Basic anatomy (ANA100)

Human body I (MDS100)


1.

2.


3.
neuromuscular junction

4.





5.



6.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.

(Body movement or Locomotion)

(Heart beat )

(Respiration)

(Diaphragm and intercostal contractions)

(Communication Verbal and Facial)
(Constriction of organs and vessels)
Peristalsis

Vasoconstriction

(Maintenance of posture)

(Stabilization of Joint)

(Production of body
heat or Thermogenesis)




(Types of Muscle tissues)

(Skeletal muscular tissue)
- (Striated)
bones 40%
(body weight)
- (voluntary)
somatic motor

neuron

-
locomotion,
facial expressions, posture,
respiratory movements,
other types of body
movement

(Smooth muscular tissue)
-
(Nonstriated)

hollow organs, blood
vessels, eye, glands, uterus,
skin
-
(involuntary)
endocrine gland
autonomic nervous
systems
-
propel urine, mix
food in digestive tract,
dilating/constricting pupils,
regulating blood flow,




(Types of Muscle tissues)



(Cardiac muscular tissue)

(Heart, striated)

(involuntary) (endocrine)
(autonomic nervous systems , Autorhythmic)
Heart:




- Connective Tissue Sheaths

Epimysium: Dense regular CNT

deep fascia
Perimysium:
Collagen elastic fibers

(fascicle)

Endomysium: Loose CNT muscle fibers

(repairing muscle tissue)

satellite cells

CNT 3

tendon or aponeurosis


- Skeletal Muscle Structure

Muscle
fiber

nucleus

1 .- 4 .




myoblasts
(striated
appearance)


- Skeletal Muscle Structure
Sarcomere:
myofibril
Z disc
2 m

Sarcolemma

Myofilaments
Myofibril
Sarcolemma
(cell membrane)

Sarcolemma: (cell membrane)

- myoglobin = red pigment
protein
-


(transverse or T-tubules)

T-tubule

Myofibrils:
(bundle)

(myofilaments) sarcolemma
2
actin (thin) filament
myosin (thick) filament

Sarcomere:


(smallest contractile unit)

(striated appearance)

M line

1. myosin A bands
(dark band) M
line

thick filaments
H zone
2. actins
Z disk
myosin

thin
filaments I bands (light band)
(actin)
(myosin)


- Skeletal Muscle Structure
** Titin filaments:

thick thin filaments

Myosin (Thick) filament

1 filament myosin 300
(Golf-clubed
shape) 1 myosin molecule

(Rod portion)
(has ATP & actin

binding site)

hinge region

-2
(two movable heads)
-1
(a rod portion)
-
(hinge region)

Actin (Thin) filaments

1. F (fibrous) actin:

G actin
molecules 2
(double helix )
myosin-

binding site

2. Tropomyosin:

groove F actin double
helix
troponin
myosin
actin

3. Troponin:
Tn-A : troponin
actin
Tn-T : troponin
tropomyosin
Tn-C : troponin
calcium ions

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

smooth endoplasmic reticulum
myofibril

Ca++ (
)
terminal cisternae
T-tubules
TRIAD
T-tubule 1 terminal cisternae 2


- Neuromuscular Junction

motor neuron muscle

fiber
1. Axon terminal synaptic vesicles


acetylcholine (ACh)

2. Motor end plate sarcolemma

ACh receptors

3. Synaptic cleft



Ach neuron receptor

Action potential

T tubule

Tropomyosin
binding site,

SR Ca2+

Ca2+ troponin,
binding site
Ca2+
SR


- Smooth Muscle

Fibers Spindle-shaped


actin myosin
(Blood vessels) (Respiratory)
(Urinary &
(Digestive)


Reproductive systems)
(hollow

2

organs)

Longitudinal layer -

Circular layer -
Peristalsis

Cardiac Muscle

(heart)

(myocardium )
fibers
(1-2 nucleus)
mitochondria
SR T tubules
Myofibril Sarcomere

intercalated disks
desmosomes gap

junctions

(ANS involuntary
)
(endocrine system- hormones)

Pacemaker cells
(autorhythmic)

-SR





(A Comparison of Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscle Tissue)

(Anatomy of the Muscular System)

1. The axial muscles


-Muscles of head
- Muscles of facial expression
- Muscles of mastication


-Muscles of the neck


-Back muscles


-Thorax muscles

-Abdominal wall muscles


-Muscles of pelvic floor
2. The appendicular muscles

-Muscles of upper limbs

-Muscles of lower limbs


- Muscle Terminology

Origin:

