SURFACE SYSTEMS

Performance

THROUGH LEADERSHIP

Wellhead and Gate Valve Training Presentation

Thursday, February 06, 2014
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Global Facility Locations 3rd QTR 2001 STRATEGY MEETING

Edmonton, 4,200 OKC, 2,400 Veracruz, 3,000

Romania, 9,600

Beziers & Leeds, (sub.)

Singapore & Malaysia, 1,900 Venezuela & Argentina, 700

Sales and Service Locations Manufacturing Plants, 2007 Capacity (in Units)
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Why Cameron?
When it comes to setting industry standards, Cameron is the Measure of Technology.
Facility Size: 53,000 sq ft

Testing capabilities include:

Pressure, Bending Harsh Environment Fatigue Tensile Underwater/Hazardous Choke Flow Characteristics Hot Oil Circulation Erosion Pull/Push Load Corrosion

We have a dedicated facility for research, development, and proving of new products and technologies.

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Presentation Outline
Conventional Well Drilling / Completion Wellheads Christmas Trees

Surface Systems

Seal Technology

Gate Valves
Actuators Chokes

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Wellhead Terminology

Christmas Tree ---------------Swab Valve

Tree Cap

------------- Wing
Tee Choke Upper Master Valve Outboard Actuated Safety Valve Lower Master Valve Outboard Valve Tubing Hanger

C Section -----------------Tubing Spool Tubing Head

B Section ------------------Intermediate Head Casing Spool

Casing Hanger Annulus Valves Packoff

A Section ------------------Lowermost Casing Head Casing Housing Bradenhead

Landing Base

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Conventional Well Drilling/Completion

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Wellhead
Common Features:
Wellhead support and suspend casing string Provides a connection point for the pressure control equipment Contains well pressure Allows access into the production and annulus bores

Types:
Independent (screwed connection) Non-Conventional Conventional (flanged connection)

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Independent (Screwed Wellheads)

Features:
Low cost option Low pressure wells (<3K) Adaptable for Tubingless completions All-threaded joints Slip or mandrel tubing suspension

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Non-Conventional
MBS, MB20, TSW, DBTS, SSMC, SS, CSW

Features:
Enhanced safety Rig time savings Internal lock down Space savings Quick connects Weight savings

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MBS
Multi-Bowl System Features:
Lower two housings installed through rotary Two casing strings run with only one BOP N/U High hanging capacity Rated 5-15K completions

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MB20
Multi-Bowl System 20K

Features:
Extreme services High hanging capacity High pressure completions Dual Multi-bowl design Fast Clamp connection Metal-to-Metal sealing capabilities

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TSW
Time Savings Wellhead

Features:
Low cost 3-10K completions Installed through rotary Threaded ring quick connect Mandrel hangers available Frac mandrel allows for 10K fracturing on 5K completions

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DBTS
Dual Barrier Time Saver

Features:
Low cost 3-10K completions Fluted mandrel hanger Installed through rotary Threaded ring quick connect Retrievable pack-offs with internal lockdown Dual barrier sealing and testing capabilities

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SSMC
Standard Snap-Ring Modular Compact
Features:
5-15K completions Multi-bowl design Installed through rotary Fluted mandrel hanger Metal-to-Metal sealing capabilities Flangelock or Fastlock quick connects Retrievable pack-offs with internal lock-down Lends itself to offshore installations where space and weight are concerns

Flangelock Connector
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Fastlock Connector
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SS Wellhead
Space Saver Features:
Low cost Compact profile Eliminates tubing spool Latch type tubing hanger 3-10K completions Nested hangers allow reduced stackup heights

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CSW
Conductor Sharing Wellhead Features:
Field proven Improved safety Simple operation Low maintenance Cost effective system Maximizes platform space Modular design using SSMC components Reduced installation time

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C-15 EX Mudline System

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Conventional
Flanged Wellheads Features:
High Pressure Severe service Robust with high integrity seals Most Common API Connections

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Casing Housing
A Section Features:
Bottom connection Side outlets Top connection Hanger Bowl Optional landing base

Also known as:

Lower casing head Casing Housing Braden Head Starter Head
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Casing Housing
Bottom Connection Types

Slip-On and Weld (SOW)

