WRadio Active Method:6.6.7

ELow flash pointF EVolatile F K1

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