-less movable attachment
Insertion:

-more movable attachment

Action-
Prime mover (agonist)
-


Synergist
-

Antagonist
-



Arrangements of Skeletal muscle fibers

1. -Location: capitis, cervicis,

cleido, oculo, oris, brachialis, carpi,
abdominis, femoris, tibialis
2. - Function: flexor, extensor,
rotator, levator, abductor, aductor
3. -Shape: deltoid, gracilis,
trapezius, serratus, teres, rhomboid,
orbicularis, quadratus
4. -Size: major, maximus, minor,
minimus, longus, bravis, magnus,
vastus, etc.
-Direction of fibers:
5.
oblique, rectus, circular, transverse
6. -Number of heads: biceps,
triceps, quadriceps
7. -Points of attachment: origin & insertion

 -Muscles of Facial Expression

Depressor anguli oris

Buccinator

Origin
: bones of skull
Insertion
: face skin
Nerve supply : facial nerve

Zygomaticus

 -Muscles of Facial Expression

Orbicularis oris

Frontalis

Occipitalis

Orbicularis oculi

OOC

OOR

Platysma

Frontalis

Platysma


-Muscles of Mastication

Temporalis

Lateral
pterygoid
Medial
pterygoid

Masseter

Origin: bones of skull

Insertion: mandible
Nerve supply: trigeminal nerve

Temporalis
Masseter
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid

 -Muscles of Neck

Muscles of Throat
Suprahyoid muscle
Infrahyoid muscle
Attachments: hyoid
skull, sternum scapula
Action:

Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Origin: sternum clavicle
Insertion: mastoid process
Nerve supply: spinal accessory nerve
Action:

THE MUSCLES OF THE BACK

Surface Anatomy



- Superficial group
1.
Trapezius
occipital bone

spinpus process

Trapezius
spine
scapular

Scapular

Latissimus dorsi
Latissimus
dorsi

spin T7-T12,
fascia, iliac crest
intertubercular groove
humerus
adducts, extends



- Superficial group
1.
Levator scapulae
transverse process
C1 - C4 scapula
scapula

Levator
scapulae

Rhomboideus

Rhomboideus (Major & Minor)

spine T2 - T5
scapula
scapula
scapula



2.
Intermediate group

Serratus posterior Superior

ligamentum nuchae
C7 T3
spine
rib 2 5

Serratus posterior Inferior

T11 - L2
9 -12th

 - Deep group (Muscles of the Spine)

3.
1) Erector spinae

3
:
Spinalis
Longissimus
Iliocostalis

Origin:
sacrum
ilium
vertebrae
Insertion:
vertebrae
ribs
skull
Action:

(back extension)

Erector spinae

2) Transversospinalis
Origin: transverse
process
Insertion:
spines of vertebrae


-Muscles of Thorax



(respiratory muscles)
ribs

Intercostal
muscles
1. External intercostal m.
muscle fibers

rib

2. Internal intercostal m.
muscle fibers

rib

(Diaphragm)


-Muscles of Abdominal Wall

Six pack

Tendinous
intersection

Rectus
sheath

Rectus
abdominis

1. Rectus abdominis

rectus sheath
pubis ribs sternum

External
oblique

Internal
oblique

2. External oblique 3. Internal oblique

ribs hip bone
hip bone linea
linea alba
alba

Transversus
abdominis

4. Transversus abdominis
ribs hip bone
linea alba

Actions: (flexion) (lateral flexion) (rotation)


-Muscles of Pelvic Floor

(pelvic cavity)

levator
ani coccygeus
: pubis ischial
spine coccyx
:
pelvic organs

(urethra)
(anus)


-The Appendicular Muscles
Muscles of the shoulder and upper limbs
Muscles of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs

- Muscles of the Shoulder
Muscle

Origin

Insertion

Action

Trapezius

skull,
vertebrae

clavicle,
scapula

scapula

Rhomboid

vertebrae

scapula

scapula

Levator
scapulae

vertebrae

scapula

scapula

Serratus
anterior

ribs

scapula

scapula

Pectoralis
minor

ribs

coracoid
process

scapula


- Muscles of the Shoulder

Pectoralis minor
Serratus anterior

Muscle

Origin

Insertion

Action

Serratus anterior

ribs

scapula

scapula

Pectoralis minor

ribs

coracoid process

scapula



- Muscles that Move the Arm
Posterior view
Supraspinatus

Deltoid
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Teres major

Deltoid
Origin: clavicle,
scapula

Origin: scapula
Insertion: humerus
1. Deltoid

2. Supraspinatus

3. Infraspinatus

Action

4. Teres minor

5. Teres major



- Muscles that Move the Arm

Anterior view
Subscapularis
Pectoralis major
Coracobrachialis

Insertion:
humerus
Muscle
6. Subscapularis
7. Pectoralis major

Origin
scapula

Action

clavicle, sternum, ribs

8. Latissiumus dorsi

9. Coracobrachialis

scapula

 - Muscles of Arm and Forearm

(Muscles of forearm)