Threaded

Slip Lock

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Casing Housing
CAMFORGE Casing Connection System
Features: 10K pressure rating No welding or pre-machining Hydraulic pressure forms pressure tight metal seal Mechanical casing cut, so existing Production can continue

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Casing Spool
B Section: Intermediate Spool

Features: Bottom connection Secondary seal Side outlets Top connection Hanger bowl

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Casing Spool
Secondary Seal Types
P-Seal

NX Bushing

CANH Seal

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Casing Hangers
Slip Type
Automatic

Manual

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Casing Hangers
Mandrel
Features:
No waiting on cement Can be run through BOP BPV thread option Hanger can be run with casing

Side View

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Casing Hangers
Fluted Mandrel
Side View

Features:
BPV thread option No waiting on cement Flow-by slots for cement Can be run through BOP Hanger can be run with casing Separate retrievable Pack-off assy

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Tubing Spool
C Section: Tubing Head Features:
Side outlets Hanger bowl Secondary Seal Top connection Tie-Down screws Bottom connection

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Tubing Hanger
Dual Completions
MTBS

Common Features:
BPV prep available Provides annular seal Provides landing thread Suspends weight of tubing Provides down-hole penetrations Metal-to-Metal sealing options for HPHT
CXS

T-40-CL

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Tubing Hanger
Dual Completions

Features:
Split hanger design Resilient annular seal Resilient or metal neck seal Used for multiple completions Continuous control line available

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Tubing Hanger
Penetrations

Continuous

Features:
Production SCSSV line Pressure line Temperature lines Chemical injection Electrical submersible pump
ESP

Non-continuous

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Tubing Head Adapter

Features:
Flange test port Control line exit preparation Tree connection preparation Metal and/or resilient neck seal

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Seal Terminology
Connection Seal
used as an atmospheric seal at all wellhead interfaces

Primary Seal
used to pack off between the wellhead and the casing in the bowl

Secondary Seal
used to seal the casing string into the next wellhead bottom
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Seal Descriptions
Primary Seals:
1. Casing Hangers:
Energized automatically by weight of casing, or manually by cap screws or tiedown screws.

2. Tubing Hangers:
-Metal or elastomeric sealing -Machined surface finish sealing area

Secondary Seals:
Metal or elastomer seals available. Installed in the bottom of the wellhead Seals against un-machined casing. Self-energized by radial squeeze or manually by adding plastic packing.

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Seal Technology
Secondary Seals Comparison Chart
Description
P Seal NX Bushing T Seal Canh Seal

Service Rating

Standard and/or Moderately Severe

Standard and/or Moderately Severe

Standard

Severe/ Corrosive

Seal Type

Elastomeric

Elastomeric

Elastomeric

Metal-To-Metal

Working Pressure Means of Energizing Seal

Upto 15,000 psi

10,000 psi

5,000 psi

15,000 - 20,000 psi

Plastic Packing

Plastic Packing

Radial Interference

Flange / Tie-down / Hydraulic Make-up

Size Range

4-1/2 in. to 24 in.

4-1/2 in. to 16 in.

4-1/2 in. to 18-5/8 in.

3-1/2 in. to 16 in.

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Elastomeric Seals
O-Ring

P Seal T Seal

S Seal

Metal End Cap

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Metal-to-Metal Seals

CANH

MTBS

SRL

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Connection Seals
R Ring Gasket

API

RX Ring Gasket

BX

(face-to-face contact)

CF Ring Gasket

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Back Pressure Valve & Two Way Check

Features:
Single check available to release bore pressure Double check available to release bore pressure Run with polished rod lubricator or dry rod

BPV
Handling Thread Seal Hanger Thread

TWC

What is it used for?

Installed into tubing hanger or mandrel casing hanger to close secure well bore pressures
Valve Spring

Valve Stem

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Back Pressure Valve

Type HP BPV Features:
Utilizes one tool for both BPV and TWC options Increased safety over H type BPV / TWC Rig time savings

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Christmas Trees
Components Features:
Valves Tee and crosses Actuators Tree cap Choke Blind / instrument flanges Needle valves / pressure gauges

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Christmas Trees
Loose Valves Features:
Cost effective Repair by replacement Flexible manufacturing Single or dual-completions Large bore, high pressure available Alternative stack-up arrangements possible

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Christmas Trees
Solid Block Valves

Features:
Compact design Minimum leak paths Multi-cavity single forging High structural strength Single or dual-completions Ideal for offshore platform applications

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Gate Valve Technology

Expanding gate valves

Model M
Slab gate valves

FLS FLS-R (XHPHT)

Valve Selection

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FLS Gate Valve

Slab Gate
Features: 5-20K rating Forged body Metal Sealing Back-seat capability Low-torque operation Corrosion resistant materials Easily maintained, no special tools needed for field
repair

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W-K-M Model M
Expanding Gate
Features:
Cast body Metal sealing Low pressure (5K) Low-torque operation Upstream/downstream seal Does not require lubricants to seal Seat faces are isolated when valve is open

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FLS-R Gate Valve

Slab Gate Features:
10-20K rating Low torque Value engineered Bi-directional sealing Ball screw assembly Back seats top and bottom Ease of operation & maintenance Minimum of turns lessen wear on stem seal
7-1/16 10,000 Frac Valve

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FLS vs. FLS-R Comparison

9 5K TORQUE

FLS 800 Ft-Lb first 4.5 Turns 40 Ft-Lb remaining 54 Turns

FLS-R 150 Ft-Lb first 2 Turns 20 Ft-Lb remaining 36 Turns

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FLS vs. FLS-R Comparison

6-3/8 15K TORQUE FLS 1800 Ft-Lb first 6.5 Turns 55 Ft-Lb remaining 32 Turns FLS-R 225 Ft-Lb first 2.5 Turns 20 Ft-Lb remaining 12.75 Turn

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FLS-R Gate Valve

HPHT 9 in. 15 k

Fail-As-Is with Hydraulic actuator. Gulf Mexico 7500 water depth

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XHP/HT
HPHT Wellhead-Tree 20,000 PSI / 300 Plus Degrees

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Gate Valve Selection

Wellhead Applications
Pressure Rating (psi)
Size (in.) 2,000 3,000 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000

1-13/16

2-1/16
2-9/16 3 4

FL Slab type or M expanding gate Note 1:

FLS Slab type gate valves

5-1/8
6-3/8 7-3/8 9
Note

FLS Slab type gate valves

FLS slab type gate valves with tailrod for manual valves

1: Use FLS Slab type gate valves for Clad or subsea applications. 2: FL and FLS are forged, Model M is cast.
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API Temperature Classes

API TEMP CLASSIFICATION (MIN.) K L N P R S T U V 0 0 0 35 -75 -50 -50 -20 TO TO TO TO ROOM TEMPERATURE TO TO TO TO 140 180 250 250 -18 -18 -18 2 OPERATING RANGE (DEG. F) (MAX.) 180 180 140 180 (MIN.) -60 -46 -46 -29 TO TO TO TO ROOM TEMPERATURE TO TO TO TO 60 82 121 121 OPERATING RANGE (DEG. C) (MAX.) 82 82 60 82

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API Material Class

API Material Class Body, Bonnet, End & Outlet Connections Carbon or low alloy steel Carbon or low alloy steel Stainless Steel Carbon or low alloy steelb Carbon or low alloy steelb Stainless steelb Corrosion Resistant Alloyb User Definedb Pressure Controlling Parts, Stems, & Mandrel Hangers Carbon or low alloy steelb Stainless Steel Stainless Steel Carbon or low alloy steelb Stainless steelb Stainless steelb Corrosion Resistant Alloyb User Definedb

AA- General Service BB- General Service CC- General Service DD- Sour Servicea EE- Sour Servicea FF- Sour Servicea HH- Sour Servicea ZZ- Sour Service

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NACE Material Usage Limits

Material Type Application (Part) Maximum H2S at 5000 psi (34,5 Mpa) Minimum pH of water phase Maximum Temperature

Carbon or Low Alloy Steel

Body, Bonnet, Hanger Gate, Seat, Stem Body, Bonnet, Gate, Seat Stem or Hanger Valve Stems Only Ring Gasket Gate, Seat, Stem Gates, Seats Choke, Trim Body, Bonnet, Hanger Gate, Seat, Stem Body, Bonnet, Hanger Gate, Seat, Stem