Flexor ( )
Extensor (
)

(Muscles of arm)

Flexor ( )
Extensor ( )



-Muscles that move the arm

Triceps brachii
Biceps brachii

Brachialis

Muscle

Origin

Insertion

Action

1. Biceps brachii

scapula

radius

elbow flexion & supination

2. Brachialis

humerus

ulna

elbow flexion

3. Triceps brachii

Scapula, humerus

ulna

elbow extension


- Muscles of the Forearm
Muscle

Origin

1. Supinator

lateral epicondyle of humerus

Action:
2. Pronator teres

medial epicondyle of humerus

3. Pronator quadratus

ulna

Action:

Insertion: radius

Radius
Ulna
Radius


- Muscles of the Forearm
2. Flexor group

(common origin)
medial epicondyle
(humerus)
Actions:
(fingers & wrist
flexion)


- Muscles of the Forearm
2. Extensor group

(common origin) lateral
epicondyle humerus
Actions:
(fingers & wrist extension)

 -Gluteal Muscles

Upper lateral
quadrant

1. Gluteus
maximus

sacrum & ilium femur

2. Gluteus
medius
3. Gluteus
minimus

ilium greater trochanter

(hip extension)

(hip abduction)

 -Thigh Muscles

1.
(extend hip) (flex knee)
2.
(flex hip) (extend knee)
3.
(medial) (thigh adduction)

FEMUR

1. Posterior
compartment
2. Anterior
compartment
3.Medial
compartment

-Muscles of Anterior compartment

1. Iliopsoas

Origin

Insertion

lumbar vertebrae &

iliac fossa

lesser
trochanter

2. Pectineus

pubis

femur

3. Sartorius

ASIS

tibia

4. Quadriceps femoris
Rectus femoris
Vastus (i)
-medialis
-lateralis
-intermediate

AIIS

Tibia

femur

tibia

(flex hip)
(extend knee)

-Muscles of Medial compartment

1. Iliopsoas

Origin

Insertion

lumbar vertebrae & iliac fossa lesser

trochanter

Muscle

Origin

Insertion

1. Gracilis

pubis

tibia

2. Adductor
-longus
-brevis
-magnus

Femur
tibia
(linea aspera)

(thigh adduction)

-Muscles of Posterior compartment

3
Biceps femoris- fibula
Semitendinosus
Tibia
Semimembranosus




Hamstring muscle
(characteristics):
1.
2.
3.
4.

Origin: ischial tuberosity

Insertion: tibia, fibula
Nerve supply: tibial n.
Action:
- hip extension
- knee flexion

 - Leg Muscles

1.

Anterior compartment:

(dorsiflexion)
(inversion)

3. Lateral
compartment:

(plantar flexion)

(eversion)

2. Posterior compartment:
(plantar flexion)
(inversion)

-Muscles of Anterior compartment

1. Tibialis anterior

Origin

Insertion

Action

tibia

Cuneiform,
metatarsal

Dorsiflexion,
inversion
Tibialis
anterior

Extensor
digitorum
longus

2. Extensor
digitorum longus

Origin Insertion
tibia

Action

phalanges Dorsiflexion, digit extension

- Muscles of Posterior compartment

1.Gastronemius

Origin medial & lateral Condyles of femur

Origin

2. Soleus

tibia&fibula
G

S
Soleus

Insertion
calcaneus

Action
plantar flexion

- Muscles of Posterior compartment

Muscle
3. Tibialis posterior

Origin
tibia

4. Flexor digitorum longus tibia

Insertion
cuboid & metatarsal

distal phalanges

Action: Digit flexion,Plantar flexion

Tibialis posterior

Flexor digitorum
longus

- Muscles of Lateral compartment

Muscle

Origin

Insertion

1. Fibularis longus

fibular

med. cuneiform & metatarsal

2. Fibularis brevis

fibula

5th metatarsal

Action: Eversion, Plantarflexion