No Limit No Limit 300 ppm 100 ppm No Limit 3000 ppm No Limit No Limit 40000 ppm No Limit

No Limit 3.5 3.5 4.5 No Limit No Limit No Limit No Limit No Limit No Limit

No Limit No Limit No Limit No Limit No Limit 140 F (60 C) No Limit 275 F (135 C) 400 F (204 C) No Limit

410 or F6NM Stainless Steel

17-4 PH SST or Monel k-500 316 or 304 Stainless Steel Stellite or Tungsten Carbide Nickel Alloys 718 and 925 Nickel Alloys 625 and 825

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Actuators
Pneumatic Diaphragm and Piston

Features:
Used on remotely operate valves and chokes Uses basic air supply to operate 170 psi operating pressure Simple, but robust design Inexpensive to install and maintain Manufactured to NACE MR0175, (H2S) May be MMS certified for offshore installations

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Actuators
Hydraulic Piston Features:
Used in multiple applications Available for valves from 2 to 9 Single or double piston design available Visual indicators for easy viewing Wire line cutting capability if needed Often used offshore where space and weight are critical Fail open / close / in-place Ideal for extreme cold environment

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Chokes
Definition:
Restriction in a flow line that causes a pressure drop or reduces the rate of flow through an orifice

Types:
Fixed bean Needle and seat External sleeve Plug & cage

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Choke Throttling Methods

Fixed Bean:
Best for infrequent adjustments Used on Production Xmas trees

Plug and Cage:

High capacity Good controllability Eliminates body erosion

Needle and Seat:

Simplest application Least expensive adjustable choke Best for pressure control High capacity

External Sleeve:
Superior erosion resistance Eliminates body erosion

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Types of Chokes
There are two types of Chokes that are commonly available.

Fixed or Positive
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Adjustable Chokes
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H2 Needle and Seat Chokes

Body Sizes: 2, 3 4 Trim Sizes: 1, 2, 3 Pressure Ratings: To 15,000 psi
Positive & Adjustable Minimum Parts easily maintained Easily changed from fixed to adjustable Can pass relatively large solids

Typical applications:
Wellheads Production Manifolds Choke & Kill Manifolds Well Testing & Clean-up

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MOV Multiple Orifice Valve Choke

Body Sizes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6
Trim Sizes: Disc Trims Pressure Ratings: 3,000 psi to 10,000 psi
The MOV uses two matched discs, each with a pair of circular openings to create variable flow as one disc is rotated relative to the other.

Positive & Adjustable

Minimum Parts easily maintained

Precision Flow Control Good Shut-off capabilities Reversible seats Typical applications: Wellheads Manifolds Gas lift, CO2 injection

Subsea applications
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Choke Sizing
To allow Flow Coefficient to be calculated for a complete range of fluids, including multi-phase. Cameron Willis has developed the most validated choke sizing program in the industry. It is based on scientific principles and results of extensive flow capacity testing.
To ensure optimum accuracy the sizing program contains an extensive database of Cameron Willis choke designs, sizes, & trim characteristics and is capable of predicting the onset of cavitation and choked flow.

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Choke Sizing
Correct Sizing is critical to proper Choke Performance

OVERSIZED
Reduced Controllability Vibration Increased Erosion

UNDERSIZED
Insufficient Flow Capacity

Lower Production Rates

Excessive Pressure Drops

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Summary Wellhead an arrangement of pressure containing housings and spools, connected together in a pressure-tight assembly supporting multiple, concentric strings of casing / tubing.
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Summary Casing Hangers

top of the casing string landed in a housing bowl to support the weight of string and seal off the annulus. Seal energized by string weight, tie-down screws or manually torquing cap screws.

Tubing Hangers
top of the tubing to support the tubing weight, seal off from the annulus and allow down hole penetrations to penetrate the hanger.
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Summary
Christmas Tree
an assembly of valves, flanges, crosses, tees and chokes to control flow from (or into) a well.

Actuators
pneumatic or hydraulic actuated devices to remotely close in a valve.

Chokes
a restriction in the flowline to control flowrate and pressure of the well.
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